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Gao R, Song SJ, Tian MY, Wang LB, Zhang Y, Li X. Myelin debris phagocytosis in demyelinating disease. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39073200 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases are often caused by a variety of triggers, including immune responses, viral infections, malnutrition, hypoxia, or genetic factors, all of which result in the loss of myelin in the nervous system. The accumulation of myelin debris at the lesion site leads to neuroinflammation and inhibits remyelination; therefore, it is crucial to promptly remove the myelin debris. Initially, Fc and complement receptors on cellular surfaces were the primary clearance receptors responsible for removing myelin debris. However, subsequent studies have unveiled the involvement of additional receptors, including Mac-2, TAM receptors, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, in facilitating the removal process. In addition to microglia and macrophages, which serve as the primary effector cells in the disease phase, a variety of other cell types such as astrocytes, Schwann cells, and vascular endothelial cells have been demonstrated to engage in the phagocytosis of myelin debris. Furthermore, we have concluded that oligodendrocyte precursor cells, as myelination precursor cells, also exhibit this phagocytic capability. Moreover, our research group has innovatively identified the low-density lipoprotein receptor as a potential phagocytic receptor for myelin debris. In this article, we discuss the functional processes of various phagocytes in demyelinating diseases. We also highlight the alterations in signaling pathways triggered by phagocytosis, and provide a comprehensive overview of the various phagocytic receptors involved. Such insights are invaluable for pinpointing potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of demyelinating diseases by targeting phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Song
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Tian
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Bin Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital/Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Li
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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2
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Prins CA, de Oliveira FL, de Mello Coelho V, Dos Santos Ribeiro EB, de Almeida JS, Silva NMB, Almeida FM, Martinez AMB. Galectin-3 absence alters lymphocytes populations dynamics behavior and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 377:114785. [PMID: 38670250 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results from various mechanisms that damage the nervous tissue and the blood-brain barrier, leading to sensory and motor function loss below the injury site. Unfortunately, current therapeutic approaches for SCI have limited efficacy in improving patients outcomes. Galectin-3, a protein whose expression increases after SCI, influences the neuroinflammatory response by favoring pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and microglia, while inhibiting pro-regenerative M2 macrophages and microglia, which are crucial for inflammation resolution and tissue regeneration. Previous studies with Galectin-3 knock-out mice demonstrated enhanced motor recovery after SCI. The M1/M2 balance is strongly influenced by the predominant lymphocytic profiles (Th1, Th2, T Reg, Th17) and cytokines and chemokines released at the lesion site. The present study aimed to investigate how the absence of galectin-3 impacts the adaptive immune system cell population dynamics in various lymphoid spaces following a low thoracic spinal cord compression injury (T9-T10) using a 30 g vascular clip for one minute. It also aimed to assess its influence on the functional outcome in wild-type (WT)and Galectin-3 knock-out (GALNEG) mice. Histological analysis with hematoxylin-eosin and Luxol Fast Blue staining revealed that WT and GALNEG animals exhibit similar spinal cord morphology. The absence of galectin-3 does not affect the common neuroanatomy shared between the groups prompting us to analyze outcomes between both groups. Following our crush model, both groups lost motor and sensory functions below the lesion level. During a 42-day period, GALNEG mice demonstrated superior locomotor recovery in the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) gait analysis and enhanced motor coordination performance in the ladder rung walk test (LRW) compared to WT mice. GALNEG mice also exhibited better sensory recovery, and their electrophysiological parameters suggested a higher number of functional axons with faster nerve conduction. Seven days after injury, flow cytometry of thymus, spleen, and blood revealed an increased number of T Reg and Th2 cells, accompanied by a decrease in Th1 and Th17 cells in GALNEG mice. Immunohistochemistry conducted on the same day exhibited an increased number of Th2 and T Reg cells around the GALNEG's spinal cord lesion site. At 42-day dpi immunohistochemistry analyses displayed reduced astrogliosis and greater axon preservation in GALNEG's spinal cord seem as a reduction of GFAP immunostaining and an increase in NFH immunostaining, respectively. In conclusion, GALNEG mice exhibited better functional recovery attributed to the milder pro-inflammatory influence, compensated by a higher quantity of T Reg and Th2 cells. These findings suggest that galectin-3 plays a crucial role in the immune response after spinal cord injury and could be a potential target for clinical therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Andrade Prins
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Leite de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valeria de Mello Coelho
- Laboratório de lmunofisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Bezerra Dos Santos Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva de Almeida
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia Moraes Bechelli Silva
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Martins Almeida
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Blanco Martinez
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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3
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Groh J, Abdelwahab T, Kattimani Y, Hörner M, Loserth S, Gudi V, Adalbert R, Imdahl F, Saliba AE, Coleman M, Stangel M, Simons M, Martini R. Microglia-mediated demyelination protects against CD8 + T cell-driven axon degeneration in mice carrying PLP defects. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6911. [PMID: 37903797 PMCID: PMC10616105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration and functional decline in myelin diseases are often attributed to loss of myelin but their relation is not fully understood. Perturbed myelinating glia can instigate chronic neuroinflammation and contribute to demyelination and axonal damage. Here we study mice with distinct defects in the proteolipid protein 1 gene that develop axonal damage which is driven by cytotoxic T cells targeting myelinating oligodendrocytes. We show that persistent ensheathment with perturbed myelin poses a risk for axon degeneration, neuron loss, and behavioral decline. We demonstrate that CD8+ T cell-driven axonal damage is less likely to progress towards degeneration when axons are efficiently demyelinated by activated microglia. Mechanistically, we show that cytotoxic T cell effector molecules induce cytoskeletal alterations within myelinating glia and aberrant actomyosin constriction of axons at paranodal domains. Our study identifies detrimental axon-glia-immune interactions which promote neurodegeneration and possible therapeutic targets for disorders associated with myelin defects and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Groh
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Tassnim Abdelwahab
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yogita Kattimani
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Hörner
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Section of Neurodegeneration, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Loserth
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Adalbert
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Health Sciences Education, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fabian Imdahl
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Nagree MS, Rybova J, Kleynerman A, Ahrenhoerster CJ, Saville JT, Xu T, Bachochin M, McKillop WM, Lawlor MW, Pshezhetsky AV, Isaeva O, Budde MD, Fuller M, Medin JA. Spinal muscular atrophy-like phenotype in a mouse model of acid ceramidase deficiency. Commun Biol 2023; 6:560. [PMID: 37231125 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04932-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ASAH1 have been linked to two allegedly distinct disorders: Farber disease (FD) and spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy (SMA-PME). We have previously reported FD-like phenotypes in mice harboring a single amino acid substitution in acid ceramidase (ACDase), P361R, known to be pathogenic in humans (P361R-Farber). Here we describe a mouse model with an SMA-PME-like phenotype (P361R-SMA). P361R-SMA mice live 2-3-times longer than P361R-Farber mice and have different phenotypes including progressive ataxia and bladder dysfunction, which suggests neurological dysfunction. We found profound demyelination, loss of axons, and altered sphingolipid levels in P361R-SMA spinal cords; severe pathology was restricted to the white matter. Our model can serve as a tool to study the pathological effects of ACDase deficiency on the central nervous system and to evaluate potential therapies for SMA-PME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza S Nagree
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jitka Rybova
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Annie Kleynerman
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | | | - Jennifer T Saville
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - TianMeng Xu
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | - William M McKillop
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Michael W Lawlor
- Department of Pathology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | | | - Olena Isaeva
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Matthew D Budde
- Clement J. Zablocki Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Maria Fuller
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Medin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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Lacalle-Aurioles M, Iturria-Medina Y. Fornix degeneration in risk factors of Alzheimer's disease, possible trigger of cognitive decline. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 4:100158. [PMID: 36703699 PMCID: PMC9871745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2023.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Risk factors of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) such as aging, type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart failure, and traumatic brain injury can facilitate the appearance of cognitive decline and dementia by triggering cerebrovascular pathology and neuroinflammation. White matter (WM) microstructure and function are especially vulnerable to these conditions. Microstructural WM changes, assessed with diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging, can already be detected at preclinical stages of AD, and in the presence of the aforementioned risk factors. Particularly, the limbic system and cortico-cortical association WM tracts, which myelinate late during brain development, degenerate at the earliest stages. The fornix, a C-shaped WM tract that originates from the hippocampus, is one of the limbic tracts that shows early microstructural changes. Fornix integrity is necessary for ensuring an intact executive function and memory performance. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms that cause fornix degeneration is critical in the development of therapeutic strategies aiming to prevent cognitive decline in populations at risk. In this literature review, i) we deepen the idea that partial loss of forniceal integrity is an early event in AD, ii) we describe the role that common risk factors of AD can play in the degeneration of the fornix, and iii) we discuss some potential cellular and physiological mechanisms of WM degeneration in the scenario of cerebrovascular disease and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lacalle-Aurioles
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada,Corresponding author at: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Yasser Iturria-Medina
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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6
