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Gyngell C, Munsie M, Fujita M, Thiessen C, Savulescu J, Konstantinov IE. Ethical analysis of the first porcine cardiac xenotransplantation. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2024; 50:363-367. [PMID: 37348929 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2022-108685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we provide an ethical analysis of the first porcine cardiac xenotransplant, performed in Maryland, USA in early 2022. David Bennett was offered the experimental procedure after he was deemed ineligible for human heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support, based on a history of non-compliance. It was reported that Mr Bennett's previous instances of non-compliance were for medically non-life-threatening conditions years earlier, where the risks of non-compliance were not as high. We argue that, in Mr Bennett's case, a history of non-compliance in a different context, should not necessarily rule him ineligible for a potentially life-saving treatment now. Furthermore, using previous non-compliance to exclude individuals from donor organs may have the unintended effect of placing the burden of testing xenotransplantation on those who are already disadvantaged. We then argue that it is not enough to rely on patient consent to ethically justify xenotransplantation research. Taking a broad ethical perspective is crucial when mapping a clinical pathway for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gyngell
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne - Parkville Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Ethics Research Group, MCRI, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Munsie
- Stem Cell Ethics & Policy Group, MCRI, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne - Parkville Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Misao Fujita
- Uehiro Research Division for iPS Cell Ethics, Kyoto University Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Carrie Thiessen
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Biomedical Ethics Research Group, MCRI, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Igor E Konstantinov
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne - Parkville Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Heart Group, MCRI, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Chisholm-Burns M, Kelly BS, Spivey CA. Xenotransplantation could either be a friend or foe of healthcare equity. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:85. [PMID: 38734795 PMCID: PMC11088630 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chisholm-Burns et al. discuss the substantial shortage of organs available for transplantation, with disparities in access amongst some racial and ethnic groups. The authors suggest that while xenotransplantation can potentially increase organ availability, it also has the potential to further embed inequities in transplant care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Chisholm-Burns
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3225 S.W. Pavilion Loop, MC: L101 Baird Hall (Suite 1011), Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Burnett S Kelly
- DCI Donor Services Inc., 3940 Industrial Blvd, West Sacramento, CA, 95691, USA
| | - Christina A Spivey
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3225 S.W. Pavilion Loop, MC: L101 Baird Hall (Suite 1011), Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Sun Q, Song SY, Ma J, Li D, Wang Y, Yang Z, Wang Y. Cutting edge of genetically modified pigs targeting complement activation for xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1383936. [PMID: 38638432 PMCID: PMC11024274 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In the quest to address the critical shortage of donor organs for transplantation, xenotransplantation stands out as a promising solution, offering a more abundant supply of donor organs. Yet, its widespread clinical adoption remains hindered by significant challenges, chief among them being immunological rejection. Central to this issue is the role of the complement system, an essential component of innate immunity that frequently triggers acute and chronic rejection through hyperacute immune responses. Such responses can rapidly lead to transplant embolism, compromising the function of the transplanted organ and ultimately causing graft failure. This review delves into three key areas of xenotransplantation research. It begins by examining the mechanisms through which xenotransplantation activates both the classical and alternative complement pathways. It then assesses the current landscape of xenotransplantation from donor pigs, with a particular emphasis on the innovative strides made in genetically engineering pigs to evade complement system activation. These modifications are critical in mitigating the discordance between pig endogenous retroviruses and human immune molecules. Additionally, the review discusses pharmacological interventions designed to support transplantation. By exploring the intricate relationship between the complement system and xenotransplantation, this retrospective analysis not only underscores the scientific and clinical importance of this field but also sheds light on the potential pathways to overcoming one of the major barriers to the success of xenografts. As such, the insights offered here hold significant promise for advancing xenotransplantation from a research concept to a viable clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jiabao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Longquanyi District of Chengdu Maternity & Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengteng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Yuan Y, Cui Y, Zhao D, Yuan Y, Zhao Y, Li D, Jiang X, Zhao G. Complement networks in gene-edited pig xenotransplantation: enhancing transplant success and addressing organ shortage. J Transl Med 2024; 22:324. [PMID: 38566098 PMCID: PMC10986007 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The shortage of organs for transplantation emphasizes the urgent need for alternative solutions. Xenotransplantation has emerged as a promising option due to the greater availability of donor organs. However, significant hurdles such as hyperacute rejection and organ ischemia-reperfusion injury pose major challenges, largely orchestrated by the complement system, and activated immune responses. The complement system, a pivotal component of innate immunity, acts as a natural barrier for xenotransplantation. To address the challenges of immune rejection, gene-edited pigs have become a focal point, aiming to shield donor organs from human immune responses and enhance the overall success of xenotransplantation. This comprehensive review aims to illuminate strategies for regulating complement networks to optimize the efficacy of gene-edited pig xenotransplantation. We begin by exploring the impact of the complement system on the effectiveness of xenotransplantation. Subsequently, we delve into the evaluation of key complement regulators specific to gene-edited pigs. To further understand the status of xenotransplantation, we discuss preclinical studies that utilize gene-edited pigs as a viable source of organs. These investigations provide valuable insights into the feasibility and potential success of xenotransplantation, offering a bridge between scientific advancements and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dayue Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanshuang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Longquanyi District of Chengdu Maternity & Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaoping Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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Li J, Xu Y, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Guo H, Wei D, Wu C, Hai T, Sun HX, Zhao Y. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals transcriptional and cell subpopulation differences between human and pig immune cells. Genes Genomics 2024; 46:303-322. [PMID: 37979077 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pig is a promising donor candidate for xenotransplantation. Understanding the differences between human and swine immune systems is critical for addressing xenotransplant rejection and hematopoietic reconstitution. The gene transcriptional profile differences between human and pig immune cell subpopulations have not been studied. To assess the similarities and differences between pigs and humans at the levels of gene transcriptional profiles or cell subpopulations are important for better understanding the cross-species similarity of humans and pigs, and it would help establish the fundamental principles necessary to genetically engineer donor pigs and improve xenotransplantation. OBJECTIVE To assess the gene transcriptional similarities and differences between pigs and humans. METHODS Two pigs and two healthy humans' PBMCs were sorted for 10 × genomics single-cell sequence. We generated integrated human-pig scRNA-seq data from human and pig PBMCs and defined the overall gene expression landscape of pig peripheral blood immune cell subpopulations by updating the set of human-porcine homologous genes. The subsets of immune cells were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS There were significantly less T cells, NK cells and monocytes but more B cells in pig peripheral blood than those in human peripheral blood. High oxidative phosphorylation, HIF-1, glycolysis, and lysosome-related gene expressions in pig CD14+ monocytes were observed, whereas pig CD14+ monocytes exhibited lower levels of cytokine receptors and JAK-STAT-related genes. Pig activated CD4+T cells decreased cell adhesion and inflammation, while enriched for migration and activation processes. Porcine GNLY+CD8+T cells reduced cytotoxicity and increased proliferation compared with human GNLY+CD8+T cells. Pig CD2+CD8+γδT cells were functionally homologous to human CD2+CD4+ γδT cells. Pig CD2-CD8-γδT cells expressed genes with quiescent and precursor characteristics, while CD2-CD8+γδT cells expressed migration and memory-related molecules. Pig CD24+ and CD5+B cells are associated with inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION Our research with integrated scRNA-seq assays identified the different distribution of pig immune cell subpopulations and the different transcriptional profiles of human and pig immune cells. This study enables a deeper understanding of the development and function of porcine immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
- BGI-Beijing, Beijing, 102601, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Han Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tang Hai
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hai-Xi Sun
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- BGI-Beijing, Beijing, 102601, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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6
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Briski O, La Motta GE, Ratner LD, Allegroni FA, Pillado S, Álvarez G, Gutierrez B, Tarragona L, Zaccagnini A, Acerbo M, Ciampi C, Fernández-Martin R, Salamone DF. Comparison of ICSI, IVF, and in vivo derived embryos to produce CRISPR-Cas9 gene-edited pigs for xenotransplantation. Theriogenology 2024; 220:43-55. [PMID: 38471390 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Genome editing in pigs for xenotransplantation has seen significant advances in recent years. This study compared three methodologies to generate gene-edited embryos, including co-injection of sperm together with the CRISPR-Cas9 system into oocytes, named ICSI-MGE (mediated gene editing); microinjection of CRISPR-Cas9 components into oocytes followed by in vitro fertilization (IVF), and microinjection of in vivo fertilized zygotes with the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Our goal was to knock-out (KO) porcine genes involved in the biosynthesis of xenoantigens responsible for the hyperacute rejection of interspecific xenografts, namely GGTA1, CMAH, and β4GalNT2. Additionally, we attempted to KO the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene with the aim of limiting the growth of porcine organs to a size that is physiologically suitable for human transplantation. Embryo development, pregnancy, and gene editing rates were evaluated. We found an efficient mutation of the GGTA1 gene following ICSI-MGE, comparable to the results obtained through the microinjection of oocytes followed by IVF. ICSI-MGE also showed higher rates of biallelic mutations compared to the other techniques. Five healthy piglets were born from in vivo-derived embryos, all of them exhibiting biallelic mutations in the GGTA1 gene, with three displaying mutations in the GHR gene. No mutations were observed in the CMAH and β4GalNT2 genes. In conclusion, in vitro methodologies showed high rates of gene-edited embryos. Specifically, ICSI-MGE proved to be an efficient technique for obtaining homozygous biallelic mutated embryos. Lastly, only live births were obtained from in vivo-derived embryos showing efficient multiple gene editing for GGTA1 and GHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olinda Briski
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires - Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina; Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Gastón Emilio La Motta
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires - Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Laura Daniela Ratner
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires - Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina; Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Federico Andrés Allegroni
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Santiago Pillado
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Betiana Gutierrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Lisa Tarragona
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Andrea Zaccagnini
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Acerbo
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Carla Ciampi
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires - Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina; Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Rafael Fernández-Martin
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires - Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina; Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina.
| | - Daniel Felipe Salamone
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires - Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina; Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina.
