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Kenny NJ, McCarthy SA, Dudchenko O, James K, Betteridge E, Corton C, Dolucan J, Mead D, Oliver K, Omer AD, Pelan S, Ryan Y, Sims Y, Skelton J, Smith M, Torrance J, Weisz D, Wipat A, Aiden EL, Howe K, Williams ST. The gene-rich genome of the scallop Pecten maximus. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa037. [PMID: 32352532 PMCID: PMC7191990 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The king scallop, Pecten maximus, is distributed in shallow waters along the Atlantic coast of Europe. It forms the basis of a valuable commercial fishery and plays a key role in coastal ecosystems and food webs. Like other filter feeding bivalves it can accumulate potent phytotoxins, to which it has evolved some immunity. The molecular origins of this immunity are of interest to evolutionary biologists, pharmaceutical companies, and fisheries management. FINDINGS Here we report the genome assembly of this species, conducted as part of the Wellcome Sanger 25 Genomes Project. This genome was assembled from PacBio reads and scaffolded with 10X Chromium and Hi-C data. Its 3,983 scaffolds have an N50 of 44.8 Mb (longest scaffold 60.1 Mb), with 92% of the assembly sequence contained in 19 scaffolds, corresponding to the 19 chromosomes found in this species. The total assembly spans 918.3 Mb and is the best-scaffolded marine bivalve genome published to date, exhibiting 95.5% recovery of the metazoan BUSCO set. Gene annotation resulted in 67,741 gene models. Analysis of gene content revealed large numbers of gene duplicates, as previously seen in bivalves, with little gene loss, in comparison with the sequenced genomes of other marine bivalve species. CONCLUSIONS The genome assembly of P. maximus and its annotated gene set provide a high-quality platform for studies on such disparate topics as shell biomineralization, pigmentation, vision, and resistance to algal toxins. As a result of our findings we highlight the sodium channel gene Nav1, known to confer resistance to saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin, as a candidate for further studies investigating immunity to domoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Kenny
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences,Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Shane A McCarthy
- University of Cambridge, Department of Genetics,Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Olga Dudchenko
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA
| | - Katherine James
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences,Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | | | - Craig Corton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jale Dolucan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Dan Mead
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karen Oliver
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Arina D Omer
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah Pelan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Yan Ryan
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool University, iC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Ying Sims
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Weisz
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anil Wipat
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Erez L Aiden
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kerstin Howe
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Suzanne T Williams
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences,Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Burbacher TM, Grant KS, Petroff R, Shum S, Crouthamel B, Stanley C, McKain N, Jing J, Isoherranen N. Effects of oral domoic acid exposure on maternal reproduction and infant birth characteristics in a preclinical nonhuman primate model. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 72:10-21. [PMID: 30615984 PMCID: PMC6408264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Domoic Acid (DA) is a naturally-occurring excitotoxin, produced by marine algae, which can bioaccumulate in shellfish and finfish. The consumption of seafood contaminated with DA is associated with gastrointestinal illness that, in the case of high DA exposure, can evolve into a spectrum of responses ranging from agitation to hallucinations, memory loss, seizures and coma. Because algal blooms that produce DA are becoming more widespread and very little is known about the dangers of chronic, low-dose exposure, we initiated a preclinical study focused on the reproductive and developmental effects of DA in a nonhuman primate model. To this end, 32 adult female Macaca fascicularis monkeys were orally exposed to 0, 0.075 or 0.15 mg/kg/day DA on a daily basis, prior to and during pregnancy. Females were bred to non-exposed males and infants were evaluated at birth. Results from this study provided no evidence of changes in DA plasma concentrations with chronic exposure. DA exposure was not associated with reproductive toxicity or adverse changes in the physical characteristics of newborns. However, in an unanticipated finding, our clinical observations revealed the presence of subtle neurological effects in the form of intentional tremors in the exposed adult females. While females in both dose groups displayed increased tremoring, the effect was dose-dependent and observed at a higher rate in females exposed to 0.15 mg/kg/day. These results demonstrate that chronic, low-level exposure to DA is associated with injury to the adult CNS and suggest that current regulatory guidelines designed to protect human health may not be adequate for high-frequency shellfish consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kimberly S Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebekah Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brenda Crouthamel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Courtney Stanley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noelle McKain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Maguire I, Fitzgerald J, Heery B, Nwankire C, O’Kennedy R, Ducrée J, Regan F. Novel Microfluidic Analytical Sensing Platform for the Simultaneous Detection of Three Algal Toxins in Water. