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Tinkov AA, Korobeinikova TV, Morozova GD, Aschner M, Mak DV, Santamaria A, Rocha JBT, Sotnikova TI, Tazina SI, Skalny AV. Association between serum trace element, mineral, and amino acid levels with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adult women. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 83:127397. [PMID: 38290269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is assessment of serum trace element and amino acid levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients with subsequent evaluation of its independent associations with markers of liver injury and metabolic risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS 140 women aged 20-90 years old with diagnosed NAFLD and 140 healthy women with a respective age range were enrolled in the current study. Analysis of serum and hair levels of trace elements and minerals was performed with inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS). Serum amino acid concentrations were evaluated by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-detection. In addition, routine biochemical parameters including liver damage markers, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), were assessed spectrophotometrically. RESULTS The findings demonstrated that patients with NAFLD were characterized by higher ALT, GGT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cholinesterase (CE) activity, as well as increased levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid. NAFLD patients were characterized by reduced serum and hair Co, Se, and Zn levels, as well as hair Cu content and serum Mn concentrations in comparison to controls. Circulating Ala, Cit, Glu, Gly, Ile, Leu, Phe, and Tyr levels in NAFLD patients exceeded those in the control group. Multiple linear regression demonstrated that serum and hair trace element levels were significantly associated with circulating amino acid levels after adjustment for age, BMI, and metabolic parameters including liver damage markers. CONCLUSION It is proposed that altered trace element handling may contribute to NAFLD pathogenesis through modulation of amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Tinkov
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, and World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", and Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, 150003 Yaroslavl, Russia; Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tatiana V Korobeinikova
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, and World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", and Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina D Morozova
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, and World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", and Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10461 Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Daria V Mak
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, and World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", and Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Faculty of Sciencies, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joao B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900 RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana I Sotnikova
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, and World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", and Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; City Clinical Hospital n. a. S.P. Botkin of the Moscow City Health Department, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Serafima Ia Tazina
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, and World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", and Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; City Clinical Hospital n. a. S.P. Botkin of the Moscow City Health Department, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, and World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", and Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, 150003 Yaroslavl, Russia; Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Tyczyńska M, Hunek G, Szczasny M, Brachet A, Januszewski J, Forma A, Portincasa P, Flieger J, Baj J. Supplementation of Micro- and Macronutrients-A Role of Nutritional Status in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4916. [PMID: 38732128 PMCID: PMC11085010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which the pathological cumulation of fat with coexisting inflammation and damage of hepatic cells leads to progressive dysfunctions of the liver. Except for the commonly well-known major causes of NAFLD such as obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, or diabetes, an unbalanced diet and imbalanced nutritional status should also be taken into consideration. In this narrative review, we summarized the current knowledge regarding the micro- and macronutrient status of patients suffering from NAFLD considering various diets and supplementation of chosen supplements. We aimed to summarize the knowledge indicating which nutritional impairments may be associated with the onset and progression of NAFLD at the same time evaluating the potential therapy targets that could facilitate the healing process. Except for the above-mentioned objectives, one of the most important aspects of this review was to highlight the possible strategies for taking care of NAFLD patients taking into account the challenges and opportunities associated with the micronutrient status of the patients. The current research indicates that a supplementation of chosen vitamins (e.g., vitamin A, B complex, C, or D) as well as chosen elements such as zinc may alleviate the symptoms of NAFLD. However, there is still a lack of sufficient data regarding healthy ranges of dosages; thus, further research is of high importance in this matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Tyczyńska
- Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Gabriela Hunek
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (G.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Martyna Szczasny
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Adam Brachet
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (G.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Jacek Januszewski
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (G.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Baj
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (J.J.)
