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Quintero-Espinosa DA, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitor PF-06447475 Protects Drosophila melanogaster against Paraquat-Induced Locomotor Impairment, Life Span Reduction, and Oxidative Stress. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2440-2452. [PMID: 38847910 PMCID: PMC11310290 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by locomotor alteration due to the specific deterioration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Mounting evidence shows that human LRRK2 (hLRRK2) kinase activity is involved in oxidative stress (OS)-induced neurodegeneration, suggesting LRRK2 inhibition as a potential therapeutic target. We report that the hLRRK2 inhibitor PF-06447475 (PF-475) prolonged lifespan, increased locomotor activity, maintained DAergic neuronal integrity, and reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in female Drosophila melanogaster flies chronically exposed to paraquat (PQ), a redox cycling compound, compared to flies treated with vehicle only. Since LRRK2 is an evolutionary conserved kinase, the present findings reinforce the idea that either reduction or inhibition of the LRRK2 kinase might decrease OS and locomotor alterations associated with PD. Our observations highlight the importance of uncovering the function of the hLRRK2 orthologue dLrrk2 in D. melanogaster as an excellent model for pharmacological screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Quintero-Espinosa
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU, Medellin, Colombia.
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2
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Mamais A, Sanyal A, Fajfer A, Zykoski CG, Guldin M, Riley-DiPaolo A, Subrahmanian N, Gibbs W, Lin S, LaVoie MJ. The LRRK2 kinase substrates RAB8a and RAB10 contribute complementary but distinct disease-relevant phenotypes in human neurons. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:163-173. [PMID: 38307024 PMCID: PMC10874859 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause familial Parkinson's disease presenting with pleomorphic neuropathology that can involve α-synuclein or tau accumulation. LRRK2 mutations are thought to converge upon a pathogenic increase in LRRK2 kinase activity. A subset of small RAB GTPases has been identified as LRRK2 substrates, with LRRK2-dependent phosphorylation resulting in RAB inactivation. We used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to generate a novel series of isogenic iPSC lines deficient in the two most well-validated LRRK2 substrates, RAB8a and RAB10, from deeply phenotyped healthy control lines. Thorough characterization of NGN2-induced neurons revealed opposing effects of RAB8a and RAB10 deficiency on lysosomal pH and Golgi organization, with isolated effects of RAB8a and RAB10 ablation on α-synuclein and tau, respectively. Our data demonstrate largely antagonistic effects of genetic RAB8a or RAB10 inactivation, which provide discrete insight into the pathologic features of their biochemical inactivation by pathogenic LRRK2 mutation in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios Mamais
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and Fixel Institute for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anwesha Sanyal
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Austin Fajfer
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and Fixel Institute for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Catherine G Zykoski
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and Fixel Institute for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael Guldin
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and Fixel Institute for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Nitya Subrahmanian
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and Fixel Institute for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Whitney Gibbs
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven Lin
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J LaVoie
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and Fixel Institute for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Hu J, Zhang D, Tian K, Ren C, Li H, Lin C, Huang X, Liu J, Mao W, Zhang J. Small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors for PD therapy: Current achievements and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115475. [PMID: 37201428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a multifunctional protein that orchestrates a diverse array of cellular processes, including vesicle transport, autophagy, lysosome degradation, neurotransmission, and mitochondrial activity. Hyperactivation of LRRK2 triggers vesicle transport dysfunction, neuroinflammation, accumulation of α-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the loss of cilia, ultimately leading to Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, targeting LRRK2 protein is a promising therapeutic strategy for PD. The clinical translation of LRRK2 inhibitors was historically impeded by issues surrounding tissue specificity. Recent studies have identified LRRK2 inhibitors that have no effect on peripheral tissues. Currently, there are four small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors undergoing clinical trials. This review provides a summary of the structure and biological functions of LRRK2, along with an overview of the binding modes and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of small-molecule inhibitors targeting LRRK2. It offers valuable references for developing novel drugs targeting LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Hu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Keyue Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Heng Li
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wuyu Mao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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4
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Mamais A, Sanyal A, Fajfer A, Zykoski CG, Guldin M, Riley-DiPaolo A, Subrahmanian N, Gibbs W, Lin S, LaVoie MJ. The LRRK2 kinase substrates Rab8a and Rab10 contribute complementary but distinct disease-relevant phenotypes in human neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.30.538317. [PMID: 37163109 PMCID: PMC10168414 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.30.538317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause familial Parkinson's disease presenting with pleomorphic neuropathology that can involve α-synuclein or tau accumulation. LRRK2 mutations are thought to converge toward a pathogenic increase in LRRK2 kinase activity. A subset of small Rab GTPases have been identified as LRRK2 substrates, with LRRK2-dependent phosphorylation resulting in Rab inactivation. We used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to generate a novel series of isogenic iPSC lines deficient in the two most well validated LRRK2 substrates, Rab8a and Rab10, from two independent, deeply phenotyped healthy control lines. Thorough characterization of NGN2-induced neurons revealed divergent effects of Rab8a and Rab10 deficiency on lysosomal pH, LAMP1 association with Golgi, α-synuclein insolubility and tau phosphorylation, while parallel effects on lysosomal numbers and Golgi clustering were observed. Our data demonstrate largely antagonistic effects of genetic Rab8a or Rab10 inactivation which provide discrete insight into the pathologic features of their biochemical inactivation by pathogenic LRRK2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios Mamais
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Anwesha Sanyal
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Austin Fajfer
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Catherine G. Zykoski