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:6624-6634. [PMID: 30023955 PMCID: PMC6045346 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the need for "on-site" algal-toxin monitoring has become increasingly urgent due to the amplified demand for fresh-water and for safe, "toxin-free" shellfish and fish stocks. Herein, we describe the first reported, Lab-On-A-Disc (LOAD) based-platform developed to detect microcystin levels in situ, with initial detectability of saxitoxin and domoic acid also reported. Using recombinant antibody technology, the LOAD platform combines immunofluorescence with centrifugally driven microfluidic liquid handling to achieve a next-generation disposable device capable of multianalyte sampling. A low-complexity "LED-photodiode" based optical sensing system was tailor-made for the platform, which allows the fluorescence signal of the toxin-specific reaction to be quantified. This system can rapidly and accurately detect the presence of microcystin-LR, domoic acid, and saxitoxin in 30 min, with a minimum of less than 5 min end-user interaction for maximum reproducibility. This method provides a robust "point of need" diagnostic alternative to the current laborious and costly methods used for qualitative toxin monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Maguire
- School of Chemical Sciences, DCU Water Institute, School of Biotechnology, School of Physical
Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jenny Fitzgerald
- School of Chemical Sciences, DCU Water Institute, School of Biotechnology, School of Physical
Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brendan Heery
- School of Chemical Sciences, DCU Water Institute, School of Biotechnology, School of Physical
Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Charles Nwankire
- School of Chemical Sciences, DCU Water Institute, School of Biotechnology, School of Physical
Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Richard O’Kennedy
- School of Chemical Sciences, DCU Water Institute, School of Biotechnology, School of Physical
Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jens Ducrée
- School of Chemical Sciences, DCU Water Institute, School of Biotechnology, School of Physical
Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Fiona Regan
- School of Chemical Sciences, DCU Water Institute, School of Biotechnology, School of Physical
Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Zervou SK, Christophoridis C, Kaloudis T, Triantis TM, Hiskia A. New SPE-LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of multi-class cyanobacterial and algal toxins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:56-66. [PMID: 27453259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial and algal toxins comprise a large group of harmful metabolites, belonging to different chemical classes, with a variety of chemical structures, physicochemical properties and toxic activities. In this study, a fast, simple and sensitive analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of multi-class cyanobacterial and algal toxins in water. The target compounds were: Cylindrospermopsin, Anatoxin-a, Nodularin, 12 Microcystins ([D-Asp3]MC-RR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-HtyR, [D-Asp3]MC-LR, MC-LR, MC-HilR, MC-WR, MC-LA, MC-LY, MC-LW and MC-LF), Okadaic acid and Domoic acid. Analytes were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A dual Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridge assembly was applied for the extraction of target compounds from water. Optimized SPE parameters included cartridge material, initial sample pH, sequence of the cartridges in the SPE assembly as well as composition and volume of the elution solvent. The method was validated, providing acceptable mean recoveries and reproducibility for most analytes. Limits of detection were at the ngL-1 level. The method was successfully applied in real lake water samples from Greece, where a wide range of Microcystins were detected for the first time, at concentrations ranging from 0.034 to 63μgL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Christophoros Christophoridis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Water Quality Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company-EYDAP SA, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15341 Athens, Greece.
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Tracy K, Boushey C, Roberts SM, Morris J, Grattan LM. Communities advancing the studies of Tribal nations across their lifespan: Design, methods, and baseline of the CoASTAL cohort. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 57:9-19. [PMID: 27616972 PMCID: PMC5016794 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The CoASTAL cohort represents the first community cohort assembled to study a HAB related illness. It is comprised of three Native American tribes in the Pacific NW for the purpose of studying the health impacts of chronic, low level domoic acid (DA) exposure through razor clam consumption. This cohort is at risk of domoic acid (DA) toxicity by virtue of their geographic location (access to beaches with a history of elevated DA levels in razor clams) and the cultural and traditional significance of razor clams in their diet. In this prospective, longitudinal study, Wave 1 of the cohort is comprised of 678 members across the lifespan with both sexes represented within child, adult and geriatric age groups. All participants are followed annually with standard measures of medical and social history; neuropsychological functions, psychological status, and dietary exposure. DA concentration levels are measured at both public and reservation beaches where razor clams are sourced and multiple metrics have been piloted to further determine exposure. Baseline data indicates that all cognitive and psychological functions are within normal limits. In addition there is considerable variability in razor clam exposure. Therefore, the CoASTAL cohort offers a unique opportunity to investigate the potential health effects of chronic, low level exposure to DA over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Tracy
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland School
of Medicine, 10 S. Pine Street MSTF 334F, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Carol Boushey
- Cancer Center Department: Epidemiology Program, University
of Hawaii Manoa, 701 Ilalo St. Rm 525, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Sparkle M. Roberts
- Department of Neurology: Division of Neuropsychology,
University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S. Paca St. 3 Floor,
Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - J.Glenn Morris
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Emerging
Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road; Box 100009,
Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Lynn M. Grattan
