1
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Chen Y, Tang S, Cai F, Wan Y. Strategies for Small Extracellular Vesicle-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0421. [PMID: 39040921 PMCID: PMC11260559 DOI: 10.34133/research.0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles released by cells. EVs encapsulate proteins and nucleic acids of their parental cell and efficiently deliver the cargo to recipient cells. These vesicles act as mediators of intercellular communication and thus play a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes. Moreover, EVs hold promise for clinical use. They have been explored as drug delivery vehicles, therapeutic agents, and targets for disease diagnosis. In the landscape of cancer research, while strides have been made in EV-focused cancer physiopathology, liquid biopsy, and drug delivery, the exploration of EVs as immunotherapeutic agents may not have seen substantial progress to date. Despite promising findings reported in cell and animal studies, the clinical translation of EV-based cancer immunotherapeutics encounters challenges. Here, we review the existing strategies used in EV-based cancer immunotherapy, aiming to propel the development of this emerging yet crucial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundi Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Shasha Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengfeng Cai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wan
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
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2
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Shi Y, Yao F, Yin Y, Wu C, Xia D, Zhang K, Jin Z, Liu X, He J, Zhang Z. Extracellular vesicles derived from immune cells: Role in tumor therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112150. [PMID: 38669949 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which have a lipid nano-sized structure, are known to contain the active components of parental cells and play a crucial role in intercellular communication. The progression and metastasis of tumors are influenced by EVs derived from immune cells, which can simultaneously stimulate and suppress immune responses. In the past few decades, there has been a considerable focus on EVs due to their potential in various areas such as the development of vaccines, delivering drugs, making engineered modifications, and serving as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. This review focuses on the substance information present in EVs derived from innate and adaptive immune cells, their effects on the immune system, and their applications in cancer treatment. While there are still challenges to overcome, it is important to explore the composition of immune cells released vesicles and their potential therapeutic role in tumor therapy. The review also highlights the current limitations and future prospects in utilizing EVs for treatment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Yao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Chen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Desong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Keyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ze Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Jian He
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530023, China.
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3
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Liu T, Sun L, Ji Y, Zhu W. Extracellular vesicles in cancer therapy: Roles, potential application, and challenges. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189101. [PMID: 38608963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a novel cell-free strategy for the treatment of many diseases including cancer as they play important roles in cancer development and progression. Considering their natural capacity to facilitate cell-to-cell communication as well as their high physiochemical stability and biocompatibility, EVs serve as superior delivery systems for a wide range of therapeutic agents, including medicines, nanomaterials, nucleic acids, and proteins. Therefore, EVs-based cancer therapy is of greater interest to researchers. Mounting studies indicate that EVs can be improved in efficiency, specificity, and safety for cancer therapy. However, their heterogeneity of physicochemical properties and functions is not fully understood, hindering the achievement of bioactive EVs with high yield and purity. Herein, we paid more attention to the EVs applications and their significance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Surgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, China.
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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4
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Szulc A, Woźniak M. Targeting Pivotal Hallmarks of Cancer for Enhanced Therapeutic Strategies in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment-In Vitro, In Vivo and Clinical Trials Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1483. [PMID: 38672570 PMCID: PMC11047913 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and explores innovative targeted therapies focused on specific hallmarks of cancer cells, aiming to revolutionize breast cancer treatment. TNBC, characterized by its lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), presents distinct features, categorizing these invasive breast tumors into various phenotypes delineated by key elements in molecular assays. This article delves into the latest advancements in therapeutic strategies targeting components of the tumor microenvironment and pivotal hallmarks of cancer: deregulating cellular metabolism and the Warburg effect, acidosis and hypoxia, the ability to metastasize and evade the immune system, aiming to enhance treatment efficacy while mitigating systemic toxicity. Insights from in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials underscore the promising effectiveness and elucidate the mechanisms of action of these novel therapeutic interventions for TNBC, particularly in cases refractory to conventional treatments. The integration of targeted therapies tailored to the molecular characteristics of TNBC holds significant potential for optimizing clinical outcomes and addressing the pressing need for more effective treatment options for this aggressive subtype of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Woźniak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
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5
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Huang J, Yang Q, Wang W, Huang J. CAR products from novel sources: a new avenue for the breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1378739. [PMID: 38665921 PMCID: PMC11044028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1378739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has transformed cancer immunotherapy. However, significant challenges limit its application beyond B cell-driven malignancies, including limited clinical efficacy, high toxicity, and complex autologous cell product manufacturing. Despite efforts to improve CAR T cell therapy outcomes, there is a growing interest in utilizing alternative immune cells to develop CAR cells. These immune cells offer several advantages, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent function, tumor microenvironment (TME) modulation, and increased tissue infiltration capabilities. Currently, CAR products from various T cell subtypes, innate immune cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, and even exosomes are being explored. These CAR products often show enhanced antitumor efficacy, diminished toxicity, and superior tumor penetration. With these benefits in mind, numerous clinical trials are underway to access the potential of these innovative CAR cells. This review aims to thoroughly examine the advantages, challenges, and existing insights on these new CAR products in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen Wang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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6
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Gupta R, Gupta J, Roy S. Exosomes: Key Players for Treatment of Cancer and Their Future Perspectives. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2024; 22:118-147. [PMID: 38407852 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Suchismita Roy
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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7
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Jonoush ZA, Mahdavi R, Farahani M, Zeinali F, Shayan E, Amari A. The implications of exosomes in psoriasis: disease: emerging as new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:465. [PMID: 38551769 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
As the largest human organ, the skin is continuously exposed to various external and internal triggers that affect body homeostasis. Psoriasis is a persistent inflammatory skin condition that has a major bearing on patients' physiological functioning as well as their mental well-being. It is an autoimmune disorder and has been the focus of extensive research efforts in recent years. Cells secrete exosomes into the environment surrounding them, which comprises a lipid bilayer. The movement of cellular components like microRNAs, mRNAs, DNA, lipids, metabolites, and cell-surface proteins is mediated by exosomes. Exosomes are crucial for inducing communication between cells. There has been extensive study of exosomes, both preclinical and clinical, looking at their potential role in autoimmune diseases. Besides the role that they play in the body's basic processes, exosomes are also considered an increasingly essential part as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. In the following article, we conduct a literature review of current studies related to molecular and structural aspects of exosomes. We emphasis on the function of exosomes in pathogenesis, as well as the possibility of their usage in medicinal applications and as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Akbari Jonoush
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roya Mahdavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Farahani
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zeinali
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elahe Shayan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Afshin Amari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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8
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Essola JM, Zhang M, Yang H, Li F, Xia B, Mavoungou JF, Hussain A, Huang Y. Exosome regulation of immune response mechanism: Pros and cons in immunotherapy. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:124-146. [PMID: 37927901 PMCID: PMC10622742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its multiple features, including the ability to orchestrate remote communication between different tissues, the exosomes are the extracellular vesicles arousing the highest interest in the scientific community. Their size, established as an average of 30-150 nm, allows them to be easily uptaken by most cells. According to the type of cells-derived exosomes, they may carry specific biomolecular cargoes used to reprogram the cells they are interacting with. In certain circumstances, exosomes stimulate the immune response by facilitating or amplifying the release of foreign antigens-killing cells, inflammatory factors, or antibodies (immune activation). Meanwhile, in other cases, they are efficiently used by malignant elements such as cancer cells to mislead the immune recognition mechanism, carrying and transferring their cancerous cargoes to distant healthy cells, thus contributing to antigenic invasion (immune suppression). Exosome dichotomic patterns upon immune system regulation present broad advantages in immunotherapy. Its perfect comprehension, from its early biogenesis to its specific interaction with recipient cells, will promote a significant enhancement of immunotherapy employing molecular biology, nanomedicine, and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Milon Essola
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haiyin Yang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Bozhang Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jacques François Mavoungou
- Université Internationale de Libreville, Libreville, 20411, Gabon
- Central and West African Virus Epidemiology, Libreville, 2263, Gabon
- Département de phytotechnologies, Institut National Supérieur d’Agronomie et de Biotechnologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, 901, Gabon
- Institut de Recherches Agronomiques et Forestiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et du développement Technologique, Libreville, 16182, Gabon
| | - Abid Hussain
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Rigerna Therapeutics Co. Ltd., China
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Chen J, Zhang G, Wan Y, Xia B, Ni Q, Shan S, Hu Z, Liang XJ. Immune cell-derived exosomes as promising tools for cancer therapy. J Control Release 2023; 364:508-528. [PMID: 37939852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles with a size of 30-150 nm secreted by living cells. They are vital players in cellular communication as they can transport proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and etc. Immune cell-derived exosomes (imEXOs) have great potential for tumor therapy because they have many of the same functions as their parent cells. Especially, imEXOs display unique constitutive characteristics that are directly involved in tumor therapy. Herein, we begin by the biogenesis, preparation, characterization and cargo loading strategies of imEXOs. Next, we focus on therapeutic potentials of imEXOs from different kinds of immune cells against cancer from preclinical and clinical studies. Finally, we discuss advantages of engineered imEXOs and potential risks of imEXOs in cancer treatment. The advantages of engineered imEXOs are highlighted, including selective killing effect, effective tumor targeting, effective lymph node targeting, immune activation and regulation, and good biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junge Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Yichen Wan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bozhang Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Qiankun Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Shaobo Shan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhongbo Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China.
