1
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Kordys M, Urbanowicz A. 3D Puzzle at the Nanoscale-How do RNA Viruses Self-Assemble their Capsids into Perfectly Ordered Structures. Macromol Biosci 2024:e2400088. [PMID: 38864315 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202400088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The phenomenon of RNA virus self-organization, first observed in the mid-20th century in tobacco mosaic virus, is the subject of extensive research. Efforts to comprehend this process intensify due to its potential for producing vaccines or antiviral compounds as well as nanocarriers and nanotemplates. However, direct observation of the self-assembly is hindered by its prevalence within infected host cells. One of the approaches involves in vitro and in silico research using model viruses featuring a ssRNA(+) genome enclosed within a capsid made up of a single type protein. While various pathways are proposed based on these studies, their relevance in vivo remains uncertain. On the other hand, the development of advanced microscopic methods provide insights into the events within living cells, where following viral infection, specialized compartments form to facilitate the creation of nascent virions. Intriguingly, a growing body of evidence indicates that the primary function of packaging signals in viral RNA is to effectively initiate the virion self-assembly. This is in contrast to earlier opinions suggesting a role in marking RNA for encapsidation. Another noteworthy observation is that many viruses undergo self-assembly within membraneless liquid organelles, which are specifically induced by viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Kordys
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego Str. 12/14, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
| | - Anna Urbanowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego Str. 12/14, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
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2
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Pereira TA, Espósito BP. Can iron chelators ameliorate viral infections? Biometals 2024; 37:289-304. [PMID: 38019378 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The redox reactivity of iron is a double-edged sword for cell functions, being either essential or harmful depending on metal concentration and location. Deregulation of iron homeostasis is associated with several clinical conditions, including viral infections. Clinical studies as well as in silico, in vitro and in vivo models show direct effects of several viruses on iron levels. There is support for the strategy of iron chelation as an alternative therapy to inhibit infection and/or viral replication, on the rationale that iron is required for the synthesis of some viral proteins and genes. In addition, abnormal iron levels can affect signaling immune response. However, other studies report different effects of viral infections on iron homeostasis, depending on the class and genotype of the virus, therefore making it difficult to predict whether iron chelation would have any benefit. This review brings general aspects of the relationship between iron homeostasis and the nonspecific immune response to viral infections, along with its relevance to the progress or inhibition of the inflammatory process, in order to elucidate situations in which the use of iron chelators could be efficient as antivirals.
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3
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Izumida K, Hara Y, Furukawa Y, Ishida K, Tabata K, Morita E. Purification of hepatitis C virus core protein in non-denaturing condition. J Virol Methods 2024; 323:114852. [PMID: 37979698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major cause of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Among its structural proteins, the HCV core protein has been implicated in liver disease. Understanding the role of HCV core proteins in viral diseases is crucial to elucidating disease mechanisms and identifying potential drug targets. However, purification challenges hinder the comprehensive elucidation of the structure and biochemical properties of HCV core proteins. In this study, we successfully solubilized bacterially expressed core protein using a high-salt and detergent-containing buffer and bypassed the denaturing-refolding process. Size-exclusion chromatography revealed three distinct peaks in the HCV-infected cell lysate, with the bacterially expressed soluble core protein corresponding to its second peak. Using a combination of affinity, size exclusion, and multi-modal chromatography purification techniques, we achieved a purity of > 95% for the core protein. Analytical ultracentrifugation revealed monomer formation in the solution. Far UV Circular dichroism spectroscopy identified 25.53% alpha helices and 20.26% beta sheets. These findings strongly suggest that the purified core proteins retained one of the native structures observed in HCV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Izumida
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hara
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Japan
| | - Yukio Furukawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadoaka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tabata
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiji Morita
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Japan.
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4
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Tabll AA, Sohrab SS, Ali AA, Petrovic A, Steiner Srdarevic S, Siber S, Glasnovic M, Smolic R, Smolic M. Future Prospects, Approaches, and the Government's Role in the Development of a Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine. Pathogens 2023; 13:38. [PMID: 38251345 PMCID: PMC10820710 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing a safe and effective vaccine against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a top priority for global health. Despite recent advances in antiviral therapies, the high cost and limited accessibility of these treatments impede their widespread application, particularly in resource-limited settings. Therefore, the development of the HCV vaccine remains a necessity. This review article analyzes the current technologies, future prospects, strategies, HCV genomic targets, and the governmental role in HCV vaccine development. We discuss the current epidemiological landscape of HCV infection and the potential of HCV structural and non-structural protein antigens as vaccine targets. In addition, the involvement of government agencies and policymakers in supporting and facilitating the development of HCV vaccines is emphasized. We explore how vaccine development regulatory channels and frameworks affect research goals, funding, and public health policy. The significance of international and public-private partnerships in accelerating the development of an HCV vaccine is examined. Finally, the future directions for developing an HCV vaccine are discussed. In conclusion, the review highlights the urgent need for a preventive vaccine to fight the global HCV disease and the significance of collaborative efforts between scientists, politicians, and public health organizations to reach this important public health goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A. Tabll
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo 11517, Egypt
| | - Sayed S. Sohrab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Ali
- Molecular Biology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ana Petrovic
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.P.); (S.S.S.); (S.S.); (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Sabina Steiner Srdarevic
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.P.); (S.S.S.); (S.S.); (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Stjepan Siber
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.P.); (S.S.S.); (S.S.); (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Marija Glasnovic
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.P.); (S.S.S.); (S.S.); (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Robert Smolic
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.P.); (S.S.S.); (S.S.); (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Martina Smolic
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.P.); (S.S.S.); (S.S.); (M.G.); (R.S.)
