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Rymbai E, Sugumar D, Chakkittukandiyil A, Kothandan R, Selvaraj D. Molecular insights into the potential effects of selective estrogen receptor β agonists in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4014. [PMID: 38616346 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Pathologically, AD and PD are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins. Hence, they are also called as proteinopathy diseases. Gender is considered as one of the risk factors in both diseases. Estrogens are widely accepted to be neuroprotective in several neurodegenerative disorders. Estrogens can be produced in the central nervous system, where they are called as neurosteroids. Estrogens mediate their neuroprotective action mainly through their actions on estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). However, ERα is mainly involved in the growth and development of the primary and secondary sexual organs in females. Hence, the activation of ERα is associated with undesired side effects such as gynecomastia and increase in the risk of breast cancer, thromboembolism, and feminization. Therefore, selective activation of ERβ is often considered to be safer. In this review, we explore the role of ERβ in regulating the expression and functions of AD- and PD-associated genes. Additionally, we discuss the association of these genes with the amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) and α-synuclein mediated toxicity. Ultimately, we established a correlation between the importance of ERβ activation and the process underlying ERβ's neuroprotective mechanisms in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emdormi Rymbai
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepa Sugumar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amritha Chakkittukandiyil
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ram Kothandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Divakar Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zhang T, Wang J, Wang Y, He L, Lv S, Wang Y, Li W. Wenyang-Tianjing-Jieyu Decoction Improves Depression Rats of Kidney Yang Deficiency Pattern by Regulating T Cell Homeostasis and Inflammation Level. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:631-647. [PMID: 38545129 PMCID: PMC10966763 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s445636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic inflammation is one of the key mechanisms of depression. Wenyang-Tianjin-Jie Decoction (WTJD) is an effective antidepressant found in the course of diagnosis and treatment, but the mechanism of therapeutic effect is not clear. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of WTJD in the kidney yang deficiency (KYD) type of depression rats and reveal its mechanisms. Materials and Methods We selected forty 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats for the study. We established a KYD [Phellodendron amurense Rupr (Huangbai) solution oral gavage and 4°C environments; 8 weeks] type of depression (chronic unpredictable mild stimulus; 6 weeks) rat model first. After successful modeling, we used WTJD or fluoxetine on rats for 3 weeks. Then we evaluated the depression and KYD behavior. Finally, we observed the expression of key inflammatory factors and proteins in peripheral blood and hippocampus, and further investigated the immune balance of Th17/Treg and Th1/Th2 cells and the activity of their main regulatory pathways JAK2/STAT3 and TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB. Results The imbalance of Th17/Treg and Th1/Th2 cells in rats were related to KYD and depressive symptoms. Through this study, we found that WTJD can inhibit the activity of JAK2/STAT3 and TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB pathways, balance Th17/Treg and Th1/Th2 cell homeostasis, regulate the levels of inflammatory factors in the hippocampus and peripheral blood, and reverse KYD and depression. Conclusion This study confirmed that WTJD had a reliable effect on depression rats with KYD, and its mechanism was to regulate the immune homeostasis of hippocampal T cells and related inflammatory factors to improve KYD and depression symptoms in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiexin Wang
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linxi He
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shangbin Lv
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihong Li
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Xu G, Dong F, Su L, Tan ZX, Lei M, Li L, Wen D, Zhang F. The role and therapeutic potential of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in ischemic stroke. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116140. [PMID: 38211425 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a prevalent cerebrovascular condition with a global impact, causing significant rates of illness and death. Despite extensive research, the available treatment options for stroke remain restricted. Hence, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the onset and advancement of stroke in order to establish a theoretical foundation for novel preventive and therapeutic approaches. NF-κB, also known as nuclear factor κB, is a transcription factor responsible for controlling the expression of numerous genes and plays a crucial role in diverse physiological processes. NF-κB is triggered and regulates neuroinflammation and other processes after stroke, promoting the generation of cytokine storms and contributing to the advancement of ischemic stroke (IS). Therefore, NF-κB could potentially play a vital role in stroke by regulating diverse pathophysiological processes. This review provides an overview of the functions of NF-κB in stroke and its governing mechanisms. In addition, our attention is directed towards various potential therapies that aim to inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway in order to offer valuable insights for the advancement of innovative treatment approaches for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Zi-Xuan Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Mingcheng Lei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Di Wen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China; Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China.
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Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Blood-brain barrier transporters: a translational consideration for CNS delivery of neurotherapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:71-89. [PMID: 38217410 PMCID: PMC10842757 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2306138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Successful neuropharmacology requires optimization of CNS drug delivery and, by extension, free drug concentrations at brain molecular targets. Detailed assessment of blood-brain barrier (BBB) physiological characteristics is necessary to achieve this goal. The 'next frontier' in CNS drug delivery is targeting BBB uptake transporters, an approach that requires evaluation of brain endothelial cell transport processes so that effective drug accumulation and improved therapeutic efficacy can occur. AREAS COVERED BBB permeability of drugs is governed by tight junction protein complexes (i.e., physical barrier) and transporters/enzymes (i.e., biochemical barrier). For most therapeutics, a component of blood-to-brain transport involves passive transcellular diffusion. Small molecule drugs that do not possess acceptable physicochemical characteristics for passive permeability may utilize putative membrane transporters for CNS uptake. While both uptake and efflux transport mechanisms are expressed at the brain microvascular endothelium, uptake transporters can be targeted for optimization of brain drug delivery and improved treatment of neurological disease states. EXPERT OPINION Uptake transporters represent a unique opportunity to optimize brain drug delivery by leveraging the endogenous biology of the BBB. A rigorous understanding of these transporters is required to improve translation from the bench to clinical trials and stimulate the development of new treatment paradigms for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine
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Li X, Chen S, Zheng G, Yang Y, Yin N, Niu X, Yao L, Lv P. Atorvastatin Calcium Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits Through the AMPK/Mtor Pathway in Rats with Vascular Dementia. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:148-156. [PMID: 37282650 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230606114448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM In this study, the protective effects of atorvastatin calcium (AC) on nerve cells and cognitive improvement in vivo and in vitro were investigated by establishing cell models and vascular dementia (VD) rat models. BACKGROUND VD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive deficits caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. AC has been studied for its potential to cure VD but its efficacy and underlying mechanism are still unclear. OBJECTIVE The mechanism of action of AC on cognitive deficits in the early stages of VD is unclear. Here, the 2-vessel occlusion (2-VO) model in vivo and the hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) cell model in vitro was established to investigate the function of AC in VD. METHODS The spatial learning and memory abilities of rats were detected by the Morris method. The IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cell supernatant was tested by ELISA kits. After behavioural experiments, rats were anaesthetized and sacrificed, and their brains were extracted. One part was immediately fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for H&E, Nissl, and immunohistochemical analyses, and the other was stored in liquid nitrogen. All data were shown as mean ± SD. Statistical comparison between the two groups was performed by Student's t-test. A two-way ANOVA test using GraphPad Prism 7 was applied for escape latency analysis and the swimming speed test. The difference was considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. RESULTS AC decreased apoptosis, increased autophagy, and alleviated oxidative stress in primary hippocampal neurons. AC regulated autophagy-related proteins in vitro by western blotting. VD mice improved cognitively in the Morris water maze. Spatial probing tests showed that VD animals administered AC had considerably longer swimming times to the platform than VD rats. H&E and Nissl staining showed that AC reduces neuronal damage in VD rats. Western blot and qRT-PCR indicated that AC in VD rats inhibited Bax and promoted LC3-II, Beclin-1, and Bcl-2 in the hippocampus region. AC also improves cognition via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. CONCLUSION This study found that AC may relieve learning and memory deficits as well as neuronal damage in VD rats by changing the expression of apoptosis/autophagy-related genes and activating the AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Department of Preventive Health, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Guiming Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Nan Yin
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Xiaoli Niu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Lixia Yao
- Department of Geriatrics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Peiyuan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
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Wang Y, Li Y, Chen Y, Mao J, Ji J, Zhang S, Liu P, Pronyuk K, Fisher D, Dang Y, Zhao L. Corilagin relieves atherosclerosis via the toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2024; 38:3946320241254083. [PMID: 38869980 PMCID: PMC11179462 DOI: 10.1177/03946320241254083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Corilagin possesses a diverse range of pharmacologic bioactivities. However, the specific protective effects and mechanisms of action of corilagin in the context of atherosclerosis remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the impact of corilagin on the toll-like receptor (TLR)4 signaling pathway in a mouse vascular smooth muscle cell line (MOVAS) stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Additionally, we examined the effects of corilagin in Sprague-Dawley rats experiencing atherosclerosis. METHODS The cytotoxicity of corilagin was assessed using the CCK8 assay. MOVAS cells, pre-incubated with ox-LDL, underwent treatment with varying concentrations of corilagin. TLR4 expression was modulated by either downregulation through small interfering (si)RNA or upregulation via lentivirus transfection. Molecular expression within the TLR4 signaling pathway was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. The proliferation capacity of MOVAS cells was determined through cell counting. In a rat model, atherosclerosis was induced in femoral arteries using an improved guidewire injury method, and TLR4 expression in plaque areas was assessed using immunofluorescence. Pathological changes were examined through hematoxylin and eosin staining, as well as Oil-Red-O staining. RESULTS Corilagin demonstrated inhibitory effects on the TLR4 signaling pathway in MOVAS cells pre-stimulated with ox-LDL, consequently impeding the proliferative impact of ox-LDL. The modulation of TLR4 expression, either through downregulation or upregulation, similarly influenced the expression of downstream molecules. In an in vivo context, corilagin exhibited the ability to suppress TLR4 and MyD88 expression in the plaque lesion areas of rat femoral arteries, thereby alleviating the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. CONCLUSION Corilagin can inhibit the TLR4 signaling pathway in VSMCs, possibly by downregulating TLR4 expression and, consequently, relieving atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Hydrolyzable Tannins/pharmacology
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Male
- Glucosides/pharmacology
- Glucosides/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Cell Line
- Rats
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinqian Mao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Ji
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for High-Throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Khrystyna Pronyuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - David Fisher
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Health Professions, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yiping Dang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Li X, Wang X, Huang B, Huang R. Sennoside A restrains TRAF6 level to modulate ferroptosis, inflammation and cognitive impairment in aging mice with Alzheimer's Disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110290. [PMID: 37216800 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease and a momentous cause of dementia in the elderly. Sennoside A (SA) is an anthraquinone compound and possesses decisive protective functions in various human diseases. The purpose of this research was to elucidate the protective effect of SA against AD and investigate its mechanism. METHODS Male APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice with a C57BL/6J background were chosen as AD model. Age-matched nontransgenic littermates (C57BL/6 mice) were negative controls. SA's functions in AD in vivo were estimated by cognitive function analysis, Western blot, hematoxylin-eosin staining, TUNEL staining, Nissl staining, detection of Fe2+ levels, glutathione and malondialdehyde contents, and quantitative real-time PCR. Also, SA's functions in AD in LPS-induced BV2 cells were examined using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and analysis of reactive oxygen species levels. Meanwhile, SA's mechanisms in AD were assessed by several molecular experiments. RESULTS Functionally, SA mitigated cognitive function, hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in AD mice. Furthermore, SA reduced BV2 cell apoptosis, ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation induced by LPS. Rescue assay revealed that SA abolished the high expressions of TRAF6 and p-P65 (NF-κB pathway-related proteins) induced by AD, and this impact was reversed after TRAF6 overexpression. Conversely, this impact was further enhanced after TRAF6 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS SA relieved ferroptosis, inflammation and cognitive impairment in aging mice with AD through decreasing TRAF6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Li
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, 610072, China.