- Department of Neurology: Division of Neuropsychology,
University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S. Paca St. 3 Floor,
Baltimore, MD 21201
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Grant KS, Burbacher TM, Faustman EM, Gratttan L. Domoic acid: neurobehavioral consequences of exposure to a prevalent marine biotoxin. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2009; 32:132-41. [PMID: 19799996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA), the cause of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, is a naturally occurring marine biotoxin that is usually produced by the microscopic algae Pseudo-nitzschia. As is the case for other types of toxic algae, Pseudo-nitzschia outbreaks are becoming more frequent. Acute high-dose symptomology in humans includes vomiting, cramping, coma and death as well as neurological effects such as hallucinations, confusion and memory loss. Experimental studies and medical reports have collectively shown that DA exposure primarily affects the hippocampal regions of the brain and is associated with seizures and the disruption of cognitive processes. The neurobehavioral signature of DA is unique in that it includes transient and permanent changes in memory function that resemble human antegrade amnesia. Experimental studies with adult nonhuman primates have established that DA is a dose-dependent emetic that produces clinical and neuropathological changes consistent with excitotoxicity. Behavioral evaluations of treated rodents have shown that hyperactivity and stereotypical scratching are the first functional markers of toxicity. Mid-dose treatment is associated with memory impairment and behavioral hyperreactivity, suggesting changes in arousal and/or emotionality. At higher doses, DA treatment results in frank neurotoxicity that is characterized by seizures, status epilepticus and death in treated animals. The route of DA exposure is important and influences the severity of effects; intraperitoneal and intravenous treatments produce classic signs of poisoning at significantly lower doses than oral exposure. While developmental studies are few, DA readily crosses the placenta and enters the fetal brain. Domoic acid is not associated with congenital dysmorphia but is linked to persistent changes in motor behavior and cognition in exposed offspring. Comparative research suggests that functional losses associated with DA can be persistent and injuries to the CNS can be progressive. Long-term studies will be necessary to accurately track the expression of DA-related injury, in health and behavior, over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Ho Ling K, Nichols PD, But PP. Chapter 1 Fish‐Induced Keriorrhea. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2009; 57:1-52. [DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(09)57001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Watters MR. NEUROLOGIC MARINE BIOTOXINS. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2008. [DOI: 10.1212/01.con.0000337995.78044.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Mar Drugs 2008; 6:431-55. [PMID: 19005578 PMCID: PMC2579735 DOI: 10.3390/md20080021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) is caused by consumption of molluscan shellfish contaminated with brevetoxins primarily produced by the dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis. Blooms of K. brevis, called Florida red tide, occur frequently along the Gulf of Mexico. Many shellfish beds in the US (and other nations) are routinely monitored for presence of K. brevis and other brevetoxin-producing organisms. As a result, few NSP cases are reported annually from the US. However, infrequent larger outbreaks do occur. Cases are usually associated with recreationally-harvested shellfish collected during or post red tide blooms. Brevetoxins are neurotoxins which activate voltage-sensitive sodium channels causing sodium influx and nerve membrane depolarization. No fatalities have been reported, but hospitalizations occur. NSP involves a cluster of gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms: nausea and vomiting, paresthesias of the mouth, lips and tongue as well as distal paresthesias, ataxia, slurred speech and dizziness. Neurological symptoms can progress to partial paralysis; respiratory distress has been recorded. Recent research has implicated new species of harmful algal bloom organisms which produce brevetoxins, identified additional marine species which accumulate brevetoxins, and has provided additional information on the toxicity and analysis of brevetoxins. A review of the known epidemiology and recommendations for improved NSP prevention are presented.
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Domoic acid toxicologic pathology: a review. Mar Drugs 2008; 6:180-219. [PMID: 18728725 PMCID: PMC2525487 DOI: 10.3390/md20080010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Domoic acid was identified as the toxin responsible for an outbreak of human poisoning that occurred in Canada in 1987 following consumption of contaminated blue mussels [Mytilus edulis]. The poisoning was characterized by a constellation of clinical symptoms and signs. Among the most prominent features described was memory impairment which led to the name Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning [ASP]. Domoic acid is produced by certain marine organisms, such as the red alga Chondria armata and planktonic diatom of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. Since 1987, monitoring programs have been successful in preventing other human incidents of ASP. However, there are documented cases of domoic acid intoxication in wild animals and outbreaks of coastal water contamination in many regions world-wide. Hence domoic acid continues to pose a global risk to the health and safety of humans and wildlife. Several mechanisms have been implicated as mediators for the effects of domoic acid. Of particular importance is the role played by glutamate receptors as mediators of excitatory neurotransmission and the demonstration of a wide distribution of these receptors outside the central nervous system, prompting the attention to other tissues as potential target sites. The aim of this document is to provide a comprehensive review of ASP, DOM induced pathology including ultrastructural changes associated to subchronic oral exposure, and discussion of key proposed mechanisms of cell/tissue injury involved in DOM induced brain pathology and considerations relevant to food safety and human health.
