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Ghosh S, Jana R, Jana S, Basu R, Chatterjee M, Ranawat N, Das Sarma J. Differential expression of cellular prion protein (PrP C) in mouse hepatitis virus induced neuroinflammation. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01215-w. [PMID: 38922550 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is an extracellular cell membrane protein. Due to its diversified roles, a definite role of PrPC has been difficult to establish. During viral infection, PrPC has been reported to play a pleiotropic role. Here, we have attempted to envision the function of PrPC in the neurotropic m-CoV-MHV-RSA59-induced model of neuroinflammation in C57BL/6 mice. A significant upregulation of PrPC at protein and mRNA levels was evident in infected mouse brains during the acute phase of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, investigation of the effect of MHV-RSA59 infection on PrPC expression in specific neuronal, microglial, and astrocytoma cell lines, revealed a differential expression of prion protein during neuroinflammation. Additionally, siRNA-mediated downregulation of prnp transcripts reduced the expression of viral antigen and viral infectivity in these cell lines. Cumulatively, our results suggest that PrPC expression significantly increases during acute MHV-RSA59 infection and that PrPC also assists in viral infectivity and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satavisha Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Rishika Jana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Soumen Jana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
- Optical NeuroImaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Rahul Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Madhurima Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Nishtha Ranawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
- Burke Neurological Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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2
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Svedružić ŽM, Ryou C, Choi D, Lee SH, Cheon YP. Physiology of Cellular Prion Proteins in Reproduction. Dev Reprod 2024; 28:29-36. [PMID: 39055100 PMCID: PMC11268893 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2024.28.2.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) encoded at Prnp gene is well-known to form a misfolded isoform, termed scrapie PrP (PrPSC) that cause transmissible degenerative diseases in central nervous system. The physiological role of PrPC has been proposed by many studies, showing that PrPC interacts with various intracellular, membrane, and extracellular molecules including mitochondrial inner membrane as a scaffold. PrPC is expressed in most cell types including reproductive organs. Numerous studies using PrPC knockout rodent models found no obvious phenotypic changes, in particular the clear phenotypes in development and reproduction have not demonstrated in these knockout models. However, various roles of PrPC have been evaluated at the cellular levels. In this review, we summarized the known roles of PrPC in various cell types and tissues with a special emphasis on those involved in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chongsuk Ryou
- Department of Pharmacy, College of
Pharmacy, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588,
Korea
| | - Donchan Choi
- Department Life Science, College of
Health Science and Welfare, Yong-In University,
Yongin 17092, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung
University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Yong-Pil Cheon
- Division of Developmental Biology and
Physiology, Department of Biotechnology, Institute for Basic Sciences,
Sungshin University, Seoul 02844,
Korea
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3
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Karner D, Kvestak D, Lisnic B, Cokaric Brdovcak M, Juranic Lisnic V, Kucan Brlic P, Hasan M, Lenac Rovis T. Comprehensive Analysis of Soluble Mediator Profiles in Congenital CMV Infection Using an MCMV Model. Viruses 2024; 16:208. [PMID: 38399983 PMCID: PMC10891658 DOI: 10.3390/v16020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection may cause life-threatening disease and permanent damage to the central nervous system. The mouse model of CMV infection is most commonly used to study mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis. While essential to limit mouse CMV (MCMV) replication, the inflammatory responses, particularly IFNγ and TNFα, cause neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Other soluble mediators of the immune response in most tissues remain largely unexplored. To address this gap, we quantified 48 soluble mediators of the immune response, including 32 cytokines, 10 chemokines, 3 growth factors/regulators, and 3 soluble receptors in the spleen, liver, lungs, and brain at 9 and 14 days postinfection (dpi). Our analysis found 25 induced molecules in the brain at 9 dpi, with an additional 8 showing statistically elevated responses at 14 dpi. Specifically, all analyzed CCL group cytokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, and CCL11) were upregulated at 14 dpi in the brain. Furthermore, data revealed differentially regulated analytes across tissues, such as CCL11, CXCL5, and IL-10 in the brain, IL-33/IL-33R in the liver, and VEGF-a and IL-5 in the lungs. Overall, this study provides an overview of the immune dynamics of soluble mediators in congenital CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Karner
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
| | - Daria Kvestak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
| | - Berislav Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
| | - Maja Cokaric Brdovcak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
| | - Paola Kucan Brlic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
| | - Milena Hasan
- Cytometry and Biomarkers Unit of Technology and Service (CB TechS), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
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4
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Cha S, Kim MY. The role of cellular prion protein in immune system. BMB Rep 2023; 56:645-650. [PMID: 37817440 PMCID: PMC10761747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the cellular prion protein (PrPC) since its discovery. These investigations have explained that its structure is predominantly composed of alpha helices and short beta sheet segments, and when its abnormal scrapie isoform (PrPSc) is infected, PrPSc transforms the PrPC, leading to prion diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. Given its ubiquitous distribution across a variety of cellular types, the PrPC manifests a diverse range of biological functions, including cell-cell adhesion, neuroprotection, signalings, and oxidative stress response. PrPC is also expressed in immune tissues, and its functions in these tissues include the activation of immune cells and the formation of secondary lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen and lymph nodes. Moreover, high expression of PrPC in immune cells plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. In addition, it affects inflammation and the development and progression of cancer via various mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the studies on the role of PrPC from various immunological perspectives. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(12): 645-650].