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Sovunjov E, Halbutoğulları ZS, Gacar G, Öztürk A, Duruksu G, Yazır Y. Examining the effect of activated cytotoxic (CD8 +) T-cell exosomes to the lung cancer. Med Oncol 2023; 40:359. [PMID: 37966661 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer continues to be a major health problem worldwide owing to its incidence, and causes physical, psychological, social, and economic problems. Activated cytotoxic T cells (ACTC) are positively correlated with the tumor microenvironment (TME), improving the prognosis of cancer patients. Recently, ACTC-derived exosomes (ACTC-dExo) were implicated in this effect by inhibiting mesenchymal stem cells, which may promote metastasis in the TME. Exosomes are thought to be advantageous for the specific delivery of drugs to cancer cells because they have the characteristics of natural liposomes, are nanosized, and remain largely stable in the blood due to the protein and lipid content they carry on their membranes. In this study, we aimed to determine the cytotoxic and metastatic inhibitory effects of ACTC-dExo in A549 cells in vitro. Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells were isolated from whole blood obtained from healthy individuals and cultured for 5-7 days after stimulation. The ACTC-dExo serum-free culture medium was collected by ultracentrifugation. Characterization and quantification of the isolated exosomes were performed using flow cytometry, electron microscopy, zeta-sizer measurements, and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assays. We co-cultured ACTC and ACTC-dExo with A549 cells for 48 h. The viability of A549 cells was evaluated using a WST-1 assay. The metastasis-related genes MMP2, MMP9, TWIST, SNAI1, and CDH1 were detected by qRT-PCR, and MMP2 and MMP9 proteins were evaluated by confocal microscopy. In addition, changes in cell migration were investigated using a scratch assay. ACTC-dExo were found to have anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects and reduced cancer cell proliferation and metastatic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldar Sovunjov
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Zehra Seda Halbutoğulları
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Gülçin Gacar
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Öztürk
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Duruksu
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yusufhan Yazır
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
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11
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Tavasolian F, Lively S, Pastrello C, Tang M, Lim M, Pacheco A, Qaiyum Z, Yau E, Baskurt Z, Jurisica I, Kapoor M, Inman RD. Proteomic and genomic profiling of plasma exosomes from patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:1429-1443. [PMID: 37532285 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2022-223791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent advances in understanding the biology of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) using innovative genomic and proteomic approaches offer the opportunity to address current challenges in AS diagnosis and management. Altered expression of genes, microRNAs (miRNAs) or proteins may contribute to immune dysregulation and may play a significant role in the onset and persistence of inflammation in AS. The ability of exosomes to transport miRNAs across cells and alter the phenotype of recipient cells has implicated exosomes in perpetuating inflammation in AS. This study reports the first proteomic and miRNA profiling of plasma-derived exosomes in AS using comprehensive computational biology analysis. METHODS Plasma samples from patients with AS and healthy controls (HC) were isolated via ultracentrifugation and subjected to extracellular vesicle flow cytometry analysis to characterise exosome surface markers by a multiplex immunocapture assay. Cytokine profiling of plasma-derived exosomes and cell culture supernatants was performed. Next-generation sequencing was used to identify miRNA populations in exosomes enriched from plasma fractions. CD4+ T cells were sorted, and the frequency and proliferation of CD4+ T-cell subsets were analysed after treatment with AS-exosomes using flow cytometry. RESULTS The expression of exosome marker proteins CD63 and CD81 was elevated in the patients with AS compared with HC (q<0.05). Cytokine profiling in plasma-derived AS-exosomes demonstrated downregulation of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-10 (q<0.05). AS-exosomes cocultured with HC CD4+ T cells induced significant upregulation of IFNα2 and IL-33 (q<0.05). Exosomes from patients with AS inhibited the proliferation of regulatory T cells (Treg), suggesting a mechanism for chronically activated T cells in this disease. Culture of CD4+ T cells from healthy individuals in the presence of AS-exosomes reduced the proliferation of FOXP3+ Treg cells and decreased the frequency of FOXP3+IRF4+ Treg cells. miRNA sequencing identified 24 differentially expressed miRNAs found in circulating exosomes of patients with AS compared with HC; 22 of which were upregulated and 2 were downregulated. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with AS have different immunological and genetic profiles, as determined by evaluating the exosomes of these patients. The inhibitory effect of exosomes on Treg in AS suggests a mechanism contributing to chronically activated T cells in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fataneh Tavasolian
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Starlee Lively
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopaedics, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopaedics, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, - Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Tang
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Lim
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Addison Pacheco
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zoya Qaiyum
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Enoch Yau
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zeynep Baskurt
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, 610 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopaedics, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, - Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopaedics, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert D Inman
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Spondylitis Program, Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Kaur S, Nathani A, Singh M. Exosomal delivery of cannabinoids against cancer. Cancer Lett 2023; 566:216243. [PMID: 37257632 PMCID: PMC10426019 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from endosomes that play a role in cellular communication. These vesicles which mimic the parental cells that release them are promising candidates for targeted drug delivery and therapeutic applications against cancer because of their favorable biocompatibility, specific targeting, low toxicity, and immunogenicity. Currently, Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and other cannabinoids (e.g., CBG, THCV, CBC), are being explored for their anticancer and anti-proliferative properties. Several mechanisms, including cell cycle arrest, proliferation inhibition, activation of autophagy and apoptosis, inhibition of adhesion, metastasis, and angiogenesis have been proposed for their anticancer activity. EVs could be engineered as cannabinoid delivery systems for tumor-specificity leading to superior anticancer effects. This review discusses current techniques for EV isolation from various sources, characterization and strategies to load them with cannabinoids. More extensively, we culminate information available on different sources of EVs that have anticancer activity, mechanism of action of cannabinoids against various wild type and resistant tumors and role of CBD in histone modifications and cancer epigenetics. We have also enumerated the role of EVs containing cannabinoids against various tumors and in chemotherapy induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmandeep Kaur
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Aakash Nathani
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA.