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5
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Yoon H, Jang KL. Hydrogen Peroxide Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus Replication by Downregulating Hepatitis C Virus Core Levels through E6-Associated Protein-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation. Cells 2023; 13:62. [PMID: 38201266 PMCID: PMC10778395 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is constantly exposed to considerable oxidative stress, characterized by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), during acute and chronic infection in the hepatocytes of patients. However, the effect of oxidative stress on HCV replication is largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that H2O2 downregulated HCV Core levels to inhibit HCV replication. For this purpose, H2O2 upregulated p53 levels, resulting in the downregulation of both the protein and enzyme activity levels of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), DNMT3a, and DNMT3b, and activated the expression of E6-associated protein (E6AP) through promoter hypomethylation in the presence of HCV Core. E6AP, an E3 ligase, induced the ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of HCV Core in a p53-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of H2O2 on HCV replication was almost completely nullified either by treatment with a representative antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or by knockdown of p53 or E6AP using a specific short hairpin RNA, confirming the roles of p53 and E6AP in the inhibition of HCV replication by H2O2. This study provides insights into the mechanisms that regulate HCV replication under conditions of oxidative stress in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunyoung Yoon
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, The Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, The Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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6
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Barik S. Suppression of Innate Immunity by the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Revisiting the Specificity of Host-Virus Interactive Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16100. [PMID: 38003289 PMCID: PMC10671098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major causative agent of hepatitis that may also lead to liver cancer and lymphomas. Chronic hepatitis C affects an estimated 2.4 million people in the USA alone. As the sole member of the genus Hepacivirus within the Flaviviridae family, HCV encodes a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome that is translated into a single large polypeptide, which is then proteolytically processed to yield the individual viral proteins, all of which are necessary for optimal viral infection. However, cellular innate immunity, such as type-I interferon (IFN), promptly thwarts the replication of viruses and other pathogens, which forms the basis of the use of conjugated IFN-alpha in chronic hepatitis C management. As a countermeasure, HCV suppresses this form of immunity by enlisting diverse gene products, such as HCV protease(s), whose primary role is to process the large viral polyprotein into individual proteins of specific function. The exact number of HCV immune suppressors and the specificity and molecular mechanism of their action have remained unclear. Nonetheless, the evasion of host immunity promotes HCV pathogenesis, chronic infection, and carcinogenesis. Here, the known and putative HCV-encoded suppressors of innate immunity have been reviewed and analyzed, with a predominant emphasis on the molecular mechanisms. Clinically, the knowledge should aid in rational interventions and the management of HCV infection, particularly in chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailen Barik
- EonBio, 3780 Pelham Drive, Mobile, AL 36619, USA
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7
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Nepal S, Holmstrom ED. Single-molecule-binding studies of antivirals targeting the hepatitis C virus core protein. J Virol 2023; 97:e0089223. [PMID: 37772835 PMCID: PMC10617558 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00892-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The hepatitis C virus is associated with nearly 300,000 deaths annually. At the core of the virus is an RNA-protein complex called the nucleocapsid, which consists of the viral genome and many copies of the core protein. Because the assembly of the nucleocapsid is a critical step in viral replication, a considerable amount of effort has been devoted to identifying antiviral therapeutics that can bind to the core protein and disrupt assembly. Although several candidates have been identified, little is known about how they interact with the core protein or how those interactions alter the structure and thus the function of this viral protein. Our work biochemically characterizes several of these binding interactions, highlighting both similarities and differences as well as strengths and weaknesses. These insights bolster the notion that this viral protein is a viable target for novel therapeutics and will help to guide future developments of these candidate antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Nepal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Erik D. Holmstrom
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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8
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Wang L, Wang S, Chiou S, Tsai J, Chai C, Tseng L, Lee J, Lin M, Huang S, Hsu S. HCV Core Protein-ISX Axis Promotes Chronic Liver Disease Progression via Metabolic Remodeling and Immune Suppression. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300644. [PMID: 37316966 PMCID: PMC10427408 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important public health issue. However, knowledge on how the virus remodels the metabolic and immune response toward hepatic pathologic environment is limited. The transcriptomic and multiple evidences reveal that the HCV core protein-intestine-specific homeobox (ISX) axis promotes a spectrum of metabolic, fibrogenic, and immune modulators (e.g., kynurenine, PD-L1, and B7-2), regulating HCV-infection relevant pathogenic phenotype in vitro and in vivo. In a transgenic mice model, the HCV core protein-ISX axis enhance metabolic disturbance (particularly lipid and glucose metabolism) and immune suppression, and finally, chronic liver fibrosis in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced disease model. Mechanistically, cells with HCV JFH-1 replicons upregulate ISX and, consequently, the expressions of metabolic, fibrosis progenitor, and immune modulators via core protein-induced nuclear factor-κB signaling. Conversely, cells with specific ISX shRNAi inhibit HCV core protein-induced metabolic disturbance and immune suppression. Clinically, the HCV core level is significantly correlated with ISX, IDOs, PD-L1, and B7-2 levels in HCC patients with HCV infection. Therefore, it highlights the significance of HCV core protein-ISX axis as an important mechanism in the development of HCV-induced chronic liver disease and can be a specific therapeutic target clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Ting Wang
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipei116059Taiwan
- Center of Applied GenomicsKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Shen‐Nien Wang
- Graduate Institute of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
- Division of General and Digestive SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung80708Taiwan
- Department of SurgeryCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Shyh‐Shin Chiou
- Center of Applied GenomicsKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of PediatricsKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung80708Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Jhih‐Peng Tsai
- Center of Applied GenomicsKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Chee‐Yin Chai
- Department of PathologyKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Li‐Wen Tseng
- Graduate Institute of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Jin‐Ching Lee
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life ScienceNational Sun Yat‐sen UniversityKaohsiung804201Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Hong Lin
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung City80708Taiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Shau‐Ku Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNational Health Research InstitutesMiaoli County35053Taiwan
- Department of Respirology & AllergyThird Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518020China
- Department of MedicineDivision of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287USA
| | - Shih‐Hsien Hsu
- Graduate Institute of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
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9
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Dwivedi M, Dwivedi A, Mukherjee D. An Insight into Hepatitis C Virus: In Search of Promising Drug Targets. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1127-1138. [PMID: 37907492 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501265769231020031857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a global health concern, chronically infecting over 70 million people worldwide. HCV is a bloodborne pathogen that primarily affects the liver, and chronic HCV infection can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure over time. There is an urgent need for more effective approaches to prevent and treat HCV. This review summarizes current knowledge on the virology, transmission, diagnosis, and management of HCV infection. It also provides an in-depth analysis of HCV proteins as promising targets for antiviral drug and vaccine development. Specific HCV proteins discussed as potential drug targets include the NS5B polymerase, NS3/4A protease, entry receptors like CD81, and core proteins. The implications of HCV proteins as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are also explored. Current direct-acting antiviral therapies are effective but have cost, genotype specificity, and resistance limitations. This review aims to synthesize essential information on HCV biology and pathogenesis to inform future research on improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies against this global infectious disease threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Gomtinagar Extension, Lucknow- 226028, India
| | - Aditya Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Gomtinagar Extension, Lucknow- 226028, India
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10
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122630. [PMID: 36560634 PMCID: PMC9780809 DOI: 10.3390/v14122630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a type of cellular stress, always occurs when unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulating in the ER exceed the protein folding capacity. Because of the demand for rapid viral protein synthesis after viral infection, viral infections become a risk factor for ER stress. The hepatocyte is a cell with large and well-developed ER, and hepatitis virus infection is widespread in the population, indicating the interaction between hepatitis viruses and ER stress may have significance for managing liver diseases. In this paper, we review the process that is initiated by the hepatocyte through ER stress against HBV and HCV infection and explain how this information can be helpful in the treatment of HBV/HCV-related diseases.