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Hammer SE, Duckova T, Gociman M, Groiss S, Pernold CPS, Hacker K, Kasper L, Sprung J, Stadler M, Jensen AE, Saalmüller A, Wenzel N, Figueiredo C. Comparative analysis of swine leukocyte antigen gene diversity in Göttingen Minipigs. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360022. [PMID: 38469309 PMCID: PMC10925748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, pigs represent economically important farm animals, also representing a preferred preclinical large animal model for biomedical studies. The need for swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) typing is increasing with the expanded use of pigs in translational research, infection studies, and for veterinary vaccine design. Göttingen Minipigs (GMP) attract increasing attention as valuable model for pharmacological studies and transplantation research. This study represents a first-time assessment of the SLA gene diversity in Göttingen Minipigs in combination with a comparative metadata analysis with commercial pig lines. As Göttingen Minipigs could harbor private as well as potential novel SLA allele combinations, future research projects would benefit from the characterization of their SLA background. In 209 Göttingen Minipigs, SLA class I (SLA-1, SLA-2, SLA-3) and class II (DRB1, DQB1, DQA) genes were characterized by PCR-based low-resolution (Lr) haplotyping. Criteria and nomenclature used for SLA haplotyping were proposed by the ISAG/IUIS-VIC SLA Nomenclature Committee. Haplotypes were assigned based on the comparison with already known breed or farm-specific allele group combinations. In total, 14 SLA class I and five SLA class II haplotypes were identified in the studied cohort, to manifest in 26 SLA class I but only seven SLA class II genotypes. The most common SLA class I haplotypes Lr-24.0 (SLA-1*15XX or Blank-SLA-3*04:04-SLA-2*06:01~02) and Lr-GMP-3.0 (SLA-1*16:02-SLA-3*03:04-SLA-2*17:01) occurred at frequencies of 23.44 and 18.66%, respectively. For SLA class II, the most prevalent haplotypes Lr-0.21 (DRB1*01XX-DQB1*05XX-DQA*04XX) and Lr-0.03 (DRB1*03:02-DQB1*03:01-DQA*01XX) occurred at frequencies of 38.28 and 30.38%. The comparative metadata analysis revealed that Göttingen Minipigs only share six SLA class I and two SLA class II haplotypes with commercial pig lines. More importantly, despite the limited number of SLA class I haplotypes, the high genotype diversity being observed necessitates pre-experimental SLA background assessment of Göttingen Minipigs in regenerative medicine, allo-transplantation, and xenograft research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine E. Hammer
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tereza Duckova
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monica Gociman
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Groiss
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clara P. S. Pernold
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karolin Hacker
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Julia Sprung
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Armin Saalmüller
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Wenzel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constanca Figueiredo
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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8
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Schmalkuche K, Rother T, Besli S, Schwinzer R, Blasczyk R, Petersen B, Figueiredo C. Human PD-L1 overexpression decreases xenogeneic human T-cell immune responses towards porcine kidneys. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1279050. [PMID: 38352884 PMCID: PMC10861674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1279050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation offers a promising alternative to circumvent the lack of donated human organs available for transplantation. Different attempts to improve the survival of xenografts led to the generation of transgenic pigs expressing various combinations of human protective genes or knocked out for specific antigens. Currently, testing the efficiency of porcine organs carrying different genetic modifications in preventing xenogeneic immune responses completely relies on in vitro assays, humanized mouse models, or non-human primate transplantation models. However, these tests are often associated with major concerns due to reproducibility and generation of insufficient data as well as they raise ethical, logistical, and economic issues. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of specifically assessing the strength of human T-cell responses towards the kidneys of wild-type (WT) or transgenic pigs overexpressing human programmed death-1 ligand 1 (hPD-L1) during ex vivo kidney perfusion (EVKP). Human T cells were shown to adhere to the endothelium and transmigrate into WT and hPD-L1 kidneys. However, transcript levels of TNF-a and IFN-y as well as cytotoxic molecules such as granzyme B and perforin secreted by human T cells were significantly decreased in the tissue of hPD-L1 kidneys in comparison to WT kidneys. These results were confirmed via in vitro assays using renal endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from WT and hPD-L1 transgenic pigs. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed significantly lower proliferation rates after exposure to hPD-L1 porcine renal ECs in comparison to WT ECs. In addition, the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was significantly reduced in cultures using hPD-L1 ECs in comparison to WT ECs. Remarkably, hPD-L1 EC survival was significantly increased in cytotoxic assays. This study demonstrates the feasibility of evaluating the human response of specific immune subsets such as human T cells towards the whole xenograft during EVKP. This may represent a robust strategy to assess the potency of different genetic modifications to prevent xenogeneic immune responses and thereby predict the risk of immune rejection of new genetically engineered xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmalkuche
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 127, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tamina Rother
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sevval Besli
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schwinzer
- Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 127, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Transplantation Laboratory, Clinic for General, Visceral and Transplantation-Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Björn Petersen
- Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 127, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany
| | - Constanca Figueiredo
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 127, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Loupy A, Goutaudier V, Giarraputo A, Mezine F, Morgand E, Robin B, Khalil K, Mehta S, Keating B, Dandro A, Certain A, Tharaux PL, Narula N, Tissier R, Giraud S, Hauet T, Pass HI, Sannier A, Wu M, Griesemer A, Ayares D, Tatapudi V, Stern J, Lefaucheur C, Bruneval P, Mangiola M, Montgomery RA. Immune response after pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation: a multimodal phenotyping study. Lancet 2023; 402:1158-1169. [PMID: 37598688 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-species immunological incompatibilities have hampered pig-to-human xenotransplantation, but porcine genome engineering recently enabled the first successful experiments. However, little is known about the immune response after the transplantation of pig kidneys to human recipients. We aimed to precisely characterise the early immune responses to the xenotransplantation using a multimodal deep phenotyping approach. METHODS We did a complete phenotyping of two pig kidney xenografts transplanted to decedent humans. We used a multimodal strategy combining morphological evaluation, immunophenotyping (IgM, IgG, C4d, CD68, CD15, NKp46, CD3, CD20, and von Willebrand factor), gene expression profiling, and whole-transcriptome digital spatial profiling and cell deconvolution. Xenografts before implantation, wild-type pig kidney autografts, as well as wild-type, non-transplanted pig kidneys with and without ischaemia-reperfusion were used as controls. FINDINGS The data collected from xenografts suggested early signs of antibody-mediated rejection, characterised by microvascular inflammation with immune deposits, endothelial cell activation, and positive xenoreactive crossmatches. Capillary inflammation was mainly composed of intravascular CD68+ and CD15+ innate immune cells, as well as NKp46+ cells. Both xenografts showed increased expression of genes biologically related to a humoral response, including monocyte and macrophage activation, natural killer cell burden, endothelial activation, complement activation, and T-cell development. Whole-transcriptome digital spatial profiling showed that antibody-mediated injury was mainly located in the glomeruli of the xenografts, with significant enrichment of transcripts associated with monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells. This phenotype was not observed in control pig kidney autografts or in ischaemia-reperfusion models. INTERPRETATION Despite favourable short-term outcomes and absence of hyperacute injuries, our findings suggest that antibody-mediated rejection in pig-to-human kidney xenografts might be occurring. Our results suggest specific therapeutic targets towards the humoral arm of rejection to improve xenotransplantation results. FUNDING OrganX and MSD Avenir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Loupy
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France; Department of Kidney Transplantation, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Valentin Goutaudier
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France; Department of Kidney Transplantation, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alessia Giarraputo
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France; Cardiovascular Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Fariza Mezine
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Morgand
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France
| | - Blaise Robin
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France
| | - Karen Khalil
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacy, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sapna Mehta
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendan Keating
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Anaïs Certain
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, PARCC, INSERM U970, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Navneet Narula
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Renaud Tissier
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, IMRB, After ROSC Network, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sébastien Giraud
- INSERM U1313, IRMETIST, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Thierry Hauet
- INSERM U1313, IRMETIST, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Harvey I Pass
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aurélie Sannier
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Bichat Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ming Wu
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Griesemer
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Vasishta Tatapudi
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Stern
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carmen Lefaucheur
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France; Kidney Transplant Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Massimo Mangiola
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert A Montgomery
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Bornstein K, Gryan G, Chang ES, Marchler-Bauer A, Schneider VA. The NIH Comparative Genomics Resource: addressing the promises and challenges of comparative genomics on human health. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:575. [PMID: 37759191 PMCID: PMC10523801 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomics is the comparison of genetic information within and across organisms to understand the evolution, structure, and function of genes, proteins, and non-coding regions (Sivashankari and Shanmughavel, Bioinformation 1:376-8, 2007). Advances in sequencing technology and assembly algorithms have resulted in the ability to sequence large genomes and provided a wealth of data that are being used in comparative genomic analyses. Comparative analysis can be leveraged to systematically explore and evaluate the biological relationships and evolution between species, aid in understanding the structure and function of genes, and gain a better understanding of disease and potential drug targets. As our knowledge of genetics expands, comparative genomics can help identify emerging model organisms among a broader span of the tree of life, positively impacting human health. This impact includes, but is not limited to, zoonotic disease research, therapeutics development, microbiome research, xenotransplantation, oncology, and toxicology. Despite advancements in comparative genomics, new challenges have arisen around the quantity, quality assurance, annotation, and interoperability of genomic data and metadata. New tools and approaches are required to meet these challenges and fulfill the needs of researchers. This paper focuses on how the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Comparative Genomics Resource (CGR) can address both the opportunities for comparative genomics to further impact human health and confront an increasingly complex set of challenges facing researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary Gryan
- The MITRE Corporation, 7525 Colshire Dr, McLean, VA, USA
| | - E Sally Chang
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Aron Marchler-Bauer
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Valerie A Schneider
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA.
