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Berber E, Mulik S, Rouse BT. Meeting the Challenge of Controlling Viral Immunopathology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3935. [PMID: 38612744 PMCID: PMC11011832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The mission of this review is to identify immune-damaging participants involved in antiviral immunoinflammatory lesions. We argue these could be targeted and their activity changed selectively by maneuvers that, at the same time, may not diminish the impact of components that help resolve lesions. Ideally, we need to identify therapeutic approaches that can reverse ongoing lesions that lack unwanted side effects and are affordable to use. By understanding the delicate balance between immune responses that cause tissue damage and those that aid in resolution, novel strategies can be developed to target detrimental immune components while preserving the beneficial ones. Some strategies involve rebalancing the participation of immune components using various approaches, such as removing or blocking proinflammatory T cell products, expanding regulatory cells, restoring lost protective cell function, using monoclonal antibodies (moAb) to counteract inhibitory molecules, and exploiting metabolic differences between inflammatory and immuno-protective responses. These strategies can help reverse ongoing viral infections. We explain various approaches, from model studies and some clinical evidence, that achieve innate and adaptive immune rebalancing, offering insights into potential applications for controlling chronic viral-induced lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Berber
- Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Sachin Mulik
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA;
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Verwey C, Dangor Z, Madhi SA. Approaches to the Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children: Rationale and Progress to Date. Paediatr Drugs 2024; 26:101-112. [PMID: 38032456 PMCID: PMC10891269 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-023-00606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children, and is associated with long-term pulmonary sequelae for up to 30 years after infection. The mainstay of RSV management is supportive therapy such as supplemental oxygen. Palivizumab (Synagis™-AstraZeneca), a monoclonal antibody targeting the RSV F protein site II, has been licensed for the prevention of RSV in high-risk groups since 1998. There has been recent promising progress in preventative strategies that include vaccines and long-acting, high-potency monoclonal antibodies. Nirsevimab (Beyfortus™-AstraZeneca/Sanofi), a monoclonal antibody with an extended half-life, has recently been registered in the European Union and granted licensure by the US Food and Drug Administration. Furthermore, a pre-fusion sub-unit protein vaccine has been granted licensure for pregnant women, aimed at protecting their young infants, following established safety and efficacy in clinical trials (Abrysvo™-Pfizer). Also, multiple novel antiviral therapeutic options are in early phase clinical trials. The next few years have the potential to change the landscape of LRTI through improvements in the prevention and management of RSV LRTI. Here, we discuss these new approaches, current research, and clinical trials in novel therapeutics, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines against RSV infection in infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charl Verwey
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Ziyaad Dangor
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Zelaya H, Arellano-Arriagada L, Fukuyama K, Matsumoto K, Marranzino G, Namai F, Salva S, Alvarez S, Agüero G, Kitazawa H, Villena J. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 Peptidoglycan Modulates the Inflammation-Coagulation Response Triggered by Poly(I:C) in the Respiratory Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16907. [PMID: 38069229 PMCID: PMC10707514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 beneficially modulates the inflammation-coagulation response during respiratory viral infections. This study evaluated the capacity of the peptidoglycan obtained from the CRL1505 strain (PG-Lr1505) to modulate the immuno-coagulative response triggered by the viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern poly(I:C) in the respiratory tract. Adult BALB/c mice were nasally treated with PG-Lr1505 for two days. Treated and untreated control mice were then nasally challenged with poly(I:C). Mice received three doses of poly(I:C) with a 24 h rest period between each administration. The immuno-coagulative response was studied after the last administration of poly(I:C). The challenge with poly(I:C) significantly increased blood and respiratory pro-inflammatory mediators, decreased prothrombin activity (PT), and increased von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels in plasma. Furthermore, tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and thrombomodulin (TM) expressions were increased in the lungs. PG-Lr1505-treated mice showed significant modulation of hemostatic parameters in plasma (PT in %, Control = 71.3 ± 3.8, PG-Lr1505 = 94.0 ± 4.0, p < 0.01) and lungs. Moreover, PG-Lr1505-treated mice demonstrated reduced TF in F4/80 cells from lungs, higher pro-inflammatory mediators, and increased IL-10 compared to poly(I:C) control mice (IL-10 in pg/mL, Control = 379.1 ± 12.1, PG-Lr1505 = 483.9 ± 11.3, p < 0.0001). These changes induced by PG-Lr1505 correlated with a significant reduction in lung tissue damage. Complementary in vitro studies using Raw 264.7 cells confirmed the beneficial effect of PG-Lr1505 on poly(I:C)-induced inflammation, since increased IL-10 expression, as well as reduced damage, production of inflammatory mediators, and hemostatic parameter expressions were observed. In addition, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) activation in lungs and Raw 264.7 cells was observed after TLR3 stimulation, which was differentially modulated by PG-Lr1505. The peptidoglycan from L. rhamnosus CRL1505 is able to regulate inflammation, the procoagulant state, and PAR1 activation in mice and macrophages in the context of the activation of TLR3 signaling pathways, contributing to a beneficial modulation of inflammation-hemostasis crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortensia Zelaya
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Tucuman University, Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (H.Z.); (S.A.); (G.A.)
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (L.A.-A.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Luciano Arellano-Arriagada
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (L.A.-A.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Kohtaro Fukuyama
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan; (K.F.); (K.M.); (F.N.)
| | - Kaho Matsumoto
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan; (K.F.); (K.M.); (F.N.)
| | - Gabriela Marranzino
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (L.A.-A.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino (UNSTA), Tucuman 4000, Argentina
| | - Fu Namai
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan; (K.F.); (K.M.); (F.N.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Susana Salva
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (L.A.-A.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Tucuman University, Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (H.Z.); (S.A.); (G.A.)
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (L.A.-A.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Graciela Agüero
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Tucuman University, Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (H.Z.); (S.A.); (G.A.)
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan; (K.F.); (K.M.); (F.N.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Julio Villena
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (L.A.-A.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan; (K.F.); (K.M.); (F.N.)
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Bergeron HC, Hansen MR, Tripp RA. Interferons-Implications in the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2179. [PMID: 37764023 PMCID: PMC10535750 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are an assemblage of signaling proteins made and released by various host cells in response to stimuli, including viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2 are major causes of respiratory disease that induce or antagonize IFN responses depending on various factors. In this review, the role and function of type I, II, and III IFN responses to respiratory virus infections are considered. In addition, the role of the viral proteins in modifying anti-viral immunity is noted, as are the specific IFN responses that underly the correlates of immunity and protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.C.B.); (M.R.H.)