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11
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Park JM, Yoon H, Jeong Y, Jang KL. Tumor suppressor p53 inhibits hepatitis C virus replication by inducing E6AP-mediated proteasomal degradation of the viral core protein. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2525-2537. [PMID: 35918185 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 has been implicated in the host defense system against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, although the detailed mechanism remains unknown. Here, we found that p53 inhibits HCV replication by downregulating HCV Core protein levels in human hepatoma cells. For this effect, p53 potentiated the role of E6-associated protein (E6AP) as an E3 ligase to induce ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of HCV Core. Specifically, p53 facilitated the binding of E6AP to HCV Core through direct interactions with the two proteins. In addition, E6AP failed to induce ubiquitination of HCV Core in the absence of p53, suggesting that p53 increases the E3 ligase activity of E6AP in a triple complex consisting of p53, E6AP, and HCV Core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Min Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunyoung Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.,Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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12
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Zhai LY, Liu JF, Zhao JJ, Su AM, Xi XG, Hou XM. Targeting the RNA G-Quadruplex and Protein Interactome for Antiviral Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10161-10182. [PMID: 35862260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, G-quadruplexes (G4s), types of noncanonical four-stranded nucleic acid structures, have been identified in many viruses that threaten human health, such as HIV and Epstein-Barr virus. In this context, G4 ligands were designed to target the G4 structures, among which some have shown promising antiviral effects. In this Perspective, we first summarize the diversified roles of RNA G4s in different viruses. Next, we introduce small-molecule ligands developed as G4 modulators and highlight their applications in antiviral studies. In addition to G4s, we comprehensively review the medical intervention of G4-interacting proteins from both the virus (N protein, viral-encoded helicases, severe acute respiratory syndrome-unique domain, and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1) and the host (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, RNA helicases, zinc-finger cellular nucelic acid-binding protein, and nucleolin) by inhibitors as an alternative way to disturb the normal functions of G4s. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in G4-based antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Zhai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing-Fan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jian-Jin Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ai-Min Su
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xu-Guang Xi
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, China.,Laboratory of Biology and Applied Pharmacology, CNRS UMR 8113, IDA FR3242, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Xi-Miao Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, China
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13
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Seo D, Gammon DB. Manipulation of Host Microtubule Networks by Viral Microtubule-Associated Proteins. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050979. [PMID: 35632720 PMCID: PMC9147350 DOI: 10.3390/v14050979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse DNA and RNA viruses utilize cytoskeletal networks to efficiently enter, replicate, and exit the host cell, while evading host immune responses. It is well established that the microtubule (MT) network is commonly hijacked by viruses to traffic to sites of replication after entry and to promote egress from the cell. However, mounting evidence suggests that the MT network is also a key regulator of host immune responses to infection. At the same time, viruses have acquired mechanisms to manipulate and/or usurp MT networks to evade these immune responses. Central to most interactions of viruses with the MT network are virally encoded microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that bind to MTs directly or indirectly. These MAPs associate with MTs and other viral or cellular MAPs to regulate various aspects of the MT network, including MT dynamics, MT-dependent transport via motor proteins such as kinesins and dyneins, and MT-dependent regulation of innate immune responses. In this review, we examine how viral MAP interactions with the MT network facilitate viral replication and immune evasion.
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14
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Zhang M, Li L, Wu L, Zhang J. Isarubrolone C Promotes Autophagic Degradation of Virus Proteins via Activating ATG10S in HepG2 Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1018-1028. [PMID: 35201775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Isarubrolone C is a bioactive polycyclic tropoloalkaloid from Streptomyces. Our previous study showed that isarubrolone C could trigger autophagy. Here, we report isarubrolone C potential in broad-spectrum antiviral effect and its antiviral mechanism in vitro. Our results show that isarubrolone C activated autophagy and reduced levels of viral proteins in the cells harboring HCV-CORE/NS5B, HBx, ZIKV-NS5, and HIV-RT, respectively. The role of isarubrolone C in suppression of the viral proteins was via an autophagic degradation pathway rather than a proteasome pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that isarubrolone C promoted both autophagy flux opening and the viral proteins being enwrapped in autolysosomes. PCR assays showed that isarubrolone C elevated the transcription levels of ATG10/ATG10S and IL28A. Further, ATG10S high expression could efficiently enhance IL28A expression and the ability of isarubrolone C to degrade the viral proteins by promoting the colocalization of viral proteins with autolysosomes. Additionally, knockdown of endogenous IL28A caused both losses of the isarubrolone C antiviral effect and autolysosome formation. These results indicate that the role of isarubrolone C antiviruses is achieved by triggering the autophagic mechanism, which is mediated by endogenous ATG10S and IL28A activation. This is the first report about isarubrolone C potential of in vitro broad-spectrum antiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Linli Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Linzhuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jingpu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
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15
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Devi P, Punga T, Bergqvist A. Activation of the Ca2+/NFAT Pathway by Assembly of Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein into Nucleocapsid-like Particles. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040761. [PMID: 35458491 PMCID: PMC9031069 DOI: 10.3390/v14040761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the primary pathogen responsible for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The main virion component, the core (C) protein, has been linked to several aspects of HCV pathology, including oncogenesis, immune evasion and stress responses. We and others have previously shown that C expression in various cell lines activates Ca2+ signaling and alters Ca2+ homeostasis. In this study, we identified two distinct C protein regions that are required for the activation of Ca2+/NFAT signaling. In the basic N-terminal domain, which has been implicated in self-association of C, amino acids 1–68 were critical for NFAT activation. Sedimentation analysis of four mutants in this domain revealed that association of the C protein into nucleocapsid-like particles correlated with NFAT-activated transcription. The internal, lipid droplet-targeting domain was not required for NFAT-activated transcription. Finally, the C-terminal ER-targeting domain was required in extenso for the C protein to function. Our results indicate that targeting of HCV C to the ER is necessary but not sufficient for inducing Ca2+/NFAT signaling. Taken together, our data are consistent with a model whereby proteolytic intermediates of C with an intact transmembrane ER-anchor assemble into pore-like structures in the ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Devi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE 75185 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Tanel Punga