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11
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Wu WK, Ukita R, Patel YJ, Cortelli M, Trinh VQ, Ziogas IA, Francois SA, Mentz M, Cardwell NL, Talackine JR, Grogan WM, Stokes JW, Lee YA, Kim J, Alexopoulos SP, Bacchetta M. Xenogeneic cross-circulation for physiological support and recovery of ex vivo human livers. Hepatology 2023; 78:820-834. [PMID: 36988383 PMCID: PMC10440302 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The scarcity of suitable donor livers highlights a continuing need for innovation to recover organs with reversible injuries in liver transplantation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Explanted human donor livers (n = 5) declined for transplantation were supported using xenogeneic cross-circulation of whole blood between livers and xeno-support swine. Livers and swine were assessed over 24 hours of xeno-support. Livers maintained normal global appearance, uniform perfusion, and preservation of histologic and subcellular architecture. Oxygen consumption increased by 75% ( p = 0.16). Lactate clearance increased from -0.4 ± 15.5% to 31.4 ± 19.0% ( p = 0.02). Blinded histopathologic assessment demonstrated improved injury scores at 24 hours compared with 12 hours. Vascular integrity and vasoconstrictive function were preserved. Bile volume and cholangiocellular viability markers improved for all livers. Biliary structural integrity was maintained. CONCLUSIONS Xenogeneic cross-circulation provided multisystem physiological regulation of ex vivo human livers that enabled functional rehabilitation, histopathologic recovery, and improvement of viability markers. We envision xenogeneic cross-circulation as a complementary technique to other organ-preservation technologies in the recovery of marginal donor livers or as a research tool in the development of advanced bioengineering and pharmacologic strategies for organ recovery and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kelly Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rei Ukita
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yatrik J. Patel
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Cortelli
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Vincent Q. Trinh
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ioannis A. Ziogas
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sean A. Francois
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Meredith Mentz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nancy L. Cardwell
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Talackine
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - William M. Grogan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John W. Stokes
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Youngmin A. Lee
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sophoclis P. Alexopoulos
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew Bacchetta
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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12
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Endo S, Morikawa Y, Matsunaga T, Hara A, Takasu M. Characterization of a novel porcine carbonyl reductase activated by glutathione: Relationship to carbonyl reductase 1, 3α/β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 381:110572. [PMID: 37247810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A porcine gene, LOC100622246, encodes carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1 (pCBR-N1), whose function remains unknown. Previously, three porcine carbonyl reductases, carbonyl reductase 1 (pCBR1), 3α/β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (p3α/β-HSD) and prostaglandine-9-keto reductase (pPG-9-KR), were purified from neonatal testis, adult testis and adult kidney, respectively. However, the relationship of pCBR-N1 with the three enzymes is still unknown. Here, we compare the properties of the recombinant pCBR-N1 and pCBR1. The two enzymes reduced various carbonyl compounds including 5α-dihydrotestosterone, which was converted to its 3α- and 3β-hydroxy-metabolites. Compared to pCBR1, pCBR-N1 exhibited higher Km and kcat values for most substrates, but more efficiently reduced prostaglandin E2. pCBR-N1 was inhibited by known inhibitors of p3α/β-HSD (hexestrol and indomethacin), but not by pCBR1 inhibitors. pCBR-N1 was highly expressed than pCBR1 in the several tissues of adult domestic and microminiature pigs. The results, together with partial amino acid sequence match between pCBR-N1 and pPG-9-KR, reveal that pCBR-N1 is identical to p3α/β-HSD and pPG-9-KR. Notably, pCBR-N1, but not pCBR1, reduced S-nitrosoglutathione and glutathione-adducts of alkenals including 4-oxo-2-nonenal with Km of 8.3-32 μM, and its activity toward non-glutathionylated substrates was activated 2- to 9-fold by 1 mM glutathione. Similar activation by glutathione was also observed for human CBR1. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the differences in kinetic constants and glutathione-mediated activation between pCBR-N1 and pCBR1 are due to differences in residue 236 and two glutathione-binding residues (at positions 97 and 193), respectively. Thus, pCBR-N1 is a glutathione-activated carbonyl reductase that functions in the metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masaki Takasu
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Advanced Study, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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13
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Popova J, Bets V, Kozhevnikova E. Perspectives in Genome-Editing Techniques for Livestock. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2580. [PMID: 37627370 PMCID: PMC10452040 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing of farm animals has undeniable practical applications. It helps to improve production traits, enhances the economic value of livestock, and increases disease resistance. Gene-modified animals are also used for biomedical research and drug production and demonstrate the potential to be used as xenograft donors for humans. The recent discovery of site-specific nucleases that allow precision genome editing of a single-cell embryo (or embryonic stem cells) and the development of new embryological delivery manipulations have revolutionized the transgenesis field. These relatively new approaches have already proven to be efficient and reliable for genome engineering and have wide potential for use in agriculture. A number of advanced methodologies have been tested in laboratory models and might be considered for application in livestock animals. At the same time, these methods must meet the requirements of safety, efficiency and availability of their application for a wide range of farm animals. This review aims at covering a brief history of livestock animal genome engineering and outlines possible future directions to design optimal and cost-effective tools for transgenesis in farm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Popova
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.P.); (V.B.)
| | - Victoria Bets
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.P.); (V.B.)
- Center of Technological Excellence, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kozhevnikova
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.P.); (V.B.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Models of Cognitive and Emotional Disorders, Scientific-Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
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14
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Moazami N, Stern JM, Khalil K, Kim JI, Narula N, Mangiola M, Weldon EP, Kagermazova L, James L, Lawson N, Piper GL, Sommer PM, Reyentovich A, Bamira D, Saraon T, Kadosh BS, DiVita M, Goldberg RI, Hussain ST, Chan J, Ngai J, Jan T, Ali NM, Tatapudi VS, Segev DL, Bisen S, Jaffe IS, Piegari B, Kowalski H, Kokkinaki M, Monahan J, Sorrells L, Burdorf L, Boeke JD, Pass H, Goparaju C, Keating B, Ayares D, Lorber M, Griesemer A, Mehta SA, Smith DE, Montgomery RA. Pig-to-human heart xenotransplantation in two recently deceased human recipients. Nat Med 2023; 29:1989-1997. [PMID: 37488288 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified xenografts are one of the most promising solutions to the discrepancy between the numbers of available human organs for transplantation and potential recipients. To date, a porcine heart has been implanted into only one human recipient. Here, using 10-gene-edited pigs, we transplanted porcine hearts into two brain-dead human recipients and monitored xenograft function, hemodynamics and systemic responses over the course of 66 hours. Although both xenografts demonstrated excellent cardiac function immediately after transplantation and continued to function for the duration of the study, cardiac function declined postoperatively in one case, attributed to a size mismatch between the donor pig and the recipient. For both hearts, we confirmed transgene expression and found no evidence of cellular or antibody-mediated rejection, as assessed using histology, flow cytometry and a cytotoxic crossmatch assay. Moreover, we found no evidence of zoonotic transmission from the donor pigs to the human recipients. While substantial additional work will be needed to advance this technology to human trials, these results indicate that pig-to-human heart xenotransplantation can be performed successfully without hyperacute rejection or zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Moazami
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Stern
- New York University Langone Transplant Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen Khalil
- New York University Langone Transplant Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacqueline I Kim
- New York University Langone Transplant Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Navneet Narula
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Massimo Mangiola
- New York University Langone Transplant Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elaina P Weldon
- New York University Langone Transplant Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Larisa Kagermazova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Les James
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikki Lawson
- New York University Langone Transplant Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Greta L Piper
- Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip M Sommer
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex Reyentovich
- Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Bamira
- Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tajinderpal Saraon
- Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bernard S Kadosh
- Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael DiVita
- Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randal I Goldberg
- Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Syed T Hussain
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Chan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennie Ngai
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Jan
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole M Ali
- New York University Langone Transplant Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Dorry L Segev
- Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shivani Bisen
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian S Jaffe
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Piegari
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haley Kowalski
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jef D Boeke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harvey Pass
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chandra Goparaju
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendan Keating
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Marc Lorber
- United Therapeutics Corporation, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Adam Griesemer
- New York University Langone Transplant Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sapna A Mehta
- New York University Langone Transplant Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deane E Smith
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Hwang SA, Shin KC, Park KS, Ahn YR, Kim WS, Kang HJ, Kim JS, Chee HK, Yang HS, Oh KB, Hwang JH, Yun IJ. Comparison of Graft Survival Between Full-Thickness and Lamellar Pig-to-Monkey Corneal Xenotransplantation from the Same Genetically Engineered Pig Model with Minimal Immunosuppression. Transplant Proc 2023:S0041-1345(23)00226-9. [PMID: 37147194 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The graft survival rate of full-thickness corneal xenotransplantation (XTP) with minimal immunosuppression in genetically engineered pigs is unknown, whereas lamellar corneal XTP shows satisfactory results. We compared graft survival between full-thickness and lamellar transplantations in the same genetically engineered pig. METHODS Six pig-to-monkey corneal transplantations were performed on 3 transgenic pigs. Two corneas harvested from 1 pig were transplanted into 2 monkeys using full-thickness and lamellar corneal xenotransplantation. The transgenic donor pigs used were α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout + membrane cofactor protein (GTKO+CD46) in one recipient and GTKO+CD46+ thrombomodulin (TBM) in the other. RESULTS The graft survival time for GTKO+CD46 XTP was 28 days. With the addition of TBM, the survival differences between lamellar and full-thickness XTP were 98 days versus 14 days and >463 days (ongoing) versus 21 days, respectively. An excessive number of inflammatory cells was observed in failed grafts, but none were in the recipient's stromal bed. CONCLUSIONS Unlike full-thickness corneal XTP, lamellar xenocorneal transplantation does not exhibit surgical complications, such as retrocorneal membrane or anterior synechia. The graft survival of lamellar XTP in this study was not as good as in our previous experiments, although the survival period was superior to that of full-thickness XTP. The difference in graft survival based on transgenic type is not definitive. Further studies using transgenic pigs and minimal immunosuppression need to focus on improving graft survival of lamellar XTP and using a larger sample size to determine the potential of full-thickness corneal XTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ae Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Cheul Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Sik Park
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu Rim Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wan Seop Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang-si, South Korea
| | - Jun Seok Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Keun Chee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keon Bong Oh
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Non-Human Primate Minipig Translational Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeonbuk, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Ik Jin Yun
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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16