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Baj J, Kowalska B, Barbachowska A, Forma A, Flieger M, Majerek D, Teresiński G, Flieger W, Portincasa P, Buszewicz G, Radzikowska-Büchner E, Flieger J. Linking Metallic Micronutrients and Toxic Xenobiotics to Atherosclerosis and Fatty Liver Disease-Postmortem ICP-MS Analysis of Selected Human Tissues. Nutrients 2023; 15:3458. [PMID: 37571395 PMCID: PMC10420647 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia is a disorder of the lipid metabolism, caused mainly by poor eating habits. The most severe consequence of an inappropriate diet is the development of atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis. It is generally believed that a change in nutrition, and increased physical activity can eliminate these health problems. The contemporary research and therapies used to treat dyslipidemia mainly focus on lowering the triglyceride and cholesterol levels. However, disturbances in trace element homeostasis or the accumulation of toxic elements can also affect physiological processes, and be involved in the development of metabolically mediated diseases. The present study aimed to determine the mineral profiles of liver and brain tissues collected at autopsy (n = 39) in groups of people with hepatic steatosis (n = 5), atherosclerosis (n = 9), hepatic steatosis, and atherosclerosis (n = 16), and others without the selected disorders (n = 9). Concentrations of 51 elements were analysed via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after the initial wet mineralisation of the samples with nitric acid. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the hepatic steatosis group suffers from a deficiency of important trace elements, such as copper, zinc, and molybdenum (p < 0.05), whereas the group with atherosclerosis is characterised by elevated levels of cadmium in the liver tissue (p = 0.01). Analysing the mean values of the element concentrations measured in 11 brain areas, statistically significant higher levels of calcium and copper (p < 0.001) were found in the atherosclerosis group, compared to the hepatic steatosis group, confirming the involvement of these elements in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In addition, an accumulation of cadmium, lead, titanium, and strontium in the brain tissue was observed in the atherosclerosis group. While the accumulation of individual elements differs in different parts of the brain, the differences in the cadmium content (p < 0.05) between the study groups apply to the whole brain, except for the nucleus accumbens septi area, where a statistically significant titanium accumulation occurs in the atherosclerosis and steatosis groups, compared to the others (p < 0.05). In addition, the disruption of elemental homeostasis in the brain of a single case with bipolar disorder, and a case with hip replacement was observed. Our results confirm the involvement of chemical elements in the pathogenesis of selected metabolic diseases, and the need for further studies in larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (W.F.)
| | - Beata Kowalska
- Department of Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Barbachowska
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, ul. Krasnystawska, 21-010 Łęczna, Poland;
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (W.F.)
| | - Michał Flieger
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.F.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Dariusz Majerek
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Teresiński
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.F.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Wojciech Flieger
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (W.F.)
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Meical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Grzegorz Buszewicz
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.F.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | | | - Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Barbara M, Mindikoglu AL. The role of zinc in the prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabol Open 2021; 11:100105. [PMID: 34337376 PMCID: PMC8318982 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The zinc element is an essential nutrient for human health. Zinc is involved in the glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism and antioxidant processes in biological pathways. Zinc deficiency can lead to several chronic liver diseases. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases where zinc deficiency plays a critical role in pathogenesis. Human and animal studies showed that both NAFLD risk factors (i.e., insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension) and NAFLD itself are associated with decreased blood levels of zinc. Additionally, endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation due to unfolded protein response, inadequate dietary zinc intake, and decreased zinc absorption from the gastrointestinal tract can result in zinc deficiency leading to NAFLD. Herein, we reviewed the mechanistic links between zinc deficiency and NAFLD development and the role of zinc in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Barbara
- Margaret M. and Albert B. Alkek Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ayse L. Mindikoglu
- Margaret M. and Albert B. Alkek Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Since the discovery of manifest Zn deficiency in 1961, the increasing number of studies demonstrated the association between altered Zn status and multiple diseases. In this chapter, we provide a review of the most recent advances on the role of Zn in health and disease (2010-20), with a special focus on the role of Zn in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, diabetes and obesity, male and female reproduction, as well as COVID-19. In parallel with the revealed tight association between ASD risk and severity and Zn status, the particular mechanisms linking Zn2+ and ASD pathogenesis like modulation of synaptic plasticity through ProSAP/Shank scaffold, neurotransmitter metabolism, and gut microbiota, have been elucidated. The increasing body of data indicate the potential involvement of Zn2+ metabolism in neurodegeneration. Systemic Zn levels in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease were found to be reduced, whereas its sequestration in brain may result in modulation of amyloid β and α-synuclein processing with subsequent toxic effects. Zn2+ was shown to possess adipotropic effects through the role of zinc transporters, zinc finger proteins, and Zn-α2-glycoprotein in adipose tissue physiology, underlying its particular role in pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2. Recent findings also contribute to further understanding of the role of Zn2+ in spermatogenesis and sperm functioning, as well as oocyte development and fertilization. Finally, Zn2+ was shown to be the potential adjuvant therapy in management of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19), underlining the perspectives of zinc in management of old and new threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Michael Aschner
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia.