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13
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Wei X, Liu S, Cao Y, Wang Z, Chen S. Polymers in Engineering Extracellular Vesicle Mimetics: Current Status and Prospective. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051496. [PMID: 37242738 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of a high delivery efficiency by traditional nanomedicines during cancer treatment is a challenging task. As a natural mediator for short-distance intercellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered significant attention owing to their low immunogenicity and high targeting ability. They can load a variety of major drugs, thus offering immense potential. In order to overcome the limitations of EVs and establish them as an ideal drug delivery system, polymer-engineered extracellular vesicle mimics (EVMs) have been developed and applied in cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the current status of polymer-based extracellular vesicle mimics in drug delivery, and analyze their structural and functional properties based on the design of an ideal drug carrier. We anticipate that this review will facilitate a deeper understanding of the extracellular vesicular mimetic drug delivery system, and stimulate the progress and advancement of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Sihang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yifeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Electronic Chemicals, Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Zhejiang Sundoc Pharmaceutical Science and Tech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Shengfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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14
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Lopes D, Lopes J, Pereira-Silva M, Peixoto D, Rabiee N, Veiga F, Moradi O, Guo ZH, Wang XD, Conde J, Makvandi P, Paiva-Santos AC. Bioengineered exosomal-membrane-camouflaged abiotic nanocarriers: neurodegenerative diseases, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:19. [PMID: 37101293 PMCID: PMC10134679 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A bio-inspired strategy has recently been developed for camouflaging nanocarriers with biomembranes, such as natural cell membranes or subcellular structure-derived membranes. This strategy endows cloaked nanomaterials with improved interfacial properties, superior cell targeting, immune evasion potential, and prolonged duration of systemic circulation. Here, we summarize recent advances in the production and application of exosomal membrane-coated nanomaterials. The structure, properties, and manner in which exosomes communicate with cells are first reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of the types of exosomes and their fabrication methods. We then discuss the applications of biomimetic exosomes and membrane-cloaked nanocarriers in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, imaging, and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we appraise the current challenges associated with the clinical translation of biomimetic exosomal membrane-surface-engineered nanovehicles and evaluate the future of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lopes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Lopes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Pereira-Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Peixoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Navid Rabiee
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Omid Moradi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 374-37515, Iran
| | - Zhan-Hu Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - João Conde
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK.
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
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15
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Mahmoudi F, Hanachi P, Montaseri A. Extracellular vesicles of immune cells; immunomodulatory impacts and therapeutic potentials. Clin Immunol 2023; 248:109237. [PMID: 36669608 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse collection of lipid bilayer-membrane-bound particles which are released from cells into the extracellular space and biologic fluids. In multicellular organisms, these vesicles facilitate the exchange of bioactive compounds such as RNA, DNA, proteins, various metabolites, and lipids between the cells. EVs are produced and released by almost all eukaryotic cells including immune cells and can have immunomodulating effects by either stimulation or suppression of their activities. This immune-modulating feature may provide a promising strategy for treating immune-mediated diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders and graft-versus-host disease. Moreover, immune cell-derived EVs have received attention as potential biomarkers for being used as diagnostic tools and preventive strategies such as for developing vaccines. In this review, we focus on the EVs produced by different immune cell types, their effects on the immune system, and highlight their potential applications for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Mahmoudi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehr Hanachi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Montaseri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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16
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Zhang H, Wang S, Sun M, Cui Y, Xing J, Teng L, Xi Z, Yang Z. Exosomes as smart drug delivery vehicles for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1093607. [PMID: 36733388 PMCID: PMC9888251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1093607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (Exos) as drug delivery vehicles have been widely used for cancer immunotherapy owing to their good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and low immunogenicity. Some Exos-based cancer immunotherapy strategies such as tuning of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, immune checkpoint blockades, and cancer vaccines have also been investigated in recent years, which all showed excellent therapeutic effects for malignant tumor. Furthermore, some Exos-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) for cancer immunotherapy have also undergone clinic trails, indicating that Exos are a promising drug delivery carrier. In this review, in order to promote the development of Exos-based DDSs in cancer immunotherapy, the biogenesis and composition of Exos, and Exos as drug delivery vehicles for cancer immunotherapy are summarized. Meanwhile, their clinical translation and challenges are also discussed. We hope this review will provide a good guidance for Exos as drug delivery vehicles for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Simiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Man Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaxin Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianming Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lesheng Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhifang Xi
- School of Horticulture and Food, Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhifang Xi, ; Zhaogang Yang,
| | - Zhaogang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Zhifang Xi, ; Zhaogang Yang,
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17
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Al-Ghadir L, Chen Z. Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Lymphocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2668:227-239. [PMID: 37140800 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3203-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized particles secreted by all cells as a means of communication. When it comes to the immune system, most of the studies have focused on the regulation of T cells by EVs derived from other cells, such as dendritic cells, tumor cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Nevertheless, the communication between T cells, and from T cells to other cells via EVs must also exist and influence various physiological and pathological functions. Here, we describe sequential filtration; a new method for the physical isolation of vesicles based on their size. Furthermore, we describe several methods that can be applied to characterize both size and markers of the isolated EVs derived from T cells. This protocol overcomes the limitations of some of the current methods and offers a high yield of EVs from a low number of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujain Al-Ghadir
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zhi Chen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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18
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Ghaedrahmati F, Esmaeil N, Abbaspour M. Targeting immune checkpoints: how to use natural killer cells for fighting against solid tumors. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 43:177-213. [PMID: 36585761 PMCID: PMC9926962 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are unique innate immune cells that mediate anti-viral and anti-tumor responses. Thus, they might hold great potential for cancer immunotherapy. NK cell adoptive immunotherapy in humans has shown modest efficacy. In particular, it has failed to demonstrate therapeutic efficiency in the treatment of solid tumors, possibly due in part to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which reduces NK cell immunotherapy's efficiencies. It is known that immune checkpoints play a prominent role in creating an immunosuppressive TME, leading to NK cell exhaustion and tumor immune escape. Therefore, NK cells must be reversed from their dysfunctional status and increased in their effector roles in order to improve the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy. Blockade of immune checkpoints can not only rescue NK cells from exhaustion but also augment their robust anti-tumor activity. In this review, we discussed immune checkpoint blockade strategies with a focus on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells to redirect NK cells to cancer cells in the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Nafiseh Esmaeil
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran,Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non‐Communicable DiseaseIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Maryam Abbaspour
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyFaculty of PharmacyIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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19
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Ma X, Liu B, Fan L, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Ren T, Li Y, Li Y. Native and engineered exosomes for inflammatory disease. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 16:6991-7006. [PMID: 36591564 PMCID: PMC9793369 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-5275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles which carry specific molecular information from donor cells and act as an intercellular communication vehicle, which have emerged as a novel cell-free strategy for the treatment of many diseases including inflammatory disease. Recently, rising studies have developed exosome-based strategies for novel inflammation therapy due to their biocompatibility and bioactivity. Researchers not only use native exosomes as therapeutic agents for inflammation, but also strive to make up for the natural defects of exosomes through engineering methods to improve and update the property of exosomes for enhanced therapeutic effects. The engineered exosomes can improve cargo-loading efficiency, targeting ability, stability, etc., to achieve combined and diverse treatment strategies in inflammation diseases. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in application studies of native and engineered exosomes as well as the engineered methods is provided. Meanwhile, potential application prospects, possible challenges, and the development of clinical researches of exosome treatment strategy are concluded from plentiful examples, which may be able to provide guidance and suggestions for the future research and application of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Ma