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Anders Bergqvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE 75185 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Infection Control, Uppsala University Hospital, SE 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-186113937
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16
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Torres-Vázquez B, María de Lucas A, García-Crespo C, Antonio García-Martín J, Fragoso A, Fernández-Algar M, Perales C, Domingo E, Moreno M, Briones C. In vitro selection of high affinity DNA and RNA aptamers that detect hepatitis C virus core protein of genotypes 1 to 4 and inhibit virus production in cell culture. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Song X, Gao X, Wang Y, Raja R, Zhang Y, Yang S, Li M, Yao Z, Wei L. HCV Core Protein Induces Chemokine CCL2 and CXCL10 Expression Through NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654998. [PMID: 34531848 PMCID: PMC8438213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HCV core protein is the first structural protein synthesized during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and replication. It is released from virus infected liver cells and mediates multiple functions to affect host cell response. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against viral infection. After HCV infection, Kupffer cells (KCs) which are liver macrophages play an important role in host innate immune response. Kupffer cells act as phagocytes and release different cytokines and chemokines to counter viral infection and regulate inflammation and fibrosis in liver. Earlier, we have demonstrated that HCV core protein interacts with gC1qR and activates MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K/AKT pathways in macrophages. In this study, we explored the effect of HCV core protein on CCL2 and CXCL10 expression in macrophages and the signaling pathways involved. Upon silencing of gC1qR, we observed a significant decrease expression of CCL2 and CXCL10 in macrophages in the presence of HCV core protein. Inhibiting NF-κB pathway, but not P38, JNK, ERK and AKT pathways greatly reduced the expression of CCL2 and CXCL10. Therefore, our results indicate that interaction of HCV core protein with gC1qR could induce CCL2 and CXCL10 secretion in macrophages via NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings may shed light on the understanding of how leukocytes migrate into the liver and exaggerate host-derived immune responses and may provide novel therapeutic targets in HCV chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Song
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rameez Raja
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yaoyu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shulin Yang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyan Yao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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18
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Chang ML, Hu JH, Pao LH, Lin MS, Kuo CJ, Chen SC, Fan CM, Chang MY, Chien RN. Critical role of triglycerides for adiponectin levels in hepatitis C: a joint study of human and HCV core transgenic mice. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:54. [PMID: 34380427 PMCID: PMC8359585 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and adiponectin are critically involved in metabolism. The reversal and associations of altering adiponectin levels after sustained virological responses (SVRs) following direct-acting antivirals (DAA) in HCV-infected patients remained elusive. Methods A joint study was conducted in a prospective cohort of 427 HCV-infected patients and a line of HCV core transgenic mice. Results Of 427, 358 had completed a course of DAA therapy and 353 had SVRs. At baseline, male sex (95% CI β: − 1.44 to − 0.417), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (− 0.025 to − 0.008), triglycerides (− 0.015 to − 0.005), and fibrosis-4 levels (0.08–0.297) were associated with adiponectin levels; BMI (0.029–0.327) and triglycerides levels (0.01–0.03) were associated with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in HCV-infected patients. At 24-week post-therapy, in SVR patients, male sex (− 1.89 to − 0.5) and eGFR (− 0.02 to − 0.001) levels were associated with adiponectin levels, levels of BMI (0.094–0.335) and alanine transaminase (0.018–0.078) were associated with HOMA-IR; compared with baseline levels, adiponectin levels decreased (6.53 ± 2.77 vs. 5.45 ± 2.56 μg/mL, p < 0.001). In 12-month-old HCV core transgenic mice with hepatic steatosis, triglyceride levels (0.021–0.111) were associated with adiponectin levels, and hepatic adipopnectin expression was comparable with that of control mice. Conclusions Triglycerides and hepatic fibrosis are associated with HCV-specific alteration of adiponectin levels, and adiponectin may affect insulin sensitivity through triglycerides during HCV infection. In DAA-treated patients, after SVR, adiponectin levels decreased and the linking function of triglycerides between adiponectin and insulin sensitivity vanished. Moreover, HCV core with hepatic steatosis might affect extrahepatic adiponectin expression through triglycerides. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-021-00445-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ling Chang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Hong Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Li-Heng Pao
- Graduate Institute of Health-Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Kuo
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Chi Chen
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Fan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yu Chang
- Division of Pediatric Neurologic Medicine, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Chien
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Liver Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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19
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Oldfield CJ, Peng Z, Kurgan L. Disordered RNA-Binding Region Prediction with DisoRDPbind. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2106:225-239. [PMID: 31889261 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0231-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA chaperone activity is one of the many functions of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). IDRs function without the prerequisite of a stable structure. Instead, their functions arise from structural ensembles. A common theme in IDR function is molecular recognition; IDRs mediate interactions with other proteins, RNA, and DNA. Many computational methods are available to predict IDRs from protein sequence, but relatively few are available for predicting IDR functions. Available methods primarily focus on protein-protein interactions. DisoRDPbind was developed to predict several protein functions including interactions with RNA. This method is available as a user-friendly web interface, located at http://biomine.cs.vcu.edu/servers/DisoRDPbind/ . The development and architecture of DisoRDPbind is briefly presented, and its accuracy relative to other RNA-binding residue predictors is discussed. We explain usage of the web interface in detail and provide an example of prediction results and interpretation. While DisoRDPbind does not identify RNA chaperones directly, we provide a case study of an RNA chaperone, HCV core protein, as an example of the method's utility in the study of RNA chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhenling Peng
- Center for Applied Mathematics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lukasz Kurgan
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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20