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Righes Marafiga J, Baraban SC. Cell therapy for neurological disorders: Progress towards an embryonic medial ganglionic eminence progenitor-based treatment. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1177678. [PMID: 37123353 PMCID: PMC10140420 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1177678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of development, migration, or function of inhibitory interneurons are key features of numerous circuit-based neurological disorders, such as epilepsy. From a therapeutic perspective, symptomatic treatment of these disorders often relies upon drugs or deep brain stimulation approaches to provide a general enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition. A more effective strategy to target these pathological circuits and potentially provide true disease-modifying therapy, would be to selectively add new inhibitory interneurons into these circuits. One such strategy, using embryonic medial ganglionic (MGE) progenitor cells as a source of a unique sub-population of interneurons, has already proven effective as a cell transplantation therapy in a variety of preclinical models of neurological disorders, especially in mouse models of acquired epilepsy. Here we will discuss the evolution of this interneuron-based transplantation therapy in acquired epilepsy models, with an emphasis on the recent adaptation of MGE progenitor cells for xenotransplantation into larger mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane Righes Marafiga
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Scott C. Baraban
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Helen Wills Institute for Neuroscience, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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17
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Li S, Anwar IJ, Canning AJ, Vo-Dinh T, Kirk AD, He X. Xenorecognition and Costimulation of Porcine Endothelium-derived Extracellular Vesicles in Initiating Human Porcine-specific T-cell Immune Responses. Am J Transplant 2023:S1600-6135(23)00403-3. [PMID: 37054891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Porcine vascular endothelial cells (PECs) form a mechanistic centerpiece of xenograft rejection. Here, we determined that resting PECs release swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA-I) but not SLA-DR expressing extracellular vesicles (EVs) and investigated whether these EVs proficiently initiate xeno-reactive T cell responses via direct xenorecognition and costimulation. Human T cells acquired SLA-I+ EVs with or without direct contact to PECs, and these EVs colocalized with T cell receptors (TCRs). Although IFN-γ-activated PECs released SLA-DR+ EVs, the binding of SLA-DR+ EVs to T cells was sparse. Human T cells demonstrated low levels of proliferation without direct contact to PECs, but marked T cell proliferation was induced following exposure to EVs. EV induced proliferation proceeded independent of monocytes/ macrophages, suggesting that EVs delivered both a TCR signal and costimulation. Costimulation blockade targeting B7, CD40L, or CD11a significantly reduced T cell proliferation to PEC-derived EVs. These findings indicate that endothelial-derived EVs can directly initiate T cell-mediated immune responses, and suggest that inhibiting release of SLA-I EVs from organ xenografts has the potential to modify xenograft rejection. We propose a secondary-direct pathway for T cell activation via xenoantigen recognition/costimulation from endothelial-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Li
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Imran J Anwar
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aidan J Canning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tuan Vo-Dinh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allan D Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xu He
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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18
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Wu WK, Stier MT, Stokes JW, Ukita R, Patel YJ, Cortelli M, Landstreet SR, Talackine JR, Cardwell NL, Simonds EM, Mentz M, Lowe C, Benson C, Demarest CT, Alexopoulos SP, Shaver CM, Bacchetta M. Immune characterization of a xenogeneic human lung cross-circulation support system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7647. [PMID: 37000867 PMCID: PMC10065447 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Improved approaches to expanding the pool of donor lungs suitable for transplantation are critically needed for the growing population with end-stage lung disease. Cross-circulation (XC) of whole blood between swine and explanted human lungs has previously been reported to enable the extracorporeal recovery of donor lungs that declined for transplantation due to acute, reversible injuries. However, immunologic interactions of this xenogeneic platform have not been characterized, thus limiting potential translational applications. Using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that porcine immune cell and immunoglobulin infiltration occurs in this xenogeneic XC system, in the context of calcineurin-based immunosuppression and complement depletion. Despite this, xenogeneic XC supported the viability, tissue integrity, and physiologic improvement of human donor lungs over 24 hours of xeno-support. These findings provide targets for future immunomodulatory strategies to minimize immunologic interactions on this organ support biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei K. Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew T. Stier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John W. Stokes
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rei Ukita
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yatrik J. Patel
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Cortelli
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stuart R. Landstreet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Talackine
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nancy L. Cardwell
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Simonds
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Meredith Mentz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cindy Lowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Clayne Benson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Caitlin T. Demarest
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sophoclis P. Alexopoulos
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ciara M. Shaver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.B.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Matthew Bacchetta
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.B.); (C.M.S.)
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19
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Khan RL, Khraibi AA, Dumée LF, Corridon PR. From waste to wealth: Repurposing slaughterhouse waste for xenotransplantation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1091554. [PMID: 36815880 PMCID: PMC9935833 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1091554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Slaughterhouses produce large quantities of biological waste, and most of these materials are underutilized. In many published reports, the possibility of repurposing this form of waste to create biomaterials, fertilizers, biogas, and feeds has been discussed. However, the employment of particular offal wastes in xenotransplantation has yet to be extensively uncovered. Overall, viable transplantable tissues and organs are scarce, and developing bioartificial components using such discarded materials may help increase their supply. This perspective manuscript explores the viability and sustainability of readily available and easily sourced slaughterhouse waste, such as blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and tracheas, as starting materials in xenotransplantation derived from decellularization technologies. The manuscript also examines the innovative use of animal stem cells derived from the excreta to create a bioartificial tissue/organ platform that can be translated to humans. Institutional and governmental regulatory approaches will also be outlined to support this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheema L. Khan
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali A. Khraibi
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ludovic F. Dumée
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen (RICH), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter R. Corridon
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,*Correspondence: Peter R. Corridon,
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20
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In vitro genome editing activity of Cas9 in somatic cells after random and transposon-based genomic Cas9 integration. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279123. [PMID: 36584049 PMCID: PMC9803249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its close resemblance, the domesticated pig has proven to be a diverse animal model for biomedical research and genome editing tools have contributed to developing porcine models for several human diseases. By employing the CRISPR-Cas9 system, porcine embryos or somatic cells can be genetically modified to generate the desired genotype. However, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) of modified somatic cells and embryo manipulation are challenging, especially if the desired genotype is detrimental to the embryo. Direct in vivo edits may facilitate the production of genetically engineered pigs by integrating Cas9 into the porcine genome. Cas9 expressing cells were generated by either random integration or transposon-based integration of Cas9 and used as donor cells in SCNT. In total, 15 animals were generated that carried a transposon-based Cas9 integration and two pigs a randomly integrated Cas9. Cas9 expression was confirmed in muscle, tonsil, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, oral mucosa, and liver in two boars. Overall, Cas9 expression was higher for transposon-based integration, except in tonsils and liver. To verify Cas9 activity, fibroblasts were subjected to in vitro genome editing. Isolated fibroblasts were transfected with guide RNAs (gRNA) targeting different genes (GGTA1, B4GALNT2, B2M) relevant to xenotransplantation. Next generation sequencing revealed that the editing efficiencies varied (2-60%) between the different target genes. These results show that the integrated Cas9 remained functional, and that Cas9 expressing pigs may be used to induce desired genomic modifications to model human diseases or further evaluate in vivo gene therapy approaches.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Fishman
- From the Transplant and Immunocompromised Host Program, Infectious Disease Division and Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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22
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Oh D, Choi H, Kim M, Cai L, Lee J, Jawad A, Kim S, Zheng H, Lee G, Jeon Y, Hyun SH. Interleukin-7 enhances in vitro development and blastocyst quality in porcine parthenogenetic embryos. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1052856. [PMID: 36570506 PMCID: PMC9772438 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1052856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7), a vital factor that affects cell development, proliferation, and survival, plays an important role in oocyte maturation. However, its role in embryonic development remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of IL-7 supplementation on in vitro culture (IVC) of porcine embryos after parthenogenetic activation (PA) based on characteristics such as cleavage, blastocyst formation rate, intracellular glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cleaved embryos, total cell number, apoptosis rate, and cell lineage specification in blastocysts. Immunofluorescence revealed that IL-7 and its receptor, IL-7Rα (IL-7R) localized in the cytoplasm of porcine parthenote embryos. By supplementing the IVC medium (PZM5) with various concentrations of IL-7, an optimal concentration that enhanced embryonic development, promoted intracellular GSH, and decreased ROS levels in the cleavage stage during porcine embryo IVC was determined. Investigation of mRNA expression patterns via qRT-PCR suggested that IL-7 possibly regulated maternal mRNA clearance and zygotic genome activation. Furthermore, IL-7 supplementation reduced blastocyst apoptosis, enhanced the expression of the inner cell mass marker SOX2, and phosphorylated STAT5 levels in the blastocysts. Moreover, it altered the transcription patterns of genes that regulate apoptosis, IL-7 signaling, and development. Thus, we demonstrated the localization of IL-7 and IL-7R in porcine preimplantation embryos in vitro for the first time. Furthermore, we suggest that IL-7 supplementation can be employed to enhance embryonic development and blastocyst quality based on the activation of the transcripts of genes that are involved in developmental competence and IL-7 signaling during in vitro porcine embryo development following PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Oh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea,Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyerin Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea,Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Mirae Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea,Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Lian Cai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea,Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea,Graduate School of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Joohyeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea,Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Ali Jawad
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea,Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sohee Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea,Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Haomiao Zheng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea,Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, ML, United States
| | - Yubyeol Jeon
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea,*Correspondence: Yubyeol Jeon
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea,Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea,Graduate School of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea,Sang-Hwan Hyun
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23
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Human Endogenous Retroviruses: Friends and Foes in Urology Clinics. Int Neurourol J 2022; 26:275-287. [PMID: 36599336 PMCID: PMC9816444 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2244284.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are originated from ancient exogenous retroviruses, which infected human germ line cells millions of years ago. HERVs have generally lost their replication and retrotransposition abilities, but adopted physiological roles in human biology. Though mostly inactive, HERVs can be reactivated by internal and external factors such as inflammations and environmental conditions. Their aberrant expression can participate in various human malignancies with complex etiology. This review describes the features and functions of HERVs in urological subjects, such as urological cancers and human reproduction. It provides the current knowledge of the HERVs and useful insights helping practice in urology clinics.