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Limin Fan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Yiqiong Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Yuge Zhao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Tianbin Ren
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Yan Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Yongyong Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
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20
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Xu J, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Li D, Wang T, Liu K. Progress in research on the role of exosomal miRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Front Genet 2022; 13:929231. [PMID: 36267409 PMCID: PMC9577319 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.929231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the most common diseases threatening the health of the elderly, and the incidence and mortality rates associated with cardiovascular diseases remain high and are increasing gradually. Studies on the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases are underway. Currently, several research groups are studying the role of exosomes and biomolecules incorporated by exosomes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of clinical diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. Now, based on the results of published studies, this review discusses the characteristics, separation, extraction, and identification of exosomes, specifically the role of exosomal miRNAs in atherosclerosis, myocardial injury and infarction, heart failure, aortic dissection, myocardial fibrosis, ischemic reperfusion, atrial fibrillation, and other diseases. We believe that the observations noted in this article will aid in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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21
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Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and Cargo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810862. [PMID: 36142773 PMCID: PMC9505460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of smart immune evasion mechanisms is crucial for the establishment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis is a major health problem worldwide arising from different causes, such as pathogens, metabolic disorders, and xenotoxins, with the five hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV) representing the majority of the cases. Most of the hepatitis viruses are considered enveloped. Recently, it was reported that the non-enveloped HAV and HEV are, in reality, quasi-enveloped viruses exploiting exosomal-like biogenesis mechanisms for budding. Regardless, all hepatitis viruses use exosomes to egress, regulate, and eventually escape from the host immune system, revealing another key function of exosomes apart from their recognised role in intercellular communication. This review will discuss how the hepatitis viruses exploit exosome biogenesis and transport capacity to establish successful infection and spread. Then, we will outline the contribution of exosomes in viral persistence and liver disease progression.
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22
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MicroRNAs in the cancer cell-to-cell communication: An insight into biological vehicles. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113449. [PMID: 36076563 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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23
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Khan FH, Reza MJ, Shao YF, Perwez A, Zahra H, Dowlati A, Abbas A. Role of exosomes in lung cancer: A comprehensive insight from immunomodulation to theragnostic applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188776. [PMID: 35961620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are 30 to 150 nm-diameter lipid bilayer-enclosed extracellular vesicles that enable cell-to-cell communication through secretion and uptake. The exosomal cargoes contain RNA, lipids, proteins, and metabolites which can be delivered to recipient cells in vivo. In a healthy lung, exosomes facilitate interaction between adaptive and innate immunity and help maintain normal lung physiology. However, tumor-derived exosomes in lung cancer (LC) can, on the other hand, restrict immune cell proliferation, cause apoptosis in activated CD8+ T effector cells, reduce natural killer cell activity, obstruct monocyte differentiation, and promote proliferation of myeloid-derived suppressor and regulatory T cells. In addition, exosomes in the tumor microenvironment may also play a critical role in cancer progression and the development of drug resistance. In this review, we aim to comprehensively examine the current updates on the role of exosomes in lung carcinogenesis and their potential application as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tool in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Haider Khan
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Malik Johid Reza
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Yusra Fatima Shao
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ahmad Perwez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Honey Zahra
- Department of Anatomy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP 226003, India
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Developmental Therapeutics Program, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44116, USA.
| | - Ata Abbas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Developmental Therapeutics Program, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44116, USA.
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24
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Zhang E, Phan P, Zhao Z. Cellular nanovesicles for therapeutic immunomodulation: A perspective on engineering strategies and new advances. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1789-1827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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25
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Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles secreted by cells in normal or pathological conditions for cell-cell communication. With immunomodulatory characteristics and potential therapeutic properties, immune-cell-derived exosomes play an important role in cancer therapy. They express various antigens on their surface, which can be employed for antigen presentation, immunological activation, and metabolic regulation, leading to the killing of cancerous cells. In addition, immune-cell-derived exosomes have received extensive attention as a drug delivery platform in effective antitumor therapy due to their excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and high loading capacity. In this review, the biological and therapeutic characteristics of immune-cell-derived exosomes are comprehensively outlined. The antitumor mechanism of exosomes secreted by immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells, are systematically summarized. Moreover, the applications of immune-cell-derived exosomes as nanocarriers to transport antitumor agents (chemotherapeutic drugs, genes, proteins, etc.) are discussed. More importantly, the existing challenges of immune-cell-derived exosomes are pointed out, and their antitumor potentials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Tianqing Liu
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Mengjiao Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
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26
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Jogalekar MP, Rajendran RL, Khan F, Dmello C, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC. CAR T-Cell-Based gene therapy for cancers: new perspectives, challenges, and clinical developments. Front Immunol 2022; 13:925985. [PMID: 35936003 PMCID: PMC9355792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.925985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a progressive new pillar in immune cell therapy for cancer. It has yielded remarkable clinical responses in patients with B-cell leukemia or lymphoma. Unfortunately, many challenges remain to be addressed to overcome its ineffectiveness in the treatment of other hematological and solidtumor malignancies. The major hurdles of CAR T-cell therapy are the associated severe life-threatening toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome and limited anti-tumor efficacy. In this review, we briefly discuss cancer immunotherapy and the genetic engineering of T cells and, In detail, the current innovations in CAR T-cell strategies to improve efficacy in treating solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Furthermore, we also discuss the current challenges in CAR T-cell therapy and new CAR T-cell-derived nanovesicle therapy. Finally, strategies to overcome the current clinical challenges associated with CAR T-cell therapy are included as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi P. Jogalekar
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Crismita Dmello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Prakash Gangadaran, ; Byeong-Cheol Ahn,
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Prakash Gangadaran, ; Byeong-Cheol Ahn,
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Kim SB. Function and therapeutic development of exosomes for cancer therapy. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:295-308. [PMID: 35604532 PMCID: PMC9125016 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, 50–150 nm in diameter, released by most cells. Exosomes contain several intracellular components, including DNA, RNA, and proteins, which reflect the parent cell’s status and contribute to intercellular communication. Cancers are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Owing to a high survival rate, cancer treatment by immune modulation of the tumor microenvironment has recently received a lot of attention. Exosomes’ role in immunological control is also being studied extensively. Exosomes play a role in cancer-immune cell communication. Through intracellular communication, exosomes promote tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. In addition, innate immune cell-derived exosomes and adaptive immune cell exosomes have an anti-tumorigenic activity. Exosome-related tumor microenvironment drugs are being developed, including inhibitors of exosomal release, tumor-derived exosomes, and immune cell-derived exosome engineering, although there are still some obstacles to overcome. We describe in this review the significance of exosomes in the tumor microenvironment. We also summarize current studies on anticancer immune drug development and the challenges in developing exosome-related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 01795.