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Mulik S, Berber E, Sehrawat S, Rouse BT. Controlling viral inflammatory lesions by rebalancing immune response patterns. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1257192. [PMID: 37671156 PMCID: PMC10475736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss a variety of immune modulating approaches that could be used to counteract tissue-damaging viral immunoinflammatory lesions which typify many chronic viral infections. We make the point that in several viral infections the lesions can be largely the result of one or more aspects of the host response mediating the cell and tissue damage rather than the virus itself being directly responsible. However, within the reactive inflammatory lesions along with the pro-inflammatory participants there are also other aspects of the host response that may be acting to constrain the activity of the damaging components and are contributing to resolution. This scenario should provide the prospect of rebalancing the contributions of different host responses and hence diminish or even fully control the virus-induced lesions. We identify several aspects of the host reactions that influence the pattern of immune responsiveness and describe approaches that have been used successfully, mainly in model systems, to modulate the activity of damaging participants and which has led to lesion control. We emphasize examples where such therapies are, or could be, translated for practical use in the clinic to control inflammatory lesions caused by viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Mulik
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Engin Berber
- Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sharvan Sehrawat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Barry Tyrrell Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Pulkina A, Vasilyev K, Muzhikyan A, Sergeeva M, Romanovskaya-Romanko E, Shurygina AP, Shuklina M, Vasin A, Stukova M, Egorov A. IgGκ Signal Peptide Enhances the Efficacy of an Influenza Vector Vaccine against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11445. [PMID: 37511205 PMCID: PMC10380829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intranasal vaccination using influenza vectors is a promising approach to developing vaccines against respiratory pathogens due to the activation of the mucosa-associated immune response. However, there is no clear evidence of a vector design that could be considered preferable. To find the optimal structure of an influenza vector with a modified NS genomic segment, we constructed four vector expressing identical transgene sequences inherited from the F protein of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Two vectors were designed aiming at transgene accumulation in the cytosol. Another two were supplemented with an IgGκ signal peptide prior to the transgene for its extracellular delivery. Surprisingly, adding the IgGκ substantially enhanced the T-cell immune response to the CD8 epitope of the transgene. Moreover, this strategy allowed us to obtain a better protection of mice from the RSV challenge after a single intranasal immunization. Protection was achieved without antibodies, mediated by a balanced T-cell immune response including the formation of the RSV specific effector CD8+ IFNγ+/IL10+-producing cells and the accumulation of Treg cells preventing immunopathology in the lungs of infected mice. In addition to the presented method for optimizing the influenza vector, our results highlight the possibility of achieving protection against RSV through a respiratory-associated T-cell immune response alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Pulkina
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill Vasilyev
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arman Muzhikyan
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mariia Sergeeva
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Romanovskaya-Romanko
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna-Polina Shurygina
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Shuklina
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Vasin
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Stukova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrej Egorov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
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7
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Verwey C, Madhi SA. Review and Update of Active and Passive Immunization Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus. BioDrugs 2023; 37:295-309. [PMID: 37097594 PMCID: PMC10127166 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children, causing approximately 3.6 million hospitalizations per year, and has been associated with long-term pulmonary sequelae for up to 30 years after infection, yet preventative strategies and active treatment options remain elusive. The associated morbidity and healthcare related costs could be decreased substantially with the development of these much-needed medications. After an initial false start in the development of an RSV vaccine, gradual progress is now being made with the development of multiple vaccine candidates using numerous different mechanisms of action. Furthermore, nirsevimab, a new monoclonal antibody for the prevention of RSV, has recently been registered in the European Union. New novel treatments for RSV infection are also in the pipeline, which would provide the clinician with much needed ammunition in the management of the acute disease. The next few years have the potential to change the landscape of LRTI forever through the prevention and management of RSV LRTI and thereby decrease the mortality and morbidity associated with it. In this review, we discuss these new approaches, current research, and clinical trials in monoclonal antibody and vaccine development against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charl Verwey
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (ALIVE), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Kang L, Wang S, Wang D, Wang J, Zheng R, Jiang X, Liu B. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells mediate the activation of CD4+ T cells and aggravate Th1/Th2 imbalance via MHC II molecules during respiratory syncytial virus infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bian L, Zheng Y, Guo X, Li D, Zhou J, Jing L, Chen Y, Lu J, Zhang K, Jiang C, Zhang Y, Kong W. Intramuscular Inoculation of AS02-Adjuvanted Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) F Subunit Vaccine Shows Better Efficiency and Safety Than Subcutaneous Inoculation in BALB/c Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938598. [PMID: 35935960 PMCID: PMC9354885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously explored a panel of adjuvants formulated with pre-fusion RSV-F protein and found that AS02 may be a promising candidate adjuvant for developing RSV-F subunit vaccines with improved immunogenicity and desired immune response type. In this study, we performed a head-to-head comparison of the effect of intramuscular injection to that of subcutaneous injection on the immune response and protective efficacy of recombinant RSV-F subunit vaccine with or without adjuvants (Alhydrogel, squalene-based emulsion adjuvants MF59, AS03, and AS02) in BALB/c mice. After inoculations, antigen-specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, antibody subtypes, cytokines, and the persistence of immune response were evaluated. Moreover, challenge tests were also performed to illustrate the possible effect of inoculation routes and adjuvant on virus clearance and histochemistry changes in the lungs of mice. The results indicated that intramuscular inoculation is a more effective and antigen dose-sparing route to enhance the immune response, although subcutaneous inoculation induced faster and stronger IgG antibodies after the initial immunization. Furthermore, adjuvant, but not immunization route, is a more critical factor to affect the humoral/cellular immune response and the immune bias. In addition, adjuvant inoculated via the intramuscular route is safer than that via the subcutaneous route, especially for AS02. This study highlights the importance of the adjuvant and immunization routes in the design and clinical transformation of adjuvanted vaccines. Further investigation is needed to illustrate the mechanism underlying the above difference in both efficiency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Bian
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohong Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingying Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linyao Jing
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Humanized Animal Models for Evaluation of Vaccines and Cell Therapy Products, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingcai Lu
- R&D Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Parasitology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Humanized Animal Models for Evaluation of Vaccines and Cell Therapy Products, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- R&D Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhang, ; ; Chunlai Jiang,
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Humanized Animal Models for Evaluation of Vaccines and Cell Therapy Products, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhang, ; ; Chunlai Jiang,
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Humanized Animal Models for Evaluation of Vaccines and Cell Therapy Products, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- R&D Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun, China
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Immunopathology of RSV: An Updated Review. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122478. [PMID: 34960746 PMCID: PMC8703574 DOI: 10.3390/v13122478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV is a leading cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly. RSV has limited therapeutic interventions and no FDA-approved vaccine. Gaps in our understanding of virus-host interactions and immunity contribute to the lack of biological countermeasures. This review updates the current understanding of RSV immunity and immunopathology with a focus on interferon responses, animal modeling, and correlates of protection.
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Jafarzadeh A, Naseri A, Shojaie L, Nemati M, Jafarzadeh S, Bannazadeh Baghi H, Hamblin MR, Akhlagh SA, Mirzaei H. MicroRNA-155 and antiviral immune responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108188. [PMID: 34626873 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The microRNA, miR-155 regulates both adaptive and innate immune responses. In viral infections, miR-155 can affect both innate immunity (interferon response, natural killer cell activity, and macrophage polarization) and adaptive immunity (including generation of anti-viral antibodies, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, Th17, Th2, Th1, Tfh and Treg cells). In many viral infections, the proper and timely regulation of miR-155 expression is critical for the induction of an effective anti-virus immune response and viral clearance without any harmful immunopathologic consequences. MiR-155 may also exert pro-viral effects, mainly through the inhibition of the anti-viral interferon response. Thus, dysregulated expression of miR-155 can result in virus persistence and disruption of the normal response to viral infections. This review provides a thorough discussion of the role of miR-155 in immune responses and immunopathologic reactions during viral infections, and highlights its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Alma Naseri
- Department of Immunology, Islamic Azadi university of Zahedan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Layla Shojaie
- Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Hematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | | | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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12
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Humphries DC, O’Connor RA, Larocque D, Chabaud-Riou M, Dhaliwal K, Pavot V. Pulmonary-Resident Memory Lymphocytes: Pivotal Orchestrators of Local Immunity Against Respiratory Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738955. [PMID: 34603321 PMCID: PMC8485048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that lung-resident memory T and B cells play a critical role in protecting against respiratory reinfection. With a unique transcriptional and phenotypic profile, resident memory lymphocytes are maintained in a quiescent state, constantly surveying the lung for microbial intruders. Upon reactivation with cognate antigen, these cells provide rapid effector function to enhance immunity and prevent infection. Immunization strategies designed to induce their formation, alongside novel techniques enabling their detection, have the potential to accelerate and transform vaccine development. Despite most data originating from murine studies, this review will discuss recent insights into the generation, maintenance and characterisation of pulmonary resident memory lymphocytes in the context of respiratory infection and vaccination using recent findings from human and non-human primate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan C. Humphries