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Ge MM, Chen N, Zhou YQ, Yang H, Tian YK, Ye DW. Galectin-3 in Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: Implications for Central Nervous System Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2066-2080. [PMID: 35105290 PMCID: PMC9886847 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220201094547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation is one of the common hallmarks shared by various central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Based on surrounding circumstances, activated microglia play either detrimental or neuroprotective effects. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a group of β-galactoside-binding proteins, has been cumulatively revealed to be a crucial biomarker for microglial activation after injuries or diseases. In consideration of the important role of Gal-3 in the regulation of microglial activation, it might be a potential target for the treatment of CNS diseases. Recently, Gal-3 expression has been extensively investigated in numerous pathological processes as a mediator of neuroinflammation, as well as in cell proliferation. However, the underlying mechanisms of Gal-3 involved in microgliamediated neuroinflammation in various CNS diseases remain to be further investigated. Moreover, several clinical studies support that the levels of Gal-3 are increased in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid of patients with CNS diseases. Thus, we summarized the roles and underlying mechanisms of Gal-3 in activated microglia, thus providing a better insight into its complexity expression pattern, and contrasting functions in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Ya-Qun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Yu-Ke Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. E-mail: ., Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail:
| | - Da-Wei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China; ,Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. E-mail: ., Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail:
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Zhang X, Yao W, Zhao W, Sun Y, Wu Z, He W, Ji Y, Gao Y, Niu X, Li L, Wang H. The construction of neurogenesis-related ceRNA network of ischemic stroke treated by oxymatrine. Neuroreport 2022; 33:641-648. [PMID: 36126261 PMCID: PMC9477865 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Known as a disease associated with high mortality, disability and a significant financial burden, ischemic stroke ranks as one of the three diseases threatening human health. Recent advances in omics technology created opportunities to uncover the mechanism in ischemic stroke occurrence and treatment. In this study, we aimed to construct the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks of ischemic stroke treated by oxymatrine intervention. METHOD The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model of ischemic stroke was constructed, and oxymatrine was administered. Then RNA-Sequencing was performed and integrated analysis of mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs was conducted to reveal the pharmacology of oxymatrine. Functional enrichment analysis was performed to explore the underlying mechanism of differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of neurogenesis-related genes and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)/circular RNAs (circRNAs) based ceRNA networks were constructed. RESULTS First, this study revealed the DE-mRNAs, DE-lncRNAs and DE-circRNAs between Oxymatrine treated group and the MCAO group. Then, the common 1231 DE-mRNAs, 32 DE-lncRNAs and 31 DE-circRNAs with opposite trends were identified. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes to identify the functional enrichment of 1231 DE-mRNAs were enriched in neurogenesis-related biological processes. Based on neurogenesis-related DE-mRNAs, the PPI network was constructed, and hub genes were identified based on centrality. Finally, both the lncRNA-based and circRNAs-based ceRNA networks were constructed. CONCLUSION In summary, this study identified novel coding and noncoding ischemic stroke targets of oxymatrine-treated MCAO. Most importantly, we identified lncRNAs and circRNAs candidates as potential oxymatrine targets and constructed the neurogenesis-related ceRNA networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wentao Yao
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital
| | - Wannian Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital
- The Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, ZhongShanDong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yingru Sun
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital
| | - Zongkai Wu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital
| | - Weiliang He
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital
| | - Yingxiao Ji
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital
| | - Yaran Gao
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital
| | - Xiaoli Niu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital
| | - Litao Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital
| | - Hebo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital
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Rotshenker S. Galectin-3 (MAC-2) controls phagocytosis and macropinocytosis through intracellular and extracellular mechanisms. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:949079. [PMID: 36274989 PMCID: PMC9581057 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.949079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3; formally named MAC-2) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin. Various cell types produce Gal-3 under either normal conditions and/or pathological conditions. Gal-3 can be present in cells' nuclei and cytoplasm, secreted from producing cells, and associated with cells' plasma membranes. This review focuses on how Gal-3 controls phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Intracellular and extracellular Gal-3 promotes the phagocytosis of phagocytic targets/cargo (e.g., tissue debris and apoptotic cells) in “professional phagocytes” (e.g., microglia and macrophages) and “non-professional phagocytes” (e.g., Schwann cells and astrocytes). Intracellularly, Gal-3 promotes phagocytosis by controlling the “eat me” signaling pathways that phagocytic receptors generate, directing the cytoskeleton to produce the mechanical forces that drive the structural changes on which phagocytosis depends, protrusion and then retraction of filopodia and lamellipodia as they, respectively, engulf and then internalize phagocytic targets. Extracellularly, Gal-3 promotes phagocytosis by functioning as an opsonin, linking phagocytic targets to phagocytic receptors, activating them to generate the “eat me” signaling pathways. Macropinocytosis is a non-selective endocytic mechanism that various cells use to internalize the bulk of extracellular fluid and included materials/cargo (e.g., dissolved nutrients, proteins, and pathogens). Extracellular and intracellular Gal-3 control macropinocytosis in some types of cancer. Phagocytosed and macropinocytosed targets/cargo that reach lysosomes for degradation may rupture lysosomal membranes. Damaged lysosomal membranes undergo either repair or removal by selective autophagy (i.e., lysophagy) that intracellular Gal-3 controls.
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9
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Lee J, Villarreal OD, Wang YC, Ragoussis J, Rivest S, Gosselin D, Richard S. PRMT1 is required for the generation of MHC-associated microglia and remyelination in the central nervous system. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202201467. [PMID: 35705491 PMCID: PMC9201232 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PRMT1 regulates MHC-associated microglia cluster during de/remyelination. Remyelination failure in multiple sclerosis leads to progressive demyelination and inflammation, resulting in neurodegeneration and clinical decline. Microglia are innate immune cells that can acquire a regenerative phenotype to promote remyelination, yet little is known about the regulators controlling the regenerative microglia activation. Herein, using a cuprizone (CPZ)-diet induced de- and remyelination mice model, we identify PRMT1 as a driver for MHC-associated microglia population required for remyelination in the central nervous system. The loss of PRMT1, but not PRMT5, in microglia resulted in impairment of the remyelination with a reduction of oligoprogenitor cell number and prolonged microgliosis and astrogliosis. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found eight distinct microglial clusters during the CPZ diet, and PRMT1 depleted microglia hindered the formation of the MHC-associated cluster, expressing MHCII and CD11c. Mechanistically, PRMT1-KO microglia displayed reduced the H3K27ac peaks at the promoter regions of the MHC- and IFN-associated genes and further suppressed gene expression during CPZ diet. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PRMT1 is a critical regulator of the MHC- and IFN-associated microglia, necessary for central nervous system remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeesan Lee
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology and Departments of Biochemistry, Human Genetics, and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Oscar David Villarreal
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology and Departments of Biochemistry, Human Genetics, and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yu Chang Wang
- McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - David Gosselin
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Stéphane Richard
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology and Departments of Biochemistry, Human Genetics, and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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10
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Galectins—Potential Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911012. [PMID: 36232314 PMCID: PMC9569834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in medicine have increased the longevity of humans, resulting in a higher incidence of chronic diseases. Due to the rise in the elderly population, age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent. The available treatment options only provide symptomatic relief and do not cure the underlying cause of the disease. Therefore, it has become imperative to discover new markers and therapies to modulate the course of disease progression and develop better treatment options for the affected individuals. Growing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a common factor and one of the main inducers of neuronal damage and degeneration. Galectins (Gals) are a class of β-galactoside-binding proteins (lectins) ubiquitously expressed in almost all vital organs. Gals modulate various cellular responses and regulate significant biological functions, including immune response, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell growth, through their interaction with glycoproteins and glycolipids. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the Gal superfamily, with Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9 in prime focus. Their roles have been described in modulating neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we discuss the role of Gals in the causation and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. We describe the role of Gals in microglia and astrocyte modulation, along with their pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. In addition, we discuss the potential use of Gals as a novel therapeutic target for neuroinflammation and restoring tissue damage in neurodegenerative diseases.
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11
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Omran F, Kyrou I, Osman F, Lim VG, Randeva HS, Chatha K. Cardiovascular Biomarkers: Lessons of the Past and Prospects for the Future. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105680. [PMID: 35628490 PMCID: PMC9143441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major healthcare burden on the population worldwide. Early detection of this disease is important in prevention and treatment to minimise morbidity and mortality. Biomarkers are a critical tool to either diagnose, screen, or provide prognostic information for pathological conditions. This review discusses the historical cardiac biomarkers used to detect these conditions, discussing their application and their limitations. Identification of new biomarkers have since replaced these and are now in use in routine clinical practice, but still do not detect all disease. Future cardiac biomarkers are showing promise in early studies, but further studies are required to show their value in improving detection of CVD above the current biomarkers. Additionally, the analytical platforms that would allow them to be adopted in healthcare are yet to be established. There is also the need to identify whether these biomarkers can be used for diagnostic, prognostic, or screening purposes, which will impact their implementation in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Omran
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (F.O.); (I.K.); (F.O.); (V.G.L.); (H.S.R.)
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (F.O.); (I.K.); (F.O.); (V.G.L.); (H.S.R.)
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Centre of Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Faizel Osman
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (F.O.); (I.K.); (F.O.); (V.G.L.); (H.S.R.)