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24
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Samiec M, Wiater J, Wartalski K, Skrzyszowska M, Trzcińska M, Lipiński D, Jura J, Smorąg Z, Słomski R, Duda M. The Relative Abundances of Human Leukocyte Antigen-E, α-Galactosidase A and α-Gal Antigenic Determinants Are Biased by Trichostatin A-Dependent Epigenetic Transformation of Triple-Transgenic Pig-Derived Dermal Fibroblast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810296. [PMID: 36142211 PMCID: PMC9499218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to establish the mitotically stable adult cutaneous fibroblast cell (ACFC) lines stemming from hFUT2×hGLA×HLA-E triple-transgenic pigs followed by trichostatin A (TSA)-assisted epigenetically modulating the reprogrammability of the transgenes permanently incorporated into the host genome and subsequent comprehensive analysis of molecular signatures related to proteomically profiling the generated ACFC lines. The results of Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses have proved that the profiles of relative abundance (RA) noticed for both recombinant human α-galactosidase A (rhα-Gal A) and human leukocyte antigen-E (HLA-E) underwent significant upregulations in tri-transgenic (3×TG) ACFCs subjected to TSA-mediated epigenetic transformation as compared to not only their TSA-unexposed counterparts but also TSA-treated and untreated non-transgenic (nTG) cells. The RT-qPCR-based analysis of porcine tri-genetically engineered ACFCs revealed stable expression of mRNA fractions transcribed from hFUT2, hGLA and HLA-E transgenes as compared to a lack of such transcriptional activities in non-transgenic ACFC variants. Furthermore, although TSA-based epigenomic modulation has given rise to a remarkable increase in the expression levels of Galα1→3Gal (α-Gal) epitopes that have been determined by lectin blotting analysis, their semi-quantitative profiles have dwindled profoundly in both TSA-exposed and unexposed 3×TG ACFCs as compared to their nTG counterparts. In conclusion, thoroughly exploring proteomic signatures in such epigenetically modulated ex vivo models devised on hFUT2×hGLA×HLA-E triple-transgenic ACFCs that display augmented reprogrammability of translational activities of two mRNA transcripts coding for rhα-Gal A and HLA-E proteins might provide a completely novel and powerful research tool for the panel of further studies. The objective of these future studies should be to multiply the tri-transgenic pigs with the aid of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-based cloning for the purposes of both xenografting the porcine cutaneous bioprostheses and dermoplasty-mediated surgical treatments in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Samiec
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Jerzy Wiater
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Kamil Wartalski
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Skrzyszowska
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Monika Trzcińska
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Daniel Lipiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11 Street, 60-647 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Jura
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Smorąg
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11 Street, 60-647 Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32 Street, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Duda
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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25
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Endo S, Morikawa Y, Matsunaga T, Hara A, Nishinaka T. Porcine aldo-keto reductase 1C subfamily members AKR1C1 and AKR1C4: Substrate specificity, inhibitor sensitivity and activators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 221:106113. [PMID: 35398259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most members of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1 C subfamily are hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs). Similarly to humans, four genes for AKR1C proteins (AKR1C1-AKR1C4) have been identified in the pig, which is a suitable species for biomedical research model of human diseases and optimal organ donor for xenotransplantation. Previous study suggested that, among the porcine AKR1Cs, AKR1C1 and AKR1C4 play important roles in steroid hormone metabolism in the reproductive tissues; however, their biological functions are still unknown. Herein, we report the biochemical properties of the two recombinant enzymes. Kinetic and product analyses of steroid specificity indicated that AKR1C1 is a multi-specific reductase, which acts as 3α-HSD for 3-keto-5β-dihydro-C19/C21-steroids, 3β-HSD for 3-keto-5α-dihydro-C19-steroids including androstenone, 17β-HSD for 17-keto-C19-steroids including estrone, and 20α-HSD for progesterone, showing Km values of 0.5-11 µM. By contrast, AKR1C4 exhibited only 3α-HSD activity for 3-keto groups of 5α/β-dihydro-C19-steroids, 5β-dihydro-C21-steroids and bile acids (Km: 1.0-1.9 µM). AKR1C1 and AKR1C4 also showed broad substrate specificity for nonsteroidal carbonyl compounds including endogenous 4-oxo-2-nonenal, 4-hydroxy-nonenal, acrolein, isocaproaldehyde, farnesal, isatin and methylglyoxal, of which 4-oxo-2-nonenal was reduced with the lowest Km value of 0.9 µM. Moreover, AKR1C1 had the characteristic of reducing aliphatic ketones and all-trans-retinal. The enzymes were inhibited by flavonoids, synthetic estrogens, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, triterpenoids and phenolphthalein, whereas only AKR1C4 was activated by bromosulfophthalein. These results suggest that AKR1C1 and AKR1C4 function as 3α/3β/17β/20α-HSD and 3α-HSD, respectively, in metabolism of steroid hormones and a sex pheromone androstenone, both of which also play roles in metabolism of nonsteroidal carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu 500-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toru Nishinaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka-Ohtani University, Osaka 584-8540, Japan
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26
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Ruan J, Zhang X, Zhao S, Xie S. Advances in CRISPR-Based Functional Genomics and Nucleic Acid Detection in Pigs. Front Genet 2022; 13:891098. [PMID: 35711930 PMCID: PMC9195075 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.891098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxue Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuying Zhang
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengsong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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27
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Zhang J, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Bossila EA, Shi M, Zhao Y. Bioinformatic analysis as a first step to predict the compatibility of hematopoiesis and immune system genes between humans and pigs. Xenotransplantation 2022; 29:e12764. [PMID: 35695327 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The shortage of allogeneic donor organs leaves its supply far short of clinical need. There are great expectations on xenotransplantation, especially with pigs' organs. With the genetic modification of donor pigs, the rejection and cross-species transmission issues have now been widely addressed. However, research on the compatibility of genes between humans and pigs was limited. We performed a systematic screening analysis of predicted incompatible genes between humans and pigs, judged by low protein sequence similarities or different predicted protein domain compositions. By combining with gene set enrichment analysis, we screened out several key genes of hematopoiesis and the immune system with possible incompatibilities, which might be important for establishing chimera and xenotransplantation between humans and pigs. There were seven chemokine genes, including CCL1, CCL5, CCL24, CCL25, CCL28, CXCL12, and CXCL16, that exhibited limited similarity between humans and pigs (similarity < 0.8). Among hematopoiesis process-related genes, 15 genes of adhesion molecules, Notch ligands, and cytokine receptors exhibited differences between humans and pigs. In complement and coagulation cascades, 19 genes showed low similarity and 77 genes had different domain compositions between humans and pigs. Our study provides a good reference for further genetic modification of pigs, which might be beneficial for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elhusseny A Bossila
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mingpu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Montgomery RA, Stern JM, Lonze BE, Tatapudi VS, Mangiola M, Wu M, Weldon E, Lawson N, Deterville C, Dieter RA, Sullivan B, Boulton G, Parent B, Piper G, Sommer P, Cawthon S, Duggan E, Ayares D, Dandro A, Fazio-Kroll A, Kokkinaki M, Burdorf L, Lorber M, Boeke JD, Pass H, Keating B, Griesemer A, Ali NM, Mehta SA, Stewart ZA. Results of Two Cases of Pig-to-Human Kidney Xenotransplantation. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1889-1898. [PMID: 35584156 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2120238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenografts from genetically modified pigs have become one of the most promising solutions to the dearth of human organs available for transplantation. The challenge in this model has been hyperacute rejection. To avoid this, pigs have been bred with a knockout of the alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene and with subcapsular autologous thymic tissue. METHODS We transplanted kidneys from these genetically modified pigs into two brain-dead human recipients whose circulatory and respiratory activity was maintained on ventilators for the duration of the study. We performed serial biopsies and monitored the urine output and kinetic estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to assess renal function and xenograft rejection. RESULTS The xenograft in both recipients began to make urine within moments after reperfusion. Over the 54-hour study, the kinetic eGFR increased from 23 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area before transplantation to 62 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 after transplantation in Recipient 1 and from 55 to 109 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 in Recipient 2. In both recipients, the creatinine level, which had been at a steady state, decreased after implantation of the xenograft, from 1.97 to 0.82 mg per deciliter in Recipient 1 and from 1.10 to 0.57 mg per deciliter in Recipient 2. The transplanted kidneys remained pink and well-perfused, continuing to make urine throughout the study. Biopsies that were performed at 6, 24, 48, and 54 hours revealed no signs of hyperacute or antibody-mediated rejection. Hourly urine output with the xenograft was more than double the output with the native kidneys. CONCLUSIONS Genetically modified kidney xenografts from pigs remained viable and functioning in brain-dead human recipients for 54 hours, without signs of hyperacute rejection. (Funded by Lung Biotechnology.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Montgomery
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Jeffrey M Stern
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Bonnie E Lonze
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Vasishta S Tatapudi
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Massimo Mangiola
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Ming Wu
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Elaina Weldon
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Nikki Lawson
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Cecilia Deterville
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Rebecca A Dieter
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Brigitte Sullivan
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Gabriella Boulton
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Brendan Parent
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Greta Piper
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Philip Sommer
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Samantha Cawthon
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Erin Duggan
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - David Ayares
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Amy Dandro
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Ana Fazio-Kroll
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Maria Kokkinaki
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Lars Burdorf
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Marc Lorber
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Jef D Boeke
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Harvey Pass
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Brendan Keating
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Adam Griesemer
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Nicole M Ali
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Sapna A Mehta
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Zoe A Stewart
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
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29
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Stapleton MT. An Expectant Future for Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease. PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT CLINICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpha.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Quintão CCR, Camargo LSDA, Brandão HDM, Saraiva NZ, Munk M. Challenges in the use of nanostructures as carriers of nucleic acids in clinical practice. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2022; 20:eRB5898. [PMID: 35195162 PMCID: PMC8815335 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2022rb5898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of nucleic acids to cells is considered a crucial step for the success of genetic modifications aimed at therapeutic purposes or production of genetically modified animals. In this context, nanotechnology is one of the most promising fields of science, with the potential to solve several existing problems. Nanostructures have desirable characteristics to be used as carriers, such as nanometric size, large surface area, cell internalization capacity, prolonged and controlled release, among others. Genetically modified animals can contribute to the production of biopharmaceuticals, through the expression of high-associated-value molecules. The production of these animals, also known as biofactories, further enhances Brazilian agribusiness, since it allows adding value to the final product, and favors the integration between the agricultural market and the pharmaceutical sector. However, there is a growing concern about the safety and possible harmful effects of nanostructures, since data on the safe use of these materials are still insufficient. The objective of this review was to address aspects of the use of nanostructures, mainly carbon nanotubes as nucleic acid carriers, aiming at the production of genetically modified animals, with the certainty that progress in this field of knowledge depends on more information on the mechanisms of interaction between nanostructures, cells and embryos, as well as on its toxicity.