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, 610072, China
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Wang C, Ye H, Zheng Y, Qi Y, Zhang M, Long Y, Hu Y. Phenylethanoid Glycosides of Cistanche Improve Learning and Memory Disorders in APP/PS1 Mice by Regulating Glial Cell Activation and Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:75-93. [PMID: 35781783 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenylethanoid Glycosides of Cistanche (PhGs) have a certain curative effect on AD animal model, Echinacea (ECH) and verbascoside (ACT), as the quality control standard of Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma and the main representative compounds of PhGs have been proved to have neuroprotective effects, but the specific mechanism needs to be further explored. This study explored the mechanisms of PhGs, ECH, and ACT in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) from the perspectives of glial cell activation, TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, and synaptic protein expression. We used APP/PS1 mice as AD models. After treatment with PhGs, ECH, and ACT, the learning and memory abilities of APP/PS1 mice were enhanced, and the pathological changes in brain tissue were alleviated. The expression of pro-inflammatory M1 microglia markers (CD11b, iNOS, and IL-1β) was decreased; the expression of M2 microglia markers (Arg-1 and TGF-β1) was increased, which promoted the transformation of microglia from M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype to M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. In addition, PhGs, ECH, and ACT could down-regulate the expression of proteins related to the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and up-regulate the expression of synaptic proteins. The results indicated that PhGs, ECH, and ACT played a neuroprotective role by regulating the activation of glial cells and inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway, and improving the expression levels of synapse-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Ye
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Long
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Sami Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Cheng Z, Li X, Ye X, Yu R, Deng Y. Purpurogallin Reverses Neuronal Apoptosis and Enhances "M2" Polarization of Microglia Under Ischemia via Mediating the miR-124-3p/TRAF6/NF-κB Axis. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:375-392. [PMID: 36131212 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpurogallin (PPG) has been demonstrated to exert an anti-inflammatory function in neurological diseases. This study aimed at investigating the role of PPG on microglial polarization post ischemic stroke as well as the underlying mechanism. Mouse hippocampal neurons HT-22 and microglial BV2 cells were treated by oxygen and glucose deprivation to simulate an in-vitro ischemia model. qRT-PCR and ELISA examined expression of cytokines in microglia. CCK8 and flow cytometry measured HT-22 cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. The levels of miR-124-3p and TRAF6/NF-κB were determined. A mouse cerebral ischemia model was set up using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. After being dealt with PPG, the neurological functions, brain edema, neuronal apoptosis, and microglia activation of the mice were evaluated. As suggested by the results, PPG transformed "M1" to "M2" polarization of BV2 cells, and abated HT-22 cell apoptosis. PPG enhanced the neurological functions, alleviated brain edema, and decreased neuroinflammatory responses, and neuronal apoptosis in the brain lesions of MCAO mice. Furthermore, PPG enhanced miR-124-3p and repressed the TRAF6/NF-κB pathway. miR-124-3p suppressed the TRAF6/NF-κB pathway by targeting TRAF6. Collectively, PPG alleviates ischemia-induced neuronal damage and microglial inflammation by modulating the miR-124-3p/TRAF6/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Nanchang First Hospital, No.128 Xiangshan North Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Xinming Li
- Department of Neurology, Nanchang First Hospital, No.128 Xiangshan North Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- Department of Oncology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rong Yu
- Department of Neurology, Nanchang First Hospital, No.128 Xiangshan North Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Youqing Deng
- Department of Neurology, Nanchang First Hospital, No.128 Xiangshan North Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
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Microglia and Cholesterol Handling: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123105. [PMID: 36551857 PMCID: PMC9775660 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for brain function and structure, however altered cholesterol metabolism and transport are hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The well-established link between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and increased AD risk highlights the importance of cholesterol and lipid transport in AD etiology. Whereas more is known about the regulation and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism and transport in neurons and astrocytes, less is known about how microglia, the immune cells of the brain, handle cholesterol, and the subsequent implications for the ability of microglia to perform their essential functions. Evidence is emerging that a high-cholesterol environment, particularly in the context of defects in the ability to transport cholesterol (e.g., expression of the high-risk APOE4 isoform), can lead to chronic activation, increased inflammatory signaling, and reduced phagocytic capacity, which have been associated with AD pathology. In this narrative review we describe how cholesterol regulates microglia phenotype and function, and discuss what is known about the effects of statins on microglia, as well as highlighting areas of future research to advance knowledge that can lead to the development of novel therapies for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Toll-Like Receptor 4: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:7924199. [PMID: 36046763 PMCID: PMC9420645 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7924199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that primarily manifests as memory deficits and cognitive impairment and has created health challenges for patients and society. In AD, amyloid β-protein (Aβ) induces Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation in microglia. Activation of TLR4 induces downstream signaling pathways and promotes the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which also trigger the activation of astrocytes and influence amyloid-dependent neuronal death. Therefore, TLR4 may be an important molecular target for treating AD by regulating neuroinflammation. Moreover, TLR4 regulates apoptosis, autophagy, and gut microbiota and is closely related to AD. This article reviews the role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of AD and a range of potential therapies targeting TLR4 for AD. Elucidating the regulatory mechanism of TLR4 in AD may provide valuable clues for developing new therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Wang J, Yang Y, Li W, Wu S, Han C. The role of the novel small molecule QUIN-A in suppressing neuroinflammation and its target. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yue Q, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Hoi MPM. Murine Beta-Amyloid (1-42) Oligomers Disrupt Endothelial Barrier Integrity and VEGFR Signaling via Activating Astrocytes to Release Deleterious Soluble Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031878. [PMID: 35163801 PMCID: PMC8836933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) overexpress mutations of the human amyloid protein precursor (APP) and presenilin-1 (PSEN1) genes, which are known causes of amyloid pathology in familial AD. However, animal models for studying AD in the context of aging and age-related co-morbidities, such as blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruptions, are lacking. More recently, aged and progeroid mouse models have been proposed as alternatives to study aging-related AD, but the toxicity of murine amyloid-beta protein (Aβ) is not well defined. In this study, we aimed to study the potential toxicity of murine Aβ on brain endothelial cells and astrocytes, which are important components of the BBB, using mouse brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3) and astrocytes (C8-D1A). Murine-soluble Aβ (1–42) oligomers (sAβO42) (10 µM) induced negligible injuries in an endothelial monolayer but induced significant barrier disruptions in a bEnd.3 and C8-D1A co-culture. Similar results of endothelial perturbation were observed in a bEnd.3 monolayer treated with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) generated by astrocytes exposed to sAβO42 (ACM-sAβO42), while additional exogenous sAβO42 did not cause further damage. Western blot analysis showed that ACM-sAβO42 altered the basal activities of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), eNOS, and the signaling of the MEK/ERK and Akt pathways in bEnd.3. Our results showed that murine sAβO42 was moderately toxic to an endothelial and astrocyte co-culture. These damaging effects on the endothelial barrier were induced by deleterious soluble factors released from astrocytes, which disrupted endothelial VEGFR2 signaling and perturbed cell survival and barrier stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China; (Q.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Xinhua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China; (Q.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Maggie Pui Man Hoi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China; (Q.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +853-8822-4876
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Li H, Di G, Zhang Y, Liang J, Wang X, Xu Z, Kong X. miR-217 through SIRT1 regulates the immunotoxicity of cadmium in Cyprinus carpio. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109086. [PMID: 34051377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in regulating the response of animals exposed to heavy metal stress. As a globally dispersed heavy metal in aquatic ecosystems, cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to many aquatic species. However, little is known about the miRNA response to Cd stress in fish. To investigate the regulatory effect of miRNAs in response to Cd, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to Cd2+-containing water (0.005 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L) for 30 days. After exposure, Cd2+ contents were significantly higher in the kidneys of C. carpio compared to other tissues, when exposed to 0.5 mg/L Cd2+. Hematoxylin and eosin staining images revealed that elevated Cd induced inflammatory damage in the kidneys of C.carpio. Further, miRNA sequencing revealed nine differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-217, miR-205 and seven novel miRNAs) in the kidneys, between 0.5 mg/L Cd2+ exposure and control groups. Potential target mRNAs of miRNAs suggest that miR-217 is involved in immunotoxicity. miR-217 agomir was intraperitoneally administered to C. carpio and RT-PCR revealed that the expression of IL-8 and SIRT1 decreased, while TLR-4, TRAF6, NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-1β, and TGF-β increased in the kidneys of C.carpio. Additionally, the expression of SIRT1 decreased, while the expression of other mRNAs increased in kidneys of C. carpio exposed to Cd. According to mRNAs expression in the agomir and Cd treatment, miRNAs inhibit the expressions of target mRNAs. These results demonstrate that miR-217 via SIRT1 plays a regulatory role in the immunotoxicity of Cd to C. carpio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Guilan Di
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Junping Liang
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China.; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Zhenshan Xu
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China..