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Ven Gee Lim
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (F.O.); (I.K.); (F.O.); (V.G.L.); (H.S.R.)
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Harpal Singh Randeva
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (F.O.); (I.K.); (F.O.); (V.G.L.); (H.S.R.)
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Kamaljit Chatha
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (F.O.); (I.K.); (F.O.); (V.G.L.); (H.S.R.)
- Biochemistry and Immunology Department, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Correspondence:
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12
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Ge MM, Li DY, Wang L, Zhang LQ, Liu DQ, Tian YK, Ye DW, Liu ZH, Zhou YQ, Yang H. Naringenin promoted spinal microglia M2 polarization in rat model of cancer-induced bone pain via regulating AMPK/PGC-1α signaling axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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13
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Zhu X, Wang Z, Sun YE, Liu Y, Wu Z, Ma B, Cheng L. Neuroprotective Effects of Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Different Donors on Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:768711. [PMID: 35087378 PMCID: PMC8787356 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.768711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is caused by an external force, leading to severe dysfunction of the limbs below the injured segment. The inflammatory response plays a vital role in the prognosis of SCI. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC) transplantation can promote repair of SCI by reducing the inflammatory response. We previously showed that hUCMSCs from 32 donors had different inhibitory abilities on BV2 cell proliferation. In this study, three experimental groups were established, and the mice were injected with different lines of hUCMSCs. Hind limb motor function, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry, Western blot (WB), qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and RNA sequencing and correlation analysis were used to investigate the effects of hUCMSC transplantation on SCI mice and the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that the therapeutic effects of the three hUCMSC lines were positively correlated with their inhibitory abilities of BV2 cell proliferation rates in vitro. The MSC_A line had a better therapeutic effect on improving the hind limb motor function and greater effect on reducing the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) and increasing the expression of neuronal nuclei (NeuN). Differentially expressed genes including Zbtb16, Per3, and Hif3a were probably the key genes involved in the protective mechanism by MSC_A after nerve injury. qRT-PCR results further verified that Zbtb16, Per3, and Hif3a expressions reduced by SCI could be reversed by MSC_A application. These results suggest that the effect of hUCMSCs transplantation on acute SCI depends on their inhibitory abilities to inflammation reaction after nerve injury, which may help to shape future use of hUCMSCs combined with improving the effectiveness of clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Eve Sun
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhourui Wu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bei Ma,
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Liming Cheng,
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14
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Shi X, Luo L, Wang J, Shen H, Li Y, Mamtilahun M, Liu C, Shi R, Lee JH, Tian H, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Chung WS, Tang Y, Yang GY. Stroke subtype-dependent synapse elimination by reactive gliosis in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6943. [PMID: 34836962 PMCID: PMC8626497 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological role of reactive gliosis in CNS repair remains controversial. In this study, using murine ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models, we demonstrated that microglia/macrophages and astrocytes are differentially involved in engulfing synapses in the reactive gliosis region. By specifically deleting MEGF10 and MERTK phagocytic receptors, we determined that inhibiting phagocytosis of microglia/macrophages or astrocytes in ischemic stroke improved neurobehavioral outcomes and attenuated brain damage. In hemorrhagic stroke, inhibiting phagocytosis of microglia/macrophages but not astrocytes improved neurobehavioral outcomes. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that phagocytosis related biological processes and pathways were downregulated in astrocytes of the hemorrhagic brain compared to the ischemic brain. Together, these findings suggest that reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis play individual roles in mediating synapse engulfment in pathologically distinct murine stroke models and preventing this process could rescue synapse loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Shi
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Longlong Luo
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Present Address: Dermatology and Venerology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jixian Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Hui Shen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Yongfang Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Muyassar Mamtilahun
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Chang Liu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Rubing Shi
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Joon-Hyuk Lee
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Hengli Tian
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Yongting Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Yaohui Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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15
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Xue J, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Lin J, Li Y, Li Y, Zhuo Y. Demyelination of the Optic Nerve: An Underlying Factor in Glaucoma? Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:701322. [PMID: 34795572 PMCID: PMC8593209 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.701322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by typical neuronal degeneration and axonal loss in the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelination occurs when myelin or oligodendrocytes experience damage. Pathological changes in demyelination contribute to neurodegenerative diseases and worsen clinical symptoms during disease progression. Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the optic nerve. Since it is not yet well understood, we hypothesized that demyelination could play a significant role in glaucoma. Therefore, this study started with the morphological and functional manifestations of demyelination in the CNS. Then, we discussed the main mechanisms of demyelination in terms of oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and immuno-inflammatory responses. Finally, we summarized the existing research on the relationship between optic nerve demyelination and glaucoma, aiming to inspire effective treatment plans for glaucoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jicheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangjiani Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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IKK2/NF-κB Activation in Astrocytes Reduces amyloid β Deposition: A Process Associated with Specific Microglia Polarization. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102669. [PMID: 34685649 PMCID: PMC8534251 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that is accompanied by pronounced neuroinflammatory responses mainly characterized by marked microgliosis and astrogliosis. However, it remains open as to how different aspects of astrocytic and microglial activation affect disease progression. Previously, we found that microglia expansion in the spinal cord, initiated by IKK2/NF-κB activation in astrocytes, exhibits stage-dependent beneficial effects on the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we investigated the impact of NF-κB-initiated neuroinflammation on AD pathogenesis using the APP23 mouse model of AD in combination with conditional activation of IKK2/NF-κB signaling in astrocytes. We show that NF-κB activation in astrocytes triggers a distinct neuroinflammatory response characterized by striking astrogliosis as well as prominent microglial reactivity. Immunohistochemistry and Congo red staining revealed an overall reduction in the size and number of amyloid plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Interestingly, isolated primary astrocytes and microglia cells exhibit specific marker gene profiles which, in the case of microglia, point to an enhanced plaque clearance capacity. In contrast, direct IKK2/NF-κB activation in microglia results in a pro-inflammatory polarization program. Our findings suggest that IKK2/NF-κB signaling in astrocytes may activate paracrine mechanisms acting on microglia function but also on APP processing in neurons.
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17
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Ribeiro TN, Delgado-García LM, Porcionatto MA. Notch1 and Galectin-3 Modulate Cortical Reactive Astrocyte Response After Brain Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649854. [PMID: 34222228 PMCID: PMC8244823 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
After a brain lesion, highly specialized cortical astrocytes react, supporting the closure or replacement of the damaged tissue, but fail to regulate neural plasticity. Growing evidence indicates that repair response leads astrocytes to reprogram, acquiring a partially restricted regenerative phenotype in vivo and neural stem cells (NSC) hallmarks in vitro. However, the molecular factors involved in astrocyte reactivity, the reparative response, and their relation to adult neurogenesis are poorly understood and remain an area of intense investigation in regenerative medicine. In this context, we addressed the role of Notch1 signaling and the effect of Galectin-3 (Gal3) as underlying molecular candidates involved in cortical astrocyte response to injury. Notch signaling is part of a specific neurogenic microenvironment that maintains NSC and neural progenitors, and Gal3 has a preferential spatial distribution across the cortex and has a central role in the proliferative capacity of reactive astrocytes. We report that in vitro scratch-reactivated cortical astrocytes from C57Bl/6J neonatal mice present nuclear Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1), indicating Notch1 activation. Colocalization analysis revealed a subpopulation of reactive astrocytes at the lesion border with colocalized NICD1/Jagged1 complexes compared with astrocytes located far from the border. Moreover, we found that Gal3 increased intracellularly, in contrast to its extracellular localization in non-reactive astrocytes, and NICD1/Gal3 pattern distribution shifted from diffuse to vesicular upon astrocyte reactivation. In vitro, Gal3–/– reactive astrocytes showed abolished Notch1 signaling at the lesion core. Notch1 receptor, its ligands (Jagged1 and Delta-like1), and Hes5 target gene were upregulated in C57Bl/6J reactive astrocytes, but not in Gal3–/– reactive astrocytes. Finally, we report that Gal3–/– mice submitted to a traumatic brain injury model in the somatosensory cortex presented a disrupted response characterized by the reduced number of GFAP reactive astrocytes, with smaller cell body perimeter and decreased NICD1 presence at the lesion core. These results suggest that Gal3 might be essential to the proper activation of Notch signaling, facilitating the cleavage of Notch1 and nuclear translocation of NICD1 into the nucleus of reactive cortical astrocytes. Additionally, we hypothesize that reactive astrocyte response could be dependent on Notch1/Jagged1-Hes5 signaling activation following brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais Novaki Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lina Maria Delgado-García
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marimelia A Porcionatto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Tan Y, Zheng Y, Xu D, Sun Z, Yang H, Yin Q. Galectin-3: a key player in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:78. [PMID: 33906678 PMCID: PMC8077955 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is characterized by the deposition of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ), the formation of intraneuronal tau neurofibrillary tangles and microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation. One of the key molecules involved in microglial activation is galectin-3 (Gal-3). In recent years, extensive studies have dissected the mechanisms by which Gal-3 modulates microglial activation, impacting Aβ deposition, in both animal models and human studies. In this review article, we focus on the emerging role of Gal-3 in biology and pathobiology, including its origin, its functions in regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation, and its emergence as a biomarker in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. These aspects are important to elucidate the involvement of Gal-3 in AD pathogenesis and may provide novel insights into the use of Gal-3 for AD diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqun Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Dongshan Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, 276017, Shandong, China