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Guldin
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexis Riley-DiPaolo
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nitya Subrahmanian
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Whitney Gibbs
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Steven Lin
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew J. LaVoie
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Chu Y, Hirst WD, Kordower JH. Mixed pathology as a rule, not exception: Time to reconsider disease nosology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 192:57-71. [PMID: 36796948 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85538-9.00012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is associated with motor and nonmotor symptoms. Accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein is considered a key pathological feature during disease initiation and progression. While clearly deemed a synucleinopathy, the development of amyloid-β plaques, tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles, and even TDP-43 protein inclusions occur within the nigrostriatal system and in other brain regions. In addition, inflammatory responses, manifested by glial reactivity, T-cell infiltration, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, plus other toxic mediators derived from activated glial cells, are currently recognized as prominent drivers of Parkinson's disease pathology. However, copathologies have increasingly been recognized as the rule (>90%) and not the exception, with Parkinson's disease cases on average exhibiting three different copathologies. While microinfarcts, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy may have an impact on disease progression, α-synuclein, amyloid-β, and TDP-43 pathology do not seem to contribute to progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chu
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
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6
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Ravinther AI, Dewadas HD, Tong SR, Foo CN, Lin YE, Chien CT, Lim YM. Molecular Pathways Involved in LRRK2-Linked Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911744. [PMID: 36233046 PMCID: PMC9569706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases affecting the ageing population, with a prevalence that has doubled over the last 30 years. As the mechanism of the disease is not fully elucidated, the current treatments are unable to effectively prevent neurodegeneration. Studies have found that mutations in Leucine-rich-repeat-kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). Moreover, aberrant (higher) LRRK2 kinase activity has an influence in idiopathic PD as well. Hence, the aim of this review is to categorize and synthesize current information related to LRRK2-linked PD and present the factors associated with LRRK2 that can be targeted therapeutically. A systematic review was conducted using the databases PubMed, Medline, SCOPUS, SAGE, and Cochrane (January 2016 to July 2021). Search terms included “Parkinson’s disease”, “mechanism”, “LRRK2”, and synonyms in various combinations. The search yielded a total of 988 abstracts for initial review, 80 of which met the inclusion criteria. Here, we emphasize molecular mechanisms revealed in recent in vivo and in vitro studies. By consolidating the recent updates in the field of LRRK2-linked PD, researchers can further evaluate targets for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailyn Irvita Ravinther
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hemaniswarri Dewi Dewadas
- Centre for Biomedical and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Shi Ruo Tong
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chai Nien Foo
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Population Medicine, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yu-En Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Chien
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yang Mooi Lim
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Lin J, Yang S, Wang C, Yu E, Zhu Z, Shi J, Li X, Xin J, Chen X, Pan X. Prediction of Alzheimer’s Disease Using Patterns of Methylation Levels in Key Immunologic-Related Genes. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:783-794. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: DNA methylation is expected to become a kind of new diagnosis and treatment method of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neuroinflammation- and immune-related pathways represent one of the major genetic risk factors for AD. Objective: We aimed to investigate DNA methylation levels of 7 key immunologic-related genes in peripheral blood and appraise their applicability in the diagnosis of AD. Methods: Methylation levels were obtained from 222 participants (101 AD, 72 MC, 49 non-cognitively impaired controls). Logistic regression models for diagnosing AD were established after least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and best subset selection (BSS), evaluated by respondent working curve and decision curve analysis for sensitivity. Results: Six differentially methylated positions (DMPs) in the MCI group and 64 in the AD group were found, respectively. Among them, there were 2 DMPs in the MCI group and 30 DMPs in the AD group independent of age, gender, and APOE4 carriers (p < 0.05). AD diagnostic prediction models differentiated AD from normal controls both in a training dataset (LASSO: 8 markers, including methylation levels at ABCA7_1040077, CNR1_88166293, CX3CR1_39322324, LRRK2_40618505, LRRK2_40618493, NGFR_49496745, TARDBP_11070956, TARDBP_11070840, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.81; BSS: 2 markers, including methylation levels at ABCA7_1040077 and CX3CR1_39322324, AUC = 0.80) and a testing dataset (AUC = 0.84, AUC = 0.82, respectively). Conclusion: Our work indicated that methylation levels of 7 key immunologic-related genes (ABCA7, CNR1, CX3CR1, CSF1 R, LRRK2, NGFR, and TARDBP) in peripheral blood was altered in AD and the models including methylation of immunologic-related genes biomarkers improved prediction of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Lin
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siyu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Erhan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhibao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinying Shi
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Xin
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Pathophysiological evaluation of the LRRK2 G2385R risk variant for Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:97. [PMID: 35931783 PMCID: PMC9355991 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense variants in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) lead to familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD). The pathological features of PD patients with LRRK2 variants differ. Here, we report an autopsy case harboring the LRRK2 G2385R, a risk variant for PD occurring mainly in Asian populations. The patient exhibited levodopa-responsive parkinsonism at the early stage and visual hallucinations at the advanced stage. The pathological study revealed diffuse Lewy bodies with neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and mild signs of neuroinflammation. Biochemically, detergent-insoluble phospho-α-synuclein was accumulated in the frontal, temporal, entorhinal cortexes, and putamen, consistent with the pathological observations. Elevated phosphorylation of Rab10, a substrate of LRRK2, was also prominent in various brain regions. In conclusion, G2385R appears to increase LRRK2 kinase activity in the human brain, inducing a deleterious brain environment that causes Lewy body pathology.