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Ding H, Zhang Q, Xu H, Yu X, Chen L, Wang Z, Feng J. Selection of copper and zinc dosages in pig diets based on the mutual benefit of animal growth and environmental protection. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112177. [PMID: 33839484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dietary copper and zinc additives facilitate the growth and development of animals, but heavy metal in feces threatens the ecological environment, and balance is the key to solving the problem. In this study, a trial of 2000 pigs (early nursery, 9-15 kg; late nursery, 15-25 kg; grower: 25-60 kg) was conducted to analyze the effects of different diets (gradient dosage of copper and zinc additives) on growth performance, antioxidant performance, immune function, and fecal heavy metal excretion of piglets and growing pigs. Although no significant differences were observed in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) between treatments during the entire nursery-grower period, the addition of appropriate high doses of copper and zinc to the diet had a beneficial effect on the antioxidant status and immune function of weaned piglets. Especially at early nursery, compared with the low-copper group (5 mg/kg Cu), the high-copper group (120 mg/kg Cu) could significantly increase the peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT) and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), cortisol in the serum. Moreover, the addition of zinc and copper in the diet not only increased the concentration of corresponding trace elements in the serum, but also affected the concentration of other trace elements in the serum. The reduction of copper and zinc content in the diet contributed to reducing the copper and zinc content in feces. In conclusion, we have formulated the mutual benefit dosages of copper and zinc (9-15 kg: 5 mg/kg Cu and 50 mg/kg Zn; 15-25 kg: 4 mg/kg Cu and 50 mg/kg Zn; 25-60 kg: 4 mg/kg Cu and 10 mg/kg Zn) for weaning piglets and growing pigs, which would help ensure the healthy growth of animals and reduce environmental heavy metal residues. CAPSULE: This study developed a mutually beneficial dose of copper and zinc in pig diets, which promotes animal growth and protects the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Ding
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huangen Xu
- Research Center of Zhejiang Kesheng Feed Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaonan Yu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingjun Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghang Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Kondrakhina IN, Verbenko DA, Zatevalov AM, Gatiatulina ER, Nikonorov AA, Deryabin DG, Kubanov AA. Plasma Zinc Levels in Males with Androgenetic Alopecia as Possible Predictors of the Subsequent Conservative Therapy's Effectiveness. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10050336. [PMID: 32456296 PMCID: PMC7277952 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10050336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of progressive hair loss in man. The search for reliable predictors of the conservative treatment’s effectiveness is an urgent problem today. Forty-eight patients with AGA, stages I–IV by the Norwood–Hamilton scale, were treated for 4 months with 5% topical minoxidil joints with corrections for trace element and vitamin imbalances. In most cases, the positive therapy’s effect was shown in the parietal but not in the occipital area, whereas that effect was observed in others. The attempts to associate the therapy’s effectiveness with initially defined genetic, hormonal, and metabolic parameters showed the absence of differences between groups with positive and negative outcomes. Among the studied nutrient parameters (Zn, Cu, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Se, as well as vitamins B12, E, D, and folic acid), differences between these groups was shown in zinc content only. The starting point from a zinc plasma level above 10 µmol/L likely provides the success of the subsequent conservative therapy and correlates with an increase in the hair density and diameter in the parietal area. The integral predictive value of the Zn plasma level was assessed as 72.3% (positive predictive value: −88%; and negative predictive value: −55%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N. Kondrakhina
- State Research Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Korolenko St., 3, bldg 6, 107076 Moscow, Russia; (I.N.K.); (D.A.V.); (D.G.D.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Dmitry A. Verbenko
- State Research Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Korolenko St., 3, bldg 6, 107076 Moscow, Russia; (I.N.K.); (D.A.V.); (D.G.D.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Alexander M. Zatevalov
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Admiral Makarov Sr., 10, 125212 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Eugenia R. Gatiatulina
- All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Grina St., 7, 117216 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexandr A. Nikonorov
- State Research Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Korolenko St., 3, bldg 6, 107076 Moscow, Russia; (I.N.K.); (D.A.V.); (D.G.D.); (A.A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dmitrij G. Deryabin
- State Research Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Korolenko St., 3, bldg 6, 107076 Moscow, Russia; (I.N.K.); (D.A.V.); (D.G.D.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Alexey A. Kubanov
- State Research Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Korolenko St., 3, bldg 6, 107076 Moscow, Russia; (I.N.K.); (D.A.V.); (D.G.D.); (A.A.K.)
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