| | - Daiwen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The People Hospital of Huaiyin Jinan, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhanfang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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19
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Li B, Yin J, Chang J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Huang H, Wang W, Zeng X. Apelin/APJ relieve diabetic cardiomyopathy by reducing microvascular dysfunction. J Endocrinol 2021; 249:1-18. [PMID: 33504680 PMCID: PMC8052525 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microcirculatory injuries had been reported to be involved in diabetic cardiomyopathy, which was mainly related to endothelial cell dysfunction. Apelin, an adipokine that is upregulated in diabetes mellitus, was reported to improve endothelial cell dysfunction and attenuate cardiac insufficiency induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Therefore, it is hypothesized that apelin might be involved in alleviating endothelial cell dysfunction and followed cardiomyopathy in diabetes mellitus. The results showed that apelin improved endothelial cell dysfunction via decreasing apoptosis and expression of adhesion molecules and increasing proliferation, angiogenesis, and expression of E-cadherin, VEGFR 2 and Tie-2 in endothelial cells, which resulted in the attenuation of the capillary permeability in cardiac tissues and following diabetic cardiomyopathy. Meanwhile, the results from endothelial cell-specific APJ knockout mice and cultured endothelial cells confirmed that the effects of apelin on endothelial cells were dependent on APJ and the downstream NFκB pathways. In conclusion, apelin might reduce microvascular dysfunction induced by diabetes mellitus via improving endothelial dysfunction dependent on APJ activated NFκB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Yin
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjia Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to X Zeng:
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20
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Kalinski AL, Yoon C, Huffman LD, Duncker PC, Kohen R, Passino R, Hafner H, Johnson C, Kawaguchi R, Carbajal KS, Jara JS, Hollis E, Geschwind DH, Segal BM, Giger RJ. Analysis of the immune response to sciatic nerve injury identifies efferocytosis as a key mechanism of nerve debridement. eLife 2020; 9:60223. [PMID: 33263277 PMCID: PMC7735761 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sciatic nerve crush injury triggers sterile inflammation within the distal nerve and axotomized dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Granulocytes and pro-inflammatory Ly6Chigh monocytes infiltrate the nerve first and rapidly give way to Ly6Cnegative inflammation-resolving macrophages. In axotomized DRGs, few hematogenous leukocytes are detected and resident macrophages acquire a ramified morphology. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of injured sciatic nerve identifies five macrophage subpopulations, repair Schwann cells, and mesenchymal precursor cells. Macrophages at the nerve crush site are molecularly distinct from macrophages associated with Wallerian degeneration. In the injured nerve, macrophages ‘eat’ apoptotic leukocytes, a process called efferocytosis, and thereby promote an anti-inflammatory milieu. Myeloid cells in the injured nerve, but not axotomized DRGs, strongly express receptors for the cytokine GM-CSF. In GM-CSF-deficient (Csf2-/-) mice, inflammation resolution is delayed and conditioning-lesion-induced regeneration of DRG neuron central axons is abolished. Thus, carefully orchestrated inflammation resolution in the nerve is required for conditioning-lesion-induced neurorepair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Kalinski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Choya Yoon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Lucas D Huffman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Patrick C Duncker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Rafi Kohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Ryan Passino
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Hannah Hafner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Craig Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Kevin S Carbajal
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | | | - Edmund Hollis
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, United States.,The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, United States.,The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
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21
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Crabé R, Aimond F, Gosset P, Scamps F, Raoul C. How Degeneration of Cells Surrounding Motoneurons Contributes to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122550. [PMID: 33260927 PMCID: PMC7760029 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurological disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of upper and lower motoneurons. Despite motoneuron death being recognized as the cardinal event of the disease, the loss of glial cells and interneurons in the brain and spinal cord accompanies and even precedes motoneuron elimination. In this review, we provide striking evidence that the degeneration of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, in addition to inhibitory and modulatory interneurons, disrupt the functionally coherent environment of motoneurons. We discuss the extent to which the degeneration of glial cells and interneurons also contributes to the decline of the motor system. This pathogenic cellular network therefore represents a novel strategic field of therapeutic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Crabé
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, INSERM, UMR1051, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France; (R.C.); (F.A.); (P.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Franck Aimond
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, INSERM, UMR1051, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France; (R.C.); (F.A.); (P.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Philippe Gosset
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, INSERM, UMR1051, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France; (R.C.); (F.A.); (P.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Frédérique Scamps
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, INSERM, UMR1051, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France; (R.C.); (F.A.); (P.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Cédric Raoul
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, INSERM, UMR1051, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France; (R.C.); (F.A.); (P.G.); (F.S.)
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
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22
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Properties of Glial Cell at the Neuromuscular Junction Are Incompatible with Synaptic Repair in the SOD1G37R ALS Mouse Model. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7759-7777. [PMID: 32859714 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1748-18.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting motoneurons (MNs) in a motor-unit (MU)-dependent manner. Glial dysfunction contributes to numerous aspects of the disease. At the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), early alterations in perisynaptic Schwann cell (PSC), glial cells at this synapse, may impact their ability to regulate NMJ stability and repair. Indeed, muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) regulate the repair phenotype of PSCs and are overactivated at disease-resistant NMJs [soleus muscle (SOL)] in SOD1G37R mice. However, it remains unknown whether this is the case at disease-vulnerable NMJs and whether it translates into an impairment of PSC-dependent repair mechanisms. We used SOL and sternomastoid (STM) muscles from SOD1G37R mice and performed Ca2+-imaging to monitor PSC activity and used immunohistochemistry to analyze their repair and phagocytic properties. We show that PSC mAChR-dependent activity was transiently increased at disease-vulnerable NMJs (STM muscle). Furthermore, PSCs from both muscles extended disorganized processes from denervated NMJs and failed to initiate or guide nerve terminal sprouts at disease-vulnerable NMJs, a phenomenon essential for compensatory reinnervation. This was accompanied by a failure of numerous PSCs to upregulate galectin-3 (MAC-2), a marker of glial axonal debris phagocytosis, on NMJ denervation in SOD1 mice. Finally, differences in these PSC-dependent NMJ repair mechanisms were MU type dependent, thus reflecting MU vulnerability in ALS. Together, these results reveal that neuron-glia communication is ubiquitously altered at the NMJ in ALS. This appears to prevent PSCs from adopting a repair phenotype, resulting in a maladapted response to denervation at the NMJ in ALS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding how the complex interplay between neurons and glial cells ultimately lead to the degeneration of motor neurons and loss of motor function is a fundamental question to comprehend amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). An early and persistent alteration of glial cell activity takes place at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the output of motor neurons, but its impact on NMJ repair remains unknown. Here, we reveal that glial cells at disease-vulnerable NMJs often fail to guide compensatory nerve terminal sprouts and to adopt a phagocytic phenotype on denervated NMJs in SOD1G37R mice. These results show that glial cells at the NMJ elaborate an inappropriate response to NMJ degeneration in a manner that reflects motor-unit (MU) vulnerability and potentially impairs compensatory reinnervation.
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23
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Puigdellívol M, Allendorf DH, Brown GC. Sialylation and Galectin-3 in Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:162. [PMID: 32581723 PMCID: PMC7296093 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain macrophages that mediate neuroinflammation and contribute to and protect against neurodegeneration. The terminal sugar residue of all glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of mammalian cells is normally sialic acid, and addition of this negatively charged residue is known as “sialylation,” whereas removal by sialidases is known as “desialylation.” High sialylation of the neuronal cell surface inhibits microglial phagocytosis of such neurons, via: (i) activating sialic acid receptors (Siglecs) on microglia that inhibit phagocytosis and (ii) inhibiting binding of opsonins C1q, C3, and galectin-3. Microglial sialylation inhibits inflammatory activation of microglia via: (i) activating Siglec receptors CD22 and CD33 on microglia that inhibit phagocytosis and (ii) inhibiting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), complement receptor 3 (CR3), and other microglial receptors. When activated, microglia release a sialidase activity that desialylates both microglia and neurons, activating the microglia and rendering the neurons susceptible to phagocytosis. Activated microglia also release galectin-3 (Gal-3), which: (i) further activates microglia via binding to TLR4 and TREM2, (ii) binds to desialylated neurons opsonizing them for phagocytosis via Mer tyrosine kinase, and (iii) promotes Aβ aggregation and toxicity in vivo. Gal-3 and desialylation may increase in a variety of brain pathologies. Thus, Gal-3 and sialidases are potential treatment targets to prevent neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Puigdellívol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David H Allendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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24
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Srejovic I, Selakovic D, Jovicic N, Jakovljević V, Lukic ML, Rosic G. Galectin-3: Roles in Neurodevelopment, Neuroinflammation, and Behavior. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050798. [PMID: 32455781 PMCID: PMC7277476 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a plethora of evidence to suggest that Galectin-3 plays an important role in normal functions of mammalian cells, as well as in different pathogenic conditions. This review highlights recent data published by researchers, including our own team, on roles of Galectin-3 in the nervous system. Here, we discuss the roles of Galectin-3 in brain development, its roles in glial cells, as well as the interactions of glial cells with other neural and invading cells in pathological conditions. Galectin-3 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. On the other hand, there is also evidence of the protective role of Galectin-3 due to its anti-apoptotic effect in target cells. Interestingly, genetic deletion of Galectin-3 affects behavioral patterns in maturing and adult mice. The results reviewed in this paper and recent development of highly specific inhibitors suggests that Galectin-3 may be an important therapeutic target in pathological conditions including the disorders of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Srejovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Dragica Selakovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Department of Physiology—Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Correspondence: (M.L.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.L.); (G.R.)