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Rangwala AM, Mingione VR, Georghiou G, Seeliger MA. Kinases on Double Duty: A Review of UniProtKB Annotated Bifunctionality within the Kinome. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050685. [PMID: 35625613 PMCID: PMC9138534 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation facilitates the regulation of all fundamental biological processes, which has triggered extensive research of protein kinases and their roles in human health and disease. In addition to their phosphotransferase activity, certain kinases have evolved to adopt additional catalytic functions, while others have completely lost all catalytic activity. We searched the Universal Protein Resource Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) database for bifunctional protein kinases and focused on kinases that are critical for bacterial and human cellular homeostasis. These kinases engage in diverse functional roles, ranging from environmental sensing and metabolic regulation to immune-host defense and cell cycle control. Herein, we describe their dual catalytic activities and how they contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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10
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Chandler R, Cogo S, Lewis P, Kevei E. Modelling the functional genomics of Parkinson's disease in Caenorhabditis elegans: LRRK2 and beyond. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20203672. [PMID: 34397087 PMCID: PMC8415217 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, Parkinson's disease (PD) cases have been genetically categorised into familial, when caused by mutations in single genes with a clear inheritance pattern in affected families, or idiopathic, in the absence of an evident monogenic determinant. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed how common genetic variability can explain up to 36% of PD heritability and that PD manifestation is often determined by multiple variants at different genetic loci. Thus, one of the current challenges in PD research stands in modelling the complex genetic architecture of this condition and translating this into functional studies. Caenorhabditis elegans provide a profound advantage as a reductionist, economical model for PD research, with a short lifecycle, straightforward genome engineering and high conservation of PD relevant neural, cellular and molecular pathways. Functional models of PD genes utilising C. elegans show many phenotypes recapitulating pathologies observed in PD. When contrasted with mammalian in vivo and in vitro models, these are frequently validated, suggesting relevance of C. elegans in the development of novel PD functional models. This review will discuss how the nematode C. elegans PD models have contributed to the uncovering of molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease, with a focus on the genes most commonly found as causative in familial PD and risk factors in idiopathic PD. Specifically, we will examine the current knowledge on a central player in both familial and idiopathic PD, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and how it connects to multiple PD associated GWAS candidates and Mendelian disease-causing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanna Cogo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, U.K
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121, Italy
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 0TU, U.K
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, U.K
| | - Eva Kevei
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, U.K
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11
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Pischedda F, Cirnaru MD, Ponzoni L, Sandre M, Biosa A, Carrion MP, Marin O, Morari M, Pan L, Greggio E, Bandopadhyay R, Sala M, Piccoli G. LRRK2 G2019S kinase activity triggers neurotoxic NSF aggregation. Brain 2021; 144:1509-1525. [PMID: 33876242 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of protein aggregates in surviving neurons. The LRRK2 G2019S mutation is one of the major determinants of familial Parkinson's disease cases and leads to late-onset Parkinson's disease with pleomorphic pathology, including α-synuclein accumulation and deposition of protein inclusions. We demonstrated that LRRK2 phosphorylates N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF). We observed aggregates containing NSF in basal ganglia specimens from patients with Parkinson's disease carrying the G2019S variant, and in cellular and animal models expressing the LRRK2 G2019S variant. We found that LRRK2 G2019S kinase activity induces the accumulation of NSF in toxic aggregates. Of note, the induction of autophagy cleared NSF aggregation and rescued motor and cognitive impairment observed in aged hG2019S bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mice. We suggest that LRRK2 G2019S pathological phosphorylation impacts on NSF biochemical properties, thus causing the formation of cytotoxic protein inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pischedda
- CIBIO, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Michele Sandre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Biosa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Perez Carrion
- CIBIO, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy.,Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lifeng Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, China
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Giovanni Piccoli
- CIBIO, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Rome, Italy
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12
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Vallée A, Vallée JN, Lecarpentier Y. Potential role of cannabidiol in Parkinson's disease by targeting the WNT/β-catenin pathway, oxidative stress and inflammation. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:10796-10813. [PMID: 33848261 PMCID: PMC8064164 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major neurodegenerative disease (ND), presenting a progressive degeneration of the nervous system characterized by a loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Recent findings have shown that oxidative stress and inflammation play key roles in the development of PD. However, therapies remain uncertain and research for new treatment is of the utmost importance. This review focuses on the potential effects of using cannabidiol (CBD) as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PD and on some of the presumed mechanisms by which CBD provides its beneficial properties. CBD medication downregulates GSK-3β, the main inhibitor of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Activation of the WNT/β-catenin could be associated with the control of oxidative stress and inflammation. Future prospective clinical trials should focus on CBD and its multiple interactions in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), Foch Hospital, Suresnes 92150, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens 80054, France
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers 86000, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien (GHEF), Meaux 77100, France
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13
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18F-Labelled pyrrolopyrimidines reveal brain leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 expression implicated in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113245. [PMID: 33582389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
18F-Labelled pyrrolopyrimidines were synthesized and evaluated as positron emission tomography (PET) probes to determine leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) expression in the brain. With pyrrolopyrimidine derivative PF-06447475 as the lead compound, two in vivo-stable 18F-labelled pyrrolopyrimidines ([18F]1 and [18F]2) were synthesized automatically at radiochemical yields 8-10% (non-decay-corrected) with molar activities of 0.95 and 0.5 GBq/μmol, respectively. The measured Kd of 6.90 nM for 1 and 14.27 nM for 2 demonstrated high affinities for LRRK2. The LRRK2 G2019S mice had higher uptakes (P < 0.01) of [18F]1 in the olfactory bulb, striatum, and hippocampus than WT mice during microPET/CT imaging, consistent with immunohistology results of LRRK2 distribution. [11C]CFT microPET/CT imaging demonstrated a lower expression of dopamine transporter in LRRK2 G2019S mice. Parkinson's disease-like deficits in dopamine transporter synthesis and cognitive declines were noticed along with LRRK2 expression increase in the olfactory bulb, striatum, and hippocampus. Therefore, 18F-labelled pyrrolopyrimidines can reflect real-time LRRK2 expression changes implicated in Parkinson's disease, which paves the way for LRRK2-related neurodegenerative precise therapy.