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwa Cha
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
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Ravi S, Duraisamy P, Krishnan M, Martin LC, Manikandan B, Ramar M. Sitosterol-rich Digera muricata against 7-ketocholesterol and lipopolysaccharide-mediated atherogenic responses by modulating NF-ΚB/iNOS signalling pathway in macrophages. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:331. [PMID: 37670802 PMCID: PMC10475456 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Digera muricata L., commonly known as Tartara, is an edible herb used as traditional medicine in many countries of Africa and Asia. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of a phytosterol-rich extract of D. muricata on 7-ketocholesterol-mediated atherosclerosis in macrophages. The extract was examined by phytochemical analyses, GC-MS, TLC, DPPH scavenging and hRBC membrane stabilization assays. Macrophage polarization was studied with experimental groups framed based on alamar blue cell viability and griess assays. Regulations of arginase enzyme activity, ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell membrane integrity, pinocytosis, lipid uptake and peroxidation, as well as, intracellular calcium deposition were determined. In addition, expressions of atherogenic mediators were analysed using PCR, ELISA and immunocytochemistry techniques. Diverse phytochemicals with higher free radical scavenging activity and anti-inflammatory potential have been detected in the D. muricata. Co-treatment with D. muricata markedly reduced the atherogenic responses induced by 7KCh in the presence of LPS such as ROS, especially, NO and O2- along with lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, D. muricata significantly normalized mitochondrial membrane potential, cell membrane integrity, pinocytic activity, intracellular lipid accumulation and calcium deposition. These results provided us with the potentiality of D. muricata in ameliorating atherogenesis. Additionally, it decreased the expression of pro-atherogenic mediators (iNOS, COX-2, MMP9, IL-6, IL-1β, CD36, CD163 and TGFβ1) and increased anti-atherogenic mediators (MRC1 and PPARγ) with high cellular expressions of NF-κB and iNOS. Results showed the potential of sitosterol-rich D. muricata as a versatile biomedical therapeutic agent against abnormal macrophage polarization and its associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Ravi
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025 India
| | | | - Mahalakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025 India
| | | | - Beulaja Manikandan
- Department of Biochemistry, Annai Veilankanni’s College for Women, Chennai, 600 015 India
| | - Manikandan Ramar
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025 India
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6
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Mantuano E, Zampieri C, Azmoon P, Gunner CB, Heye KR, Gonias SL. An LRP1-binding motif in cellular prion protein replicates cell-signaling activities of the full-length protein. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170121. [PMID: 37368488 PMCID: PMC10445690 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) functions as a receptor for nonpathogenic cellular prion protein (PrPC), which is released from cells by ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain) proteases or in extracellular vesicles. This interaction activates cell signaling and attenuates inflammatory responses. We screened 14-mer PrPC-derived peptides and identified a putative LRP1 recognition motif in the PrPC sequence spanning residues 98-111. A synthetic peptide (P3) corresponding to this region replicated the cell-signaling and biological activities of full-length shed PrPC. P3 blocked LPS-elicited cytokine expression in macrophages and microglia and rescued the heightened sensitivity to LPS in mice in which the PrPC gene (Prnp) had been deleted. P3 activated ERK1/2 and induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. The response to P3 required LRP1 and the NMDA receptor and was blocked by the PrPC-specific antibody, POM2. P3 has Lys residues, which are typically necessary for LRP1 binding. Converting Lys100 and Lys103 into Ala eliminated the activity of P3, suggesting that these residues are essential in the LRP1-binding motif. A P3 derivative in which Lys105 and Lys109 were converted into Ala retained activity. We conclude that the biological activities of shed PrPC, attributed to interaction with LRP1, are retained in synthetic peptides, which may be templates for therapeutics development.