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Hazrati A, Soudi S, Malekpour K, Mahmoudi M, Rahimi A, Hashemi SM, Varma RS. Immune cells-derived exosomes function as a double-edged sword: role in disease progression and their therapeutic applications. Biomark Res 2022; 10:30. [PMID: 35550636 PMCID: PMC9102350 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm as identified initially via electron microscopy in 1946, are one of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by many cells and have been the subject of many studies; initially, they were considered as cell wastes with the belief that cells produced exosomes to maintain homeostasis. Nowadays, it has been found that EVs secreted by different cells play a vital role in cellular communication and are usually secreted in both physiological and pathological conditions. Due to the presence of different markers and ligands on the surface of exosomes, they have paracrine, endocrine and autocrine effects in some cases. Immune cells, like other cells, can secrete exosomes that interact with surrounding cells via these vesicles. Immune system cells-derived exosomes (IEXs) induce different responses, such as increasing and decreasing the transcription of various genes and regulating cytokine production. This review deliberate the function of innate and acquired immune cells derived exosomes, their role in the pathogenesis of immune diseases, and their therapeutic appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Soudi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kosar Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Rahimi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Calvo V, Izquierdo M. T Lymphocyte and CAR-T Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Applications in Cancer Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:790. [PMID: 35269412 PMCID: PMC8909086 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a very diverse group of cell-derived vesicles released by almost all kind of living cells. EV are involved in intercellular exchange, both nearby and systemically, since they induce signals and transmit their cargo (proteins, lipids, miRNAs) to other cells, which subsequently trigger a wide variety of biological responses in the target cells. However, cell surface receptor-induced EV release is limited to cells from the immune system, including T lymphocytes. T cell receptor activation of T lymphocytes induces secretion of EV containing T cell receptors for antigen and several bioactive molecules, including proapoptotic proteins. These EV are specific for antigen-bearing cells, which make them ideal candidates for a cell-free, EV-dependent cancer therapy. In this review we examine the generation of EV by T lymphocytes and CAR-T cells and some potential therapeutic approaches of these EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Manuel Izquierdo
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Señalización Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Bian D, Wu Y, Song G, Azizi R, Zamani A. The application of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their derivative exosome in skin wound healing: a comprehensive review. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:24. [PMID: 35073970 PMCID: PMC8785459 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02697-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and also their exosome has become a game-changing tool in the context of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. MSCs due to their competencies to establish skin cells, such as fibroblast and keratinocyte, and also their unique attribute to suppress inflammation in wound site has attracted increasing attention among scholars. In addition, MSC's other capabilities to induce angiogenesis as a result of secretion of pro-angiogenic factors accompanied with marked anti-fibrotic activities, which mainly mediated by the releases matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), make them a rational and effective strategy to accelerate wound healing with a small scar. Since the chief healing properties of the MSCs depend on their paracrine effects, it appears that MSCs-derived exosomes also can be an alternative option to support wound healing and skin regeneration as an innovative cell-free approach. Such exosomes convey functional cargos (e.g., growth factor, cytokine, miRNA, etc.) from MSCs to target cells, thereby affecting the recipient skin cells' biological events, such as migration, proliferation, and also secretion of ECM components (e.g., collagen). The main superiorities of exosome therapy over parental MSCs are the diminished risk of tumor formation and also lower immunogenicity. Herein, we deliver an overview of recent in vivo reports rendering the therapeutic benefits of the MSCs-based therapies to ease skin wound healing, and so improving quality of life among patients suffering from such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Bian
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, 960 Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Jinan, 250031 China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013 China
| | - Guodong Song
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013 China
| | - Ramyar Azizi
- Department of Immunology, Medicine Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Zamani
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Karami Fath M, Azargoonjahromi A, Jafari N, Mehdi M, Alavi F, Daraei M, Mohammadkhani N, Mueller AL, Brockmueller A, Shakibaei M, Payandeh Z. Exosome application in tumorigenesis: diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. Med Oncol 2022; 39:19. [PMID: 34982284 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive of skin cancer derived from genetic mutations in the melanocytes. Current therapeutic approaches include surgical resection, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, biochemotherapy, and targeted therapy. However, the efficiency of these strategies may be decreased due to the development of diverse resistance mechanisms. Here, it has been proven that therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can improve the efficiency of melanoma therapies and also, cancer vaccines are another approach for the treatment of melanoma that has already improved clinical outcomes in these patients. The use of antibodies and gene vaccines provides a new perspective in melanoma treatment. Since the tumor microenvironment is another important factor for cancer progression and metastasis, in recent times, a mechanism has been identified to provide an opportunity for melanoma cells to communicate with remote cells. This mechanism is involved by a novel molecular structure, named extracellular vesicles (EVs). Depending on the functional status of origin cells, exosomes contain various cargos and different compositions. In this review, we presented recent progress of exosome applications in the treatment of melanoma. Different aspects of exosome therapy and ongoing efforts in this field will be discussed too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Jafari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mehdi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Fatemeh Alavi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Daraei
- Pharmacy School, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Niloufar Mohammadkhani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717443, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna-Lena Mueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Aranka Brockmueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Yang P, Peng Y, Feng Y, Xu Z, Feng P, Cao J, Chen Y, Chen X, Cao X, Yang Y, Jie J. Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – New Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:771551. [PMID: 34956197 PMCID: PMC8694098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have increasingly become the focus of research due to their unique characteristics and bioinspired applications. They are lipid bilayer membrane nanosized vesicles harboring a range of immune cell-derived surface receptors and effector molecules from parental cells. Immune cell-derived EVs are important mediators of intercellular communication that regulate specific mechanisms of adaptive and innate immune responses. However, the mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of EVs are still being explored. Importantly, immune cell-derived EVs have some unique features, including accessibility, storage, ability to pass through blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers, and loading of various effector molecules. Immune cell-derived EVs have been directly applied or engineered as potent antitumor vaccines or for the diagnosis of clinical diseases. More research applications involving genetic engineering, membrane engineering, and cargo delivery strategies have improved the treatment efficacy of EVs. Immune cell-derived EV-based therapies are expected to become a separate technique or to complement immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other therapeutic modalities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the characteristics and functions of immune cell-derived EVs derived from adaptive (CD4+ T, CD8+ T and B cells) and innate immune cells (macrophages, NK cells, DCs, and neutrophils) and discuss emerging therapeutic opportunities and prospects in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhuoying Xu
- Department of Pathology, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Panfeng Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Pathology, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xingjian Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Jie, ; Yumin Yang, ; Xingjian Cao,
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Jie, ; Yumin Yang, ; Xingjian Cao,
| | - Jing Jie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Jie, ; Yumin Yang, ; Xingjian Cao,
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Li Y, Wang X, Pang Y, Wang S, Luo M, Huang B. The Potential Therapeutic Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes in Osteoradionecrosis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:4758364. [PMID: 34899907 PMCID: PMC8660232 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4758364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most serious complications of radiotherapy, osteoradionecrosis (ORN) seriously affects the quality of life of patients and even leads to death. Vascular injury and immune disorders are the main causes of bone lesions. The traditional conservative treatment of ORN has a low cure rate and high recurrent. Exosomes are a type of extracellular bilayer lipid vesicles secreted by almost all cell types. It contains cytokines, proteins, mRNA, miRNA, and other bioactive cargos, which contribute to several distinct processes. The favorable biological functions of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (MSC exosomes) include angiogenesis, immunomodulation, bone regeneration, and ferroptosis regulation. Exploring the characteristic of ORN and MSC exosomes can promote bone regeneration therapies. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of ORN and MSC exosomes and highlighted the potential application of MSC exosomes in ORN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Li
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Pang
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuangcheng Wang
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meng Luo