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HCV Proteins Modulate the Host Cell miRNA Expression Contributing to Hepatitis C Pathogenesis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102485. [PMID: 34069740 PMCID: PMC8161081 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary According to the last estimate by the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 71 million individuals have chronic hepatitis C worldwide. The persistence of HCV infection leads to chronic hepatitis, which can evolve into liver cirrhosis and ultimately into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although the pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood, it is well established that an interplay between host cell factors, including microRNAs (miRNA), and viral components exist in all the phases of the viral infection and replication. Those interactions establish a complex equilibrium between host cells and HCV and participate in multiple mechanisms characterizing hepatitis C pathogenesis. The present review aims to describe the role of HCV structural and non-structural proteins in the modulation of cellular miRNA during HCV infection and pathogenesis. Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome encodes for one long polyprotein that is processed by cellular and viral proteases to generate 10 polypeptides. The viral structural proteins include the core protein, and the envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2, present at the surface of HCV particles. Non-structural (NS) proteins consist of NS1, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5a, and NS5b and have a variable function in HCV RNA replication and particle assembly. Recent findings evidenced the capacity of HCV virus to modulate host cell factors to create a favorable environment for replication. Indeed, increasing evidence has indicated that the presence of HCV is significantly associated with aberrant miRNA expression in host cells, and HCV structural and non-structural proteins may be responsible for these alterations. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the role of HCV structural and non-structural proteins in the modulation of host cell miRNAs, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms responsible for the cell re-programming involved in viral replication, immune system escape, as well as the oncogenic process. In this regard, structural and non-structural proteins have been shown to modulate the expression of several onco-miRNAs or tumor suppressor miRNAs.
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21
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Structure-Based and Rational Design of a Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050837. [PMID: 34063143 PMCID: PMC8148096 DOI: 10.3390/v13050837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine is a critical yet unfulfilled step in addressing the global disease burden of HCV. While decades of research have led to numerous clinical and pre-clinical vaccine candidates, these efforts have been hindered by factors including HCV antigenic variability and immune evasion. Structure-based and rational vaccine design approaches have capitalized on insights regarding the immune response to HCV and the structures of antibody-bound envelope glycoproteins. Despite successes with other viruses, designing an immunogen based on HCV glycoproteins that can elicit broadly protective immunity against HCV infection is an ongoing challenge. Here, we describe HCV vaccine design approaches where immunogens were selected and optimized through analysis of available structures, identification of conserved epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies, or both. Several designs have elicited immune responses against HCV in vivo, revealing correlates of HCV antigen immunogenicity and breadth of induced responses. Recent studies have elucidated the functional, dynamic and immunological features of key regions of the viral envelope glycoproteins, which can inform next-generation immunogen design efforts. These insights and design strategies represent promising pathways to HCV vaccine development, which can be further informed by successful immunogen designs generated for other viruses.
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22
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Pechelyulko A, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya Z, Dmitriev D, Lavrov V, Massino Y, Nagel A, Segal O, Sokolova OS, Solonin A, Tarakanova Y, Dmitriev A. A simple method to purify recombinant HCV core protein expressed in Pichia pastoris for obtaining virus-like particles and producing monoclonal antibodies. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 183:105864. [PMID: 33677084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe an optimized method of obtaining virus-like particles (VLPs) of the recombinant hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein (HCcAg) expressed in yeast cells (Pichia pastoris), which can be used for the construction of diagnostic test systems and vaccine engineering. The described simplified procedure was developed to enable in vitro self-assembly of HCcAg molecules into VLPs during protein purification. In brief, the HCcAg protein was precipitated from yeast cell lysates with ammonium sulfate and renatured by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 under reducing conditions. VLPs were self-assembled after the removal of the reducing agent by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25. Protein purity and specificity were evaluated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting analysis. The molecular mass of VLPs and their relative quantity were measured by HPLC, followed by confirmation of VLPs production and estimation of their shape and size by transmission electron microscopy. As a result, we obtained recombinant HCcAg preparation (with ~90% purity) in the form of VLPs and monomers, which has been used to produce hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against HCcAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Pechelyulko
- Mechnikov Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow, 105064, Russia.
| | - Zhanna Andreeva-Kovalevskaya
- FSBIS G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Dmitriev
- Mechnikov Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Viacheslav Lavrov
- Mechnikov Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Yulia Massino
- Mechnikov Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Alexey Nagel
- FSBIS G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Olga Segal
- Mechnikov Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Olga S Sokolova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Solonin
- FSBIS G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Yulia Tarakanova
- Mechnikov Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Alexander Dmitriev
- Mechnikov Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow, 105064, Russia
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23
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Riva L, Spriet C, Barois N, Popescu CI, Dubuisson J, Rouillé Y. Comparative Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Dynamics and Localization in Assembly-Deficient Mutants. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020172. [PMID: 33557275 PMCID: PMC7919264 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle is a tightly regulated process, during which structural and non-structural proteins cooperate. However, the interplay between HCV proteins during genomic RNA replication and progeny virion assembly is not completely understood. Here, we studied the dynamics and intracellular localization of non-structural 5A protein (NS5A), which is a protein involved both in genome replication and encapsidation. An NS5A-eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) tagged version of the strain JFH-1-derived wild-type HCV was compared to the corresponding assembly-deficient viruses Δcore, NS5A basic cluster 352–533 mutant (BCM), and serine cluster 451 + 454 + 457 mutant (SC). These analyses highlighted an increase of NS5A motility when the viral protein core was lacking. Although to a lesser extent, NS5A motility was also increased in the BCM virus, which is characterized by a lack of interaction of NS5A with the viral RNA, impairing HCV genome encapsidation. This observation suggests that the more static NS5A population is mainly involved in viral assembly rather than in RNA replication. Finally, NS4B exhibited a reduced co-localization with NS5A and lipid droplets for both Δcore and SC mutants, which is characterized by the absence of interaction of NS5A with core. This observation strongly suggests that NS5A is involved in targeting NS4B to lipid droplets (LDs). In summary, this work contributes to a better understanding of the interplay between HCV proteins during the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Riva
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (L.R.); (N.B.); (J.D.)
| | - Corentin Spriet
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Department of Functional and Structural Glycobiology, 59000 Lille, France;
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Barois
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (L.R.); (N.B.); (J.D.)