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31
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Carson AS, Gardner A, Iweala OI. Where's the Beef? Understanding Allergic Responses to Red Meat in Alpha-Gal Syndrome. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:267-277. [PMID: 35017216 PMCID: PMC8928418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) describes a collection of symptoms associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity responses to the glycan galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). Individuals with AGS develop delayed hypersensitivity reactions, with symptoms occurring >2 h after consuming mammalian ("red") meat and other mammal-derived food products. The mechanisms of pathogenesis driving this paradigm-breaking food allergy are not fully understood. We review the role of tick bites in the development of alpha-gal-specific IgE and highlight innate and adaptive immune cells possibly involved in alpha-gal sensitization. We discuss the impact of alpha-gal glycosylation on digestion and metabolism of alpha-gal glycolipids and glycoproteins, and the implications for basophil and mast cell activation and mediator release that generate allergic symptoms in AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey S. Carson
- Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aliyah Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Onyinye I. Iweala
- Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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32
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Dai Y, Kavita U, Lampen MH, Gielen S, Banks G, Levesque PC, Kozhich A, Pillutla RC, Zhang YJ, Jawa V, Adam LP. Prevalence of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies against AAV serotypes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9 in sera of different pig strains. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 33:451-459. [PMID: 34913759 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing neutralizing antibodies (NAb) to adeno-associated virus (AAV) may diminish the efficacy of AAV-based therapies depending on the titer. To support gene therapy studies in pigs, the seroprevalence of NAb to AAV 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9 serotypes were assessed in the sera of 3 different strains of pigs consisting of 60 Norsvin Topigs-20 strain, 22 Gottingen minipigs, and 40 Yucatan minipigs. Cell-based NAb assays were developed for various AAV serotypes. The sera were tested for NAb in a Lec-2 cell line for AAV9 vector and in a COS-7 cell line for the other AAV serotypes. In the 60 Topigs-20 strain aged 2 to 4 years old, 100% were positive for AAV2 NAb, 45 % positive for AAV6 NAb, and ~20% positive for each of AAV1, 5, 8, and 9 NAb. These data showed that approximately 80% of Norsvin Topigs-20 pigs evaluated were seronegative for pre-existing NAb to the AAV1, 5, 8, and 9 serotypes, respectively. In 22 Gottingen minipigs at 5-6 months of age, serum AAV-serotype specific NAb co-existed with that of various other AAV serotypes at 32 to 46 % between two serotypes. These results suggested that coexisting NAb resulted either from multiple AAV serotype co-infection or from one (or more) serotypes that can cross-react with other AAV serotypes in some minipigs. Among the 40 Yucatan minipigs, 20 of the minipigs were less than 3 months old and were all negative for NAb against AAV5, 8 and 9, and only one of these 20 pigs was positive to AAV1 and 6. We further determined the titers in those positive pigs and found most Gottingen minipigs had low titer at 1:20, whereas some of Topigs-20 pigs had titers between 1:80 to 1: 320, and some of Yucatan pigs had titers between 1: 160 to 1: 640. These results suggested that the majority of the pigs in the three strains would be amenable to gene therapy study using AAV1, AAV5, AAV8, and AAV9 and that prescreening on circulating AAV antibodies could be helpful before inclusion of pigs into studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Dai
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co, 480678, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Uma Kavita
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co, 480678, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States;
| | | | - Sander Gielen
- uniQure NV, 107496, Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands;
| | - Glen Banks
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co, 480678, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Paul C Levesque
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co, 480678, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Alexander Kozhich
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co, 480678, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Renuka C Pillutla
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co, 480678, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Yan J Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co, 480678, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co, 480678, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Leonard P Adam
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co, 480678, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States;
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33
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Hawthorne WJ, Fuller E, Thomas A, Rao JS, Burlak C. Updateon xenotransplantation for May/June 2021. Xenotransplantation 2021; 28:e12710. [PMID: 34617623 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne J Hawthorne
- Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erin Fuller
- Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adwin Thomas
- Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph Sushil Rao
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Solid Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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34
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Wiater J, Samiec M, Wartalski K, Smorąg Z, Jura J, Słomski R, Skrzyszowska M, Romek M. Characterization of Mono- and Bi-Transgenic Pig-Derived Epidermal Keratinocytes Expressing Human FUT2 and GLA Genes-In Vitro Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9683. [PMID: 34575846 PMCID: PMC8469251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pig-to-human xenotransplantation seems to be the response to the contemporary shortage of tissue/organ donors. Unfortunately, the phylogenetic distance between pig and human implies hyperacute xenograft rejection. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that combining expression of human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (hFUT2) and α-galactosidase A (hGLA) genes would allow for removal of this obstacle in porcine transgenic epidermal keratinocytes (PEKs). We sought to determine not only the expression profiles of recombinant human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (rhα1,2-FT) and α-galactosidase A (rhα-Gal A) proteins, but also the relative abundance (RA) of Galα1→3Gal epitopes in the PEKs stemming from not only hFUT2 or hGLA single-transgenic and hFUT2×hGLA double-transgenic pigs. Our confocal microscopy and Western blotting analyses revealed that both rhα1,2-FT and rhα-Gal A enzymes were overabundantly expressed in respective transgenic PEK lines. Moreover, the semiquantitative levels of Galα1→3Gal epitope that were assessed by lectin fluorescence and lectin blotting were found to be significantly diminished in each variant of genetically modified PEK line as compared to those observed in the control nontransgenic PEKs. Notably, the bi-transgenic PEKs were characterized by significantly lessened (but still detectable) RAs of Galα1→3Gal epitopes as compared to those identified for both types of mono-transgenic PEK lines. Additionally, our current investigation showed that the coexpression of two protective transgenes gave rise to enhanced abrogation of Galα→3Gal epitopes in hFUT2×hGLA double-transgenic PEKs. To summarize, detailed estimation of semiquantitative profiles for human α-1,2-FT and α-Gal A proteins followed by identification of the extent of abrogating the abundance of Galα1→3Gal epitopes in the ex vivo expanded PEKs stemming from mono- and bi-transgenic pigs were found to be a sine qua non condition for efficiently ex situ protecting stable lines of skin-derived somatic cells inevitable in further studies. The latter is due to be focused on determining epigenomic reprogrammability of single- or double-transgenic cell nuclei inherited from adult cutaneous keratinocytes in porcine nuclear-transferred oocytes and corresponding cloned embryos. To our knowledge, this concept was shown to represent a completely new approach designed to generate and multiply genetically transformed pigs by somatic cell cloning for the needs of reconstructive medicine and dermoplasty-mediated tissue engineering of human integumentary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Wiater
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (J.W.); (K.W.)
| | - Marcin Samiec
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice near Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Kamil Wartalski
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (J.W.); (K.W.)