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14
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Jabbari E, Koga S, Valentino RR, Reynolds RH, Ferrari R, Tan MMX, Rowe JB, Dalgard CL, Scholz SW, Dickson DW, Warner TT, Revesz T, Höglinger GU, Ross OA, Ryten M, Hardy J, Shoai M, Morris HR. Genetic determinants of survival in progressive supranuclear palsy: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:107-116. [PMID: 33341150 PMCID: PMC7116626 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic basis of variation in the progression of primary tauopathies has not been determined. We aimed to identify genetic determinants of survival in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). METHODS In stage one of this two stage genome-wide association study (GWAS), we included individuals with PSP, diagnosed according to pathological and clinical criteria, from two separate cohorts: the 2011 PSP GWAS cohort, from brain banks based at the Mayo Clinic (Jacksonville, FL, USA) and in Munich (Germany), and the University College London PSP cohort, from brain banks and the PROSPECT study, a UK-wide longitudinal study of patients with atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Individuals were included if they had clinical data available on sex, age at motor symptom onset, disease duration (from motor symptom onset to death or to the date of censoring, Dec 1, 2019, if individuals were alive), and PSP phenotype (with reference to the 2017 Movement Disorder Society criteria). Genotype data were used to do a survival GWAS using a Cox proportional hazards model. In stage two, data from additional individuals from the Mayo Clinic brain bank, which were obtained after the 2011 PSP GWAS, were used for a pooled analysis. We assessed the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) profile of variants that passed genome-wide significance in our GWAS using the Functional Mapping and Annotation of GWAS platform, and did colocalisation analyses using the eQTLGen and PsychENCODE datasets. FINDINGS Data were collected and analysed between Aug 1, 2016, and Feb 1, 2020. Data were available for 1001 individuals of white European ancestry with PSP in stage one. We found a genome-wide significant association with survival at chromosome 12 (lead single nucleotide polymorphism rs2242367, p=7·5 × 10-10, hazard ratio 1·42 [95% CI 1·22-1·67]). rs2242367 was associated with survival in the individuals added in stage two (n=238; p=0·049, 1·22 [1·00-1·48]) and in the pooled analysis of both stages (n=1239; p=1·3 × 10-10, 1·37 [1·25-1·51]). An eQTL database screen revealed that rs2242367 is associated with increased expression of LRRK2 and two long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), LINC02555 and AC079630.4, in whole blood. Although we did not detect a colocalisation signal for LRRK2, analysis of the PSP survival signal and eQTLs for LINC02555 in the eQTLGen blood dataset revealed a posterior probability of hypothesis 4 of 0·77, suggesting colocalisation due to a single shared causal variant. INTERPRETATION Genetic variation at the LRRK2 locus was associated with survival in PSP. The mechanism of this association might be through a lncRNA-regulated effect on LRRK2 expression because LINC02555 has previously been shown to regulate LRRK2 expression. LRRK2 has been associated with sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson's disease, and our finding suggests a genetic overlap with PSP. Further functional studies will be important to assess the potential of LRRK2 modulation as a disease-modifying therapy for PSP and related tauopathies. FUNDING PSP Association, CBD Solutions, Medical Research Council (UK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Jabbari
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Movement Disorders Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Regina H Reynolds
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Manuela M X Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Movement Disorders Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas T Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Reta Lila Weston Institute, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Dementia Research Institute at University College London, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Maryam Shoai
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Movement Disorders Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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15
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Vallée A, Vallée JN, Lecarpentier Y. Parkinson's Disease: Potential Actions of Lithium by Targeting the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Glutamatergic Pathway. Cells 2021; 10:230. [PMID: 33503974 PMCID: PMC7911116 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the major neurodegenerative diseases (ND) which presents a progressive neurodegeneration characterized by loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra pars compacta. It is well known that oxidative stress, inflammation and glutamatergic pathway play key roles in the development of PD. However, therapies remain uncertain and research for new treatment is mandatory. This review focuses on the potential effects of lithium, as a potential therapeutic strategy, on PD and some of the presumed mechanisms by which lithium provides its benefit properties. Lithium medication downregulates GSK-3beta, the main inhibitor of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. The stimulation of the WNT/β-catenin could be associated with the control of oxidative stress, inflammation, and glutamatergic pathway. Future prospective clinical trials could focus on lithium and its different and multiple interactions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), Hôpital Foch, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80054 Amiens, France;
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien (GHEF), 6-8 rue Saint-Fiacre, 77100 Meaux, France;
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16
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De La-Rocque S, Moretto E, Butnaru I, Schiavo G. Knockin' on heaven's door: Molecular mechanisms of neuronal tau uptake. J Neurochem 2020; 156:563-588. [PMID: 32770783 PMCID: PMC8432157 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since aggregates of the microtubule‐binding protein tau were found to be the main component of neurofibrillary tangles more than 30 years ago, their contribution to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and tauopathies has become well established. Recent work shows that both tau load and its distribution in the brain of AD patients correlate with cognitive decline more closely compared to amyloid plaque deposition. In addition, the amyloid cascade hypothesis has been recently challenged because of disappointing results of clinical trials designed to treat AD by reducing beta‐amyloid levels, thus fuelling a renewed interest in tau. There is now robust evidence to indicate that tau pathology can spread within the central nervous system via a prion‐like mechanism following a stereotypical pattern, which can be explained by the trans‐synaptic inter‐neuronal transfer of pathological tau. In the receiving neuron, tau has been shown to take multiple routes of internalisation, which are partially dependent on its conformation and aggregation status. Here, we review the emerging mechanisms proposed for the uptake of extracellular tau in neurons and the requirements for the propagation of its pathological conformers, addressing how they gain access to physiological tau monomers in the cytosol. Furthermore, we highlight some of the key mechanistic gaps of the field, which urgently need to be addressed to expand our understanding of tau propagation and lead to the identification of new therapeutic strategies for tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha De La-Rocque
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edoardo Moretto
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ioana Butnaru
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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17