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Costin-Ioan Popescu
- Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (L.R.); (N.B.); (J.D.)
| | - Yves Rouillé
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (L.R.); (N.B.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Neves WLL, Mariuba LAM, Alves KCS, Coelho KF, Tarragô AM, Costa AG, Chaves YO, Victoria FDS, Victoria MB, Malheiro A. Development of an immunoassay for the detection of human IgG against hepatitis C virus proteins using magnetic beads and flow cytometry. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1839355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Luiz Lima Neves
- Post-graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Luis André Morais Mariuba
- Post-graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Leonidas & Maria Deane Research Institute, FIOCRUZ-Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program Stricto sensu in Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute (PGBCM/IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Késsia Caroline Souza Alves
- Post-graduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Kerolaine Fonseca Coelho
- Department of Education and Research, Amazonas Hospital Foundation of Hematology and Hemotherapy (HEMOAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Andrea Monteiro Tarragô
- Post-graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Department of Education and Research, Amazonas Hospital Foundation of Hematology and Hemotherapy (HEMOAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães Costa
- Post-graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Department of Education and Research, Amazonas Hospital Foundation of Hematology and Hemotherapy (HEMOAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Hematology Sciences, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Carlos Borborema Clinical Research Institute, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Yury Oliveira Chaves
- Post-graduate Program in Hematology Sciences, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Flamir da Silva Victoria
- Post-graduate Program in Hematology Sciences, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Carlos Borborema Clinical Research Institute, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marilu Barbieri Victoria
- Post-graduate Program in Hematology Sciences, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Carlos Borborema Clinical Research Institute, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Adriana Malheiro
- Post-graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Hematology Sciences, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Ruggiero E, Richter SN. Viral G-quadruplexes: New frontiers in virus pathogenesis and antiviral therapy. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 54:101-131. [PMID: 32427223 PMCID: PMC7233243 DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant organisms on our planet, affecting all living beings: some of them are responsible for massive epidemics that concern health, national economies and the overall welfare of societies. Although advances in antiviral research have led to successful therapies against several human viruses, still some of them cannot be eradicated from the host and most of them do not have any treatment available. Consequently, innovative antiviral therapies are urgently needed. In the past few years, research on G-quadruplexes (G4s) in viruses has boomed, providing powerful evidence for the regulatory role of G4s in key viral steps. Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses have traced putative G4-forming sequences in the genome of almost all human viruses, showing that their distribution is statistically significant and their presence highly conserved. Since the genomes of viruses are remarkably variable, high conservation rates strongly suggest a crucial role of G4s in the viral replication cycle and evolution, emphasizing the possibility of targeting viral G4s as a new pharmacological approach in antiviral therapy. Recent studies have demonstrated the formation and function of G4s in pathogens responsible for serious diseases, such as HIV-1, Hepatitis B and C, Ebola viruses, to cite a few. In this chapter, we present the state of the art on the structural and functional characterization of viral G4s in RNA viruses, DNA viruses and retroviruses. We also present the G4 ligands that provide further details on the viral G4 role and which, showing promising antiviral activity, which could be exploited for the development of innovative antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara N. Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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26
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Hepatitis C virus core protein interacts with cellular metastasis suppressor Nm23-H1 and promotes cell migration and invasion. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1271-1285. [PMID: 30859475 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major etiological agent of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and second in terms of deaths of males (Bray et al. in CA Cancer J Clin 68(6):394-424, 2018). HCV-induced HCC is a multi-step process that involves alteration of several host regulatory pathways. One of the key features of HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma is the metastasis of cancer cells to different organs. Human Nm23-H1 is one of the best-studied metastasis suppressor proteins, and it has been shown to be modulated in many human cancers. Our study shows that the core protein of HCV genotype 2a can co-localize and interact directly with Nm23-H1 within cancer cells, resulting in modulation of the anti-metastasis properties of Nm23-H1. The HCV core protein promotes SUMOylation and degradation of the Nm23-H1 protein, as well as transcriptional downregulation. This study provides evidence that the HCV core protein is a pro-metastatic protein that can interact directly with and modulate the functions of cellular metastasis suppressor Nm23-H1.