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Sanofi Pasteur, R&D, Marcy l’Etoile, Lyon, France
| | - Richard A. O’Connor
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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13
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Jans J, Unger WW, Raeven EAM, Simonetti ER, Eleveld MJ, de Groot R, de Jonge MI, Ferwerda G. Lack of Cell Cycle Inhibitor p21 and Low CD4 + T Cell Suppression in Newborns After Exposure to IFN-β. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652965. [PMID: 33912177 PMCID: PMC8071872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I IFNs, such as interferon alpha and interferon beta, are key regulators of the adaptive immune response during infectious diseases. Type I IFNs are induced upon infection, bind interferon α/β receptors on T-cells and activate intracellular pathways. The activating and inhibitory consequences of type I IFN-signaling are determined by cell type and cellular environment. The neonatal immune system is associated with increased vulnerability to infectious diseases which could partly be explained by an immature CD4+ T-cell compartment. Here, we show low IFN-β-mediated inhibition of CD4+ T-cell proliferation, phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein and cytokine production in human newborns compared to adults. In addition, both naïve and total newborn CD4+ T-cells are unable to induce the cell-cycle inhibitor p21 upon exposure to IFN-β in contrast to adults. The distinct IFN-β-signaling in newborns provides novel insights into T cell functionality and regulation of T cell-dependent inflammation during early life immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jop Jans
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wendy W Unger
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A M Raeven
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Elles R Simonetti
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marc J Eleveld
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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14
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Stephens LM, Ross KA, Waldstein KA, Legge KL, McLellan JS, Narasimhan B, Varga SM. Prefusion F-Based Polyanhydride Nanovaccine Induces Both Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Resulting in Long-Lasting Protection against Respiratory Syncytial Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2122-2134. [PMID: 33827894 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in both young children and in older adults. Despite the morbidity, mortality, and high economic burden caused by RSV worldwide, no licensed vaccine is currently available. We have developed a novel RSV vaccine composed of a prefusion-stabilized variant of the fusion (F) protein (DS-Cav1) and a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant encapsulated within polyanhydride nanoparticles, termed RSVNanoVax. A prime-boost intranasal administration of RSVNanoVax in BALB/c mice significantly alleviated weight loss and pulmonary dysfunction in response to an RSV challenge, with protection maintained up to at least 6 mo postvaccination. In addition, vaccinated mice exhibited rapid viral clearance in the lungs as early as 2 d after RSV infection in both inbred and outbred populations. Vaccination induced tissue-resident memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in the lungs, as well as RSV F-directed neutralizing Abs. Based on the robust immune response elicited and the high level of durable protection observed, our prefusion RSV F nanovaccine is a promising new RSV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kathleen A Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA
| | - Kody A Waldstein
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; .,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and
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15
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Chimeric Measles Virus (MV/RSV), Having Ectodomains of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) F and G Proteins Instead of Measles Envelope Proteins, Induced Protective Antibodies against RSV. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020156. [PMID: 33669275 PMCID: PMC7920054 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, fusion (F) or glyco (G) protein coding sequence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was inserted at the P/M junction of the measles AIK-C vector (MVAIK), and the recombinant measles virus induced protective immune responses. In the present study, the ectodomains of measles fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins were replaced with those of RSV F and G proteins, and a chimeric MV/RSV vaccine was developed. It expressed F and G proteins of RSV and induced cytopathic effect (CPE) in epithelial cell lines (Vero, A549, and HEp-2 cells), but not in lymphoid cell lines (B95a, Jurkat, and U937 cells). A chimeric MV/RSV grew similarly to AIK-C with no virus growth at 39 °C. It induced NT antibodies against RSV in cotton rats three weeks after immunization through intramuscular route and enhanced response was observed after the second dose at eight weeks. After the RSV challenge with 106 PFU, significantly lower virus (101.4±0.1 PFU of RSV) was recovered from lung tissue in the chimeric MV/RSV vaccine group than in the MVAIK control group with 104.6±0.2 PFU (p < 0.001) and no obvious inflammatory pathological finding was noted. The strategy of ectodomain replacement in the measles virus vector is expected to lead to the development of safe and effective vaccines for other enveloped viruses.
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16
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Markoutsa E, McGill AR, Singer A, Jadhav H, Mohapatra S, Mohapatra SS. A multifunctional nanoparticle as a prophylactic and therapeutic approach targeting respiratory syncytial virus. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2021; 32:102325. [PMID: 33186695 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) has been a major health concern globally for decades, yet no effective prophylactic or treatment regimen is available. The key viral proteins responsible for RSV pathology include the fusion protein (F), the immunomodulatory non-structural-protein 1 (NS1) and the phosphoprotein (P) involved in viral replication. Herein, we developed a novel shell-core multifunctional nanosystem with dual payload: a plasmid construct encoding for shRNAs against NS1 and P, and an anti-fusion peptide (HR2D). Anti-ICAM1 antibody conjugated on the nanoparticle (NP) surface is used to target RSV infected cells. Our data show the potential of this nanosystem as a prophylactic and/or a therapeutic regimen against RSV infection. Furthermore, therapy of RSV infected mice with this nanosystem, in addition to reducing viral load, modulated expression of Th2 and allergy-associated cytokines such as IL4, IL-13 and IL-17 indicating a direct role of this nanosystem in the mechanisms involved in the immunoregulation of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Markoutsa
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrew R McGill
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anthony Singer
- College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Heta Jadhav
- College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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17
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Ko EJ, Lee Y, Lee YT, Hwang HS, Park Y, Kim KH, Kang SM. Natural Killer and CD8 T Cells Contribute to Protection by Formalin Inactivated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination under a CD4-Deficient Condition. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e51. [PMID: 33425436 PMCID: PMC7779866 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pulmonary disease in infants, young children, and the elderly. Formalin inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine trials failed due to vaccine enhanced respiratory disease, but the underlying immune mechanisms remain not fully understood. In this study, we have used wild type C57BL/6 and CD4 knockout (CD4KO) mouse models to better understand the roles of the CD4 T cells and cellular mechanisms responsible for enhanced respiratory disease after FI-RSV vaccination and RSV infection. Less eosinophil infiltration and lower pro-inflammatory cytokine production were observed in FI-RSV vaccinated CD4KO mice after RSV infection compared to FI-RSV vaccinated C57BL/6 mice. NK cells and cytokine-producing CD8 T cells were recruited at high levels in the airways of CD4KO mice, correlating with reduced respiratory disease. Depletion studies provided evidence that virus control was primarily mediated by NK cells whereas CD8 T cells contributed to IFN-γ production and less eosinophilic lung inflammation. This study demonstrated the differential roles of effector CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as NK cells, in networking with other inflammatory infiltrates in RSV disease in immune competent and CD4-deficient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Yoonsuh Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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18
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Hepatitis B Virus Core Particles Containing a Conserved Region of the G Protein Combined with Interleukin-35 Protected Mice against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection without Vaccine-Enhanced Immunopathology. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00007-20. [PMID: 32321805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00007-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. The vaccine-enhanced disease (VED) has greatly hindered the development of an RSV vaccine. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines for RSV. In this study, immunization of mice with hepatitis B virus core particles containing a conserved region of the G protein (HBc-tG) combined with interleukin-35 (IL-35) elicited a Th1-biased response and a high frequency of regulatory T (Treg) cells and increased the levels of IL-10, transforming growth factor β, and IL-35 production. Importantly, immunization with HBc-tG together with IL-35 protected mice against RSV infection without vaccine-enhanced immunopathology. To explore the mechanism of how IL-35 reduces lung inflammation at the gene expression level, transcription profiles were obtained from lung tissues of immunized mice after RSV infection by the Illumina sequencing technique and further analyzed by a systems biology method. In total, 2,644 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Twelve high-influence modules (HIMs) were selected from these DEGs on the basis of the protein-protein interaction network. A detailed analysis of HIM10, involved in the immune response network, revealed that Il10 plays a key role in regulating the host response. The selected DEGs were consistently confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Our results demonstrate that IL-35 inhibits vaccine-enhanced immunopathology after RSV infection and has potential for development in novel therapeutic and prophylactic strategies.IMPORTANCE In the past few decades, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has still been a major health concern worldwide. The vaccine-enhance disease (VED) has hindered RSV vaccine development. A truncated hepatitis B virus core protein vaccine containing the conserved region (amino acids 144 to 204) of the RSV G protein (HBc-tG) had previously been shown to induce effective immune responses and confer protection against RSV infection in mice but to also lead to VED. In this study, we investigated the effect of IL-35 on the host response and immunopathology following RSV infection in vaccinated mice. Our results indicate that HBc-tG together with IL-35 elicited a balanced immune response and protected mice against RSV infection without vaccine-enhanced immunopathology. Applying a systems biology method, we identified Il10 to be the key regulator in reducing the excessive lung inflammation. Our study provides new insight into the function of IL-35 and its regulatory mechanism of VED at the network level.