| | - Zdzisław Smorąg
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice near Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Jacek Jura
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice near Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32 Street, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11 Street, 60-647 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria Skrzyszowska
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice near Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Marek Romek
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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35
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Wartalski K, Gorczyca G, Wiater J, Tabarowski Z, Duda M. Porcine ovarian cortex-derived putative stem cells can differentiate into endothelial cells in vitro. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 156:349-362. [PMID: 34269874 PMCID: PMC8550686 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs), the primary component of the vasculature, play a crucial role in neovascularization. However, the number of endogenous ECs is inadequate for both experimental purposes and clinical applications. Porcine ovarian putative stem cells (poPSCs), although not pluripotent, are characterized by great plasticity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether poPSCs have the potential to differentiate into cells of endothelial lineage. poPSCs were immunomagnetically isolated from postnatal pig ovaries based on the presence of SSEA-4 protein. Expression of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) markers after pre-culture, both at the level of mRNA: ITGB1, THY, and ENG and corresponding protein: CD29, CD90, and CD105 were significantly higher compared to the control ovarian cortex cells. To differentiate poPSCs into ECs, inducing medium containing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), ascorbic acid, and heparin was applied. After 14 days, poPSC differentiation into ECs was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining for vascular endothelial cadherin (VECad) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). Semi-quantitative WB analysis of these proteins confirmed their high abundance. Additionally, qRT-PCR showed that mRNA expression of corresponding marker genes: CDH5, KDR was significantly higher compared with undifferentiated poPSCs. Finally, EC functional status was confirmed by the migration test that revealed that they were capable of positive chemotaxis, while tube formation assay demonstrated their ability to develop capillary networks. In conclusion, our results provided evidence that poPSCs may constitute the MSC population in the ovary and confirmed that they might be a potential source of ECs for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Wartalski
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriela Gorczyca
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wiater
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Tabarowski
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Experimental Hematology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Duda
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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36
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Shim J, Ko N, Kim HJ, Lee Y, Lee JW, Jin DI, Kim H, Choi K. Human immune reactivity of GGTA1/CMAH/A3GALT2 triple knockout Yucatan miniature pigs. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:619-634. [PMID: 34232440 PMCID: PMC8478729 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of a triple knockout of the genes alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1), cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), and alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase 2 (A3GALT2) in Yucatan miniature pigs on human immune reactivity. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to create pigs lacking GGTA1 (GTKO) and GGTA1/CMAH/A3GALT2 triple gene knockout (TKO). The expression of all three xenoantigens was absent in TKO pigs, but there was no additional reduction in the level of Galα1,3Gal (αGal) epitopes expression in the A3GALT2 gene KO. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), aorta endothelial cells (AECs), and cornea endothelial cells (CECs) were isolated from these pigs, and their ability to bind human IgM/IgG and their cytotoxicity in human sera were evaluated. Compared to wild type (WT) pigs, the level of human antibody binding of the PBMCs, AECs, and CECs of the transgenic pigs (GTKO and TKO) was significantly reduced. However, there were significant differences in human antibody binding between GTKO and TKO depending on the cell type. Human antibody binding of TKO pigs was less than that of GTKO on PBMCs but was similar between GTKO and TKO pigs for AECs and CECs. Cytotoxicity of transgenic pig (GTKO and TKO) PBMCs and AECs was significantly reduced compared to that of WT pigs. However, TKO pigs showed a reduction in cytotoxicity compared to GTKO pigs on PBMCs, whereas in AECs from both TKO and GTKO pigs, there was no difference. The cytotoxicity of transgenic pig CECs was significantly decreased from that of WT at 300 min, but there was no significant reduction in TKO pigs from GTKO. Our results indicate that genetic modification of donor pigs for xenotransplantation should be tailored to the target organ and silencing of additional genes such as CMAH or A3GALT2 based on GTKO might not be essential in Yucatan miniature pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyun Shim
- Department of Transgenic Animal Research, Optipharm, Inc., Chungcheongbuk-do, Cheongju-si, 28158, Republic of Korea.,Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Ko
- Department of Transgenic Animal Research, Optipharm, Inc., Chungcheongbuk-do, Cheongju-si, 28158, Republic of Korea.,Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Joo Kim
- Department of Transgenic Animal Research, Optipharm, Inc., Chungcheongbuk-do, Cheongju-si, 28158, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjin Lee
- Department of Transgenic Animal Research, Optipharm, Inc., Chungcheongbuk-do, Cheongju-si, 28158, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Woong Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Il Jin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunil Kim
- Department of Transgenic Animal Research, Optipharm, Inc., Chungcheongbuk-do, Cheongju-si, 28158, Republic of Korea
| | - Kimyung Choi
- Department of Transgenic Animal Research, Optipharm, Inc., Chungcheongbuk-do, Cheongju-si, 28158, Republic of Korea.
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Regulatory and intellectual property conundrums surrounding xenotransplantation. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:796-798. [PMID: 34234315 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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38
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Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 as an Advanced Genome Editing System in Life Sciences. BIOTECH 2021; 10:biotech10030014. [PMID: 35822768 PMCID: PMC9245484 DOI: 10.3390/biotech10030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted nucleases are powerful genomic tools to precisely change the target genome of living cells, controlling functional genes with high exactness. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) genome editing system has been identified as one of the most useful biological tools in genetic engineering that is taken from adaptive immune strategies for bacteria. In recent years, this system has made significant progress and it has been widely used in genome editing to create gene knock-ins, knock-outs, and point mutations. This paper summarizes the application of this system in various biological sciences, including medicine, plant science, and animal breeding.
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Nagaya M, Hasegawa K, Uchikura A, Nakano K, Watanabe M, Umeyama K, Matsunari H, Osafune K, Kobayashi E, Nakauchi H, Nagashima H. Feasibility of large experimental animal models in testing novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:306-330. [PMID: 33889282 PMCID: PMC8040081 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i4.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is among the top 10 causes of death in adults and caused approximately four million deaths worldwide in 2017. The incidence and prevalence of diabetes is predicted to increase. To alleviate this potentially severe situation, safer and more effective therapeutics are urgently required. Mice have long been the mainstay as preclinical models for basic research on diabetes, although they are not ideally suited for translating basic knowledge into clinical applications. To validate and optimize novel therapeutics for safe application in humans, an appropriate large animal model is needed. Large animals, especially pigs, are well suited for biomedical research and share many similarities with humans, including body size, anatomical features, physiology, and pathophysiology. Moreover, pigs already play an important role in translational studies, including clinical trials for xenotransplantation. Progress in genetic engineering over the past few decades has facilitated the development of transgenic animals, including porcine models of diabetes. This article discusses features that attest to the attractiveness of genetically modified porcine models of diabetes for testing novel treatment strategies using recent technical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nagaya
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Immunology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 261-8511, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koki Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayuko Uchikura
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakano
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
- Research and Development, PorMedTec Co. Ltd, Kawasaki 214-0034, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
- Research and Development, PorMedTec Co. Ltd, Kawasaki 214-0034, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Umeyama
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
- Research and Development, PorMedTec Co. Ltd, Kawasaki 214-0034, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitomi Matsunari
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Organ Fabrication, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
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CRISPR/Cas Technology in Pig-to-Human Xenotransplantation Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063196. [PMID: 33801123 PMCID: PMC8004187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats linked to Cas nuclease) technology has revolutionized many aspects of genetic engineering research. Thanks to it, it became possible to study the functions and mechanisms of biology with greater precision, as well as to obtain genetically modified organisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The changes introduced by the CRISPR/Cas system are based on the repair paths of the single or double strand DNA breaks that cause insertions, deletions, or precise integrations of donor DNA. These changes are crucial for many fields of science, one of which is the use of animals (pigs) as a reservoir of tissues and organs for xenotransplantation into humans. Non-genetically modified animals cannot be used to save human life and health due to acute immunological reactions resulting from the phylogenetic distance of these two species. This review is intended to collect and summarize the advantages as well as achievements of the CRISPR/Cas system in pig-to-human xenotransplantation research. In addition, it demonstrates barriers and limitations that require careful evaluation before attempting to experiment with this technology.