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, and General Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Shen X, Song S, Chen N, Liao J, Zeng L. Stem cell-derived exosomes: A supernova in cosmetic dermatology. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:3812-3817. [PMID: 34536054 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stem cell-derived exosomes are cell-free vesicles secreted by stem cells. Exosomes play a pivotal role in cell-to cell communication due to the functional proteins and genetic information which they carry. In addition, studies on cell migration, tumor invasion, tissue regeneration, myocardial repair after injury, and fracture healing have been widely reported. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this review is to sum up the current state of research on multiple stem cell-derived exosomes in cosmetic dermatology and to discuss the current challenges and future directions. METHODS We searched "skin" and "exosome" from PubMed to find the application of stem cell exosomes in cosmetic dermatology. RESULTS We found that stem cell-derived exosomes have an important place in skin cosmetology such as wound healing, skin aging, and scar formation. CONCLUSION Stem cell derived exosomes supply a potential tool to cosmetic dermatology. The performance of stem cell derived exosomes in regulating skin physiological and pathobiological functions suggests that stem cell derived exosomes have potential in cosmetic dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Shen
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shenghua Song
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Nian Chen
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Junlin Liao
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Activated T cell-derived exosomal PD-1 attenuates PD-L1-induced immune dysfunction in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:4992-5001. [PMID: 34172932 PMCID: PMC8342306 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is widely expressed in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). As a dominant inhibitory immune checkpoint (ICP) receptor, cell surface PD-1 is well-known to transduce negative signaling of effector T cell activity during cell–cell contact. However, despite its well-documented inhibitory effects, higher PD-1 expression in TILs is significantly associated with longer survival in TNBC patients. This phenomenon raises an interesting question whether PD-1 harbors positive activity to enhance anti-tumor immunity. Here, we show that PD-1 is secreted in an exosomal form by activated T cells and can remotely interact with either cell surface or exosomal programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), induce PD-L1 internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and thereby prevent subsequent cellular PD-L1: PD-1 interaction, restoring tumor surveillance through attenuating PD-L1-induced suppression of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell activity. Our results, through revealing an anti-PD-L1 function of exosomal PD-1, provide a positive role to enhance cytotoxic T cell activity and a potential therapeutic strategy of modifying the exosome surface with membrane-bound inhibitory ICP receptors to attenuate the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment.
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Jahromi LP, Shahbazi M, Maleki A, Azadi A, Santos HA. Chemically Engineered Immune Cell-Derived Microrobots and Biomimetic Nanoparticles: Emerging Biodiagnostic and Therapeutic Tools. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002499. [PMID: 33898169 PMCID: PMC8061401 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, considerable attention has been dedicated to the exploitation of diverse immune cells as therapeutic and/or diagnostic cell-based microrobots for hard-to-treat disorders. To date, a plethora of therapeutics based on alive immune cells, surface-engineered immune cells, immunocytes' cell membranes, leukocyte-derived extracellular vesicles or exosomes, and artificial immune cells have been investigated and a few have been introduced into the market. These systems take advantage of the unique characteristics and functions of immune cells, including their presence in circulating blood and various tissues, complex crosstalk properties, high affinity to different self and foreign markers, unique potential of their on-demand navigation and activity, production of a variety of chemokines/cytokines, as well as being cytotoxic in particular conditions. Here, the latest progress in the development of engineered therapeutics and diagnostics inspired by immune cells to ameliorate cancer, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular complications, and infectious diseases is reviewed, and finally, the perspective for their clinical application is delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Pourtalebi Jahromi
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShiraz71468‐64685Iran
- Present address:
Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research SaarlandHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBiogenic Nanotherapeutics GroupCampus E8.1Saarbrücken66123Germany
| | - Mohammad‐Ali Shahbazi
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC)Zanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjan45139‐56184Iran
| | - Aziz Maleki
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC)Zanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjan45139‐56184Iran
| | - Amir Azadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShiraz71468‐64685Iran
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyShiraz University of Medical SciencesShiraz71468‐64685Iran
| | - Hélder A. Santos
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
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Hendricks CL, Herd C, Nel M, Tintinger G, Pepper MS. The COVID-19 Treatment Landscape: A South African Perspective on a Race Against Time. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:604087. [PMID: 33681243 PMCID: PMC7933453 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.604087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 94 million people worldwide (as of 17 January 2020). Severe disease is believed to be secondary to the cytokine release syndrome (CRS or "cytokine storm") which causes local tissue damage as well as multi-organ dysfunction and thrombotic complications. Due to the high mortality rates in patients receiving invasive ventilation, practice has changed from "early-intubation" for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to a trial of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen. Reports indicating the benefit of NIV and HFNC have been encouraging and have led to more than 20,000 such devices being manufactured and ready for roll-out in South Africa (SA) as of July 2020. The need to identify drugs with clear clinical benefits has led to an array of clinical trials, most of which are repurposing drugs for COVID-19. The treatment landscape reflects the need to target both the virus and its effects such as the CRS and thrombotic complications. Conflicting results have the potential to confuse the implementation of coordinated treatment strategies and guidelines. The purpose of this review is to address pertinent areas in the current literature on the available medical treatment options for COVID-19. Remdesivir, tocilizumab, and dexamethasone are some of the treatment options that have shown the most promise, but further randomized trials are required to particularly address timing and dosages to confidently create standardized protocols. For the SA population, two healthcare sectors exist. In the private sector, patients with medical insurance may have greater access to a wider range of treatment options than those in the public sector. The latter serves >80% of the population, and resource constraints require the identification of drugs with the most cost-effective use for the greatest number of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Laverne Hendricks
- Department of Medical Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Candice Herd
- Department of Medical Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marcel Nel
- Department of Medical Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gregory Tintinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael Sean Pepper
- Department of Medical Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Meng W, He C, Hao Y, Wang L, Li L, Zhu G. Prospects and challenges of extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery system: considering cell source. Drug Deliv 2021; 27:585-598. [PMID: 32264719 PMCID: PMC7178886 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1748758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, are nanosized membrane vesicles derived from most cell types. Carrying diverse biomolecules from their parent cells, EVs are important mediators of intercellular communication and thus play significant roles in physiological and pathological processes. Owing to their natural biogenesis process, EVs are generated with high biocompatibility, enhanced stability, and limited immunogenicity, which provide multiple advantages as drug delivery systems (DDSs) over traditional synthetic delivery vehicles. EVs have been reported to be used for the delivery of siRNAs, miRNAs, protein, small molecule drugs, nanoparticles, and CRISPR/Cas9 in the treatment of various diseases. As a natural drug delivery vectors, EVs can penetrate into the tissues and be bioengineered to enhance the targetability. Although EVs' characteristics make them ideal for drug delivery, EV-based drug delivery remains challenging, due to lack of standardized isolation and purification methods, limited drug loading efficiency, and insufficient clinical grade production. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on the application of EVs as DDS from the perspective of different cell origin and weighted the advantages and bottlenecks of EV-based DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanrong Meng
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Chanshi He
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yaying Hao
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Guiquan Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
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Yang P, Cao X, Cai H, Feng P, Chen X, Zhu Y, Yang Y, An W, Yang Y, Jie J. The exosomes derived from CAR-T cell efficiently target mesothelin and reduce triple-negative breast cancer growth. Cell Immunol 2021; 360:104262. [PMID: 33373818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) have rapidly developed into a powerful and innovative therapeutic modality for cancer patients. However, the problem of dose-dependent systemic toxicity cannot be ignored. In this study, exosomes derived from mesothelin (MSLN)-targeted CAR-T cells were isolated, and we found that they maintain most characteristics of the parental T cells, including surface expression of the CARs and CD3. Furthermore, CAR-carrying exosomes significantly inhibited the growth of both endogenous and exogenous MSLN-positive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. The expression of the effector molecules perforin and granzyme B may be a mechanism of tumor killing. More importantly, a highly effective tumor inhibition rate without obvious side effects was observed with the administration of CAR-T cell exosomes in vivo. Thus, the use of CAR-T cell exosomes has great therapeutic potential against MSLN-expressing TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China; Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, 150081 Harbin, China
| | - Xingjian Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Huilong Cai
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, 150081 Harbin, China
| | - Panfeng Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Yihua Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, 150081 Harbin, China
| | - Weiwei An
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, 150081 Harbin, China
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China.
| | - Jing Jie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, 226001, Nantong, China.