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7
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Cellular Prion Protein Attenuates OGD/R-Induced Damage by Skewing Microglia toward an Anti-inflammatory State via Enhanced and Prolonged Activation of Autophagy. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1297-1316. [PMID: 36441478 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of microglial pro/anti-inflammatory states and autophagy are promising new therapies for ischemic stroke, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. The objective of the study is to determine the intrinsic role of PrPC (cellular prion protein) in the regulation of microglial inflammatory states and autophagy in ischemic stroke. PrPC was expressed in murine microglia, and an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model was established in microglia of different PRNP genotypes. During reperfusion following OGD, wild-type (WT) microglia had significantly increased pro/anti-inflammatory microglial percentages and related cytokine [interleukin [IL]-6, IL-10, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon-gamma] release at reperfusion after 48 or 72 h. WT microglia also showed greater accumulation of the autophagy markers LC3B-II/I (microtubule-associated protein B-light chain 3), but not of p62 or LAMP1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein) at reperfusion after 24 h and 48 h. Inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine or bafilomycin A1 aggravated the OGD/R-induced pro-inflammatory state, and the effect of 3-methyladenine was significantly stronger than that of bafilomycin A1. Concomitantly, PRNP knockout shortened the accumulation of LC3B-II/I, suppressed microglial anti-inflammatory states, and further aggravated the pro-inflammatory states. Conversely, PRNP overexpression had the opposite effects. Bafilomycin A1 reversed the effect of PrPC on microglial inflammatory state transformation. Moreover, microglia with PRNP overexpression exhibited higher levels of LAMP1 expression in the control and OGD/R groups and delayed the OGD/R-induced decrease of LAMP1 to reperfusion after 48 h. PrPC attenuates OGD/R-induced damage by skewing microglia toward an anti-inflammatory state via enhanced and prolonged activation of autophagy.
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8
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Mantuano E, Azmoon P, Banki MA, Sigurdson CJ, Campana WM, Gonias SL. A Soluble PrP C Derivative and Membrane-Anchored PrP C in Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate Innate Immunity by Engaging the NMDA-R/LRP1 Receptor Complex. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:85-96. [PMID: 34810220 PMCID: PMC8702456 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonpathogenic cellular prion protein (PrPC) demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity; however, the responsible mechanisms are incompletely defined. PrPC exists as a GPI-anchored membrane protein in diverse cells; however, PrPC may be released from cells by ADAM proteases or when packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study, we show that a soluble derivative of PrPC (S-PrP) counteracts inflammatory responses triggered by pattern recognition receptors in macrophages, including TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9, NOD1, and NOD2. S-PrP also significantly attenuates the toxicity of LPS in mice. The response of macrophages to S-PrP is mediated by a receptor assembly that includes the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1). PrPC was identified in EVs isolated from human plasma. These EVs replicated the activity of S-PrP, inhibiting cytokine expression and IκBα phosphorylation in LPS-treated macrophages. The effects of plasma EVs on LPS-treated macrophages were blocked by PrPC-specific Ab, by antagonists of LRP1 and the NMDA-R, by deleting Lrp1 in macrophages, and by inhibiting Src family kinases. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C dissociated the LPS-regulatory activity from EVs, rendering the EVs inactive as LPS inhibitors. The LPS-regulatory activity that was lost from phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-treated EVs was recovered in solution. Collectively, these results demonstrate that GPI-anchored PrPC is the essential EV component required for the observed immune regulatory activity of human plasma EVs. S-PrP and EV-associated PrPC regulate innate immunity by engaging the NMDA-R/LRP1 receptor system in macrophages. The scope of pattern recognition receptors antagonized by S-PrP suggests that released forms of PrPC may have broad anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pardis Azmoon
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Michael A Banki
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Wendy M Campana
- Department of Anesthesiology and Program in Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA;
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Microglia in Prion Diseases: Angels or Demons? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207765. [PMID: 33092220 PMCID: PMC7589037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are rare transmissible neurodegenerative disorders caused by the accumulation of a misfolded isoform (PrPSc) of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the central nervous system (CNS). Neuropathological hallmarks of prion diseases are neuronal loss, astrogliosis, and enhanced microglial proliferation and activation. As immune cells of the CNS, microglia participate both in the maintenance of the normal brain physiology and in driving the neuroinflammatory response to acute or chronic (e.g., neurodegenerative disorders) insults. Microglia involvement in prion diseases, however, is far from being clearly understood. During this review, we summarize and discuss controversial findings, both in patient and animal models, suggesting a neuroprotective role of microglia in prion disease pathogenesis and progression, or—conversely—a microglia-mediated exacerbation of neurotoxicity in later stages of disease. We also will consider the active participation of PrPC in microglial functions, by discussing previous reports, but also by presenting unpublished results that support a role for PrPC in cytokine secretion by activated primary microglia.