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19
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Kitcharoensakkul M, Bacharier LB, Yin-Declue H, Boomer JS, Sajol G, Leung MK, Wilson B, Schechtman KB, Atkinson JP, Green JM, Castro M. Impaired tumor necrosis factor-α secretion by CD4 T cells during respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis associated with recurrent wheeze. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:30-39. [PMID: 31901157 PMCID: PMC7016853 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis have an increased risk of recurrent wheezing and asthma. We aimed to evaluate the relationships between regulatory T cell (Treg) percentage and cytokine production of in vitro-stimulated CD4+ T cells during acute bronchiolitis and the development of recurrent wheezing in the first 3 years of life. METHODS We obtained peripheral blood from 166 infants hospitalized with their first episode of RSV-confirmed bronchiolitis. Granzyme B (GZB) expression, and interleukin-10, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-4, and IL-5 production by in vitro anti-CD3/CD28- and anti-CD3/CD46-activated CD4+ T cells, and percentage of peripheral Treg (CD4+CD25hi Foxp3hi ) cells were measured by flow cytometry. Wheezing was assessed every 6 months. Recurrent wheezing was defined as three or more episodes following the initial RSV bronchiolitis. RESULTS Sixty-seven percent (n = 111) of children had wheezing after their initial RSV infection, with 30% having recurrent wheezing. The percentage of peripheral Treg (CD4+CD25hi Foxp3hi ) cells was not significantly different between the wheezing groups. Decreased TNF-α production from anti-CD3/CD28- and anti-CD3/CD46- activated CD4+ T cells was observed in the recurrent wheezers, compared with nonwheezers (p = .048 and .03, respectively). There were no significant differences in the GZB+ CD4+ T cells and production of other inflammatory cytokines between these groups. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated lower TNF-α production by in vitro stimulated CD4+ T cells during severe RSV bronchiolitis in children that subsequently developed recurrent wheezing, compared with children with no subsequent wheeze. These findings support the role of CD4+ T cell immunity in the development of subsequent wheezing in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleewan Kitcharoensakkul
- The Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- The Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Huiqing Yin-Declue
- The Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jonathan S Boomer
- The Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Geneline Sajol
- The Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Marilyn K Leung
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brad Wilson
- The Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kenneth B Schechtman
- The Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John P Atkinson
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Mario Castro
- The Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
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20
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Guvenel A, Jozwik A, Ascough S, Ung SK, Paterson S, Kalyan M, Gardener Z, Bergstrom E, Kar S, Habibi MS, Paras A, Zhu J, Park M, Dhariwal J, Almond M, Wong EH, Sykes A, Del Rosario J, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Mallia P, Sidney J, Peters B, Kon OM, Sette A, Johnston SL, Openshaw PJ, Chiu C. Epitope-specific airway-resident CD4+ T cell dynamics during experimental human RSV infection. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:523-538. [PMID: 31815739 PMCID: PMC6934186 DOI: 10.1172/jci131696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of acute pulmonary disease and one of the last remaining major infections of childhood for which there is no vaccine. CD4+ T cells play a key role in antiviral immunity, but they have been little studied in the human lung.METHODSHealthy adult volunteers were inoculated i.n. with RSV A Memphis 37. CD4+ T cells in blood and the lower airway were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Bronchial soluble mediators were measured using quantitative PCR and MesoScale Discovery. Epitope mapping was performed by IFN-γ ELISpot screening, confirmed by in vitro MHC binding.RESULTSActivated CD4+ T cell frequencies in bronchoalveolar lavage correlated strongly with local C-X-C motif chemokine 10 levels. Thirty-nine epitopes were identified, predominantly toward the 3' end of the viral genome. Five novel MHC II tetramers were made using an immunodominant EFYQSTCSAVSKGYL (F-EFY) epitope restricted to HLA-DR4, -DR9, and -DR11 (combined allelic frequency: 15% in Europeans) and G-DDF restricted to HLA-DPA1*01:03/DPB1*02:01 and -DPA1*01:03/DPB1*04:01 (allelic frequency: 55%). Tetramer labeling revealed enrichment of resident memory CD4+ T (Trm) cells in the lower airway; these Trm cells displayed progressive differentiation, downregulation of costimulatory molecules, and elevated CXCR3 expression as infection evolved.CONCLUSIONSHuman infection challenge provides a unique opportunity to study the breadth of specificity and dynamics of RSV-specific T-cell responses in the target organ, allowing the precise investigation of Trm recognizing novel viral antigens over time. The new tools that we describe enable precise tracking of RSV-specific CD4+ cells, potentially accelerating the development of effective vaccines.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02755948.FUNDINGMedical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephanie Ascough
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seng Kuong Ung
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanna Paterson
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohini Kalyan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Gardener
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Bergstrom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Satwik Kar
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jie Zhu
- National Heart and Lung Institute and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Sidney
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Increased T-helper Cell 2 Response in Infants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis Hospitalized Outside Epidemic Peak. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:61-67. [PMID: 31815840 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that the balance of type-1/type-2 immune response differs between infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis during the peak months and those during the nonpeak months. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 90 unrelated full-term previously healthy infants hospitalized during the first year of life for RSV sole bronchiolitis over 2 epidemics (November 2016 to April 2017 and October 2017 to April 2018). We stratified infants as follows: hospitalized during the peak months (n: 71) and during the nonpeak months (n: 19). The frequencies of CD4+ producing interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 and of CD8+ producing IFN-γ T cells were measured by flow cytometry from infant peripheral whole blood. The T-helper cell (Th2) polarization index was calculated as the ratio between CD4+ T cells producing IL-4 and CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ. RESULTS Infants hospitalized during nonpeak months were significantly less frequently breast-fed, had a higher eosinophils count, a significantly higher percentage of CD4+ T cells producing IL-4 and higher Th2 polarization index than infants hospitalized during the peak months. CONCLUSIONS We elucidated the presence of different endotypes in infants with RSV sole bronchiolitis. Previously healthy full-term infants hospitalized during the nonpeak months seem to be more likely those with a possible predisposition to atopy.
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22
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Microbiome-Transcriptome Interactions Related to Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13824. [PMID: 31554845 PMCID: PMC6761288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood. Although risk factors for RSV infection have been identified, the role of microbial species in the respiratory tract is only partially known. We aimed to understand the impact of interactions between the nasal microbiome and host transcriptome on the severity and clinical outcomes of RSV infection. We used 16 S rRNA sequencing to characterize the nasal microbiome of infants with RSV infection. We used RNA sequencing to interrogate the transcriptome of CD4+ T cells obtained from the same set of infants. After dimension reduction through principal component (PC) analysis, we performed an integrative analysis to identify significant co-variation between microbial clade and gene expression PCs. We then employed LIONESS (Linear Interpolation to Obtain Network Estimates for Single Samples) to estimate the clade-gene association patterns for each infant. Our network-based integrative analysis identified several clade-gene associations significantly related to the severity of RSV infection. The microbial taxa with the highest loadings in the implicated clade PCs included Moraxella, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus. Interestingly, many of the genes with the highest loadings in the implicated gene PCs are encoded in mitochondrial DNA, while others are involved in the host immune response. This study on microbiome-transcriptome interactions provides insights into how the host immune system mounts a response against RSV and specific infectious agents in nasal microbiota.
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Retamal-Díaz A, Covián C, Pacheco GA, Castiglione-Matamala AT, Bueno SM, González PA, Kalergis AM. Contribution of Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells to Protective Immunity Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Their Impact on Vaccine Design. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030147. [PMID: 31514485 PMCID: PMC6789444 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common etiological agent for acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI). RSV-ALRI is the major cause of hospital admissions in young children, and it can cause in-hospital deaths in children younger than six months old. Therefore, RSV remains one of the pathogens deemed most important for the generation of a vaccine. On the other hand, the effectiveness of a vaccine depends on the development of immunological memory against the pathogenic agent of interest. This memory is achieved by long-lived memory T cells, based on the establishment of an effective immune response to viral infections when subsequent exposures to the pathogen take place. Memory T cells can be classified into three subsets according to their expression of lymphoid homing receptors: central memory cells (TCM), effector memory cells (TEM) and resident memory T cells (TRM). The latter subset consists of cells that are permanently found in non-lymphoid tissues and are capable of recognizing antigens and mounting an effective immune response at those sites. TRM cells activate both innate and adaptive immune responses, thus establishing a robust and rapid response characterized by the production of large amounts of effector molecules. TRM cells can also recognize antigenically unrelated pathogens and trigger an innate-like alarm with the recruitment of other immune cells. It is noteworthy that this rapid and effective immune response induced by TRM cells make these cells an interesting aim in the design of vaccination strategies in order to establish TRM cell populations to prevent respiratory infectious diseases. Here, we discuss the biogenesis of TRM cells, their contribution to the resolution of respiratory viral infections and the induction of TRM cells, which should be considered for the rational design of new vaccines against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angello Retamal-Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Camila Covián
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Gaspar A Pacheco
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Angelo T Castiglione-Matamala
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile.
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile.