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15
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Li Y, Zhang L, Zhang P, Hao Z. Dehydrocorydaline Protects Against Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Injury Through Modulating the TRAF6/NF-κB Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:709604. [PMID: 34489703 PMCID: PMC8416759 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.709604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We aim to investigate the effect and mechanism of dehydrocorydaline (Deh), an alkaloidal component isolated from Rhizoma corydalis, in the treatment of sepsis-mediated myocardial injury. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was taken to construct an in-vitro sepsis-myocardial injury models H9C2 cardiomyocytes. The in-vivo model of sepsis in C57BL/6 mice was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli (E. coli). The in-vitro and in-vivo models were treated with Deh in different concentrations, respectively. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Masson staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were taken to evaluate the histopathological changes of the heart. ELISA was applied to evaluate the levels of inflammatory factors, including IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, IFNγ, and oxidized factors SOD, GSH-PX in the plasma or culture medium. Western blot was used to measure the expressions of Bax, Bcl2, Caspase3, iNOS, Nrf2, HO-1, TRAF6, NF-κB in heart tissues and cells. The viability of H9C2 cardiomyocytes was detected by the CCK8 method and BrdU assay. The ROS level in the H9C2 cardiomyocytes were determined using immunofluorescence. As a result, Deh treatment improved the survival of sepsis mice, reduced TUNEL-labeled apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. In vitro, Deh enhanced the viability of LPS-induced H9C2 cardiomyocytes and inhibited cell apoptosis. Additionally, Deh showed significant anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress functions via decreasing IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and IFNγ levels, mitigating ROS level, up-regulating Nrf2/HO-1, SOD, and GSH-PX expressions dose-dependently. Mechanistically, Deh inhibited TRAF6 expression and the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. The intervention with a specific inhibitor of TRAF6 (C25-140) or NF-κB inhibitor (BAY 11-7082) markedly repressed the protective effects mediated by Deh. In conclusion, Deh restrains sepsis-induced cardiomyocyte injury by inhibiting the TRAF6/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Li
- Department of Emergency, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Hemotology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hemotology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiying Hao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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Zhai L, Shen H, Sheng Y, Guan Q. ADMSC Exo-MicroRNA-22 improve neurological function and neuroinflammation in mice with Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7513-7523. [PMID: 34250722 PMCID: PMC8335682 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The previous study by our group has found that miRNA-22 can inhibit pyroptosis by targeting GSDMD and improve the memory and motor ability of mice with Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice by inhibiting inflammatory response. In recent years, stem cells and their exosomes have been reported to have good therapeutic effects on AD; therefore, we hypothesize that miRNA-22 is likely to play a synergistic therapeutic effect. In this study, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) were transfected into miRNA-22 mimic to obtain miRNA-22 loaded exosomes (Exo-miRNA-22), which was further used for the treatment and nerve repair of AD. In brief, 4-month-old APP/PS1 mice were assigned into the control group, Exo and Exo-miRNA-22 groups. After exosome transplantation, we observed changes in the motor and memory ability of mice. In addition, ELISA was used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood, Nissl staining was used to assess the survival of mouse nerve cells, immunofluorescence staining was used to determine the activation of microglia, and Western blot was utilized to detect the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins. As a result, the nerve function and motor ability were significantly higher in mice in the Exo-miRNA-22 group than those in the control group and Exo group. Meanwhile, the survival level of nerve cells in mice was higher in the Exo-miRNA-22 group, and the expression of inflammatory factors was lower than that of the Exo group, indicating Exo-miRNA-22 could significantly suppress neuroinflammation. In vitro culture of PC12 cells, Aβ25-35 -induced cell damage, detection of PC12 apoptotic level, the release of inflammatory factors and the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins showed that Exo-miRNA-22 could inhibit PC12 apoptosis and significantly decrease the release of inflammatory factors. In this study, we found that miRNA-22-loaded ADMSC-derived exosomes could decrease the release of inflammatory factors by inhibiting pyroptosis, thereby playing a synergetic therapeutic role with exosomes on AD, which is of great significance in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhai
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Heping Shen
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Yongjia Sheng
- Department of PharmacyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Qiaobing Guan
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
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17
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Zheng X, Wang J, Bi F, Li Y, Xiao J, Chai Z, Li Y, Miao Z, Wang Y. Protective effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on ovariectomy‑induced cognition reduction in aging mice. Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:121. [PMID: 33955518 PMCID: PMC8121556 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Women experience cognitive decline as they age due to the decrease in estrogen levels following menopause. Currently, effective pharmaceutical treatments for age‑related cognitive decline are lacking; however, several Traditional Chinese medicines have shown promising effects. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) were found to exert a wide variety of biological activities, including anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant and anti‑aging effects. However, to the best of our knowledge, the neuroprotective actions of LBP on cognitive impairment induced by decreased levels of estrogen have not yet been determined. To evaluate the effects of LBP on learning and memory impairment in an animal model of menopause, 45 female ICR mice were randomly divided into the following three groups: i) Sham; ii) ovariectomy (OVX); and iii) OVX + LBP treatment. The results of open‑field and novel object recognition tests revealed that mice in the OVX group had learning and memory impairments, and lacked the ability to recognize and remember new objects. Notably, these deficits were attenuated following LBP treatment. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the protective effects of LBP on hippocampal neurons following OVX. To further investigate the underlying mechanism of OVX in mice, mRNA sequencing of the hippocampal tissue was performed, which revealed that the Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4) inflammatory signaling pathway was significantly upregulated in the OVX group. Moreover, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that OVX induced hippocampal injury, upregulated the expression levels of TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 and NF‑κB, and increased the expression of TNF‑α, IL‑6 and IL‑1β inflammatory factors. Conversely, LBP treatment downregulated the expression levels of mRNAs and proteins associated with the TLR4/NF‑κB signaling pathway, decreased the inflammatory response and reduced neuronal injury in mice that underwent OVX. In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that oral LBP treatment may alleviate OVX‑induced cognitive impairments by downregulating the expression levels of mRNAs and proteins associated with the TLR4/NF‑κB signaling pathway, thereby reducing neuroinflammation and damage to the hippocampal neurons. Thus, LBP may represent a potential agent for the prevention of learning and memory impairments in patients with accelerated aging caused by estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750004, P.R. China
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Junyan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Fengchen Bi
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yilu Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Xiao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Chai
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yunhong Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Miao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
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Barreto GE, Gonzalez J, Reiner Ž, Jamialahmadi T, Echeverria V, Ashraf GM, Sahebkar A. In silico interactions of statins with cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector A (CIDEA). Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109528. [PMID: 34022192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins are the low-density lipoproteins (LDL)-cholesterol-lowering drugs of first choice and are used to prevent the increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Although some of their effects are well known, little is known about their ability to regulate other lipid-related proteins which control apoptotic mechanisms. The aim of this study was to explore whether statins can bind to cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector A (CIDEA), which might be a possible pleiotropic mechanism of action of these drugs on the modulation of apoptosis and lipid metabolism. The structures of statins were subjected to molecular docking and dynamics with the human CIDEA protein to investigate the interaction pattern and identify which residues are important. The docking results indicated that atorvastatin and rosuvastatin showed the best interaction energy (-8.51 and -8.04 kcal/mol, respectively) followed by fluvastatin (-7.39), pitavastatin (-6.5), lovastatin (-6.23), pravastatin (-6.04) and simvastatin (-5.29). Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin were further subjected to molecular dynamics at 50 ns with CIDEA and the results suggested that rosuvastatin-CIDEA complex had lower root-mean square deviation and root-mean square fluctuation when compared with atorvastatin-CIDEA. Since two arginine residues -ARG19 and ARG22-were identified to be common for the interaction with CIDEA, a single-point mutation was induced in these residues to determine whether they are important for binding interaction. Mutation of these two residues seemed to affect mostly the interaction of atorvastatin with CIDEA, suggesting that they are important for the binding and therefore indicate another possible metabolic mechanism of the pleiotropic effects of this statin.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Janneth Gonzalez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kho AR, Hong DK, Kang BS, Park WJ, Choi KC, Park KH, Suh SW. The Effects of Atorvastatin on Global Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094385. [PMID: 33922266 PMCID: PMC8122811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background and Purpose: Global cerebral ischemia-induced severe hypoxic brain damage is one of the main causes of mortality and long-term neurologic disability even after receiving early blood reperfusion. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that atorvastatin potentially has neuroprotective effects in global cerebral ischemia (GCI). (2) Methods: We performed two sets of experiments, analyzing acute (1-week) and chronic (4-week) treatments. For the vehicle (Veh) and statin treatments, 1 mL of 0.9% saline and 5 mg/kg of atorvastatin (ATOR) were administered orally. For histological analysis, we used the following staining protocols: Fluoro-Jade B and NeuN, 4-hydroxynonenal, CD11b and GFAP, IgG, SMI71, and vWF. Finally, we evaluated the cognitive function with a battery of behavioral tests. (3) Results: The GCI-ATOR group showed significantly reduced neuronal death, oxidative stress, inflammation, and BBB disruption compared with the GCI-Veh group. Moreover, the GCI-ATOR group showed decreased endothelial damage and VV proliferation and had significantly improved cognitive function compared with the GCI-Veh group in both models. (4) Conclusions: ATOR has neuroprotective effects and helps recover the cognitive function after GCI in rats. Therefore, administration of atorvastatin may be a therapeutic option in managing GCI after CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Woo-Jung Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang 14068, Korea;
| | - Kyung Chan Choi
- Department of Pathology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Kyoung-Ha Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang 14068, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.-H.P.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-31-380-1725 (K.-H.P.); +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.); Fax: +82-31-386-2269 (K.-H.P.); +82-33-248-2580 (S.W.S.)
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (B.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (K.-H.P.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-31-380-1725 (K.-H.P.); +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.); Fax: +82-31-386-2269 (K.-H.P.); +82-33-248-2580 (S.W.S.)
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Zhou Y, Chen Y, Xu C, Zhang H, Lin C. TLR4 Targeting as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer Disease Treatment. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:602508. [PMID: 33390886 PMCID: PMC7775514 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.602508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta and formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Microglia activation and neuroinflammation play important roles in the pathogenesis of AD; Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-a key component of the innate immune system-in microglia is also thought to be involved based on the observed association between TLR gene polymorphisms and AD risk. TLR4 has been shown to exert both detrimental and beneficial effects on AD-related pathologies. In preclinical models, experimental manipulations targeting TLR4 were shown to improve learning and memory, which was related to inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine release and reduction of oxidative stress. In this review, we summarize the key evidence supporting TLR4 as a promising therapeutic target in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanxing Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caixiu Lin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Li Z, Yang P, Feng B. Effect of atorvastatin on AGEs-induced injury of cerebral cortex via inhibiting NADPH oxidase -NF-κB pathway in ApoE -/- mice. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9479-9488. [PMID: 33210255 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a group of modified proteins and/or lipids with damaging potential. AGEs-RAGE pathway plays a critical role to induce neurodegenerative encephalopathy. Statins can reduce the expression of AGEs-induced AGEs receptor (RAGE) in the aorta. It is not clear whether statins have potential benefits on AGEs-induced cognitive impairment. In this study, the effects of atorvastatin (ATV) on inflammation and oxidation stress in the cerebral cortex were investigated, and the underlying mechanisms were explored. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-/- male mice were divided into four groups: control, AGEs, AGEs + ALT711 (Alagebrium chloride) and AGEs + ATV. β-amyloid (Aβ) formation in the cerebral cortex was assessed through Congo red staining and the functional state of neurons was evaluated by Nissl's staining. Immunostaining was performed to assess the accumulation of AGEs in the cerebral cortex. The expressions of mRNA and protein of RAGE, Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH oxidase) p47phox were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot. There were significant increases in AGEs deposit, Aβ formation, and the expressions of RAGE, NF-κB p65, and NADPH oxidase p47phox, and a decrease Nissl body in AGEs group compared with control group. ALT711 group recovered above change compared with AGEs group. Atorvastatin reduced Aβ formation and suppressed AGEs-induced expressions of NF-κB p65 and NADPH oxidase p47phox. Atorvastatin has little effects on AGEs deposit and RAGE expressions. Atorvastatin alleviates AGEs-induced neuronal impairment by alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress via inhibiting NADPH oxidase-NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiye Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, The Affiliated Wuxi Childern's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Toll-like receptors in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Battaglini D, Pimentel-Coelho PM, Robba C, dos Santos CC, Cruz FF, Pelosi P, Rocco PRM. Gut Microbiota in Acute Ischemic Stroke: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Implications. Front Neurol 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32670191 PMCID: PMC7330114 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis is considered a central regulator of the immune system after acute ischemic stroke (AIS), with a potential role in determining outcome. Several pathways are involved in the evolution of gut microbiota dysbiosis after AIS. Brain-gut and gut-brain signaling pathways involve bidirectional communication between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the autonomic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the immune cells of the gut. Alterations in gut microbiome can be a risk factor and may also lead to AIS. Both risk factors for AIS and gut-microbiome composition are influenced by similar factors, including diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and vascular dysfunction. Furthermore, the systemic inflammatory response after AIS may yield liver, renal, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular impairment, including the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. This review focus on biochemical, immunological, and neuroanatomical modulation of gut microbiota and its possible systemic harmful effects after AIS, as well as the role of ischemic stroke on microbiota composition. Finally, we highlight the role of gut microbiota as a potential novel therapeutic target in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Battaglini
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pedro Moreno Pimentel-Coelho
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparada e do Desenvolvimento, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Chiara Robba
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia C. dos Santos
- Keenan and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, University Health Toronto—St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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24
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He Y, Ruganzu JB, Zheng Q, Wu X, Jin H, Peng X, Ding B, Lin C, Ji S, Ma Y, Yang W. Silencing of LRP1 Exacerbates Inflammatory Response Via TLR4/NF-κB/MAPKs Signaling Pathways in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3727-3743. [PMID: 32572761 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activation of glial cells (including microglia and astrocytes) appears central to the initiation and progression of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a major receptor for amyloid-β (Aβ), which plays a critical role in AD pathogenesis. LRP1 regulates inflammatory response by modulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis. However, the effects of LRP1 on microglia- and astrocytic cell-mediated neuroinflammation and their underlying mechanisms in AD remain unclear. Therefore, using APP/PS1 transgenic mice, we found that LRP1 is downregulated during disease progression. Silencing of brain LRP1 markedly exacerbated AD-related neuropathology including Aβ deposition, neuroinflammation, and synaptic and neuronal loss, which was accompanied by a decline in spatial cognitive ability. Further mechanistic study revealed that silencing of LRP1 initiated neuroinflammation by increasing microgliosis and astrogliosis, enhancing pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and regulating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings indicated that LRP1 suppresses microglia and astrocytic cell activation by modulating TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways. Our results further provide insights into the role of LRP1 in AD pathogenesis and highlight LRP1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - John Bosco Ruganzu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Quzhao Zheng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Xiaoqian Peng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Bo Ding
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengheng Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengfeng Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Weina Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.