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25
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de Jong CGHM, Gabius HJ, Baron W. The emerging role of galectins in (re)myelination and its potential for developing new approaches to treat multiple sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1289-1317. [PMID: 31628495 PMCID: PMC7113233 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology. Currently approved disease-modifying treatment modalities are immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive. While the applied drugs reduce the frequency and severity of the attacks, their efficacy to regenerate myelin membranes and to halt disease progression is limited. To achieve such therapeutic aims, understanding biological mechanisms of remyelination and identifying factors that interfere with remyelination in MS can give respective directions. Such a perspective is given by the emerging functional profile of galectins. They form a family of tissue lectins, which are potent effectors in processes as diverse as adhesion, apoptosis, immune mediator release or migration. This review focuses on endogenous and exogenous roles of galectins in glial cells such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia in the context of de- and (re)myelination and its dysregulation in MS. Evidence is arising for a cooperation among family members so that timed expression and/or secretion of galectins-1, -3 and -4 result in modifying developmental myelination, (neuro)inflammatory processes, de- and remyelination. Dissecting the mechanisms that underlie the distinct activities of galectins and identifying galectins as target or tool to modulate remyelination have the potential to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G H M de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Cahalane C, Bonezzi J, Shelestak J, Clements R, Boika A, Yun YH, Shriver LP. Targeted Delivery of Anti-inflammatory and Imaging Agents to Microglial Cells with Polymeric Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1816-1826. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Celina Cahalane
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratories, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jason Bonezzi
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratories, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - John Shelestak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Cunningham Hall, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Robert Clements
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Cunningham Hall, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Aliaksei Boika
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratories, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yang H. Yun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Olson Research Center, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Leah P. Shriver
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratories, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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27
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Galectin-3 as a Next-Generation Biomarker for Detecting Early Stage of Various Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030389. [PMID: 32138174 PMCID: PMC7175224 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin which is important in numerous biological activities in various organs, including cell proliferation, apoptotic regulation, inflammation, fibrosis, and host defense. Galectin-3 is predominantly located in the cytoplasm and expressed on the cell surface, and then often secreted into biological fluids, like serum and urine. It is also released from injured cells and inflammatory cells under various pathological conditions. Many studies have revealed that galectin-3 plays an important role as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for certain types of heart disease, kidney disease, viral infection, autoimmune disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and tumor formation. In particular, it has been recognized that galectin-3 is extremely useful for detecting many of these diseases in their early stages. The purpose of this article is to review and summarize the recent literature focusing on the biomarker characteristics and long-term outcome predictions of galectin-3, in not only patients with various types of diseases, but associated animal models.
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28
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Elevated TREM2 Gene Dosage Reprograms Microglia Responsivity and Ameliorates Pathological Phenotypes in Alzheimer's Disease Models. Neuron 2019. [PMID: 29518357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Variants of TREM2 are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To study whether increasing TREM2 gene dosage could modify the disease pathogenesis, we developed BAC transgenic mice expressing human TREM2 (BAC-TREM2) in microglia. We found that elevated TREM2 expression reduced amyloid burden in the 5xFAD mouse model. Transcriptomic profiling demonstrated that increasing TREM2 levels conferred a rescuing effect, which includes dampening the expression of multiple disease-associated microglial genes and augmenting downregulated neuronal genes. Interestingly, 5xFAD/BAC-TREM2 mice showed further upregulation of several reactive microglial genes linked to phagocytosis and negative regulation of immune cell activation. Moreover, these mice showed enhanced process ramification and phagocytic marker expression in plaque-associated microglia and reduced neuritic dystrophy. Finally, elevated TREM2 gene dosage led to improved memory performance in AD models. In summary, our study shows that a genomic transgene-driven increase in TREM2 expression reprograms microglia responsivity and ameliorates neuropathological and behavioral deficits in AD mouse models.
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29
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Smolders SMT, Kessels S, Vangansewinkel T, Rigo JM, Legendre P, Brône B. Microglia: Brain cells on the move. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 178:101612. [PMID: 30954517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the biology of microglia - i.e. the fascinating immigrated resident immune cell population of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent literature reviews have largely dealt with the plentiful functions of microglia in CNS homeostasis, development and pathology, and the influences of sex and the microbiome. In this review, the intriguing aspect of their physical plasticity during CNS development will get specific attention. Microglia move around (mobility) and reshape their processes (motility). Microglial migration into and inside the CNS is most prominent throughout development and consequently most of the data described in this review concern mobility and motility in the changing environment of the developing brain. Here, we first define microglia based on their highly specialized age- and region-dependent gene expression signature and associated functional heterogeneity. Next, we describe their origin, the migration route of immature microglial cells towards the CNS, the mechanisms underlying their invasion of the CNS, and their spatiotemporal localization and surveying behaviour inside the developing CNS. These processes are dependent on microglial mobility and motility which are determined by the microenvironment of the CNS. Therefore, we further zoom in on the changing environment during CNS development. We elaborate on the extracellular matrix and the respective integrin receptors on microglia and we discuss the purinergic and molecular signalling in microglial mobility. In the last section, we discuss the physiological and pathological functions of microglia in which mobility and motility are involved to stress the importance of microglial 'movement'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marie-Thérèse Smolders
- UHasselt, BIOMED, Diepenbeek, Belgium; INSERM, UMR-S 1130, CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Legendre
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
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30
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Reichert F, Rotshenker S. Galectin-3 (MAC-2) Controls Microglia Phenotype Whether Amoeboid and Phagocytic or Branched and Non-phagocytic by Regulating the Cytoskeleton. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:90. [PMID: 30930748 PMCID: PMC6427835 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin surrounding central nervous system (CNS) axons breaks down in multiple sclerosis (MS) and following traumatic axonal injury. Myelin-debris so produced is harmful to repair since it impedes remyelination in MS and the regeneration of traumatized axons. These devastating outcomes are largely due to inefficient removal by phagocytosis of myelin-debris by microglia. Therefore, revealing mechanisms that control phagocytosis is vital. We previously showed that in phagocytosis, filopodia and lamellipodia extend/engulf and then retract/internalize myelin-debris. Moreover, cofilin activates phagocytosis by advancing the remodeling of actin filaments (i.e., existing filaments disassemble and new filaments assemble in a new configuration), causing filopodia/lamellipodia to protrude, and furthermore, Galectin-3 (formally named MAC-2) activates phagocytosis by enhancing K-Ras.GTP/PI3K signaling that leads to actin/myosin-based contraction, causing filopodia/lamellipodia to retract. To understand further how Galectin-3 controls phagocytosis we knocked-down (KD) Galectin-3 expression in cultured primary microglia using Galectin-3 small-hairpin RNA (Gal-3-shRNA). KD Galectin-3 protein levels reduced phagocytosis extensively. Further, inhibiting nucleolin (NCL) and nucleophosmin (NPM), which advance K-Ras signaling as does Galectin-3, also reduced phagocytosis. Strikingly and unexpectedly, knocking down Galectin-3 resulted in a dramatic transformation of microglia morphology from “amoeboid-like” to “branched-like,” rearrangement of actin filaments and inactivation of cofilin. Thus, Galectin-3 may control microglia morphology and phagocytosis by regulating the activation state of cofilin, which, in turn, affects how actin filaments organize and how stable they are. Furthermore, our current and previous findings together suggest that Galectin-3 activates phagocytosis by targeting the cytoskeleton twice: first, by advancing cofilin activation, causing filopodia/lamellipodia to extend/engulf myelin-debris. Second, by advancing actin/myosin-based contraction through K-Ras.GTP/PI3K signaling, causing filopodia/lamellipodia to retract/internalize myelin-debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Reichert
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomo Rotshenker
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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31
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Tong XK, Trigiani LJ, Hamel E. High cholesterol triggers white matter alterations and cognitive deficits in a mouse model of cerebrovascular disease: benefits of simvastatin. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:89. [PMID: 30692517 PMCID: PMC6349936 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice overexpressing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF mice) display impaired cerebrovascular reactivity, cerebral hypoperfusion and neurovascular uncoupling, but no overt cognitive deficits until old age. Cardiovascular diseases are a major risk factor for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). We investigated the impact of a high cholesterol diet (HCD) on cerebrovascular and cognitive function in adult (6 months) and aged (12 months) TGF mice, together with the potential benefit of simvastatin (SV), an anti-cholesterol drug with pleiotropic effects, in adult mice. HCD increased blood, but not brain, cholesterol levels in treated mice, which SV did not reduce. In WT mice, HCD induced small, albeit significant, impairment in endothelium-dependent dilatory function. In TGF mice, HCD worsened the established brain vessel dilatory dysfunction in an age-dependent manner and increased the number of string vessels in the white matter (WM), alterations respectively normalized and significantly countered by SV. HCD triggered cognitive decline only in TGF mice at both ages, a deficit prevented by SV. Concurrently, HCD upregulated galectin−3 immunoreactivity in WM microglial cells, a response significantly reduced in SV-treated TGF mice. Grey matter astrogliosis and microgliosis were not affected by HCD or SV. In the subventricular zone of adult HCD-treated TGF mice, SV promoted oligogenesis and migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. The results demonstrate that an underlying cerebrovascular pathology increases vulnerability to cognitive failure when combined to another risk factor for dementia, and that WM alterations are associated with this loss of function. The results further indicate that myelin repair mechanisms, as triggered by SV, may bear promise in preventing or delaying cognitive decline related to VCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Kang Tong
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, H3A 2B4, QC, Canada
| | - Lianne J Trigiani
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, H3A 2B4, QC, Canada
| | - Edith Hamel
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, H3A 2B4, QC, Canada.