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Loeffler DA, Aasly JO, LeWitt PA, Coffey MP. What Have We Learned from Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies about Biomarkers for Detecting LRRK2 Parkinson's Disease Patients and Healthy Subjects with Parkinson's-Associated LRRK2 Mutations? JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:467-488. [PMID: 31322581 PMCID: PMC6700639 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common known cause of autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD) and sporadic PD (sPD). The clinical presentation of LRRK2 PD is similar to sPD, and except for genetic testing, no biochemical or imaging markers can differentiate LRRK2 PD from sPD. Discovery of such biomarkers could indicate neuropathological mechanisms that are unique to or increased in LRRK2 PD. This review discusses findings in 17 LRRK2 - related CSF studies found on PubMed. Most of these studies compared analyte concentrations between four diagnostic groups: LRRK2 PD patients, sPD patients, asymptomatic control subjects carrying PD-associated LRRK2 mutations (LRRK2 CTL), and healthy control subjects lacking LRRK2 mutations (CTL). Analytes examined in these studies included Aβ1-42, tau, α-synuclein, oxidative stress markers, autophagy-related proteins, pteridines, neurotransmitter metabolites, exosomal LRRK2 protein, RNA species, inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and intermediary metabolites. FINDINGS: Pteridines, α-synuclein, mtDNA, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, β-D-glucose, lamp2, interleukin-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor were suggested to differentiate LRRK2 PD from sPD patients; 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-isoprostane (8-ISO), 2-hydroxybutyrate, mtDNA, lamp2, and neopterin may differentiate between LRRK2 CTL and LRRK2 PD subjects; and soluble oligomeric α-synuclein, 8-OHdG, and 8-ISO might differentiate LRRK2 CTL from CTL subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The low numbers of investigations of each analyte, small sample sizes, and methodological differences limit conclusions that can be drawn from these studies. Further investigations are indicated to determine the validity of the analytes identified in these studies as possible biomarkers for LRRK2 PD patients and/or LRRK2 CTL subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Loeffler
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital-Royal Oak, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter A LeWitt
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mary P Coffey
- Department of Biostatistics, Beaumont Hospital-Royal Oak, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
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18
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Prigent A, Chapelet G, De Guilhem de Lataillade A, Oullier T, Durieu E, Bourreille A, Duchalais E, Hardonnière K, Neunlist M, Noble W, Kerdine-Römer S, Derkinderen P, Rolli-Derkinderen M. Tau accumulates in Crohn's disease gut. FASEB J 2020; 34:9285-9296. [PMID: 32436623 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000414r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A sizeable body of evidence has recently emerged to suggest that gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation might be involved in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). There is now strong epidemiological and genetical evidence linking PD to inflammatory bowel diseases and we recently demonstrated that the neuronal protein alpha-synuclein, which is critically involved in PD pathophysiology, is upregulated in inflamed segments of Crohn's colon. The microtubule associated protein tau is another neuronal protein critically involved in neurodegenerative disorders but, in contrast to alpha-synuclein, no data are available about its expression and phosphorylation patterns in inflammatory bowel diseases. Here, we examined the expression levels of tau isoforms, their phosphorylation profile and truncation in colon biopsy specimens from 16 Crohn's disease (CD) and 6 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and compared them to samples from 16 controls. Additional experiments were performed in full thickness segments of colon of five CD and five control subjects, in primary cultures of rat enteric neurons and in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) knockout mice. Our results show the upregulation of two main human tau isoforms in the enteric nervous system (ENS) in CD but not in UC. This upregulation was not transcriptionally regulated but instead likely resulted from a decrease in protein clearance via an Nrf2 pathway. Our findings, which provide the first detailed characterization of tau in CD, suggest that the key proteins involved in neurodegenerative disorders such as alpha-synuclein and tau, might also play a role in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Prigent
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Guillaume Chapelet
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Clinical Gerontology Department, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Adrien De Guilhem de Lataillade
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Neurology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Thibauld Oullier
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Durieu
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Bourreille
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Duchalais
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Kévin Hardonnière
- Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Saadia Kerdine-Römer
- Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Neurology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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19
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Feng ST, Wang ZZ, Yuan YH, Sun HM, Chen NH, Zhang Y. Update on the association between alpha-synuclein and tau with mitochondrial dysfunction: Implications for Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2946-2959. [PMID: 32031280 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathological mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease (PD), is well established. Compelling evidence indicates that Parkinson's proteins (e.g., α-synuclein, Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1, and LRRK2) are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in PD. Significantly, there is a possible central role of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) in the occurrence of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress by the mediation of different signaling pathways. Also, tau, traditionally considered as the main component of neurofibrillary tangles, aggregates and amplifies the neurotoxic effects on mitochondria by interacting with α-Syn. Moreover, oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial dysfunction favors assembly of both α-Syn and tau and also plays a key role in the formation of protein aggregates. In this review, we provide an overview of the relationship between these two pathological proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction in PD, and also summarize the underlying mechanisms in the interplay of α-Syn aggregation and phosphorylated tau targeting the mitochondria, to find new strategies to prevent PD processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Tong Feng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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20
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Circadian rhythms, Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Story of Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020314. [PMID: 32012898 PMCID: PMC7072287 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the main neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive degeneration of neurons constituted by dopamine in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The etiologies of PD remain unclear. Aging is the main risk factor for PD. Aging could dysregulate molecular pathways controlling cell homeostatic mechanisms. PD cells are the sites of several metabolic abnormalities including neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Metabolic structures are driven by circadian rhythms. Biologic rhythms are complex systems interacting with the environment and controlling several physiological pathways. Recent findings have shown that the dysregulation of the circadian rhythms is correlated with PD and its metabolic dysregulations. This review is focused on the key role of circadian rhythms and their impact on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease.