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Immunological Lessons from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Development. Immunity 2019; 51:429-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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CD4 + T Cells Drive Lung Disease Enhancement Induced by Immunization with Suboptimal Doses of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein in the Mouse Model. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00695-19. [PMID: 31092578 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00695-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of seronegative children previously immunized with formalin-inactivated (FI) RSV has been associated with serious enhanced respiratory disease (ERD). The phenomenon was reproduced in the cotton rat and the mouse, and both preclinical models have been routinely used to evaluate the safety of new RSV vaccine candidates. More recently, we demonstrated that immunizations with suboptimal doses of the RSV fusion (F) antigen, in its post- or prefusion conformation, and in the presence of a Th1-biasing adjuvant, unexpectedly led to ERD in the cotton rat model. To assess if those observations are specific to the cotton rat and to elucidate the mechanism by which vaccination with low antigen doses can drive ERD post-RSV challenge, we evaluated RSV post-F antigen dose de-escalation in BALB/c mice in the presence of a Th1-biasing adjuvant. While decreasing antigen doses, we observed an increase in lung inflammation associated with an upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. The amplitude of the lung histopathology was comparable to that of FI-RSV-induced ERD, confirming the observations made in the cotton rat. Importantly, depletion of CD4+ T cells prior to viral challenge completely abrogated ERD, preventing proinflammatory cytokine upregulation and the infiltration of T cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages into the lung. Overall, low-antigen-dose-induced ERD resembles FI-RSV-induced ERD, except that the former appears in the absence of detectable levels of viral replication and in the context of a Th1-biased immune response. Taken together, our observations reinforce the recent concept that vaccines developed for RSV-naïve individuals should be systematically tested under suboptimal dosing conditions.IMPORTANCE RSV poses a significant health care burden and is the leading cause of serious lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children. A formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine developed in the 1960s not only showed a complete lack of efficacy against RSV infection but also induced severe lung disease enhancement in vaccinated children. Since then, establishing safety in preclinical models has been one of the major challenges to RSV vaccine development. We recently observed in the cotton rat model that suboptimal immunizations with RSV fusion protein could induce lung disease enhancement. In the present study, we extended suboptimal dosing evaluation to the mouse model. We confirmed the induction of lung disease enhancement by vaccinations with low antigen doses and dissected the associated immune mechanisms. Our results stress the need to evaluate suboptimal dosing for any new RSV vaccine candidate developed for seronegative infants.
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Gao K, Jin J, Huang C, Li J, Luo H, Li L, Huang Y, Jiang Y. Exosomes Derived From Septic Mouse Serum Modulate Immune Responses via Exosome-Associated Cytokines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1560. [PMID: 31354717 PMCID: PMC6640201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by an immune response triggered by infection, and highly elevated cytokine/chemokine levels in the blood play crucial roles in the progression of sepsis. Serum exosomes are nanovesicles that have multiple biological functions, playing roles in antigen presentation, intercellular signal communication, inflammatory response and immune surveillance. However, the biological functions and related molecular bases remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the profiles of cytokines/chemokines harbored in the exosomes of septic mice and explored the mechanisms of immunomodulation on T cells treated with exosomes harvested from septic mice. Blood cytokines/chemokines existed in both the soluble form and in the insoluble exosomal form; the profiles of the cytokines/chemokines in these two forms displayed different dynamics in the blood of mice challenged with LPS. Exosomes from septic mice induced the differentiation of Th1/Th2 cells, which was blocked by specific antibodies targeting IL-12 and IL-4. In addition, these exosomes significantly augmented the proliferation and migration of T lymphocytes. Furthermore, preadministration of exosomes by intravenous injection restrained the inflammatory response, attenuated lung and liver tissue damage, and prolonged the survival of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mice. Our results indicate that exosomes enriched with cytokines/chemokines play critical roles in T cell differentiation, proliferation and chemotaxis during the sepsis process and have a protective effect on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mice. Thus, these findings not only strengthen our understanding of the role of sepsis via exosomes but also provide potential targets for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingmiao Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haihua Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yukai Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Benavente FM, Soto JA, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Bohmwald K, González PA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Contribution of IDO to human respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:933-942. [PMID: 31091352 PMCID: PMC7166882 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ru0219-051rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IDO is an enzyme that participates in the degradation of tryptophan (Trp), which is an essential amino acid necessary for vital cellular processes. The degradation of Trp and the metabolites generated by the enzymatic activity of IDO can have immunomodulating effects, notably over T cells, which are particularly sensitive to the absence of Trp and leads to the inhibition of T cell activation, cell death, and the suppression of T cell effector functions. Noteworthy, T cells participate in the cellular immune response against the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and are essential for viral clearance, as well as the total recovery of the host. Furthermore, inadequate or non‐optimal polarization of T cells is often seen during the acute phase of the disease caused by this pathogen. Here, we discuss the capacity of hRSV to exploit the immunosuppressive features of IDO to reduce T cell function, thus acquiring relevant aspects during the biology of the virus. Additionally, we review studies on the influence of IDO over T cell activation and its relationship with hRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M Benavente
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magdalena S Pizarro-Ortega
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Zhu SL, Zu X, Wang Z, Zhang LK, Wang W, Xiao G. A novel RSV F-Fc fusion protein vaccine reduces lung injury induced by respiratory syncytial virus infection. Antiviral Res 2019; 165:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Tognarelli EI, Bueno SM, González PA. Immune-Modulation by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Focus on Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:810. [PMID: 31057543 PMCID: PMC6478035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia in infants and produces a significant burden in the elderly. It can also infect and produce disease in otherwise healthy adults and recurrently infect those previously exposed to the virus. Importantly, recurrent infections are not necessarily a consequence of antigenic variability, as described for other respiratory viruses, but most likely due to the capacity of this virus to interfere with the host's immune response and the establishment of a protective and long-lasting immunity. Although some genes encoded by hRSV are known to have a direct participation in immune evasion, it seems that repeated infection is mainly given by its capacity to modulate immune components in such a way to promote non-optimal antiviral responses in the host. Importantly, hRSV is known to interfere with dendritic cell (DC) function, which are key cells involved in establishing and regulating protective virus-specific immunity. Notably, hRSV infects DCs, alters their maturation, migration to lymph nodes and their capacity to activate virus-specific T cells, which likely impacts the host antiviral response against this virus. Here, we review and discuss the most important and recent findings related to DC modulation by hRSV, which might be at the basis of recurrent infections in previously infected individuals and hRSV-induced disease. A focus on the interaction between DCs and hRSV will likely contribute to the development of effective prophylactic and antiviral strategies against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Kim MJ, Shim DH, Cha H, Moon K, Yang CM, Hwang SJ, Kim KW, Park JH, Lee C, Elias JA, Sohn MH, Lee JM. Chitinase 3-like 1 protein plays a critical role in respiratory syncytial virus-induced airway inflammation. Allergy 2019; 74:685-697. [PMID: 30402955 PMCID: PMC7159489 DOI: 10.1111/all.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Chitinase 3‐like 1 protein (CHI3L1) (YKL‐40 in humans and breast regression protein [BRP]‐39 in mice) is required for optimal allergen sensitization and Th2 inflammation in various chronic inflammatory diseases including asthma. However, the role of CHI3L1 in airway inflammation induced by respiratory viruses has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between CHI3L1 and airway inflammation caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Methods We measured YKL‐40 levels in human nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) from hospitalized children presenting with acute respiratory symptoms. Wild‐type (WT) and BRP‐39 knockout (KO) C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with live RSV (A2 strain). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue samples were obtained on day 7 after inoculation to assess lung inflammation, airway reactivity, and expression of cytokines and BRP‐39. Results In human subjects, YKL‐40 and IL‐13 levels in NPA were higher in children with RSV infection than in control subjects. Expression of BRP‐39 and Th2 cytokines, IL‐13 in particular, was increased following RSV infection in mice. Airway inflammation caused by RSV infection was reduced in BRP‐39 KO mice as compared to WT mice. Th2 cytokine levels were not increased in the lungs of RSV‐infected BRP‐39 KO mice. BRP‐39 regulated M2 macrophage activation in RSV‐infected mice. Additionally, treatment with anti‐CHI3L1 antibody attenuated airway inflammation and Th2 cytokine production in RSV‐infected WT mice. Conclusion These findings suggest that CHI3L1 could contribute to airway inflammation induced by RSV infection. CHI3L1 could be a potential therapeutic candidate for attenuating Th2‐associated immunopathology during RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Pediatrics Severance Hospital Institute of Allergy Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Doo Hee Shim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Hye‐Ran Cha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Kuk‐Young Moon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Chang Mo Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Su Jin Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Pediatrics Severance Hospital Institute of Allergy Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Jeon Han Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Jack A. Elias