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32
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Caillaud M, Richard L, Vallat JM, Desmoulière A, Billet F. Peripheral nerve regeneration and intraneural revascularization. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:24-33. [PMID: 30531065 PMCID: PMC6263011 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.243699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are particularly vulnerable to injuries and are involved in numerous pathologies for which specific treatments are lacking. This review summarizes the pathophysiological features of the most common traumatic nerve injury in humans and the different animal models used in nerve regeneration studies. The current knowledge concerning Wallerian degeneration and nerve regrowth is then described. Finally, the involvement of intraneural vascularization in these processes is addressed. As intraneural vascularization has been poorly studied, histological experiments were carried out from rat sciatic nerves damaged by a glycerol injection. The results, taken together with the data from literature, suggest that revascularization plays an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration and must therefore be studied more carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Caillaud
- University of Limoges, Myelin Maintenance and Peripheral Neuropathies, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, Limoges, France
| | - Laurence Richard
- University Hospital of Limoges, Department of Neurology, "Reference Center for Rare Peripheral Neuropathies", Department of Neurology, Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- University Hospital of Limoges, Department of Neurology, "Reference Center for Rare Peripheral Neuropathies", Department of Neurology, Limoges, France
| | - Alexis Desmoulière
- University of Limoges, Myelin Maintenance and Peripheral Neuropathies, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, Limoges, France
| | - Fabrice Billet
- University of Limoges, Myelin Maintenance and Peripheral Neuropathies, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, Limoges, France
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33
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Greenhalgh AD, Zarruk JG, Healy LM, Baskar Jesudasan SJ, Jhelum P, Salmon CK, Formanek A, Russo MV, Antel JP, McGavern DB, McColl BW, David S. Peripherally derived macrophages modulate microglial function to reduce inflammation after CNS injury. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005264. [PMID: 30332405 PMCID: PMC6205650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and resident microglia dominate central nervous system (CNS) injury sites. Differential roles for these cell populations after injury are beginning to be uncovered. Here, we show evidence that MDMs and microglia directly communicate with one another and differentially modulate each other's functions. Importantly, microglia-mediated phagocytosis and inflammation are suppressed by infiltrating macrophages. In the context of spinal cord injury (SCI), preventing such communication increases microglial activation and worsens functional recovery. We suggest that macrophages entering the CNS provide a regulatory mechanism that controls acute and long-term microglia-mediated inflammation, which may drive damage in a variety of CNS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Greenhalgh
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR INRA 1286, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Juan G. Zarruk
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke M. Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sam J. Baskar Jesudasan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Priya Jhelum
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher K. Salmon
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Albert Formanek
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew V. Russo
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack P. Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barry W. McColl
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
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Thomas L, Pasquini LA. Galectin-3-Mediated Glial Crosstalk Drives Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and (Re)myelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:297. [PMID: 30258354 PMCID: PMC6143789 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is the only chimeric protein in the galectin family. Gal-3 structure comprises unusual tandem repeats of proline and glycine-rich short stretches bound to a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD). The present review summarizes Gal-3 functions in the extracellular and intracellular space, its regulation and its internalization and secretion, with a focus on the current knowledge of Gal-3 role in central nervous system (CNS) health and disease, particularly oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation, myelination and remyelination in experimental models of multiple sclerosis (MS). During myelination, microglia-expressed Gal-3 promotes OLG differentiation by binding glycoconjugates present only on the cell surface of OLG precursor cells (OPC). During remyelination, microglia-expressed Gal-3 favors an M2 microglial phenotype, hence fostering myelin debris phagocytosis through TREM-2b phagocytic receptor and OLG differentiation. Gal-3 is necessary for myelin integrity and function, as evidenced by myelin ultrastructural and behavioral studies from LGALS3-/- mice. Mechanistically, Gal-3 enhances actin assembly and reduces Erk 1/2 activation, leading to early OLG branching. Gal-3 later induces Akt activation and increases MBP expression, promoting gelsolin release and actin disassembly and thus regulating OLG final differentiation. Altogether, findings indicate that Gal-3 mediates the glial crosstalk driving OLG differentiation and (re)myelination and may be regarded as a target in the design of future therapies for a variety of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thomas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Institute of Chemistry and Biological Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Andrea Pasquini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Institute of Chemistry and Biological Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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35
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Sahara N, Maeda J, Ishikawa A, Tokunaga M, Suhara T, Higuchi M. Microglial Activation During Pathogenesis of Tauopathy in rTg4510 Mice: Implications for the Early Diagnosis of Tauopathy. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S353-S359. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-179933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naruhiko Sahara
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ai Ishikawa
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaki Tokunaga
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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Ramos-Martinez I, Martínez-Loustalot P, Lozano L, Issad T, Limón D, Díaz A, Perez-Torres A, Guevara J, Zenteno E. Neuroinflammation induced by amyloid β25-35 modifies mucin-type O-glycosylation in the rat's hippocampus. Neuropeptides 2018; 67:56-62. [PMID: 29174415 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plays a relevant role in the neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The 25-35 peptide of amyloid-β (Aβ25-35) induces the inflammatory response in brain experimental models. Mucin-type O-glycosylation has been associated with inflammation of brain tissues in AD, thus in this work, we aimed at identifying changes in the glycosylation profile generated by the injection of Aβ25-35 into the CA1 of the hippocampus of rats, using histochemistry with lectins. Our results indicate that 100μM Aβ25-35 induce increased recognition of the Amaranthus leucocarpus lectin (ALL) (specific for Galβ1,3-GalNAcα1,0-Ser/Thr); whereas concanavalin A (Con A) (specific for α-Man) showed no differences among treated and control groups of rats. Jacalin and peanut agglutinin (Galβ1,3GalNAcα1,0-Ser/Thr) showed no recognition of brain cells of control or treated rats. After 6-h treatment of the tissue with trypsin or with 200mM GalNAc, the interaction with ALL was inhibited. Immunohistochemistry showed positive anti-NeuN and ALL-recognition of neurons; however, anti-GFAP and anti-CD11b showed no co-localization with ALL. The ALL+ neurons revealed the presence of cytochrome C in the cytosol and active caspase 3 in the cytosol and nucleus. Administration of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) to Aβ25-35-treated rats diminished neuroinflammation and ALL recognition. These results suggest a close relationship among over-expression of mucin-type O-glycosylation, the neuroinflammatory process, and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ramos-Martinez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Pamela Martínez-Loustalot
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Liliana Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Tarik Issad
- CNRS, Département d'Endocrinologie, Métabolisme et Cancer, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Díaz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Armando Perez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 04510, Mexico
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico.