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21
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Berwick DC, Heaton GR, Azeggagh S, Harvey K. LRRK2 Biology from structure to dysfunction: research progresses, but the themes remain the same. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:49. [PMID: 31864390 PMCID: PMC6925518 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as a protein that is likely central to the aetiology of Parkinson’s disease, a considerable amount of work has gone into uncovering its basic cellular function. This effort has led to the implication of LRRK2 in a bewildering range of cell biological processes and pathways, and probable roles in a number of seemingly unrelated medical conditions. In this review we summarise current knowledge of the basic biochemistry and cellular function of LRRK2. Topics covered include the identification of phosphorylation substrates of LRRK2 kinase activity, in particular Rab proteins, and advances in understanding the activation of LRRK2 kinase activity via dimerisation and association with membranes, especially via interaction with Rab29. We also discuss biochemical studies that shed light on the complex LRRK2 GTPase activity, evidence of roles for LRRK2 in a range of cell signalling pathways that are likely cell type specific, and studies linking LRRK2 to the cell biology of organelles. The latter includes the involvement of LRRK2 in autophagy, endocytosis, and processes at the trans-Golgi network, the endoplasmic reticulum and also key microtubule-based cellular structures. We further propose a mechanism linking LRRK2 dimerisation, GTPase function and membrane recruitment with LRRK2 kinase activation by Rab29. Together these data paint a picture of a research field that in many ways is moving forward with great momentum, but in other ways has not changed fundamentally. Many key advances have been made, but very often they seem to lead back to the same places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Berwick
- School of Health, Life and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - George R Heaton
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sonia Azeggagh
- School of Health, Life and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Characterization of the activity, aggregation, and toxicity of heterodimers of WT and ALS-associated mutant Sod1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25991-26000. [PMID: 31796595 PMCID: PMC6926019 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902483116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of the antioxidant enzyme Sod1 represents common factors of both familial (fALS) and sporadic cases of ALS, a fatal neurodegenerative disease. Although many ALS studies have focused on Sod1 homodimers/homomers, the investigation of Sod1 heterodimers/heteromers remains controversial and has mostly been performed with recombinant proteins in vitro, in the absence of a cellular environment. By using living cells, this study sheds light into a critical issue in the context of fALS, the high toxicity of the WT–mutant heteromeric inclusions, especially WT–A4V heteromers which accumulate both in human cells as well as in chronologically aged yeast cells. Besides the aggregation, we proposed that an inefficient heteromer response against oxidative conditions might contribute to fALS-linked mutant hSod1 toxicity. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1) have been reported in both familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this study, we investigated the behavior of heteromeric combinations of wild-type (WT) and mutant Sod1 proteins A4V, L38V, G93A, and G93C in human cells. We showed that both WT and mutant Sod1 formed dimers and oligomers, but only mutant Sod1 accumulated in intracellular inclusions. Coexpression of WT and hSod1 mutants resulted in the formation of a larger number of intracellular inclusions per cell than that observed in cells coexpressing WT or mutant hSod1. The number of inclusions was greater in cells expressing A4V hSod1. To eliminate the contribution of endogenous Sod1, and better evaluate the effect of ALS-associated mutant Sod1 expression, we expressed human Sod1 WT and mutants in human cells knocked down for endogenous Sod1 (Sod1-KD), and in sod1Δ yeast cells. Using Sod1-KD cells we found that the WT–A4V heteromers formed higher molecular weight species compared with A4V and WT homomers. Using the yeast model, in conditions of chronological aging, we concluded that cells expressing Sod1 heterodimers showed decreased antioxidant activity, increased oxidative damage, reduced longevity, and oxidative stress-induced mutant Sod1 aggregation. In addition, we also found that ALS-associated Sod1 mutations reduced nuclear localization and, consequently, impaired the antioxidant response, suggesting this change in localization may contribute to disease in familial ALS. Overall, our study provides insight into the molecular underpinnings of ALS and may open avenues for the design of future therapeutic strategies.
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LRRK2, alpha-synuclein, and tau: partners in crime or unfortunate bystanders? Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:827-838. [PMID: 31085616 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The identification of genetic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has tremendously expanded our understanding of the players and mechanisms involved. Mutations in the genes encoding for alpha-synuclein (aSyn), LRRK2, and tau have been associated with familial and sporadic forms of the disease. aSyn is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are pathognomonic protein inclusions in PD. Hyperphosphorylated tau protein accumulates in neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients but is also seen in the brains of PD patients. LRRK2 is a complex multi-domain protein with kinase and GTPase enzymatic activity. Since aSyn and tau are phosphoproteins, we review the possible interplay between the three proteins. Understanding the interplay between LRRK2, aSyn and tau is extremely important, as this may enable the identification of novel targets and pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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24
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Seol W, Nam D, Son I. Rab GTPases as Physiological Substrates of LRRK2 Kinase. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:134-145. [PMID: 31138985 PMCID: PMC6526114 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
LRRK2 (Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2) is a gene whose specific mutations cause Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. LRRK2 harbors GTPase and kinase activities, two enzyme activities that play critical roles in the regulation of cellular signal transduction. Among the several LRRK2 pathogenic mutations, the most prevalent G2019S mutation increases its kinase activity when compared with the wild-type (WT), suggesting that LRRK2 kinase substrates are potential culprits of PD pathogenesis. Although there were several studies to identify LRRK2 kinase substrates, most of them mainly employed in vitro kinase assays. Therefore, it remains uncertain whether the identified substrates were real physiological substrates. However, efforts to determine physiological LRRK2 kinase substrates have recently identified several members of the Rab GTPase family as physiological LRRK2 kinase substrates. A conserved threonine or serine in the switch II domain of certain Rab GTPase family members (Rab3A/B/C/D, Rab5A/B, Rab8A/B, Rab10, Rab12, Rab29, Rab35 and Rab43) has been pinpointed to be phosphorylated by LRRK2 in cells using sophisticated phosphoproteomics technology in combination with LRRK2-specific kinase inhibitors. The Rab GTPases regulate vesicle trafficking, suggesting that LRRK2 may be a regulator of such vesicle trafficking, confirming previously suggested LRRK2 functions. However, how the consequence of the LRRK2-mediated Rab phosphorylation is related to PD pathogenesis is not clear. This review briefly summarizes the recent results about LRRK2-mediated Rab phosphorylation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| | - Daleum Nam
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| | - Ilhong Son
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
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25