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Abstract
We describe five cases of scombroid that presented as one incident. We discuss the aetiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Guly
- Department of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK.
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Gregson BP, Millie DF, Cao C, Fahnenstiel GL, Pigg RJ, Fries DP. Simplified enrichment and identification of environmental peptide toxins using antibody-capture surfaces with subsequent mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1123:233-8. [PMID: 16797560 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of a simplified assay for detection of congeners of the microcystin (MC) hepatotoxin is described that combines the extreme sensitivity of surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS (SELDI TOF-MS) with the superior selectivity of immunoaffinity interactions. Using methods similar to those of conventional immunoassays, MC standards were captured and enriched on immunoreactive ProteinChips coated with an MC-antibody and analyzed by TOF-MS. Unlike with conventional immunoassays, individual congeners were resolved from mixed pools. Assay conditions were optimized for the quantification of MC from untreated raw pond water at concentrations as low as 0.025 microg L(-1), well below the public health relevant guideline of 1 microg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Gregson
- Center for Ocean Technology, University of South Florida College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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Trost BM, Papillon JPN, Nussbaumer T. Ru-catalyzed alkene-alkyne coupling. Total synthesis of amphidinolide P. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:17921-37. [PMID: 16351124 PMCID: PMC2533515 DOI: 10.1021/ja055967n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A coordinatively unsaturated ruthenium complex catalyzed the formation of a carbon-carbon bond between two judiciously chosen alkene and alkyne partners in good yield, and in a chemo- and regioselective fashion, despite the significant degree of unsaturation of the substrates. The resulting 1,4-diene forms the backbone of the cytotoxic marine natural product amphidinolide P. The alkene partner was rapidly assembled from (R)-glycidyl tosylate, which served as a linchpin in a one-flask, sequential three-components coupling process using vinyllithium and a vinyl cyanocuprate. The synthesis of the alkyne partner made use of an unusual anti-selective addition under chelation-control conditions of an allyltin reagent derived from tiglic acid. In addition, a remarkably E-selective E2 process using the azodicarboxylate-triphenylphosphine system is featured. Also featured is the first example of the use of a beta-lactone as a thermodynamic spring to effect macrolactonization. The oxetanone ring was thus used as a productive protecting group that increased the overall efficiency of this total synthesis. This work was also an opportunity to further probe the scope of the ruthenium-catalyzed alkene-alkyne coupling, in particular using enynes, and studies using various functionalized substrates are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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Rapala J, Robertson A, Negri AP, Berg KA, Tuomi P, Lyra C, Erkomaa K, Lahti K, Hoppu K, Lepistö L. First report of saxitoxin in Finnish lakes and possible associated effects on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2005; 20:331-40. [PMID: 15892061 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first report of saxitoxin in cyanobacterial blooms in Finland. Bloom samples (n = 50) were collected from Finnish freshwater sites during summer months of 2002 and 2003. These samples were screened for the presence of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) using the Jellett rapid PSP screening test. Samples testing positive for PSTs (n = 7) were further analyzed with saxiphilin- and voltage-gated sodium channel [(3)H]-STX-binding radioreceptor assays and liquid chromatography using fluorescence and mass spectrometric analysis. The results indicated that saxitoxin (STX) was the only PST analogue in the samples and that it was present in high concentrations, as much as 1 mg L(-1). Microscopic analysis revealed that 95%-100% of the phytoplankton in the positive samples consisted of Anabaena lemmermannii. The trophic status of lakes in which STX-containing blooms were found varied from oligotrophic to hypertrophic. All the lakes had high nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios. In some instances, samples had been collected from sites where swimmers had reported adverse health effects, and in three such cases, reported adverse health effects were associated with sites from which samples testing positive for STX had been received. Symptoms of fever, eye irritation, abdominal pains, and skin rash were reported in children aged 2-10 years after exposure to the water. These were not the adverse human symptoms typical of STX poisoning; rather, they represented acute effects often reported following recreational exposure to cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Rapala
- National Product Control Agency for Welfare and Health, P.O. Box 210, FIN-00531 Helsinki, Finland.
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