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25
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Chew H, Solomon VA, Fonteh AN. Involvement of Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Potential Therapies. Front Physiol 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32581851 PMCID: PMC7296164 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids constitute the bulk of the dry mass of the brain and have been associated with healthy function as well as the most common pathological conditions of the brain. Demographic factors, genetics, and lifestyles are the major factors that influence lipid metabolism and are also the key components of lipid disruption in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the most common genetic risk factor of AD, APOE ϵ4 genotype, is involved in lipid transport and metabolism. We propose that lipids are at the center of Alzheimer's disease pathology based on their involvement in the blood-brain barrier function, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, myelination, membrane remodeling, receptor signaling, inflammation, oxidation, and energy balance. Under healthy conditions, lipid homeostasis bestows a balanced cellular environment that enables the proper functioning of brain cells. However, under pathological conditions, dyshomeostasis of brain lipid composition can result in disturbed BBB, abnormal processing of APP, dysfunction in endocytosis/exocytosis/autophagocytosis, altered myelination, disturbed signaling, unbalanced energy metabolism, and enhanced inflammation. These lipid disturbances may contribute to abnormalities in brain function that are the hallmark of AD. The wide variance of lipid disturbances associated with brain function suggest that AD pathology may present as a complex interaction between several metabolic pathways that are augmented by risk factors such as age, genetics, and lifestyles. Herewith, we examine factors that influence brain lipid composition, review the association of lipids with all known facets of AD pathology, and offer pointers for potential therapies that target lipid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chew
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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26
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Han C, Guo L, Yang Y, Guan Q, Shen H, Sheng Y, Jiao Q. Mechanism of microRNA-22 in regulating neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01627. [PMID: 32307887 PMCID: PMC7303389 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Study on the expression of miRNA-22 in serum of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and the mechanism of neuroinflammation regulation. METHODS ELISA assay was used to detect the serum level of inflammatory factors, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and tumor necrosis factor-α in AD patients. TargetScan database and luciferase reporter gene assay indicated that gasdermin D (GSDMD) was the target gene of miRNA-22. miRNA-22 mimic was transfected into microglia, followed by administration of LPS and Nigericin to induce pyroptosis. RESULTS In this study, we found that the expression level of miRNA-22 in peripheral blood was lower in AD patients than that in healthy population. The expression of inflammatory factors was higher in AD patients than that in healthy people, which was negatively correlated with miRNA-22. miRNA-22 mimic could significantly inhibit pyroptosis, the expression of GSDMD and p30-GSDMD was down-regulated, the release of inflammatory factor was decreased, and the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome was down-regulated as feedback. In the APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse model, the injection of miRNA-22 mimic significantly improved the memory ability and behavior of mice. In addition, the expression of the vital protein of pyroptosis in mouse brain tissue, including GSDMD and p30-GSDMD, was down-regulated, and the expression of inflammatory factors was also decreased. CONCLUSION miRNA-22 was negatively correlated with the expression of inflammatory factors in AD patients, and miRNA-22 could inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines by regulating the inflammatory pyroptosis of glial cells via targeting GSDMD, thereby improving cognitive ability in AD mice. miRNA-22 and pyroptosis are potential novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Qiaobing Guan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Heping Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yongjia Sheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Qingcai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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27
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Bagheri H, Ghasemi F, Barreto GE, Sathyapalan T, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The effects of statins on microglial cells to protect against neurodegenerative disorders: A mechanistic review. Biofactors 2020; 46:309-325. [PMID: 31846136 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary innate immune system cells in the central nervous system (CNS). They are crucial for the immunity, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurotrophic support, phagocytosis of cellular debris, and maintaining the CNS integrity and homeostasis. Invasion by pathogens as well as in CNS injuries and damages results in activation of microglia known as microgliosis. The activated microglia have the capacity to release proinflammatory mediators leading to neuroinflammation. However, uncontrolled neuroinflammation can give rise to various neurological disorders (NDs), especially the neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias, multiple sclerosis (MS), Huntington's disease (HD), spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and stroke. Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are among the most widely prescribed medications for the management of hypercholesterolemia worldwide. It can be used for primary prevention in healthy individuals who are at higher risk of cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases as well as the secondary prevention in patients with cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases disease. A growing body of evidence has indicated that statins have the potential to attenuate the proinflammatory mediators and subsequent NDs by controlling the microglial activation and consequent reduction in neuroinflammatory mediators. In this review, we have discussed the recent studies on the effects of statins on microglia activation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Bagheri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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28