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Kim H, Park HJ, Choi H, Chang Y, Park H, Shin J, Kim J, Lengner CJ, Lee YK, Kim J. Modeling G2019S-LRRK2 Sporadic Parkinson's Disease in 3D Midbrain Organoids. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:518-531. [PMID: 30799274 PMCID: PMC6410341 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in generating three-dimensional (3D) organoid systems from stem cells offer new possibilities for disease modeling and drug screening because organoids can recapitulate aspects of in vivo architecture and physiology. In this study, we generate isogenic 3D midbrain organoids with or without a Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2 G2019S mutation to study the pathogenic mechanisms associated with LRRK2 mutation. We demonstrate that these organoids can recapitulate the 3D pathological hallmarks observed in patients with LRRK2-associated sporadic Parkinson's disease. Importantly, analysis of the protein-protein interaction network in mutant organoids revealed that TXNIP, a thiol-oxidoreductase, is functionally important in the development of LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease in a 3D environment. These results provide proof of principle for the utility of 3D organoid-based modeling of sporadic Parkinson's disease in advancing therapeutic discovery. 3D midbrain organoids with environment similar to the aged brain for modeling PD LRRK2-G2019S organoids show abnormal phenotypes of LRRK2 sporadic PD TXNIP mediates the LRRK2-G2019S pathological phenotypes of PD
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwon Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BK21Plus Team), Center for Regenerative Medicine, BK21Plus Team for Regenerative Medicine, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Ju Park
- Database Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Choi
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BK21Plus Team), Center for Regenerative Medicine, BK21Plus Team for Regenerative Medicine, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujung Chang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BK21Plus Team), Center for Regenerative Medicine, BK21Plus Team for Regenerative Medicine, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Park
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BK21Plus Team), Center for Regenerative Medicine, BK21Plus Team for Regenerative Medicine, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaein Shin
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BK21Plus Team), Center for Regenerative Medicine, BK21Plus Team for Regenerative Medicine, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyeop Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BK21Plus Team), Center for Regenerative Medicine, BK21Plus Team for Regenerative Medicine, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yong Kyu Lee
- Database Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongpil Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BK21Plus Team), Center for Regenerative Medicine, BK21Plus Team for Regenerative Medicine, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Weykopf B, Haupt S, Jungverdorben J, Flitsch LJ, Hebisch M, Liu G, Suzuki K, Belmonte JCI, Peitz M, Blaess S, Till A, Brüstle O. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based modeling of mutant LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:561-589. [PMID: 30656775 PMCID: PMC7114274 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cell reprogramming have enabled assessment of disease-related cellular traits in patient-derived somatic cells, thus providing a versatile platform for disease modeling and drug development. Given the limited access to vital human brain cells, this technology is especially relevant for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) as a tool to decipher underlying pathomechanisms. Importantly, recent progress in genome-editing technologies has provided an ability to analyze isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) pairs that differ only in a single genetic change, thus allowing a thorough assessment of the molecular and cellular phenotypes that result from monogenetic risk factors. In this review, we summarize the current state of iPSC-based modeling of PD with a focus on leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), one of the most prominent monogenetic risk factors for PD linked to both familial and idiopathic forms. The LRRK2 protein is a primarily cytosolic multi-domain protein contributing to regulation of several pathways including autophagy, mitochondrial function, vesicle transport, nuclear architecture and cell morphology. We summarize iPSC-based studies that contributed to improving our understanding of the function of LRRK2 and its variants in the context of PD etiopathology. These data, along with results obtained in our own studies, underscore the multifaceted role of LRRK2 in regulating cellular homeostasis on several levels, including proteostasis, mitochondrial dynamics and regulation of the cytoskeleton. Finally, we expound advantages and limitations of reprogramming technologies for disease modeling and drug development and provide an outlook on future challenges and expectations offered by this exciting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Weykopf
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Life & Brain GmbHCellomics UnitBonnGermany
- Precision Neurology Program & Advanced Center for Parkinson's Disease ResearchHarvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | | | - Johannes Jungverdorben
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York CityNew York
| | - Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Matthias Hebisch
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Guang‐Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Gene Expression LaboratoryThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCalifornia
| | | | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Andreas Till
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Life & Brain GmbHCellomics UnitBonnGermany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
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27
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Genetic mimics of the non-genetic atypical parkinsonian disorders – the ‘atypical’ atypical. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 149:327-351. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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The role of LRRK2 in cell signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 47:197-207. [PMID: 30578345 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common late-onset neurodegenerative disorder known primarily for its motor features. Mutations and risk variants in LRRK2 cause familial and idiopathic forms of PD. Mutations segregating with disease are found in the LRRK2 GTPase and kinase domains, affecting catalytic activity and protein-protein interactions. This likely results in an overall gain of LRRK2 cell signalling function contributing to PD pathogenesis. This concept supports the development of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors as disease-modifying treatments, at least for a subset of patients. However, the function of LRRK2 as a cell signalling protein with two catalytic and several protein-protein interaction domains is highly complex. For example, LRRK2 plays important roles in several inflammatory diseases, raising the possibility that it may mediate immune responses in PD. Consistently, LRRK2-mediated cell signalling was not only shown to be important for neuronal function, including neuronal development and homeostasis, but also for peripheral and central immune responses. The catalytic activity of LRRK2 is regulated by autophosphorylation, protein monomer/dimer cycling, and upstream kinases and GTPases, affecting its subcellular localisation and downstream signalling. Part of LRRK2-mediated signalling is likely facilitated by Rab protein phosphorylation, affecting primarily membrane trafficking, including vesicle release at the trans-Golgi network. However, LRRK2 also displays intrinsic GTPase activity and functions as a signalling scaffold. As an example, LRRK2 was suggested to be part of the NRON complex and β-catenin destruction complex, inhibiting NFAT and canonical Wnt signalling, respectively. In summary, continuous research into LRRK2 signalling function contributes to novel diagnostic and therapeutic concepts in PD.
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29
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The role of LRRK2 in cytoskeletal dynamics. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1653-1663. [PMID: 30467120 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a complex kinase/GTPase mutated in Parkinson's disease, has been shown to physically and functionally interact with cytoskeletal-related components in different brain cells. Neurons greatly rely on a functional cytoskeleton for many homeostatic processes such as local and long-distance vesicle transport, synaptic plasticity, and dendrites/axons growth and remodeling. Here, we will review the available data linking LRRK2 and the cytoskeleton, and discuss how this may be functionally relevant for the well-established roles of LRRK2 in intracellular trafficking pathways and outgrowth of neuronal processes in health and disease conditions.