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics Severance Hospital Institute of Allergy Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Jae Myun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
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Khan IU, Huang J, Li X, Xie J, Zhu N. Nasal immunization with RSV F and G protein fragments conjugated to an M cell-targeting ligand induces an enhanced immune response and protection against RSV infection. Antiviral Res 2018; 159:95-103. [PMID: 30290196 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major paediatric health concern worldwide. The development of an effective and safe vaccine against RSV is urgently needed. As RSV infects via the mucosal surfaces, developing a nasal vaccine may offer protective benefits over alternative administration routes. In this study, we tested a recombinant protein FG-Gb1 as an intranasal vaccine candidate against RSV. FG-Gb1 consists of the core fragments of the RSV fusion (F) and attachment (G) proteins conjugated to an microfold (M) cell-specific ligand Gb-1. Intranasal immunization with FG-Gb1 induced efficient systemic and mucosal immune responses as measured by the level of antigen-specific antibodies, cytokine-secreting cells and antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation after exposure to antigen. Moreover, intranasal immunization induced protective immunity against nasal challenge with RSV, which was confirmed by a lack of weight loss and by viral clearance after challenge. Collectively, we confirmed that a ligand capable of targeting the conjugated antigen to nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) can be used as an effective nasal vaccine adjuvant to induce protective immunity against RSV infection. Moreover, FG-Gb1 may have promise as an RSV vaccine but requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inam Ullah Khan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xue Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jun Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Naishuo Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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Vaccination with RSV M 209-223 peptide promotes a protective immune response associated with reduced pulmonary inflammation. Antiviral Res 2018; 157:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Li MM, Zhang WJ, Weng XF, Li MY, Liu J, Xiong Y, Xiong SE, Zou CC, Wang H, Lu MJ, Yang DL, Peng C, Zheng X. CD4 T cell loss and Th2 and Th17 bias are associated with the severity of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). Clin Immunol 2018; 195:8-17. [PMID: 30036637 PMCID: PMC7185468 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a newly emerging infectious disease caused by a novel bunyavirus with high mortality. Immune suppression is thought to be crucial in disease progression. However, data on immune responses during SFTS are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in CD4 T-cell subsets throughout the entirety of infection and analyse their relationships with disease severity in SFTS patients. In parallel with CD4 T-cell depletion, decreased Th1, Th2 and Treg numbers, but comparable Th17-cell numbers, were observed in deceased patients compared with those in surviving patients. Additionally, increased Th2 and Th17-cell percentages in the residual CD4 T-cell population led to aberrant Th2/Th1 and Th17/Treg ratios, which were positively correlated with disease severity. Collectively, our data indicated that CD4 T-cell deficiency, Th2 and Th17 bias were closely correlated with the severity of SFTS, indicating therapeutic potential of early immune interventions to ameliorate disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Weng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ming-Yue Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-E Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Cong Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Ji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Dong-Liang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Shohan M, Elahi S, Shirzad H, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Bagheri N, Soltani E. Th9 Cells: Probable players in ulcerative colitis pathogenesis. Int Rev Immunol 2018; 37:192-205. [PMID: 29672174 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1457659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes represent an important part of adaptive immune system undertaking different functions to regulate immune responses. CD4+ T cells are the most important activator cells in inflammatory conditions. Depending on the type of induced cells and inflamed sites, expression and activity of different subtypes of helper T cells are changed. Recent studies have confirmed the existence of a new subset of helper T lymphocytes called Th9. Naive T cells can differentiate into Th9 subtypes if they are exposed simultaneously by interleukin (IL) 4 and transforming growth factor β and also secondary activation of a complicated network of transcription factors such as interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and Smads which are essential for adequate induction of this phenotype. Th9 cells specifically produce interleukin 9 and their probable roles in promoting intestinal inflammation are being investigated in human subjects and experimental models of ulcerative colitis (UC). Recently, infiltration of Th9 cells, overexpression of IL-9, and certain genes associated with Th9 differentiation have been demonstrated in inflammatory microenvironment of UC. Intestinal oversecretion of IL-9 protein is likely to break down epithelial barriers and compromise tolerance to certain commensal microorganisms which leads to inflammation. Th9 pathogenicity has not yet been adequately explored in UC and they are far from being considered as inflammatory cells in this milieu, therefore precise understanding the role of these newly identified cells in particular their potential role in gut pathogenesis may enable us to develop novel therapeutic approaches for inflammatory bowel disease. So, this article tries to discuss the latest knowledge on the above-mentioned field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shohan
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- b Department of Dentistry , Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
| | - Hedayatollah Shirzad
- c Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- d Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Emad Soltani
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
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Sananez I, Raiden S, Erra-Díaz F, De Lillo L, Holgado MP, Geffner J, Arruvito L. Dampening of IL-2 Function in Infants With Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:75-83. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Sananez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Raiden
- Departamento de Medicina, Unidad de Internación 1, Hospital General de Niños “Pedro de Elizalde”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Erra-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo De Lillo
- Departamento de Medicina, Unidad de Internación 1, Hospital General de Niños “Pedro de Elizalde”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Pía Holgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lourdes Arruvito
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mariani TJ, Qiu X, Chu C, Wang L, Thakar J, Holden-Wiltse J, Corbett A, Topham DJ, Falsey AR, Caserta MT, Walsh EE. Association of Dynamic Changes in the CD4 T-Cell Transcriptome With Disease Severity During Primary Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Young Infants. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1027-1037. [PMID: 28962005 PMCID: PMC5853440 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nearly all children are infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) within the first 2 years of life, with a minority developing severe disease (1%-3% hospitalized). We hypothesized that an assessment of the adaptive immune system, using CD4+ T-lymphocyte transcriptomics, would identify gene expression correlates of disease severity. Methods Infants infected with RSV representing extremes of clinical severity were studied. Mild illness (n = 23) was defined as a respiratory rate (RR) < 55 and room air oxygen saturation (SaO2) ≥ 97%, and severe illness (n = 23) was defined as RR ≥ 65 and SaO2 ≤ 92%. RNA from fresh, sort-purified CD4+ T cells was assessed by RNA sequencing. Results Gestational age, age at illness onset, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, bacterial colonization, and breastfeeding were associated (adjusted P < .05) with disease severity. RNA sequencing analysis reliably measured approximately 60% of the genome. Severity of RSV illness had the greatest effect size upon CD4 T-cell gene expression. Pathway analysis identified correlates of severity, including JAK/STAT, prolactin, and interleukin 9 signaling. We also identified genes and pathways associated with timing of symptoms and RSV group (A/B). Conclusions These data suggest fundamental changes in adaptive immune cell phenotypes may be associated with RSV clinical severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program.,Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center
| | - Xing Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology
| | - ChinYi Chu
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program.,Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology
| | | | | | | | | | - Ann R Falsey
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center.,Department of Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Edward E Walsh
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center.,Department of Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York
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Pulmonary Susceptibility of Neonates to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Problem of Innate Immunity? J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8734504. [PMID: 29250560 PMCID: PMC5700507 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8734504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common and highly contagious viral agent responsible for acute lower respiratory infection in infants. This pathology characterized by mucus hypersecretion and a disturbed T cell immune response is one of the major causes of infant hospitalization for severe bronchiolitis. Although different risk factors are associated with acute RSV bronchiolitis, the immunological factors contributing to the susceptibility of RSV infection in infants are not clearly elucidated. Epidemiological studies have established that the age at initial infection plays a central role in the severity of the disease. Thus, neonatal susceptibility is intrinsically linked to the immunological characteristics of the young pulmonary mucosa. Early life is a critical period for the lung development with the first expositions to external environmental stimuli and microbiota colonization. Furthermore, neonates display a lung immune system that profoundly differs to those from adults, with the predominance of type 2 immune cells. In this review, we discuss the latest information about the lung immune environment in the early period of life at a steady state and upon RSV infection and how we can modulate neonatal susceptibility to RSV infection.