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Kong C, Xie H, Gao Z, Shao M, Li H, Shi R, Cai L, Gao S, Sun T, Li C. Binding between Prion Protein and Aβ Oligomers Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Virol Sin 2019; 34:475-488. [PMID: 31093882 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of evidence suggests that protein misfolding and aggregation are underlying mechanisms of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as prion diseases and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Like prion diseases, AD has been considered as an infectious disease in the past decades as it shows strain specificity and transmission potential. Although it remains elusive how protein aggregation leads to AD, it is becoming clear that cellular prion protein (PrPC) plays an important role in AD pathogenesis. Here, we briefly reviewed AD pathogenesis and focused on recent progresses how PrPC contributed to AD development. In addition, we proposed a potential mechanism to explain why infectious agents, such as viruses, conduce AD pathogenesis. Microbe infections cause Aβ deposition and upregulation of PrPC, which lead to high affinity binding between Aβ oligomers and PrPC. The interaction between PrPC and Aβ oligomers in turn activates the Fyn signaling cascade, resulting in neuron death in the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, silencing PrPC expression may turn out be an effective treatment for PrPC dependent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Kong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Hao Xie
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhenxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Run Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lili Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
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11
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Salvesen Ø, Tatzelt J, Tranulis MA. The prion protein in neuroimmune crosstalk. Neurochem Int 2018; 130:104335. [PMID: 30448564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a medium-sized glycoprotein, attached to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. PrPC is encoded by a single-copy gene, PRNP, which is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system and at lower levels in non-neuronal cells, including those of the immune system. Evidence from experimental knockout of PRNP in rodents, goats, and cattle and the occurrence of a nonsense mutation in goat that prevents synthesis of PrPC, have shown that the molecule is non-essential for life. Indeed, no easily recognizable phenotypes are associate with a lack of PrPC, except the potentially advantageous trait that animals without PrPC cannot develop prion disease. This is because, in prion diseases, PrPC converts to a pathogenic "scrapie" conformer, PrPSc, which aggregates and eventually induces neurodegeneration. In addition, endogenous neuronal PrPC serves as a toxic receptor to mediate prion-induced neurotoxicity. Thus, PrPC is an interesting target for treatment of prion diseases. Although loss of PrPC has no discernable effect, alteration of its normal physiological function can have very harmful consequences. It is therefore important to understand cellular processes involving PrPC, and research of this topic has advanced considerably in the past decade. Here, we summarize data that indicate the role of PrPC in modulating immune signaling, with emphasis on neuroimmune crosstalk both under basal conditions and during inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Salvesen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway.
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.