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Bian WX, Xie Y, Wang XN, Xu GH, Fu BS, Li S, Long G, Zhou X, Zhang XL. Binding of cellular nucleolin with the viral core RNA G-quadruplex structure suppresses HCV replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:56-68. [PMID: 30462330 PMCID: PMC6326805 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of human chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. G-quadruplex (G4) is an important four-stranded secondary structure of nucleic acids. Recently, we discovered that the core gene of HCV contains a G4 RNA structure; however, the interaction between the HCV core RNA G4 and host cellular proteins, and the roles of the HCV core RNA G4 in HCV infection and pathogenesis remain elusive. Here, we identified a cellular protein, nucleolin (NCL), which bound and stabilized the HCV core RNA G4 structure. We demonstrated the direct interaction and colocalization between NCL and wild-type core RNA G4 at both in vitro and in cell physiological conditions of the alive virus; however no significant interaction was found between NCL and G4-modified core RNA. NCL is also associated with HCV particles. HCV infection induced NCL mRNA and protein expression, while NCL suppressed wild-type viral replication and expression, but not G4-modified virus. Silencing of NCL greatly enhanced viral RNA replication. Our findings provide new insights that NCL may act as a host factor for anti-viral innate immunity, and binding of cellular NCL with the viral core RNA G4 structure is involved in suppressing HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiu Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Research Institute and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Research Institute and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Hua Xu
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Bo-Shi Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Research Institute and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Gang Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Research Institute and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
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28
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Poole MI, Sorribes I, Jain HV. Modeling hepatitis C virus protein and p53 interactions in hepatocytes: Implications for carcinogenesis. Math Biosci 2018; 306:186-196. [PMID: 30312632 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Individuals with chronic HCV infection and without access to treatment are at high risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a liver cancer that is rapidly fatal after diagnosis. A number of factors have been identified that contribute to HCV-driven carcinogenesis such as scarring of the liver, and chronic inflammation. Recent evidence indicates a direct role for HCV-encoded proteins themselves in oncogenesis of infected hepatocytes. The viral protein HCV core has been shown to interact directly with the host tumor suppressor protein p53, and to modulate p53-activity in a biphasic manner. Here, biochemically-motivated mathematical models of HCV-p53 interactions are developed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. We show that by itself, direct interaction between HCV core and p53 is insufficient to recapitulate the experimental data. We postulate the existence of an additional factor, activated by HCV core that inhibits p53 function. We present experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis. The model including this additional factor reproduces the experimental results, validating our assumptions. Finally, we investigate what effect HCV core-p53 interactions could have on the capacity of an infected hepatocyte to repair damage to its DNA. Integrating our model with an existing model of the oscillatory response of p53 to DNA damage predicts a biphasic relationship between HCV core and the transformative potential of infected hepatocytes. In addition to providing mechanistic insights, these results suggest a potential biomarker that could help in identifying those HCV patients most at risk of progression to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Poole
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Inmaculada Sorribes
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Harsh Vardhan Jain
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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29
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Sedeno-Monge V, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Sosa-Jurado F, Santos-Lopez G. Polymorphisms in the hepatitis C virus core and its association with development of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Biosci 2018; 42:509-521. [PMID: 29358564 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-017-9695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms underlying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Some studies have focused on the role of HCV viral proteins in hepatocyte transformation. In this work we have compiled and analysed current articles regarding the impact of polymorphisms in the HCV core gene and protein on the development of HCC. An exhaustive search for fulltext articles until November 2016 in PubMed database was performed using the MeSH keywords: 'hepatitis C', 'polymorphisms', 'core', 'hepatocellular cancer' and 'hepatocarcinogenesis'. Nineteen full-text articles published between 2000 and 2016 were considered. Different articles associate not only the HCC development with polymorphisms at residues 70 and 91 in the core protein, but more with mortality and treatment response. Also, different polymorphisms were found in core and other viral proteins related to HCC development. Eleven articles reported that HCC development is significantly associated with Gln/His70, four associated it with Leu91 and two more associated it with both markers together. Additional studies are necessary, including those in different types of populations worldwide, to validate the possibility of the usability and influence in chronically HCV-infected patients as well as to observe their interaction with other risk factors or prognosis and genetic markers of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Sedeno-Monge
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Popular Autonoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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30
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Kato T, Hasegawa M, Yamamoto T, Miyazaki T, Suzuki R, Wakita T, Suzuki T, Park EY. Expression of a functional intrabody against hepatitis C virus core protein in Escherichia coli and silkworm pupae. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 150:61-66. [PMID: 29778543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the single-domain intrabody 2H9-L against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) capsid (core) protein inhibits the viral propagation and NF-κB promoter activity induced by the HCV core. In this study, 2H9-L fused with the FLAG tag sequence was expressed in both Escherichia coli and silkworm pupae and then purified. In addition, the full-length and its C terminal deletions of the HCV core protein, i.e., 1-123 amino acid residues (C123), 1-152 amino acid residues (C152), 1-177 amino acid residues (C177) and 1-191 amino acid residues (C191), were expressed as fusion proteins with a 6 × His tag at their N-terminus in E. coli and then purified. Approximately 175 and 132 μg of the intrabody were purified from 100 ml of E. coli culture and 10 silkworm pupae, respectively, by affinity chromatography. The C123, C152, C177 and C191 HCV core protein variants were purified to approximately 152, 127, 103 and 155 μg, respectively, from 100 ml of E. coli culture. An ELISA in which the intrabodies were immobilized revealed that the intrabodies purified from both hosts were bound to all HCV core protein variants. However, their binding to the C191 appeared to be weak compared to their bindings to the other HCV core protein variants. When C152 was immobilized in the ELISA, the binding of each intrabody to the core protein was also observed. These purified intrabodies can be used in biochemical analyses of the inhibitory mechanism of HCV propagation and as protein interference reagents, thus providing a potential pathway to developing a new type of antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Moeko Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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31
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Shi G, Suzuki T. Molecular Basis of Encapsidation of Hepatitis C Virus Genome. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:396. [PMID: 29563905 PMCID: PMC5845887 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major etiologic agent of human liver diseases, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus and is classified in the Flaviviridae family. Although research findings for the assembly of HCV particles are accumulating due to development of HCV cell culture system, the mechanism(s) by which the HCV genome becomes encapsidated remains largely unclear. In general, viral RNA represents only a small fraction of the RNA molecules in the cells infected with RNA viruses, but the viral genomic RNA is considered to selectively packaged into virions. It was recently demonstrated that HCV RNAs containing 3' end of the genome are selectively incorporated into virus particles during the assembly process and the 3' untranslated region functions as a cis-acting element for RNA packaging. Here, we discuss the molecular basis of RNA encapsidation of HCV and classical flaviviruses, contrast with the packaging mechanism of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Shi
- Antiviral Immunity and Resistance Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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32