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Rodgers KR, Lin Y, Langan TJ, Iwakura Y, Chou RC. Innate Immune Functions of Astrocytes are Dependent Upon Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7047. [PMID: 32341377 PMCID: PMC7184618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a key feature of innate immunity that initiates clearance and repair in infected or damaged tissues. Alternatively, chronic inflammation is implicated in numerous disease processes. The contribution of neuroinflammation to the pathogenesis of neurological conditions, including infection, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases, has become increasingly evident. Potential drivers of such neuroinflammation include toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs confer a wide array of functions on different cell types in the central nervous system (CNS). Importantly, how TLR activation affects astrocyte functioning is unclear. In the present study, we examined the role of TLR2/4 signaling on various astrocyte functions (i.e., proliferation, pro-inflammatory mediator production, regulatory mechanisms, etc) by stimulating astrocytes with potent exogenous TLR2/4 agonist, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Newborn astrocytes were derived from WT, Tnfα−/−, Il1α−/−/Il1β−/−, and Tlr2−/−/Tlr4−/− mice as well as Sprague Dawley rats for all in vitro studies. LPS activated mRNA expression of different pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in time- and concentration-dependent manners, and upregulated the proliferation of astrocytes based on increased 3H-thymidine update. Following LPS-mediated TLR2/4 activation, TNF-α and IL-1β self-regulated and modulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Polyclonal antibodies against TNF-α suppressed TLR2/4-mediated upregulation of astrocyte proliferation, supporting an autocrine/paracrine role of TNF-α on astrocyte proliferation. Astrocytes perform classical innate immune functions, which contradict the current paradigm that microglia are the main immune effector cells of the CNS. TNF-α plays a pivotal role in the LPS-upregulated astrocyte activation and proliferation, supporting their critical roles in in CNS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla R Rodgers
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Yufan Lin
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Thomas J Langan
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, New York State Center of Excellence Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Richard C Chou
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
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29
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Zhu S, Jiang Y, Xu K, Cui M, Ye W, Zhao G, Jin L, Chen X. The progress of gut microbiome research related to brain disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:25. [PMID: 31952509 PMCID: PMC6969442 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence showing that the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota can alter brain physiology and behavior. Cognition was originally thought to be regulated only by the central nervous system. However, it is now becoming clear that many non-nervous system factors, including the gut-resident bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract, regulate and influence cognitive dysfunction as well as the process of neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular diseases. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors including dietary habits can regulate the composition of the microbiota. Microbes release metabolites and microbiota-derived molecules to further trigger host-derived cytokines and inflammation in the central nervous system, which contribute greatly to the pathogenesis of host brain disorders such as pain, depression, anxiety, autism, Alzheimer’s diseases, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke. Change of blood–brain barrier permeability, brain vascular physiology, and brain structure are among the most critical causes of the development of downstream neurological dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the following parts:
Overview of technical approaches used in gut microbiome studies Microbiota and immunity Gut microbiota and metabolites Microbiota-induced blood–brain barrier dysfunction Neuropsychiatric diseases
■ Stress and depression ■ Pain and migraine ■ Autism spectrum disorders
Neurodegenerative diseases
■ Parkinson’s disease ■ Alzheimer’s disease ■ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ■ Multiple sclerosis
Cerebrovascular disease
■ Atherosclerosis ■ Stroke ■ Arteriovenous malformation
Conclusions and perspectives
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China
| | - Kelin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China.,School of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Genming Zhao
- School of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xingdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China. .,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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30
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Carrillo-Jimenez A, Deniz Ö, Niklison-Chirou MV, Ruiz R, Bezerra-Salomão K, Stratoulias V, Amouroux R, Yip PK, Vilalta A, Cheray M, Scott-Egerton AM, Rivas E, Tayara K, García-Domínguez I, Garcia-Revilla J, Fernandez-Martin JC, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Shen X, St George-Hyslop P, Brown GC, Hajkova P, Joseph B, Venero JL, Branco MR, Burguillos MA. TET2 Regulates the Neuroinflammatory Response in Microglia. Cell Rep 2019; 29:697-713.e8. [PMID: 31618637 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenomic mechanisms regulate distinct aspects of the inflammatory response in immune cells. Despite the central role for microglia in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, little is known about their epigenomic regulation of the inflammatory response. Here, we show that Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) methylcytosine dioxygenase expression is increased in microglia upon stimulation with various inflammogens through a NF-κB-dependent pathway. We found that TET2 regulates early gene transcriptional changes, leading to early metabolic alterations, as well as a later inflammatory response independently of its enzymatic activity. We further show that TET2 regulates the proinflammatory response in microglia of mice intraperitoneally injected with LPS. We observed that microglia associated with amyloid β plaques expressed TET2 in brain tissue from individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in 5xFAD mice. Collectively, our findings show that TET2 plays an important role in the microglial inflammatory response and suggest TET2 as a potential target to combat neurodegenerative brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carrillo-Jimenez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Özgen Deniz
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK
| | | | - Rocio Ruiz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Karina Bezerra-Salomão
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Vassilis Stratoulias
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachel Amouroux
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences/Institute of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ping Kei Yip
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Anna Vilalta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Mathilde Cheray
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eloy Rivas
- Department of Pathology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Khadija Tayara
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene García-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Garcia-Revilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Fernandez-Martin
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Espinosa-Oliva
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Xianli Shen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Guy Charles Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Petra Hajkova
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences/Institute of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jose Luis Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel Ramos Branco
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Miguel Angel Burguillos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK.