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Roh DE, Park SH, Choi HJ, Kim YH. Comparison of cytokine expression profiles in infants with a rhinovirus induced lower respiratory tract infection with or without wheezing: a comparison with respiratory syncytial virus. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2017; 60:296-301. [PMID: 29042873 PMCID: PMC5638836 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.9.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate whether infants with rhinovirus (RV) infection-induced wheezing and those with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection-induced wheezing have different cytokine profiles in the acute stage. METHODS Of the infants with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) between September 2011 and May 2012, 88 were confirmed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and hospitalized. Systemic interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and Treg-type cytokine (IL-10) responses were examined with multiplex assay using acute phase serum samples. RESULTS Of the 88 patients, 38 had an RV infection (RV group) and 50 had an RSV infection (RSV group). In the RV group, the IFN-γ and IL-10 concentrations were higher in the patients with than in the patients without wheezing (P=0.022 and P=0.007, respectively). In the RSV group, the differences in IFN-γ and IL-10 concentrations did not reach statistical significance between the patients with and the patients without wheezing (P=0.105 and P=0.965, respectively). The IFN-γ and IL-10 concentrations were not significantly different between the RV group with wheezing and the RSV group with wheezing (P=0.155 and P=0.801, respectively), in contrast to the significant difference between the RV group without wheezing and the RSV group without wheezing (P=0.019 and P=0.035, respectively). CONCLUSION In comparison with RSV-induced LRTI, RV-induced LRTI combined with wheezing showed similar IFN-γ and IL-10 levels, which may have an important regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Eun Roh
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sook-Hyun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hee Joung Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yeo Hyang Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Vandini S, Calamelli E, Faldella G, Lanari M. Immune and inflammatory response in bronchiolitis due to respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus infections in infants. Paediatr Respir Rev 2017; 24:60-64. [PMID: 28159510 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis is a common disease in infancy, mostly due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus. In addition to acute infection, viral bronchiolitis is responsible for sequelae including recurrent wheezing and asthma. The analysis of the viral characteristics and of the pathogenesis of the infection shows differences between the two viruses that may be helpful for the development of therapies and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vandini
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Imola Hospital, Via Montericco, 4 Imola, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Calamelli
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Imola Hospital, Via Montericco, 4 Imola, Italy; PhD Programme, General Medical and Services Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Faldella
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 11, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marcello Lanari
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 11, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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40
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Pulmonary immunity to viruses. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1737-1762. [PMID: 28667071 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. As a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. Successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory lymphocytes and circulating antibodies entirely prevent or lessen the severity of subsequent infections with the same virus. This is also the goal of vaccination, although it is difficult to vaccinate in a way that mimics respiratory infection. Consequently, some vaccines lead to robust systemic immune responses, but relatively poor mucosal immune responses that protect the respiratory tract. In addition, adaptive immunity is not without its drawbacks, as overly robust inflammatory responses may lead to lung damage and impair gas exchange or exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, immune responses to respiratory viral infections must be strong enough to eliminate infection, but also have mechanisms to limit damage and promote tissue repair in order to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Here, we will discuss the components of the adaptive immune system that defend the host against respiratory viral infections.
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Jia R, Lu L, Liang X, Sun Z, Tan L, Xu M, Su L, Xu J. Poly(U) and CpG ameliorate the unbalanced T cell immunity and pneumonia of mice with RSV vaccine-enhanced disease. Biosci Trends 2017; 11:450-459. [PMID: 28652534 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2017.01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncycial Virus (RSV) is the most important pathogen responsible for children's severe lower respiratory tract infection. So far no RSV vaccine has yet been authorized for clinical use. The main impediment that blocked development of RSV vaccine is that inactivated RSV vaccine could cause RSV vaccine-enhanced disease (RVED). The mechanism of RVED remains unclear. Recently some researchers found that insufficient activation of innate immunity, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), might be associated with the onset of RVED. Based on the above findings, this research was conducted to further study the mechanism of RVED. We first vaccinated mice with formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine (FIRSV) and then exposed them to RSV to establish a RVED mouse model. Consequently, we found that mice previously inoculated with FIRSV showed obvious weight loss and extensive pneumonia, as well as T helper 2 cells (Th2)-biased immunity and suppressed CD8+T cell immunity after viral exposure, suggesting that we have successfully established a RVED mouse model. Then based on this model, we further added Poly(U) (TLR7/8 agonist) and CpG (TLR9 agonist) in FIRSV to see if RVED could be ameliorated. As a result, mice inoculated with FIRSV supplemented with Poly(U) and CpG had a much relieved weight loss and pneumonia, as well as suppressed Th2-biased immunity and strengthened CD8+T cell function. Thus, the insufficient stimulation of TLR7/8 and (or) TLR9 might play a role in the development of RVED, which could provide evidence for using TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants to confer a protective immune response against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University
| | - Xiaozhen Liang
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhiwu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University
| | - Lingbing Tan
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Menghua Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Liyun Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
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Chemokine Receptor Ccr7 Restricts Fatal West Nile Virus Encephalitis. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02409-16. [PMID: 28356527 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02409-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that can cause debilitating encephalitis. To delineate the mechanisms behind this pathology, we studied Ccr7-deficient mice, which afforded us the capacity to study infection in mice with disrupted peripheral cellular trafficking events. The loss of Ccr7 resulted in an immediate pan-leukocytosis that remained elevated throughout the infection. This leukocytosis resulted in a significant enhancement of leukocyte accumulation within the central nervous system (CNS). Despite an excess of virus-specific T cells in the CNS, Ccr7-deficient mice had significantly higher CNS viral loads and mortality rates than wild-type animals. Mechanistically, the elevated trafficking of infected myeloid cells into the brain in Ccr7-deficient mice resulted in increased levels of WNV in the CNS, thereby effectively contributing to neuroinflammation and lowering viral clearance. Combined, our experiments suggest that during WNV infection, Ccr7 is a gatekeeper for nonspecific viral transference to the brain.IMPORTANCE In this study, we show that Ccr7 is required for the sufficient migration of dendritic cells and T cells into the draining lymph node immediately following infection and for the restriction of leukocyte migration into the brain. Further, the severe loss of dendritic cells in the draining lymph node had no impact on viral replication in this organ, suggesting that WNV may migrate from the skin into the lymph node through another mechanism. Most importantly, we found that the loss of Ccr7 results in a significant leukocytosis, leading to hypercellularity within the CNS, where monocytes/macrophages contribute to CNS viremia, neuroinflammation, and increased mortality. Together, our data point to Ccr7 as a critical host defense restriction factor limiting neuroinflammation during acute viral infection.
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Openshaw PJ, Chiu C, Culley FJ, Johansson C. Protective and Harmful Immunity to RSV Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:501-532. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J.M. Openshaw
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Chiu
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona J. Culley
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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Immunization with Low Doses of Recombinant Postfusion or Prefusion Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Primes for Vaccine-Enhanced Disease in the Cotton Rat Model Independently of the Presence of a Th1-Biasing (GLA-SE) or Th2-Biasing (Alum) Adjuvant. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02180-16. [PMID: 28148790 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02180-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of children previously immunized with a nonlive, formalin-inactivated (FI)-RSV vaccine has been associated with serious enhanced respiratory disease (ERD). Consequently, detailed studies of potential ERD are a critical step in the development of nonlive RSV vaccines targeting RSV-naive children and infants. The fusion glycoprotein (F) of RSV in either its postfusion (post-F) or prefusion (pre-F) conformation is a target for neutralizing antibodies and therefore an attractive antigen candidate for a pediatric RSV subunit vaccine. Here, we report the evaluation of RSV post-F and pre-F in combination with glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA) integrated into stable emulsion (SE) (GLA-SE) and alum adjuvants in the cotton rat model. Immunization with optimal doses of RSV F antigens in the presence of GLA-SE induced high titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies and conferred complete lung protection from virus challenge, with no ERD signs in the form of alveolitis. To mimic a waning immune response, and to assess priming for ERD under suboptimal conditions, an antigen dose de-escalation study was performed in the presence of either GLA-SE or alum. At low RSV F doses, alveolitis-associated histopathology was unexpectedly observed with either adjuvant at levels comparable to FI-RSV-immunized controls. This occurred despite neutralizing-antibody titers above the minimum levels required for protection and with no/low virus replication in the lungs. These results emphasize the need to investigate a pediatric RSV vaccine candidate carefully for priming of ERD over a wide dose range, even in the presence of strong neutralizing activity, Th1 bias-inducing adjuvant, and protection from virus replication in the lower respiratory tract.IMPORTANCE RSV disease is of great importance worldwide, with the highest burden of serious disease occurring upon primary infection in infants and children. FI-RSV-induced enhanced disease, observed in the 1960s, presented a major and ongoing obstacle for the development of nonlive RSV vaccine candidates. The findings presented here underscore the need to evaluate a nonlive RSV vaccine candidate during preclinical development over a wide dose range in the cotton rat RSV enhanced-disease model, as suboptimal dosing of several RSV F subunit vaccine candidates led to the priming for ERD. These observations are relevant to the validity of the cotton rat model itself and to safe development of nonlive RSV vaccines for seronegative infants and children.