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Mittal S, Gupta P, Chaluvally-Raghavan P, Pradeep S. Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Immune Regulation and Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123563. [PMID: 33260606 PMCID: PMC7760253 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Accumulating evidence has reported that extracellular vesicles secreted by different tumor microenvironment cells can interfere with the host immune system. These vesicles transmit the signals in the tumor microenvironment that affect the proliferation, apoptosis, activation, and, metabolism of immune cells such as dendritic cells, T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, creating a pro-tumoral environment for tumor progression and survival. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on the function of extracellular vesicles derived from tumor cells and immune cells in regulating the critical processes associated with cancer progression. Besides, we also provide insights on how the extracellular vesicles are employed as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and drug carriers in cancer. Abstract The development of effective therapies for cancer treatment requires a better understanding of the tumor extracellular environment and a dynamic interaction between tumor cells, the cells of the immune system, and the tumor stroma. Increasing evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles play an important role in this interaction. Extracellular vesicles are nanometer-sized membrane-bound vesicles secreted by various types of cells that facilitate intracellular communication by transferring proteins, various lipids, and nucleic acids, especially miRNAs, between cells. Extracellular vesicles play discrete roles in the immune regulatory functions, such as antigen presentation, and activation or suppression of immune cells. Achieving therapeutic intervention through targeting of extracellular vesicles is a crucial area of research now. Thus, a deeper knowledge of exosome biology and the molecular mechanism of immune regulation is likely to provide significant insight into therapeutic intervention utilizing extracellular vesicles to combat this dreadful disease. This review describes the recent updates on immune regulation by extracellular vesicles in cancer progression and possible use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Mittal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (S.M.); (P.G.); (P.C.-R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Prachi Gupta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (S.M.); (P.G.); (P.C.-R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Pradeep Chaluvally-Raghavan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (S.M.); (P.G.); (P.C.-R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (S.M.); (P.G.); (P.C.-R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-414-955-2673; Fax: +1-414-805-6622
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Zanetti-Domingues LC, Bonner SE, Martin-Fernandez ML, Huber V. Mechanisms of Action of EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Incorporated in Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112505. [PMID: 33228060 PMCID: PMC7699420 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
EGFR and some of the cognate ligands extensively traffic in extracellular vesicles (EVs) from different biogenesis pathways. EGFR belongs to a family of four homologous tyrosine kinase receptors (TKRs). This family are one of the major drivers of cancer and is involved in several of the most frequent malignancies such as non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer and ovarian cancer. The carrier EVs exert crucial biological effects on recipient cells, impacting immunity, pre-metastatic niche preparation, angiogenesis, cancer cell stemness and horizontal oncogene transfer. While EV-mediated EGFR signalling is important to EGFR-driven cancers, little is known about the precise mechanisms by which TKRs incorporated in EVs play their biological role, their stoichiometry and associations to other proteins relevant to cancer pathology and EV biogenesis, and their means of incorporation in the target cell. In addition, it remains unclear whether different subtypes of EVs incorporate different complexes of TKRs with specific functions. A raft of high spatial and temporal resolution methods is emerging that could solve these and other questions regarding the activity of EGFR and its ligands in EVs. More importantly, methods are emerging to block or mitigate EV activity to suppress cancer progression and drug resistance. By highlighting key findings and areas that remain obscure at the intersection of EGFR signalling and EV action, we hope to cross-fertilise the two fields and speed up the application of novel techniques and paradigms to both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Zanetti-Domingues
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK;
- Correspondence: (L.C.Z.-D.); (V.H.)
| | - Scott E. Bonner
- The Wood Lab, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK;
| | - Marisa L. Martin-Fernandez
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK;
| | - Veronica Huber
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.C.Z.-D.); (V.H.)
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Xu Z, Zeng S, Gong Z, Yan Y. Exosome-based immunotherapy: a promising approach for cancer treatment. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:160. [PMID: 33183286 PMCID: PMC7661275 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the era of the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy, there is a high level of interest in the application of cell-released small vesicles that stimulate the immune system. As cell-derived nanovesicles, exosomes show great promise in cancer immunotherapy because of their immunogenicity and molecular transfer function. The cargoes carried on exosomes have been recently identified with improved technological advances and play functional roles in the regulation of immune responses. In particular, exosomes derived from tumor cells and immune cells exhibit unique composition profiles that are directly involved in anticancer immunotherapy. More importantly, exosomes can deliver their cargoes to targeted cells and thus influence the phenotype and immune-regulation functions of targeted cells. Accumulating evidence over the last decade has further revealed that exosomes can participate in multiple cellular processes contributing to cancer development and therapeutic effects, showing the dual characteristics of promoting and suppressing cancer. The potential of exosomes in the field of cancer immunotherapy is huge, and exosomes may become the most effective cancer vaccines, as well as targeted antigen/drug carriers. Understanding how exosomes can be utilized in immune therapy is important for controlling cancer progression; additionally, exosomes have implications for diagnostics and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the role of exosomes in immunotherapy as carriers to stimulate an anti-cancer immune response and as predictive markers for immune activation; furthermore, it summarizes the mechanism and clinical application prospects of exosome-based immunotherapy in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Li M, Li S, Du C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chu L, Han X, Galons H, Zhang Y, Sun H, Yu P. Exosomes from different cells: Characteristics, modifications, and therapeutic applications. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112784. [PMID: 33007722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are cystic vesicles secreted by living cells with a phospholipid bilayer membrane. Importantly, these vesicles could serve to carry lipids, proteins, genetic materials, and transmit biological information in vivo. The cell-specific proteins and genetic materials in exosomes are capable of reflecting their cell origin and physiological status. Based on the different tissues and cells (macrophage, dendritic cells, tumor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, various body fluids, and so on), exosomes exhibit different characteristics and functions. Furthermore, owing to their high delivery efficiency, biocompatibility, and multifunctional properties, exosomes are expected to become a new means of drug delivery, disease diagnosis, immunotherapy, and precise treatment. At the same time, in order to supplement or enhance the therapeutic applicability of exosomes, chemical or biological modifications can be used to broaden, change or improve their therapeutic capabilities. This review focuses on three aspects: the characteristics and original functions of exosomes secreted by different cells, the modification and transformation of exosomes, and the application of exosomes in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Li
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Chunyang Du
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Liqiang Chu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hervé Galons
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Hua Sun
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Peng Yu
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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Exosome: A New Player in Translational Nanomedicine. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082380. [PMID: 32722531 PMCID: PMC7463834 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Summary: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by the vast majority of cell types both in vivo and ex vivo, upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cellular plasma membrane. Two main functions have been attributed to exosomes: their capacity to transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids between cells and organs, as well as their potential to act as natural intercellular communicators in normal biological processes and in pathologies. From a clinical perspective, the majority of applications use exosomes as biomarkers of disease. A new approach uses exosomes as biologically active carriers to provide a platform for the enhanced delivery of cargo in vivo. One of the major limitations in developing exosome-based therapies is the difficulty of producing sufficient amounts of safe and efficient exosomes. The identification of potential proteins involved in exosome biogenesis is expected to directly cause a deliberate increase in exosome production. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding exosomes, with particular emphasis on their structural features, biosynthesis pathways, production techniques and potential clinical applications.