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Fernández-Ponce C, Durán-Ruiz MC, Narbona-Sánchez I, Muñoz-Miranda JP, Arbulo-Echevarria MM, Serna-Sanz A, Baumann C, Litrán R, Aguado E, Bloch W, García-Cozar F. Ultrastructural Localization and Molecular Associations of HCV Capsid Protein in Jurkat T Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2595. [PMID: 29354102 PMCID: PMC5758585 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus core protein is a highly basic viral protein that multimerizes with itself to form the viral capsid. When expressed in CD4+ T lymphocytes, it can induce modifications in several essential cellular and biological networks. To shed light on the mechanisms underlying the alterations caused by the viral protein, we have analyzed HCV-core subcellular localization and its associations with host proteins in Jurkat T cells. In order to investigate the intracellular localization of Hepatitis C virus core protein, we have used a lentiviral system to transduce Jurkat T cells and subsequently localize the protein using immunoelectron microscopy techniques. We found that in Jurkat T cells, Hepatitis C virus core protein mostly localizes in the nucleus and specifically in the nucleolus. In addition, we performed pull-down assays combined with Mass Spectrometry Analysis, to identify proteins that associate with Hepatitis C virus core in Jurkat T cells. We found proteins such as NOLC1, PP1γ, ILF3, and C1QBP implicated in localization and/or traffic to the nucleolus. HCV-core associated proteins are implicated in RNA processing and RNA virus infection as well as in functions previously shown to be altered in Hepatitis C virus core expressing CD4+ T cells, such as cell cycle delay, decreased proliferation, and induction of a regulatory phenotype. Thus, in the current work, we show the ultrastructural localization of Hepatitis C virus core and the first profile of HCV core associated proteins in T cells, and we discuss the functions and interconnections of these proteins in molecular networks where relevant biological modifications have been described upon the expression of Hepatitis C virus core protein. Thereby, the current work constitutes a necessary step toward understanding the mechanisms underlying HCV core mediated alterations that had been described in relevant biological processes in CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Fernández-Ponce
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cadiz and Institute of Biomedical Research Cádiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | - Maria C Durán-Ruiz
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cadiz and Institute of Biomedical Research Cádiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | - Isaac Narbona-Sánchez
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cadiz and Institute of Biomedical Research Cádiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | - Juan P Muñoz-Miranda
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cadiz and Institute of Biomedical Research Cádiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | - Mikel M Arbulo-Echevarria
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cadiz and Institute of Biomedical Research Cádiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | | | | | - Rocío Litrán
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Enrique Aguado
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cadiz and Institute of Biomedical Research Cádiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Francisco García-Cozar
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cadiz and Institute of Biomedical Research Cádiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain
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Holmstrom ED, Nettels D, Schuler B. Conformational Plasticity of Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein Enables RNA-Induced Formation of Nucleocapsid-like Particles. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:2453-2467. [PMID: 29045818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many of the unanswered questions associated with hepatitis C virus assembly are related to the core protein (HCVcp), which forms an oligomeric nucleocapsid encompassing the viral genome. The structural properties of HCVcp have been difficult to quantify, at least in part because it is an intrinsically disordered protein. We have used single-molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer techniques to study the conformational dimensions and dynamics of the HCVcp nucleocapsid domain (HCVncd) at various stages during the RNA-induced formation of nucleocapsid-like particles. Our results indicate that HCVncd is a typical intrinsically disordered protein. When it forms small ribonucleoprotein complexes with various RNA hairpins from the 3' end of the HCV genome, it compacts but remains intrinsically disordered and conformationally dynamic. Above a critical RNA concentration, these ribonucleoprotein complexes rapidly and cooperatively assemble into large nucleocapsid-like particles, wherein the individual HCVncd subunits become substantially more extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Holmstrom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Nettels
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin Schuler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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34
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to severe liver diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a tumour suppressor, is frequently mutated or deleted in HCC tumors. PTEN has previously been demonstrated to inhibit HCV secretion. In this study, we determined the effects of PTEN on the other steps in HCV life cycle, including entry, translation, and replication. We showed that PTEN inhibits HCV entry through its lipid phosphatase activity. PTEN has no effect on HCV RNA translation. PTEN decreases HCV replication and the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN is essential for this function. PTEN interacts with the HCV core protein and requires R50 in domain I of HCV core and PTEN residues 1–185 for this interaction. This interaction is required for PTEN-mediated inhibition of HCV replication. This gives rise to a reduction in PTEN levels and intracellular lipid abundance, which may in turn regulate HCV replication. HCV core domain I protein increases the lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN in an in vitro assay, suggesting that HCV infection can also regulate PTEN. Taken together, our results demonstrated an important regulatory role of PTEN in the HCV life cycle.
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The Replacement of 10 Non-Conserved Residues in the Core Protein of JFH-1 Hepatitis C Virus Improves Its Assembly and Secretion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137182. [PMID: 26339783 PMCID: PMC4560444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) assembly is still poorly understood. It is thought that trafficking of the HCV core protein to the lipid droplet (LD) surface is essential for its multimerization and association with newly synthesized HCV RNA to form the viral nucleocapsid. We carried out a mapping analysis of several complete HCV genomes of all genotypes, and found that the genotype 2 JFH-1 core protein contained 10 residues different from those of other genotypes. The replacement of these 10 residues of the JFH-1 strain sequence with the most conserved residues deduced from sequence alignments greatly increased virus production. Confocal microscopy of the modified JFH-1 strain in cell culture showed that the mutated JFH-1 core protein, C10M, was present mostly at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, but not at the surface of the LDs, even though its trafficking to these organelles was possible. The non-structural 5A protein of HCV was also redirected to ER membranes and colocalized with the C10M core protein. Using a Semliki forest virus vector to overproduce core protein, we demonstrated that the C10M core protein was able to form HCV-like particles, unlike the native JFH-1 core protein. Thus, the substitution of a few selected residues in the JFH-1 core protein modified the subcellular distribution and assembly properties of the protein. These findings suggest that the early steps of HCV assembly occur at the ER membrane rather than at the LD surface. The C10M-JFH-1 strain will be a valuable tool for further studies of HCV morphogenesis.
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Cannalire R, Barreca ML, Manfroni G, Cecchetti V. A Journey around the Medicinal Chemistry of Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors Targeting NS4B: From Target to Preclinical Drug Candidates. J Med Chem 2015; 59:16-41. [PMID: 26241789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health burden with an estimated 130-170 million chronically infected individuals and is the cause of serious liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV NS4B protein represents a validated target for the identification of new drugs to be added to the combination regimen recently approved. During the last years, NS4B has thus been the object of impressive medicinal chemistry efforts, which led to the identification of promising preclinical candidates. In this context, the present review aims to discuss research published on NS4B functional inhibitors focusing the attention on hit identification, hit-to-lead optimization, ADME profile evaluation, and the structure-activity relationship data raised for each compound family taken into account. The information delivered in this review will be a useful and valuable tool for those medicinal chemists dealing with research programs focused on NS4B and aimed at the identification of innovative anti-HCV compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Via A. Fabretti, 48-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Via A. Fabretti, 48-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Via A. Fabretti, 48-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Via A. Fabretti, 48-06123 Perugia, Italy
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