| | - Michael A Tranulis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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12
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Song Z, Yang W, Cheng G, Zhou X, Yang L, Zhao D. Prion protein is essential for the RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST)-dependent developmental switch in synaptic NMDA receptors. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:541. [PMID: 29748616 PMCID: PMC5945644 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is important that the correct amounts of GluN2 subunits are maintained, as they determine NMDAR functional properties, which are crucial to neuronal communication, synaptogenesis and cognitive function. The transcriptional repressor RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is critical for the postnatal developmental switch in NMDARs. However, the mechanisms triggering REST and the link between NMDARs and REST are unclear. Here we show a new physiological essential role for cellular prion protein (PrPC) in REST-dependent homeostasis and the developmental switch of NMDARs. REST and REST-associated proteins were overactivated in the hippocampi of Prnp knockout mice (Prnp 0/0 ) compared with wild-type Prnp (Prnp +/+ ) mice. This coincided with the disruption of the normal developmental switch from GluN2B-to-GluN2A in vivo. PrPC co-located with REST under physiological environments and mediated the translocation of REST in conditioners of NMDARs in vitro in Prnp +/+ hippocampal neurons. Regardless of whether REST was knocked down or overexpressed, deletion of PrPC not only disrupted REST-mediated distribution of mitochondria, but also prevented REST-regulated expression of GluN2B and GluN2A in Prnp 0/0 . Importantly, these effects were rescued after overexpression of full-length PrPC through restoration of NMDAR2 subunits and their distributions in dendritic processes in Prnp 0/0 . Consistently, knockdown of PrPC in Prnp +/+ had a similar effect on Prnp 0/0 . Furthermore, PrPC colocalized with both GluN2B and GluN2A in Prnp +/+ . For the first time, we demonstrate that PrPC is essential for REST-regulated NMDARs. Confirming the regulation of NMDAR-modulating mechanisms could provide novel therapeutic targets against dysfunctions of glutamatergic transmission in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Song
- The State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- The State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- Hebei Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Guangyu Cheng
- The State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- The State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- The State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- The State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
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Salvesen Ø, Reiten MR, Kamstra JH, Bakkebø MK, Espenes A, Tranulis MA, Ersdal C. Goats without Prion Protein Display Enhanced Proinflammatory Pulmonary Signaling and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling upon Systemic Lipopolysaccharide Challenge. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1722. [PMID: 29270176 PMCID: PMC5723645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A naturally occurring mutation in the PRNP gene of Norwegian dairy goats terminates synthesis of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), rendering homozygous goats (PRNPTer/Ter) devoid of the protein. Although PrPC has been extensively studied, particularly in the central nervous system, the biological role of PrPC remains incompletely understood. Here, we examined whether loss of PrPC affects the initial stage of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Acute pulmonary inflammation was induced by intravenous injection of LPS (Escherichia coli O26:B6) in 16 goats (8 PRNPTer/Ter and 8 PRNP+/+). A control group of 10 goats (5 PRNPTer/Ter and 5 PRNP+/+) received sterile saline. Systemic LPS challenge induced sepsis-like clinical signs including tachypnea and respiratory distress. Microscopic examination of lungs revealed multifocal areas with alveolar hemorrhages, edema, neutrophil infiltration, and higher numbers of alveolar macrophages, with no significant differences between PRNP genotypes. A total of 432 (PRNP+/+) and 596 (PRNPTer/Ter) genes were differentially expressed compared with the saline control of the matching genotype. When assigned to gene ontology categories, biological processes involved in remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), were exclusively enriched in PrPC-deficient goats. These genes included a range of collagen-encoding genes, and proteases such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1, MMP2, MMP14, ADAM15) and cathepsins. Several proinflammatory upstream regulators (TNF-α, interleukin-1β, IFN-γ) showed increased activation scores in goats devoid of PrPC. In conclusion, LPS challenge induced marked alterations in the lung tissue transcriptome that corresponded with histopathological and clinical findings in both genotypes. The increased activation of upstream inflammatory regulators and enrichment of ECM components could reflect increased inflammation in the absence of PrPC. Further studies are required to elucidate whether these alterations may affect the later reparative phase of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Salvesen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Malin R Reiten
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorke H Kamstra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren K Bakkebø
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Espenes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael A Tranulis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie Ersdal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway
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14