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Wan Z, Dong Y, Wei M, Gao X, Yang G, Zhang J, Liu L. Exosomes in Tumor Immunotherapy: Mediator, Drug Carrier, and Prognostic Biomarker. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000061. [PMID: 32700829 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wan
- Department of Hematology Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710038 P. R. China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Hematology Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710038 P. R. China
| | - Mengying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- Department of Hematology Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710038 P. R. China
| | - Guodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Hematology Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710038 P. R. China
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Park EJ, Appiah MG, Myint PK, Gaowa A, Kawamoto E, Shimaoka M. Exosomes in Sepsis and Inflammatory Tissue Injury. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4486-4495. [PMID: 31738129 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191116125525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in medical intensive care units, and thus represents a serious healthcare problem worldwide. Sepsis is often caused by the aberrant host responses to infection, which induce dysregulated inflammation that leads to life-threatening multiple organ failures. Mediators such as proinflammatory cytokines that drive the sepsis pathogenesis have been extensively studied. Exosomes, biological lipid bilayer nanoparticles secreted via the endosomal pathway of cells, have recently emerged as important cargos that carry multiple mediators critical for the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated organ dysfunctions. Here we will review current knowledge on the exosomes in sepsis and relevant inflammatory tissue injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun J Park
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514- 8507, Japan
| | - Michael G Appiah
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514- 8507, Japan
| | - Phyoe K Myint
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514- 8507, Japan
| | - Arong Gaowa
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514- 8507, Japan
| | - Eiji Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514- 8507, Japan.,Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514- 8507, Japan
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Yin Y, Shelke GV, Lässer C, Brismar H, Lötvall J. Extracellular vesicles from mast cells induce mesenchymal transition in airway epithelial cells. Respir Res 2020; 21:101. [PMID: 32357878 PMCID: PMC7193353 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the airways, mast cells are present in close vicinity to epithelial cells, and they can interact with each other via multiple factors, including extracellular vesicles (EVs). Mast cell-derived EVs have a large repertoire of cargos, including proteins and RNA, as well as surface DNA. In this study, we hypothesized that these EVs can induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in airway epithelial cells. Methods In this in-vitro study we systematically determined the effects of mast cell-derived EVs on epithelial A549 cells. We determined the changes that are induced by EVs on A549 cells at both the RNA and protein levels. Moreover, we also analyzed the rapid changes in phosphorylation events in EV-recipient A549 cells using a phosphorylated protein microarray. Some of the phosphorylation-associated events associated with EMT were validated using immunoblotting. Results Morphological and transcript analysis of epithelial A549 cells indicated that an EMT-like phenotype was induced by the EVs. Transcript analysis indicated the upregulation of genes involved in EMT, including TWIST1, MMP9, TGFB1, and BMP-7. This was accompanied by downregulation of proteins such as E-cadherin and upregulation of Slug-Snail and matrix metalloproteinases. Additionally, our phosphorylated-protein microarray analysis revealed proteins associated with the EMT cascade that were upregulated after EV treatment. We also found that transforming growth factor beta-1, a well-known EMT inducer, is associated with EVs and mediates the EMT cascade induced in the A549 cells. Conclusion Mast cell-derived EVs mediate the induction of EMT in epithelial cells, and our evidence suggests that this is triggered through the induction of protein phosphorylation cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yin
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ganesh Vilas Shelke
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,The Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Brismar
- Science for Life Laboratory, Dept. of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, PO Box 1031, 17121, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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48
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Approaches to inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance in allergy and autoimmunity: Focus on antigen-presenting cells and extracellular vesicles. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12881. [PMID: 32243636 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases urges clinicians and researchers to search for new and efficient treatments. Strategies that activate antigen-specific immune tolerance and simultaneously maintain immune reactivity to all other antigens deserve special attention. Accordingly, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) seem to be the best suited for orchestrating these mechanisms by directing T cell immune responses towards a tolerant subtype. Recent advances in understanding cell-to-cell communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs) make the latter promising candidates for reprogramming APCs towards a tolerant phenotype, and for mediating tolerogenic APC function. Thus, comprehensive studies have been undertaken to describe the interactions of APCs and EVs naturally occurring during immune tolerance induction, as well as to develop EV-based manoeuvres enabling the induction of immune tolerance in an antigen-specific manner. In this review, we summarize the findings of relevant studies, with a special emphasis on future perspectives on their translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Immunology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Immunology, Krakow, Poland
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Jurj A, Zanoaga O, Braicu C, Lazar V, Tomuleasa C, Irimie A, Berindan-Neagoe I. A Comprehensive Picture of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Contents. Molecular Transfer to Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020298. [PMID: 32012717 PMCID: PMC7072213 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical processes such as growth, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells are sustained via bidirectional cell-to-cell communication in tissue complex environments. Such communication involves the secretion of soluble factors by stromal cells and/or cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Both stromal and cancer cells have been shown to export bilayer nanoparticles: encapsulated regulatory molecules that contribute to cell-to-cell communication. These nanoparticles are known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) being classified into exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. EVs carry a vast repertoire of molecules such as oncoproteins and oncopeptides, DNA fragments from parental to target cells, RNA species (mRNAs, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNA), and lipids, initiating phenotypic changes in TME. According to their specific cargo, EVs have crucial roles in several early and late processes associated with tumor development and metastasis. Emerging evidence suggests that EVs are being investigated for their implication in early cancer detection, monitoring cancer progression and chemotherapeutic response, and more relevant, the development of novel targeted therapeutics. In this study, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the biophysical properties and physiological functions of EVs, their implications in TME, and highlight the applicability of EVs for the development of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Oana Zanoaga
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Vladimir Lazar
- Worldwide Innovative Network for Personalized Cancer Therapy, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
- Department of Hematology, The Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Irimie
- 11th Department of Surgical Oncology and Gynaecological Oncology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Surgery, The Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
- MEDFUTURE—Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (I.B.-N.)
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Benites BD, Alvarez MC, Saad STO. Small Particles, Big Effects: The Interplay Between Exosomes and Dendritic Cells in Antitumor Immunity and Immunotherapy. Cells 2019; 8:E1648. [PMID: 31888159 PMCID: PMC6952774 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells play a fundamental role in the antitumor immunity cycle, and the loss of their antigen-presenting function is a recognized mechanism of tumor evasion. We have recently demonstrated the effect of exosomes extracted from serum of patients with acute myeloid leukemia as important inducers of dendritic cell immunotolerance, and several other works have recently demonstrated the effects of these nanoparticles on immunity to other tumor types as well. The aim of this review was to highlight the recent findings on the effects of tumor exosomes on dendritic cell functions, the mechanisms by which they can lead to tumor evasion, and their manipulation as a possible strategy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Deltreggia Benites
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; (M.C.A.); (S.T.O.S.)
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