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of upper respiratory tract infection in children and adults. However, infection with this virus sometimes leads to severe lower respiratory disease and is the major cause of infant hospitalisations in the developed world. Several risk factors such as baby prematurity and congenital heart disease are known to predispose towards severe disease but previously healthy, full-term infants can also develop bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia during RSV infection. The causes of severe disease are not fully understood but may include dysregulation of the immune response to the virus, resulting in excessive recruitment and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells that can cause damage. This review highlights recent discoveries on the balancing act of immune-mediated virus clearance versus immunopathology during RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary's campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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46
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González AE, Lay MK, Jara EL, Espinoza JA, Gómez RS, Soto J, Rivera CA, Abarca K, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Aberrant T cell immunity triggered by human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and human Metapneumovirus infection. Virulence 2016; 8:685-704. [PMID: 27911218 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1265725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the two major etiological viral agents of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting mainly infants, young children and the elderly. Although the infection of both viruses trigger an antiviral immune response that mediate viral clearance and disease resolution in immunocompetent individuals, the promotion of long-term immunity appears to be deficient and reinfection are common throughout life. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that hRSV and hMPV, can induce aberrant T cell responses, which leads to exacerbated lung inflammation and poor T and B cell memory immunity. The modulation of immune response exerted by both viruses include different strategies such as, impairment of immunological synapse mediated by viral proteins or soluble factors, and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells, among others. All these viral strategies contribute to the alteration of the adaptive immunity in order to increase the susceptibility to reinfections. In this review, we discuss current research related to the mechanisms underlying the impairment of T and B cell immune responses induced by hRSV and hMPV infection. In addition, we described the role each virulence factor involved in immune modulation caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E González
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- b Departamento de Biotecnología , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta , Antofagasta , Chile
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Roberto S Gómez
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Jorge Soto
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Rivera
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Katia Abarca
- c Departamento de Pediatría , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,d INSERM UMR1064 , Nantes , France
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- e Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Departamento de Pediatría , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,f Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Endocrinología , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Christiaansen AF, Syed MA, Ten Eyck PP, Hartwig SM, Durairaj L, Kamath SS, Varga SM. Altered Treg and cytokine responses in RSV-infected infants. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:702-709. [PMID: 27486703 PMCID: PMC6215710 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under 1 y of age in the USA. The host immune response is believed to contribute to RSV-induced disease. We hypothesize that severe RSV infection in infants is mediated by insufficient regulation of the host immune response of regulatory T cells (Tregs) resulting in immunopathology. METHODS Blood and nasal aspirates from 23 RSV-infected and 17 control infants under 1 y of age were collected. Treg frequencies were determined by flow cytometry from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Analysis of 24 cytokines was measured by multiplex assay on nasal aspirates. RESULTS We demonstrate that the frequency of activated Tregs is significantly reduced in the peripheral blood of RSV-infected infants compared with age-matched controls. Surprisingly, T helper (Th)17 related cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17A, and IL-23 were associated with a reduction in clinical symptoms of respiratory distress. In addition, the amount of IL-33 protein in nasal washes, a cytokine important in maintaining Treg homeostasis in mucosal tissues, was decreased in RSV-infected children. CONCLUSION These results suggest that decreased Treg numbers and an inability to properly control the host inflammatory response results in severe RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick P. Ten Eyck
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Lakshmi Durairaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Steven M. Varga
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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48
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Shi H, Ren K, Lv B, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Tan RX, Li E. Baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis blocks respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and reduces inflammatory cell infiltration and lung injury in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35851. [PMID: 27767097 PMCID: PMC5073294 DOI: 10.1038/srep35851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The roots of Scutellaria baicalensis has been used as a remedy for inflammatory and infective diseases for thousands of years. We evaluated the antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, the leading cause of childhood infection and hospitalization. By fractionation and chromatographic analysis, we determined that baicalin was responsible for the antiviral activity of S. baicalensis against RSV infection. The concentration for 50% inhibition (IC50) of RSV infection was determined at 19.9 ± 1.8 μM, while the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was measured at 370 ± 10 μM. We then used a mouse model of RSV infection to further demonstrate baicalin antiviral effect. RSV infection caused significant lung injury and proinflammatory response, including CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte infiltration. Baicalin treatment resulted in reduction of T lymphocyte infiltration and gene expression of proinflammatory factors, while the treatment moderately reduced RSV titers recovered from the lung tissues. T lymphocyte infiltration and cytotoxic T lymphocyte modulated tissue damage has been identified critical factors of RSV disease. The study therefore demonstrates that baicalin subjugates RSV disease through antiviral and anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengfei Shi
- Medical School and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Ren
- Medical School and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baojie Lv
- Medical School and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Medical School and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- Medical School and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Erguang Li
- Medical School and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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49
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Montes de Oca M, Kumar R, Rivera FDL, Amante FH, Sheel M, Faleiro RJ, Bunn PT, Best SE, Beattie L, Ng SS, Edwards CL, Boyle GM, Price RN, Anstey NM, Loughland JR, Burel J, Doolan DL, Haque A, McCarthy JS, Engwerda CR. Type I Interferons Regulate Immune Responses in Humans with Blood-Stage Plasmodium falciparum Infection. Cell Rep 2016; 17:399-412. [PMID: 27705789 PMCID: PMC5082731 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of immunoregulatory networks is important to prevent disease. However, these same networks allow pathogens to persist and reduce vaccine efficacy. Here, we identify type I interferons (IFNs) as important regulators in developing anti-parasitic immunity in healthy volunteers infected for the first time with Plasmodium falciparum. Type I IFNs suppressed innate immune cell function and parasitic-specific CD4+ T cell IFNγ production, and they promoted the development of parasitic-specific IL-10-producing Th1 (Tr1) cells. Type I IFN-dependent, parasite-specific IL-10 production was also observed in P. falciparum malaria patients in the field following chemoprophylaxis. Parasite-induced IL-10 suppressed inflammatory cytokine production, and IL-10 levels after drug treatment were positively associated with parasite burdens before anti-parasitic drug administration. These findings have important implications for understanding the development of host immune responses following blood-stage P. falciparum infection, and they identify type I IFNs and related signaling pathways as potential targets for therapies or vaccine efficacy improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Montes de Oca
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Fabian de Labastida Rivera
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Fiona H Amante
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Meru Sheel
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Faleiro
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Patrick T Bunn
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; Institute of Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Shannon E Best
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Susanna S Ng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Chelsea L Edwards
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Glen M Boyle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Ric N Price
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia; Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia; Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia
| | - Jessica R Loughland
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia; Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia
| | - Julie Burel
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Denise L Doolan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Ashraful Haque
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - James S McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christian R Engwerda
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
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50
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Warren KJ, Simet SM, Pavlik JA, DeVasure JM, Sisson JH, Poole JA, Wyatt TA. RSV-specific anti-viral immunity is disrupted by chronic ethanol consumption. Alcohol 2016; 55:35-42. [PMID: 27788776 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-use disorders (AUD) persist in the United States and are heavily associated with an increased susceptibility to respiratory viral infections. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in particular has received attention as a viral pathogen commonly detected in children and immune-compromised populations (elderly, asthmatics), yet more recently was recognized as an important viral pathogen in young adults. Our study evaluated the exacerbation of RSV-associated illness in mice that chronically consumed alcohol for 6 weeks prior to infection. Prior studies showed that lung viral titers remained elevated in these animals, leading to a hypothesis that T-cell activation and immune specificity were deficient in controlling viral spread and replication in the lungs. Herein, we confirm a reduction in RSV-specific IFNγ production by CD8 T cells and a depolarization of Th1 (CD4+IFNγ+) and Th2 (CD4+IL-4+) T cells at day 5 after RSV infection. Furthermore, over the course of viral infection (day 1 to day 7 after RSV infection), we detected a delayed influx of neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and lymphocytes into the lungs. Taken together, the data show that both the early and late adaptive immunity to RSV infection are altered by chronic ethanol consumption. Future studies will determine the interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems to delineate therapeutic targets for individuals with AUD often hospitalized by respiratory infection.
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