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Capella-Monsonís H, Zeugolis DI. Decellularized xenografts in regenerative medicine: From processing to clinical application. Xenotransplantation 2021; 28:e12683. [PMID: 33709410 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized xenografts are an inherent component of regenerative medicine. Their preserved structure, mechanical integrity and biofunctional composition have well established them in reparative medicine for a diverse range of clinical indications. Nonetheless, their performance is highly influenced by their source (ie species, age, tissue) and processing (ie decellularization, crosslinking, sterilization and preservation), which govern their final characteristics and determine their success or failure for a specific clinical target. In this review, we provide an overview of the different sources and processing methods used in decellularized xenografts fabrication and discuss their effect on the clinical performance of commercially available decellularized xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Capella-Monsonís
- 1Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- 1Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
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42
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Oláh T, Cai X, Michaelis JC, Madry H. Comparative anatomy and morphology of the knee in translational models for articular cartilage disorders. Part I: Large animals. Ann Anat 2021; 235:151680. [PMID: 33548412 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human knee is a complex joint, and affected by a variety of articular cartilage disorders. Large animal models are critical to model the complex disease mechanisms affecting a functional joint. Species-dependent differences highly affect the results of a pre-clinical study and need to be considered, necessitating specific knowledge not only of macroscopic and microscopic anatomical and pathological aspects, but also characteristics of their individual gait and joint movements. METHODS Literature search in Pubmed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This narrative review summarizes the most relevant anatomical structural and functional characteristics of the knee (stifle) joints of the major translational large animal species, comprising dogs, (mini)pigs, sheep, goats, and horses in comparison with humans. Specific characteristics of each species, including kinematical gait parameters are provided. Considering these multifactorial dimensions will allow to select the appropriate model for answering the research questions in a clinically relevant fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Oláh
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
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Wiater J, Samiec M, Skrzyszowska M, Lipiński D. Trichostatin A-Assisted Epigenomic Modulation Affects the Expression Profiles of Not Only Recombinant Human α1,2-Fucosyltransferase and α-Galactosidase A Enzymes But Also Galα1→3Gal Epitopes in Porcine Bi-Transgenic Adult Cutaneous Fibroblast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1386. [PMID: 33573215 PMCID: PMC7866526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore whether trichostatin A-assisted epigenomic modulation (TSA-EM) can affect the expression of not only recombinant human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (rhα1,2-FT) and α-galactosidase A (rhα-Gal A) immune system enzymes but also Galα1→3Gal epitopes in ex vivo proliferating adult cutaneous fibroblast cells (ACFCs) derived from hFUT2×hGLA bi-transgenic pigs that had been produced for the needs of future xenotransplantation efforts. The ACFC lines were treated with 50 nM TSA for 24 h and then the expression profiles of rhα1,2-FT and rhα-Gal A enzymes were analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The expression profiles of the Galα1→3Gal epitope were determined by lectin blotting and lectin fluorescence. The ACFCs derived from non-transgenic (nTG) pigs were served as the negative (TSA-) and positive (TSA+) control groups. For both hFUT2×hGLA and nTG samples, the expression levels of α1,2-FT and α-Gal A proteins in TSA+ cells were more than twofold higher in comparison to TSA- cells. Moreover, a much lower expression of the Galα1→3Gal epitopes was shown in TSA- hFUT2×hGLA cells as compared to the TSA- nTG group. Interestingly, the levels of Galα1→3Gal expression in TSA-treated hFUT2×hGLA and nTG ACFCs were significantly higher than those noticed for their TSA-untreated counterparts. Summing up, ex vivo protection of effectively selected bi-transgenic ACFC lines, in which TSA-dependent epigenetic transformation triggered the enhancements in reprogrammability and subsequent expression of hFUT2 and hGLA transgenes and their corresponding transcripts, allows for cryopreservation of nuclear donor cells, nuclear-transferred female gametes, and resultant porcine cloned embryos. The latter can be used as a cryogenically conserved genetic resource of biological materials suitable for generation of bi-transgenic cloned offspring in pigs that is targeted at biomedical research in the field of cell/tissue xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Wiater
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Samiec
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland;
| | - Maria Skrzyszowska
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland;
| | - Daniel Lipiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11 Street, 60-647 Poznań, Poland;
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3D Cell-Culture Models for the Assessment of Anticoagulant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Endothelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2110:83-97. [PMID: 32002903 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0255-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and graft rejection in (xeno-)transplantation. In such nonphysiological conditions, EC are known to lose their quiescent phenotype and switch into an actively pro-inflammatory, procoagulant, and anti-fibrinolytic state. This case happens essentially because the endothelial glycocalyx-a layer of proteoglycans and glycoproteins covering the luminal surface of the endothelium-is shed. Heparan sulfate, one of the main components of the endothelial glycocalyx, contributes to its negative charge. In addition, many plasma proteins such as antithrombin III, superoxide dismutase, C1 inhibitor, and growth factors and cytokines bind to heparan sulfate and by this scenario contribute to the establishment of an anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory endothelial surface. Shedding of the glycocalyx results in a loss of plasma proteins from the endothelial surface, and this phenomenon causes the switch in phenotype. Particularly in xenotransplantation, both hyperacute and acute vascular rejection are characterized by coagulation dysregulation, a situation in which EC are the main players.Since many years, EC have been used in vitro in 2D flatbed cell culture models, with or without the application of shear stress. Such models have also been used to assess the effect of human transgenes on complement- and coagulation-mediated damage of porcine EC in the context of xenotransplantation. The methods described in this chapter include the analysis of endothelial cell-blood interactions without the necessity of using anticoagulants as the increased EC surface-to-volume ratio allows for natural anticoagulation of blood. Furthermore, this chapter contains the description of a novel microfluidic in vitro model carrying important features of small blood vessels, such as a 3D round-section geometry, shear stress, and pulsatile flow-all this in a closed circuit, recirculating system aiming at reproducing closely the in vivo situation in small vessels.
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Carvalho-Oliveira M, Valdivia E, Blasczyk R, Figueiredo C. Immunogenetics of xenotransplantation. Int J Immunogenet 2021; 48:120-134. [PMID: 33410582 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation may become the highly desired solution to close the gap between the availability of donated organs and number of patients on the waiting list. In recent years, enormous progress has been made in the development of genetically engineered donor pigs. The introduced genetic modifications showed to be efficient in prolonging xenograft survival. In this review, we focus on the type of immune responses that may target xeno-organs after transplantation and promising immunogenetic modifications that show a beneficial effect in ameliorating or eliminating harmful xenogeneic immune responses. Increasing histocompatibility of xenografts by eliminating genetic discrepancies between species will pave their way into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carvalho-Oliveira
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,TRR127 - Biology of Xenogeneic Cell and Organ Transplantation - from bench to bedside, Hannover, Germany
| | - Emilio Valdivia
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constanca Figueiredo
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,TRR127 - Biology of Xenogeneic Cell and Organ Transplantation - from bench to bedside, Hannover, Germany
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46
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Taghizadeh B, Ghavami L, Derakhshankhah H, Zangene E, Razmi M, Jaymand M, Zarrintaj P, Zarghami N, Jaafari MR, Moallem Shahri M, Moghaddasian A, Tayebi L, Izadi Z. Biomaterials in Valvular Heart Diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:529244. [PMID: 33425862 PMCID: PMC7793990 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.529244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Valvular heart disease (VHD) occurs as the result of valvular malfunction, which can greatly reduce patient's quality of life and if left untreated may lead to death. Different treatment regiments are available for management of this defect, which can be helpful in reducing the symptoms. The global commitment to reduce VHD-related mortality rates has enhanced the need for new therapeutic approaches. During the past decade, development of innovative pharmacological and surgical approaches have dramatically improved the quality of life for VHD patients, yet the search for low cost, more effective, and less invasive approaches is ongoing. The gold standard approach for VHD management is to replace or repair the injured valvular tissue with natural or synthetic biomaterials. Application of these biomaterials for cardiac valve regeneration and repair holds a great promise for treatment of this type of heart disease. The focus of the present review is the current use of different types of biomaterials in treatment of valvular heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Taghizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Laleh Ghavami
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Derakhshankhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ehsan Zangene
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Razmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Jaymand
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Matin Moallem Shahri
- Cardiology Department, Taleghani Trauma Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Zhila Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Peng YX, Chen CZ, Luo D, Yu WJ, Li SP, Xiao Y, Yuan B, Liang S, Yao XR, Kim NH, Jiang H, Zhang JB. Carnosic acid improves porcine early embryonic development by inhibiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:555-562. [PMID: 33055461 PMCID: PMC7768177 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosic acid (CA), a natural catechol rosin diterpene, is used as an additive in animal feeds and human foods. However, the effects of CA on mammalian reproductive processes, especially early embryonic development, are unclear. In this study, we added CA to parthenogenetically activated porcine embryos in an in vitro culture medium to explore the influence of CA on apoptosis, proliferation, blastocyst formation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, glutathione (GSH) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and embryonic development-related gene expression. The results showed that supplementation with 10 μM CA during in vitro culture significantly improved the cleavage rates, blastocyst formation rates, hatching rates, and total numbers of cells of parthenogenetically activated porcine embryos compared with no supplementation. More importantly, supplementation with CA also improved GSH levels and mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced natural ROS levels in blastomeres, upregulated Nanog, Sox2, Gata4, Cox2, Itga5, and Rictor expression, and downregulated Birc5 and Caspase3 expression. These results suggest that CA can improve early porcine embryonic development by regulating oxidative stress. This study elucidates the effects of CA on early embryonic development and their potential mechanisms, and provides new applications for improving the quality of in vitro-developed embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Peng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Zhen Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Wen-Jie Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Sheng-Peng Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xue-Rui Yao
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Jilin, China.,Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hao Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Jilin, China.,Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jia-Bao Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Jilin, China
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The resurgent landscape of xenotransplantation of pig organs in nonhuman primates. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:697-708. [PMID: 32975720 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organ shortage is a major bottleneck in allotransplantation and causes many wait-listed patients to die or become too sick for transplantation. Genetically engineered pigs have been discussed as a potential alternative to allogeneic donor organs. Although xenotransplantation of pig-derived organs in nonhuman primates (NHPs) has shown sequential advances in recent years, there are still underlying problems that need to be completely addressed before clinical applications, including (i) acute humoral xenograft rejection; (ii) acute cellular rejection; (iii) dysregulation of coagulation and inflammation; (iv) physiological incompatibility; and (v) cross-species infection. Moreover, various genetic modifications to the pig donor need to be fully characterized, with the aim of identifying the ideal transgene combination for upcoming clinical trials. In addition, suitable pretransplant screening methods need to be confirmed for optimal donor-recipient matching, ensuring a good outcome from xenotransplantation. Herein, we summarize the understanding of organ xenotransplantation in pigs-to-NHPs and highlight the current status and recent progress in extending the survival time of pig xenografts and recipients. We also discuss practical strategies for overcoming the obstacles to xenotransplantation mentioned above to further advance transplantation of pig organs in the clinic.
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49
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Hryhorowicz M, Lipiński D, Hryhorowicz S, Nowak-Terpiłowska A, Ryczek N, Zeyland J. Application of Genetically Engineered Pigs in Biomedical Research. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060670. [PMID: 32575461 PMCID: PMC7349405 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in genetic engineering over the past few decades has made it possible to develop methods that have led to the production of transgenic animals. The development of transgenesis has created new directions in research and possibilities for its practical application. Generating transgenic animal species is not only aimed towards accelerating traditional breeding programs and improving animal health and the quality of animal products for consumption but can also be used in biomedicine. Animal studies are conducted to develop models used in gene function and regulation research and the genetic determinants of certain human diseases. Another direction of research, described in this review, focuses on the use of transgenic animals as a source of high-quality biopharmaceuticals, such as recombinant proteins. The further aspect discussed is the use of genetically modified animals as a source of cells, tissues, and organs for transplantation into human recipients, i.e., xenotransplantation. Numerous studies have shown that the pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is the most suitable species both as a research model for human diseases and as an optimal organ donor for xenotransplantation. Short pregnancy, short generation interval, and high litter size make the production of transgenic pigs less time-consuming in comparison with other livestock species This review describes genetically modified pigs used for biomedical research and the future challenges and perspectives for the use of the swine animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hryhorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Lipiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Szymon Hryhorowicz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Nowak-Terpiłowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Natalia Ryczek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Joanna Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
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Kidney Regenerative Medicine: Promises and Limitations. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-020-00273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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