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Wang J, Cui Z, Liu L, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Su H, Zhao Y. MiR-146a mimic attenuates murine allergic rhinitis by downregulating TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB pathway. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:1095-1105. [PMID: 31361168 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to investigate whether microRNA (miR)-146a exerts therapeutic potential to allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: Female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the AR and miR-146a groups. miR-146a was administered into the nostril before ovalbumin (OVA) challenge daily on days 21–28. Results: The expression level of miR-146a in AR nasal mucosa was significantly decreased. miR-146a mimic markedly attenuated sneezing and nasal rubbing events, decreased the levels of ovalbumin-specific IgE as well as mastocyte- and basophil-related inflammatory cytokines, reduced inflammatory cells, affected the T-helper 2-released cytokines. Furthermore, miR-146a mimic inhibited the expressions of proteins relevant to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusion: The anti-inflammatory effects of miR-146a on AR might exert through the inhibition of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Rhinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zheqing Cui
- Department of Rhinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Rhinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shitao Zhang
- Department of Rhinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Rhinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Rhinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Hongxia Su
- Department of Rhinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yulin Zhao
- Department of Rhinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
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Milajerdi A, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. Statins influence biomarkers of low grade inflammation in apparently healthy people or patients with chronic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Cytokine 2019; 123:154752. [PMID: 31228727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No earlier study summarized findings on the effect of statins on inflammatory biomarkers in apparently healthy individuals or those with chronic diseases. This study was done to systematically review earlier publications on the effect of statins on serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in apparently healthy individuals or those with chronic diseases. METHODS We searched relevant publications published up to December 2018 in PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases. For this purpose, suitable MESH and non-MESH keywords were used. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials that examined the effect of statins on serum concentrations of CRP and IL-6 in apparently healthy adults or those with chronic diseases were included. RESULTS Overall, 18 studies with 23 effect sizes, that enrolled 32,156 individuals (38% female and 62% male; mean age: 44.79 years) were included. When we combined 21 effect sizes from 16 studies, we observed a significant reduction in circulating levels of CRP following administration of statins [Weighted Mean Difference (WMD): -0.80; 95% CI: -1.05, -0.56]. Combining 12 effect sizes from 11 studies, a significant reduction was found in serum CRP concentrations following administration of Atorvastatin (WMD: -0.57; 95% CI: -0.78, -0.35). Pooling 5 effect sizes from 2 studies, we found a significant reduction in serum concentrations of CRP following administration of Simvastatin (WMD: -0.29; 95% CI: -0.49, -0.10; I2 = 88.5%). Combining 6 effect sizes from 5 studies, we found a significant reduction in serum IL-6 concentrations after Atorvastatin therapy (WMD: -2.13; 95% CI: -3.96, -0.30; I2 = 98.6%). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we found that statins administration in apparently healthy people or those with chronic diseases help reducing serum CRP concentrations. In addition, Atorvastatin administration resulted in reduced serum IL-6 concentrations in these people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Milajerdi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Liu Q, Li X, Zhao Y, Cao K, Liu Y, Xiao R, Wang C, Li Y, Huang W, Wang X. Dopamine D1 receptor agonist treatment alleviates morphine-exposure-induced learning and memory impairments. Brain Res 2019; 1711:120-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Taniguti EH, Ferreira YS, Stupp IJV, Fraga-Junior EB, Doneda DL, Lopes L, Rios-Santos F, Lima E, Buss ZS, Viola GG, Vandresen-Filho S. Atorvastatin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behaviour in mice. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:279-286. [PMID: 30690060 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and pre-clinical evidences indicate an association between inflammation and depression since increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with depression-related symptoms. Atorvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering statin that possesses pleiotropic effects including neuroprotective and antidepressant actions. However, the putative neuroprotective effect of atorvastatin treatment in the acute inflammation mice model of depressive-like behaviour has not been investigated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of atorvastatin treatment on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced depressive-like behaviour in mice. Mice were treated with atorvastatin (1 or 10 mg/kg, v.o.) or fluoxetine (30 mg/kg, positive control, v.o.) for 7 days before LPS (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) injection. Twenty four hours after LPS infusion, mice were submitted to the forced swim test, tail suspension test or open field test. After the behavioural tests, mice were sacrificed and the levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glutathione and malondialdehyde were measured. Atorvastatin (1 or 10 mg/kg/day) or fluoxetine treatment prevented LPS-induced increase in the immobility time in the forced swim and tail suspension tests with no alterations in the locomotor activity evaluated in the open field test. Atorvastatin (1 or 10 mg/kg/day) or fluoxetine treatment also prevented LPS-induced increase in TNF-α and reduction of BDNF levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Treatment with atorvastatin (1 or 10 mg/kg/day) or fluoxetine prevented LPS-induced increase in lipid peroxidation and the reduction of glutathione levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The present study suggests that atorvastatin treatment exerted neuroprotective effects against LPS-induced depressive-like behaviour which may be related to reduction of TNF-α release, oxidative stress and modulation of BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Taniguti
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Y S Ferreira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - I J V Stupp
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - E B Fraga-Junior
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - D L Doneda
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - L Lopes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - F Rios-Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - E Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Z S Buss
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - G G Viola
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte/Mossoró, Rua Raimundo Firmino de Oliveira, 400- Conj. Ulrick Graff, CEP 59628-330, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - S Vandresen-Filho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
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Cui Y, Wang Y, Zhao D, Feng X, Zhang L, Liu C. Loganin prevents BV-2 microglia cells from Aβ 1-42 -induced inflammation via regulating TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB axis. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1632-1642. [PMID: 30288860 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is closely related with the pathogenesis and progress of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Loganin, an iridoid glycoside obtained from traditional Chinese medicine Cornus officinalis, has properties of inhibiting inflammation and improving memory. The present study was aimed to investigate effects of loganin on Aβ-induced inflammation and to explore the underlying mechanisms. BV-2 microglia cells were stimulated with 10 µM Aβ1-42 for 24 h to induce inflammatory damage. According to results of CCK-8 assay, the doses of loganin in present work were 10 and 30 µM. We found that treatment with loganin could inhibit Aβ1-42 -induced microglia activation. Furthermore, loganin treatment prevented the over-production of Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Macrophage Chemotactic Protein 1(MCP-1), Nitric oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in Aβ1-42 -stimulated BV-2 cells. Results from Western blots demonstrated that loganin inhibited Aβ1-42 -induced elevation in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 (MyD88) and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Loganin treatment also attenuated the increased phosphorylation level of IRAK4 caused by Aβ1-42 . Additionally, loganin alleviated nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit in Aβ1-42 -stimulated BV-2 cells, and this phenomenon could be reversed by TLR4 agonist LPS. Further, the anti-inflammatory effects of loganin were attenuated when TLR4 signaling pathway was re-activated by LPS. Taken together, our data indicated that loganin could attenuate inflammatory response induced by Aβ in BV-2 microglia cells, partially through deactivating the TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 79 East Chongshan Road, Shenyang, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 79 East Chongshan Road, Shenyang, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Feng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 79 East Chongshan Road, Shenyang, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 79 East Chongshan Road, Shenyang, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 79 East Chongshan Road, Shenyang, 110847, People's Republic of China
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Sun C, Chen Z, Wang H, Ding K. Tetrahydropalmatine Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia in Golden Hamsters (Mesocricetus Auratus). Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:6564-6572. [PMID: 30226834 PMCID: PMC6157085 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperlipidemia is a major cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) can exhibit hepatoprotective, anti-arrhythmic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The mechanism of THP on the hyperlipidemia remains unknown; therefore, the present study explored the role of THP in hyperlipidemia. Material/Methods We established an animal model of hyperlipidemia by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Blood samples were obtained for determination of serum cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and CYP7A1 expression. Histology was performed and inflammation was detected in the liver using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of TLR4 and TRAF-6 were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blot, respectively. Results THP suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation and reduced serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-c, and HDL-c in HFD-fed golden hamsters. THP increased cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression and prevented inflammation by the limited reduction in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expressions in serum and liver. THP slightly increased the ratio of the body/liver weight. THP inhibited the mRNA and protein levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TNF-receptor associated factor-6 (TRAF-6). Conclusions These results suggest that THP attenuates hyperlipidemia by multiple effects, including hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, THP also suppressed the expressions of TLR4 and TRAF-6 in golden hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihua Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- The Second Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ke Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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