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Rahimian R, Béland LC, Kriz J. Galectin-3: mediator of microglia responses in injured brain. Drug Discov Today 2017; 23:375-381. [PMID: 29133191 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a pleiotropic protein involved in cell activation, proliferation and migration and plays a pivotal part as an inflammatory mediator in neurodegeneration. Galectin-3 is associated with microglial activation and proliferation after ischemia. Given its putative role as a dynamic fine-tuner of microglia, activation of Galectin-3 provides molecular cues in design of new immunomodulatory strategies for stroke management. This review summarizes recent evidence on the role of Galectin-3 as a mediator of immune responses in damaged brain and mechanisms employed by Galectin-3 to affect microglial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Louis-Charles Béland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Cai W, Yang T, Liu H, Han L, Zhang K, Hu X, Zhang X, Yin KJ, Gao Y, Bennett MVL, Leak RK, Chen J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ): A master gatekeeper in CNS injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:27-58. [PMID: 29032144 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a widely expressed ligand-modulated transcription factor that governs the expression of genes involved in inflammation, redox equilibrium, trophic factor production, insulin sensitivity, and the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Synthetic PPARγ agonists (e.g. thiazolidinediones) are used to treat Type II diabetes and have the potential to limit the risk of developing brain injuries such as stroke by mitigating the influence of comorbidities. If brain injury develops, PPARγ serves as a master gatekeeper of cytoprotective stress responses, improving the chances of cellular survival and recovery of homeostatic equilibrium. In the acute injury phase, PPARγ directly restricts tissue damage by inhibiting the NFκB pathway to mitigate inflammation and stimulating the Nrf2/ARE axis to neutralize oxidative stress. During the chronic phase of acute brain injuries, PPARγ activation in injured cells culminates in the repair of gray and white matter, preservation of the blood-brain barrier, reconstruction of the neurovascular unit, resolution of inflammation, and long-term functional recovery. Thus, PPARγ lies at the apex of cell fate decisions and exerts profound effects on the chronic progression of acute injury conditions. Here, we review the therapeutic potential of PPARγ in stroke and brain trauma and highlight the novel role of PPARγ in long-term tissue repair. We describe its structure and function and identify the genes that it targets. PPARγ regulation of inflammation, metabolism, cell fate (proliferation/differentiation/maturation/survival), and many other processes also has relevance to other neurological diseases. Therefore, PPARγ is an attractive target for therapies against a number of progressive neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lijuan Han
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
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Yang EH, Rode J, Howlader MA, Eckermann M, Santos JT, Hernandez Armada D, Zheng R, Zou C, Cairo CW. Galectin-3 alters the lateral mobility and clustering of β1-integrin receptors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184378. [PMID: 29016609 PMCID: PMC5634555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein receptors are influenced by myriad intermolecular interactions at the cell surface. Specific glycan structures may interact with endogenous lectins that enforce or disrupt receptor-receptor interactions. Glycoproteins bound by multivalent lectins may form extended oligomers or lattices, altering the lateral mobility of the receptor and influencing its function through endocytosis or changes in activation. In this study, we have examined the interaction of Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a human lectin, with adhesion receptors. We measured the effect of recombinant Gal-3 added exogenously on the lateral mobility of the α5β1 integrin on HeLa cells. Using single-particle tracking (SPT) we detected increased lateral mobility of the integrin in the presence of Gal-3, while its truncated C-terminal domain (Gal-3C) showed only minor reductions in lateral mobility. Treatment of cells with Gal-3 increased β1-integrin mediated migration with no apparent changes in viability. In contrast, Gal-3C decreased both cell migration and viability. Fluorescence microscopy allowed us to confirm that exogenous Gal-3 resulted in reorganization of the integrin into larger clusters. We used a proteomics analysis to confirm that cells expressed endogenous Gal-3, and found that addition of competitive oligosaccharide ligands for the lectin altered the lateral mobility of the integrin. Together, our results are consistent with a Gal-3-integrin lattice model of binding and confirm that the lateral mobility of integrins is natively regulated, in part, by galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther H. Yang
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Julia Rode
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Md. Amran Howlader
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Marina Eckermann
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Jobette T. Santos
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Hernandez Armada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruixiang Zheng
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Chunxia Zou
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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40
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Yin Z, Valkenburg F, Hornix BE, Mantingh-Otter I, Zhou X, Mari M, Reggiori F, Van Dam D, Eggen BJ, De Deyn PP, Boddeke E. Progressive Motor Deficit is Mediated by the Denervation of Neuromuscular Junctions and Axonal Degeneration in Transgenic Mice Expressing Mutant (P301S) Tau Protein. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:S41-S57. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-161206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Femke Valkenburg
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Betty E. Hornix
- Department of Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ietje Mantingh-Otter
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xingdong Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Muriel Mari
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J.L. Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter P. De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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41
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Mizuma A, Yenari MA. Anti-Inflammatory Targets for the Treatment of Reperfusion Injury in Stroke. Front Neurol 2017; 8:467. [PMID: 28936196 PMCID: PMC5594066 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the mainstay of acute stroke treatment includes revascularization via recombinant tissue plasminogen activator or mechanical thrombectomy, only a minority of stroke patients are eligible for treatment, as delayed treatment can lead to worsened outcome. This worsened outcome at the experimental level has been attributed to an entity known as reperfusion injury (R/I). R/I is occurred when revascularization is delayed after critical brain and vascular injury has occurred, so that when oxygenated blood is restored, ischemic damage is increased, rather than decreased. R/I can increase lesion size and also worsen blood barrier breakdown and lead to brain edema and hemorrhage. A major mechanism underlying R/I is that of poststroke inflammation. The poststroke immune response consists of the aberrant activation of glial cell, infiltration of peripheral leukocytes, and the release of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules elaborated by ischemic cells of the brain. Inflammatory mediators involved in this response include cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and several immune molecule effectors such as matrix metalloproteinases-9, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species. Several experimental studies over the years have characterized these molecules and have shown that their inhibition improves neurological outcome. Yet, numerous clinical studies failed to demonstrate any positive outcomes in stroke patients. However, many of these clinical trials were carried out before the routine use of revascularization therapies. In this review, we cover mechanisms of inflammation involved in R/I, therapeutic targets, and relevant experimental and clinical studies, which might stimulate renewed interest in designing clinical trials to specifically target R/I. We propose that by targeting anti-inflammatory targets in R/I as a combined therapy, it may be possible to further improve outcomes from pharmacological thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mizuma
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Midori A Yenari
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
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42
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Kopper TJ, Gensel JC. Myelin as an inflammatory mediator: Myelin interactions with complement, macrophages, and microglia in spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:969-977. [PMID: 28696010 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers chronic intraspinal inflammation consisting of activated resident and infiltrating immune cells (especially microglia/macrophages). The environmental factors contributing to this protracted inflammation are not well understood; however, myelin lipid debris is a hallmark of SCI. Myelin is also a potent macrophage stimulus and target of complement-mediated clearance and inflammation. The downstream effects of these neuroimmune interactions have the potential to contribute to ongoing pathology or facilitate repair. This depends in large part on whether myelin drives pathological or reparative macrophage activation states, commonly referred to as M1 (proinflammatory) or M2 (alternatively) macrophages, respectively. Here we review the processes by which myelin debris may be cleared through macrophage surface receptors and the complement system, how this differentially influences macrophage and microglial activation states, and how the cellular functions of these myelin macrophages and complement proteins contribute to chronic inflammation and secondary injury after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Kopper
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John C Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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43
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Raj D, Yin Z, Breur M, Doorduin J, Holtman IR, Olah M, Mantingh-Otter IJ, Van Dam D, De Deyn PP, den Dunnen W, Eggen BJL, Amor S, Boddeke E. Increased White Matter Inflammation in Aging- and Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:206. [PMID: 28713239 PMCID: PMC5492660 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation, which is primarily mediated by microglia, plays an essential role in aging and neurodegeneration. It is still unclear whether this microglia-induced neuroinflammation occurs globally or is confined to distinct brain regions. In this study, we investigated microglia activity in various brain regions upon healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathology in both human and mouse samples. In purified microglia isolated from aging mouse brains, we found a profound gene expression pattern related to pro-inflammatory processes, phagocytosis, and lipid homeostasis. Particularly in white matter microglia of 24-month-old mice, abundant expression of phagocytic markers including Mac-2, Axl, CD16/32, Dectin1, CD11c, and CD36 was detected. Interestingly, in white matter of human brain tissue the first signs of inflammatory activity were already detected during middle age. Thus quantification of microglial proteins, such as CD68 (commonly associated with phagocytosis) and HLA-DR (associated with antigen presentation), in postmortem human white matter brain tissue showed an age-dependent increase in immunoreactivity already in middle-aged people (53.2 ± 2.0 years). This early inflammation was also detectable by non-invasive positron emission tomography imaging using [11C]-(R)-PK11195, a ligand that binds to activated microglia. Increased microglia activity was also prominently present in the white matter of human postmortem early-onset AD (EOAD) brain tissue. Interestingly, microglia activity in the white matter of late-onset AD (LOAD) CNS was similar to that of the aged clinically silent AD cases. These data indicate that microglia-induced neuroinflammation is predominant in the white matter of aging mice and humans as well as in EOAD brains. This white matter inflammation may contribute to the progression of neurodegeneration, and have prognostic value for detecting the onset and progression of aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Raj
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Zhuoran Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Marjolein Breur
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Inge R Holtman