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Wu GR, Mu TC, Gao ZX, Wang J, Sy MS, Li CY. Prion protein is required for tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-triggered nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling and cytokine production. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18747-18759. [PMID: 28900035 PMCID: PMC5704461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.787283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of normal cellular prion protein (PrP) is required for the pathogenesis of prion diseases. However, the physiological functions of PrP remain ambiguous. Here, we identified PrP as being critical for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-triggered signaling in a human melanoma cell line, M2, and a pancreatic ductal cell adenocarcinoma cell line, BxPC-3. In M2 cells, TNFα up-regulates the expression of p-IκB-kinase α/β (p-IKKα/β), p-p65, and p-JNK, but down-regulates the IκBα protein, all of which are downstream signaling intermediates in the TNF receptor signaling cascade. When PRNP is deleted in M2 cells, the effects of TNFα are no longer detectable. More importantly, p-p65 and p-JNK responses are restored when PRNP is reintroduced into the PRNP null cells. TNFα also activates NF-κB and increases TNFα production in wild-type M2 cells, but not in PrP-null M2 cells. Similar results are obtained in the BxPC-3 cells. Moreover, TNFα activation of NF-κB requires ubiquitination of receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIP1) and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2). TNFα treatment increases the binding between PrP and the deubiquitinase tumor suppressor cylindromatosis (CYLD), in these treated cells, binding of CYLD to RIP1 and TRAF2 is reduced. We conclude that PrP traps CYLD, preventing it from binding and deubiquitinating RIP1 and TRAF2. Our findings reveal that PrP enhances the responses to TNFα, promoting proinflammatory cytokine production, which may contribute to inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ru Wu
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China.,the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Tian-Chen Mu
- the Department of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Gao
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jun Wang
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and
| | - Chao-Yang Li
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China, .,the Wuhan Brain Hospital, No. 5 Huiji Road, Jiang'an District, Wuhan 430010, China
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15
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Ezpeleta J, Boudet-Devaud F, Pietri M, Baudry A, Baudouin V, Alleaume-Butaux A, Dagoneau N, Kellermann O, Launay JM, Schneider B. Protective role of cellular prion protein against TNFα-mediated inflammation through TACE α-secretase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7671. [PMID: 28794434 PMCID: PMC5550509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cellular prion protein PrPC is well known for its implication in Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, its functions remain elusive. Combining in vitro and in vivo approaches, we here show that PrPC displays the intrinsic capacity to protect neuronal cells from a pro-inflammatory TNFα noxious insult. Mechanistically, PrPC coupling to the NADPH oxidase-TACE α-secretase signaling pathway promotes TACE-mediated cleavage of transmembrane TNFα receptors (TNFRs) and the release of soluble TNFR, which limits the sensitivity of recipient cells to TNFα. We further show that PrPC expression is necessary for TACE α-secretase to stay at the plasma membrane in an active state for TNFR shedding. Such PrPC control of TACE localization depends on PrPC modulation of β1 integrin signaling and downstream activation of ROCK-I and PDK1 kinases. Loss of PrPC provokes TACE internalization, which in turn cancels TACE-mediated cleavage of TNFR and renders PrPC-depleted neuronal cells as well as PrPC knockout mice highly vulnerable to pro-inflammatory TNFα insult. Our work provides the prime evidence that in an inflammatory context PrPC adjusts the response of neuronal cells targeted by TNFα through TACE α-secretase. Our data also support the view that abnormal TACE trafficking and activity in prion diseases originate from a-loss-of-PrPC cytoprotective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Ezpeleta
- INSERM, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - François Boudet-Devaud
- INSERM, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Mathéa Pietri
- INSERM, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Anne Baudry
- INSERM, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Baudouin
- INSERM, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Alleaume-Butaux
- INSERM, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dagoneau
- INSERM, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Odile Kellermann
- INSERM, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- AP-HP, INSERM UMR-S 942, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010, Paris, France.,Pharma Research Department, Hoffmann-La-Roche Ltd, CH4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Schneider
- INSERM, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124, F-75006, Paris, France.
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16
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Hirsch TZ, Martin-Lannerée S, Mouillet-Richard S. Functions of the Prion Protein. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 150:1-34. [PMID: 28838656 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although initially disregarded compared to prion pathogenesis, the functions exerted by the cellular prion protein PrPC have gained much interest over the past two decades. Research aiming at unraveling PrPC functions started to intensify when it became appreciated that it would give clues as to how it is subverted in the context of prion infection and, more recently, in the context of Alzheimer's disease. It must now be admitted that PrPC is implicated in an incredible variety of biological processes, including neuronal homeostasis, stem cell fate, protection against stress, or cell adhesion. It appears that these diverse roles can all be fulfilled through the involvement of PrPC in cell signaling events. Our aim here is to provide an overview of our current understanding of PrPC functions from the animal to the molecular scale and to highlight some of the remaining gaps that should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Z Hirsch
- INSERM UMR 1124, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1124, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Martin-Lannerée
- INSERM UMR 1124, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1124, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- INSERM UMR 1124, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1124, Paris, France.