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Marta Olah
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Ietje J Mantingh-Otter
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpWilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpWilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands.,Biobank, Institute Born-BungeWilrijk, Belgium
| | - Wilfred den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
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Nomura K, Vilalta A, Allendorf DH, Hornik TC, Brown GC. Activated Microglia Desialylate and Phagocytose Cells via Neuraminidase, Galectin-3, and Mer Tyrosine Kinase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4792-4801. [PMID: 28500071 PMCID: PMC5458330 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia can phagocytose dying, stressed, or excess neurons and synapses via the phagocytic receptor Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK). Galectin-3 (Gal-3) can cross-link surface glycoproteins by binding galactose residues that are normally hidden below terminal sialic acid residues. Gal-3 was recently reported to opsonize cells via activating MerTK. We found that LPS-activated BV-2 microglia rapidly released Gal-3, which was blocked by calcineurin inhibitors. Gal-3 bound to MerTK on microglia and to stressed PC12 (neuron-like) cells, and it increased microglial phagocytosis of PC12 cells or primary neurons, which was blocked by inhibition of MerTK. LPS-activated microglia exhibited a sialidase activity that desialylated PC12 cells and could be inhibited by Tamiflu, a neuraminidase (sialidase) inhibitor. Sialidase treatment of PC12 cells enabled Gal-3 to bind and opsonize the live cells for phagocytosis by microglia. LPS-induced microglial phagocytosis of PC12 was prevented by small interfering RNA knockdown of Gal-3 in microglia, lactose inhibition of Gal-3 binding, inhibition of neuraminidase with Tamiflu, or inhibition of MerTK by UNC569. LPS-induced phagocytosis of primary neurons by primary microglia was also blocked by inhibition of MerTK. We conclude that activated microglia release Gal-3 and a neuraminidase that desialylates microglial and PC12 surfaces, enabling Gal-3 binding to PC12 cells and their phagocytosis via MerTK. Thus, Gal-3 acts as an opsonin of desialylated surfaces, and inflammatory loss of neurons or synapses may potentially be blocked by inhibiting neuraminidases, Gal-3, or MerTK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nomura
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Vilalta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - David H Allendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara C Hornik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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Chip S, Fernández-López D, Li F, Faustino J, Derugin N, Vexler ZS. Genetic deletion of galectin-3 enhances neuroinflammation, affects microglial activation and contributes to sub-chronic injury in experimental neonatal focal stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:270-281. [PMID: 27836669 PMCID: PMC7909718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of neonatal stroke and adult stroke are distinct in many aspects, including the inflammatory response. We previously showed endogenously protective functions of microglial cells in acute neonatal stroke. We asked if galectin-3 (Gal3), a pleotropic molecule that mediates interactions between microglia/macrophages and the extracellular matrix (ECM), plays a role in early injury after transient middle cerebral occlusion (tMCAO) in postnatal day 9-10 mice. Compared to wild type (WT) pups, in Gal3 knockout pups injury was worse and cytokine/chemokine production altered, including further increase of MIP1α and MIP1β levels and reduced IL6 levels 72h after tMCAO. Lack of Gal3 did not affect morphological transformation or proliferation of microglia but markedly attenuated accumulation of CD11b+/CD45med-high cells after injury, as determined by multi-color flow cytometry. tMCAO increased expression of αV and β3 integrin subunits in CD11b+/CD45low microglial cells and cells of non-monocyte lineage (CD11b-/CD45-), but not in CD11b+/CD45med-high cells within injured regions of WT mice or Gal3-/- mice. αV upregulated in areas occupied and not occupied by CD68+ cells, most prominently in the ECM, lining blood vessels, with expanded αV coverage in Gal3-/- mice. Cumulatively, these data show that lack of Gal3 worsens subchronic injury after neonatal focal stroke, likely by altering the neuroinflammatory milieu, including an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules, effects on microglial activation, and deregulation of the composition of the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zinaida S. Vexler
- Corresponding author at: University California San Francisco, Department of Neurology, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158-0663, USA. (Z.S. Vexler)
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Rawat P, Spector SA. Development and characterization of a human microglia cell model of HIV-1 infection. J Neurovirol 2016; 23:33-46. [PMID: 27538994 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia cells are the major reservoir of HIV-1 (HIV) within the CNS. However, current models using transformed cell lines are not representative of primary microglia and fetal brain samples for isolation of primary human microglia (HMG) are increasingly difficult to obtain. Here, we describe a monocyte-derived microglia (MMG) cell model of HIV infection that recapitulates infection of primary HMG. CD14+ cells isolated from healthy donors were cultured with M-CSF, beta-nerve growth factor, GM-CSF, and CCL2, and compared to HMG. MMG and HMG cells were infected with HIV and viral replication was detected by p24 antigen. Both MMG and HMG cells were found to acquire spindle shape with few branched or unbranched processes at their ends during the second week in culture and both were found to be CD11b+/ CD11c+/ CD14+/ CD45+/ CD195+/ HLADRlow/ CD86low/ CD80+. Whereas hT-Hμglia and HMC3 transformed cell lines are deficient in human microglia signature genes (C1Q, GAS6, GPR34, MERTK, PROS1, and P2RY12), MMG cells expressed all of these genes. Additionally, MMG expressed all the microglia signature miRNA (miR-99a, miR125b-5p, and miR-342-3p). Both MMG and HMG produced ROS and phagocytosed labeled zymosan particles upon PMA stimulation. MMG and HMG infected with HIV produced equivalent levels of HIV p24 antigen in culture supernatants for 30 days post-infection. Thus, we have developed and characterized a microglia cell model of HIV infection derived from primary monocytes that recapitulates the phenotypic and molecular properties of HMG, is superior to transformed cell lines, and has similar HIV replication kinetics to HMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Rawat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0672, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0672, USA. .,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA.
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Gene silencing of MCP-1 prevents microglial activation and inflammatory injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 33:18-23. [PMID: 26851629 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are activated after intracerebral hemorrhage and induce neuron death by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. However, the related mechanism of microglia activation in such conditions remains elusive. MCP-1, the ligand of CCR2 expressed in the central nervous system, could promote microglia proliferation, survival and cytokine secretion. According to the previous findings, we make a hypothesis that whether alternation of MCP-1 level could attenuate microglia activation and toxicity to neuron in intracerebral hemorrhage. To identify that, we interfere with the MCP-1 expression of microglia by RNAi technology, and coculture the microglia and neuron in ICH. The results demonstrated that MCP-1 RNAi inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression in microglia and attenuated neuron injury. In conclusion, the present study suggests that MCP-1 might promote ICH induced microglia activation and toxicity to neuron, and MCP-1 RNAi might provide promising therapeutical strategy for ICH.
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Takaku S, Niimi N, Kadoya T, Yako H, Tsukamoto M, Sakumi K, Nakabeppu Y, Horie H, Sango K. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 as key molecules for peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.3.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Foyez T, Takeda-Uchimura Y, Ishigaki S, Narentuya, Zhang Z, Sobue G, Kadomatsu K, Uchimura K. Microglial keratan sulfate epitope elicits in central nervous tissues of transgenic model mice and patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:3053-65. [PMID: 26362733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The functional role of 5D4 antibody-reactive keratan sulfate (KS) in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is unknown. We therefore studied the expression of 5D4-reactive KS in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a motor neuron-degenerative disease, with the use of SOD1(G93A) ALS model mice and patients with ALS. Histochemical and immunoelectron microscopic characterizations showed that the 5D4-reactive KS is expressed in Mac2/galectin-3-positive activated or proliferating microglia of SOD1(G93A) ALS model mice at disease end stage and that the KS is an O-linked glycan modified with sialic acid and fucose, which was thus far shown to exist in cartilage. Intriguingly, microglial KS was detected in the spinal cord and brainstem but not in the cerebral cortex of SOD1(G93A) mice. We found that KSGal6ST, a galactose-6-sulfotransferase, is required for biosynthesis of the microglial 5D4-reactive KS by generating SOD1(G93A)/KSGal6ST(-/-) mice. The requirement of GlcNAc6ST1 for this synthesis was corroborated by analyzing SOD1(G93A)/GlcNAc6ST1(-/-) mice. These results indicate that both galactose-6- and N acteylglucosamine-6-sulfated KS elicited in the spinal cord and brainstem are associated with the degeneration of spinal and bulbar lower motor neurons in ALS pathology and may play a role in disease progression via microglial activation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahmina Foyez
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Shinsuke Ishigaki
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Narentuya
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Smolders S, Smolders SMT, Swinnen N, Gärtner A, Rigo JM, Legendre P, Brône B. Maternal immune activation evoked by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid does not evoke microglial cell activation in the embryo. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:301. [PMID: 26300736 PMCID: PMC4525016 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that inflammation during pregnancy increases the risk for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders in the offspring. Morphological brain abnormalities combined with deviations in the inflammatory status of the brain can be observed in patients of both autism and schizophrenia. It was shown that acute infection can induce changes in maternal cytokine levels which in turn are suggested to affect fetal brain development and increase the risk on the development of neuropsychiatric disorders in the offspring. Animal models of maternal immune activation reproduce the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. In this study the poly (I:C) model was used to mimic viral immune activation in pregnant mice in order to assess the activation status of fetal microglia in these developmental disorders. Because microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain they were expected to be activated due to the inflammatory stimulus. Microglial cell density and activation level in the fetal cortex and hippocampus were determined. Despite the presence of a systemic inflammation in the pregnant mice, there was no significant difference in fetal microglial cell density or immunohistochemically determined activation level between the control and inflammation group. These data indicate that activation of the fetal microglial cells is not likely to be responsible for the inflammation induced deficits in the offspring in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Smolders
- BIOMED - Hasselt University Hasselt, Belgium ; Laboratory of Neuronal Differentiation, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven and Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie M T Smolders
- BIOMED - Hasselt University Hasselt, Belgium ; INSERM, UMR S 1130, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France ; UM 119 NPS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
| | | | - Annette Gärtner
- Laboratory of Neuronal Differentiation, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven and Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pascal Legendre
- INSERM, UMR S 1130, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France ; UM 119 NPS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
| | - Bert Brône
- BIOMED - Hasselt University Hasselt, Belgium
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