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17
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Salvesen Ø, Reiten MR, Espenes A, Bakkebø MK, Tranulis MA, Ersdal C. LPS-induced systemic inflammation reveals an immunomodulatory role for the prion protein at the blood-brain interface. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:106. [PMID: 28532450 PMCID: PMC5441080 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is an evolutionary conserved protein abundantly expressed not only in the central nervous system but also peripherally including the immune system. A line of Norwegian dairy goats naturally devoid of PrPC (PRNPTer/Ter) provides a novel model for studying PrPC physiology. Methods In order to explore putative roles for PrPC in acute inflammatory responses, we performed a lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Escherichia coli O26:B6) challenge of 16 goats (8 PRNP+/+ and 8 PRNPTer/Ter) and included 10 saline-treated controls (5 of each PRNP genotype). Clinical examinations were performed continuously, and blood samples were collected throughout the trial. Genome-wide transcription profiles of the choroid plexus, which is at the blood-brain interface, and the hippocampus were analyzed by RNA sequencing, and the same tissues were histologically evaluated. Results All LPS-treated goats displayed clinical signs of sickness behavior, which were of significantly (p < 0.01) longer duration in animals without PrPC. In the choroid plexus, a substantial alteration of the transcriptome and activation of Iba1-positive cells were observed. This response included genotype-dependent differential expression of several genes associated with the immune response, such as ISG15, CXCL12, CXCL14, and acute phase proteins, among others. Activation of cytokine-responsive genes was skewed towards a more profound type I interferon response, and a less obvious type II response, in PrPC-deficient goats. The magnitude of gene expression in response to LPS was smaller in the hippocampus than in the choroid plexus. Resting state expression profiles revealed a few differences between the PRNP genotypes. Conclusions Our data suggest that PrPC acts as a modulator of certain pathways of innate immunity signaling, particularly downstream of interferons, and probably contributes to protection of vulnerable tissues against inflammatory damage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0879-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ø Salvesen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway
| | - M R Reiten
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway
| | - A Espenes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway
| | - M K Bakkebø
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway
| | - M A Tranulis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway
| | - C Ersdal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway.
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18
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Prion Protein Family Contributes to Tumorigenesis via Multiple Pathways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1018:207-224. [PMID: 29052140 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of evidence suggests that proteins from prion protein (PrP) family contribute to tumorigenesis in many types of cancers, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), breast cancer, glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, melanoma, etc. It is well documented that PrP is a biomarker for PDAC, breast cancer, and gastric cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The major reasons for cancer cell-caused patient death are metastasis and multiple drug resistance, both of which connect to physiological functions of PrP expressing in cancer cells. PrP enhances tumorigenesis by multiple pathways. For example, PrP existed as pro-PrP in most of the PDAC cell lines, thus increasing cancer cell motility by binding to cytoskeletal protein filamin A (FLNa). Using PDAC cell lines BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 as model system, we identified that dysfunction of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor synthesis machinery resulted in the biogenesis of pro-PrP. In addition, in cancer cells without FLNa expression, pro-PrP can modify cytoskeleton structure by affecting cofilin/F-actin axis, thus influencing cancer cell movement. Besides pro-PrP, we showed that GPI-anchored unglycosylated PrP can elevate cell mobility by interacting with VEGFR2, thus stimulating cell migration under serum-free condition. Besides affecting cancer cell motility, overexpressed PrP or doppel (Dpl) in cancer cells has been shown to increase cell proliferation, multiple drug resistance, and angiogenesis, thus, proteins from PrP gene family by affecting important processes via multiple pathways for cancer cell growth exacerbating tumorigenesis.
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19
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A novel multi-population coevolution strategy for single objective immune optimization algorithm. Neural Comput Appl 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-016-2507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Bakkebø MK, Mouillet-Richard S, Espenes A, Goldmann W, Tatzelt J, Tranulis MA. The Cellular Prion Protein: A Player in Immunological Quiescence. Front Immunol 2015; 6:450. [PMID: 26388873 PMCID: PMC4557099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive studies since the 1990s, the physiological role of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) remains elusive. Here, we present a novel concept suggesting that PrP(C) contributes to immunological quiescence in addition to cell protection. PrP(C) is highly expressed in diverse organs that by multiple means are particularly protected from inflammation, such as the brain, eye, placenta, pregnant uterus, and testes, while at the same time it is expressed in most cells of the lymphoreticular system. In this paradigm, PrP(C) serves two principal roles: to modulate the inflammatory potential of immune cells and to protect vulnerable parenchymal cells against noxious insults generated through inflammation. Here, we review studies of PrP(C) physiology in view of this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren K. Bakkebø
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Arild Espenes
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wilfred Goldmann
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael A. Tranulis
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway,*Correspondence: Michael A. Tranulis, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, Oslo 0033, Norway,
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21
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