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30
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Tau Protein Squired by Molecular Chaperones During Alzheimer’s Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:356-368. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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Designing antibodies against LRRK2-targeted tau epitopes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204367. [PMID: 30261006 PMCID: PMC6160062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the microtubule associated protein tau is an important modulator of its normal physiological functioning; however, it may also contribute to tau mis-folding and aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases, which are collectively termed tauopathies. As such, the investigations of tau phosphorylation and kinases that modify tau are important in trying to elucidate tau function and the mechanisms involved in the development of tauopathies. We have recently demonstrated that the putative tau kinase leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 is capable of phosphorylating tau at threonines 169 and 175 in vitro, and it has been previously shown that hyperphosphorylation at threonine 175 occurs in filamentous tau species from Alzheimer’s brain tissue. These prior findings suggest that further studies of phosphorylation of tau at these epitopes may shed light on the pathogenesis of tauopathies. There is, however, a lack of tools available to analyze phosphorylation of tau at these sites. This study aimed to bridge that resource gap by generating monoclonal antibodies against tau phosphorylated at either threonine 169 or 175. While we did not succeed in generating a phospho-specific antibody, we did generate an antibody, MHT2, which is specific for human tau encompassing the threonine 169/175 epitope region. Immunostaining of transgenic rTg4510 mouse tissue as well as human tauopathy cases with MHT2 indicates that this antibody selectively detects cytoplasmic tau in the form of neurofibrillary tangles, and that it may have a further specificity pertaining to severity of disease progression, either because of phosphorylation or conformational bias.
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32
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Hassanzadeh K, Rahimmi A. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the story of Parkinson's disease: Could targeting these pathways write a good ending? J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:23-32. [PMID: 30078201 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although, current medications for Parkinson's disease can control and relief symptoms of the disease efficiently, they are unable to either prevent progression of the disease or maintain their controlling ability as a long-term medication. To find suitable adjuvant and/or alternative treatments, researchers have investigated antioxidative and anti-inflammatory approaches, since emerging evidence consider oxidative stress and neuroinflammation as leading causes of the development of Parkinson's disease. Here, how oxidative stress and neuroinflammation take part in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis was discussed based on featured studies in this context. Then, preclinical and clinical trial studies, which evaluated antioxidative and anti-inflammatory compounds' ability to treat Parkinson's disease, were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambiz Hassanzadeh
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Physiology & Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Arman Rahimmi
- Physiology & Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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33
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Zhang J, Culp ML, Craver JG, Darley-Usmar V. Mitochondrial function and autophagy: integrating proteotoxic, redox, and metabolic stress in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 144:691-709. [PMID: 29341130 PMCID: PMC5897151 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder with widespread neurodegeneration in the brain. Significant oxidative, reductive, metabolic, and proteotoxic alterations have been observed in PD postmortem brains. The alterations of mitochondrial function resulting in decreased bioenergetic health is important and needs to be further examined to help develop biomarkers for PD severity and prognosis. It is now becoming clear that multiple hits on metabolic and signaling pathways are likely to exacerbate PD pathogenesis. Indeed, data obtained from genetic and genome association studies have implicated interactive contributions of genes controlling protein quality control and metabolism. For example, loss of key proteins that are responsible for clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through a process called mitophagy has been found to cause PD, and a significant proportion of genes associated with PD encode proteins involved in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. In this review, we highlight the evidence for the targeting of mitochondria by proteotoxic, redox and metabolic stress, and the role autophagic surveillance in maintenance of mitochondrial quality. Furthermore, we summarize the role of α-synuclein, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, and tau in modulating mitochondrial function and autophagy. Among the stressors that can overwhelm the mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, we will discuss 4-hydroxynonenal and nitric oxide. The impact of autophagy is context depend and as such can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of targeting mitochondria and autophagic function as an integrated therapeutic strategy and the emerging contribution of the microbiome to PD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center
| | - M Lillian Culp
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jason G Craver
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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34
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Nguyen APT, Daniel G, Valdés P, Islam MS, Schneider BL, Moore DJ. G2019S LRRK2 enhances the neuronal transmission of tau in the mouse brain. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:120-134. [PMID: 29088368 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene cause late-onset, autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 mutations typically give rise to Lewy pathology in the brains of PD subjects yet can induce tau-positive neuropathology in some cases. The pathological interaction between LRRK2 and tau remains poorly defined. To explore this interaction in vivo, we crossed a well-characterized human P301S-tau transgenic mouse model of tauopathy with human G2019S-LRRK2 transgenic mice or LRRK2 knockout (KO) mice. We find that endogenous or pathogenic LRRK2 expression has minimal effects on the steady-state levels, solubility and abnormal phosphorylation of human P301S-tau throughout the mouse brain. We next developed a new model of tauopathy by delivering AAV2/6 vectors expressing human P301S-tau to the hippocampal CA1 region of G2019S-LRRK2 transgenic or LRRK2 KO mice. P301S-tau expression induces hippocampal tau pathology and marked degeneration of CA1 pyramidal neurons in mice, however, this occurs independently of endogenous or pathogenic LRRK2 expression. We further developed new AAV2/6 vectors co-expressing human WT-tau and GFP to monitor the neuron-to-neuron transmission of tau within defined hippocampal neuronal circuits. While endogenous LRRK2 is not required for tau transmission, we find that G2019S-LRRK2 markedly enhances the neuron-to-neuron transmission of tau in mice. Our data suggest that mutant tau-induced neuropathology occurs independently of LRRK2 expression in two mouse models of tauopathy but identifies a novel pathogenic role for G2019S-LRRK2 in promoting the neuronal transmission of WT-tau protein. These findings may have important implications for understanding the development of tau neuropathology in LRRK2-linked PD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Phu Tran Nguyen
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | | | - Pamela Valdés
- Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Md Shariful Islam
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Darren J Moore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegenerative Research
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35
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Chan SL, Tan EK. Targeting LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease: an update on recent developments. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:601-610. [PMID: 28443359 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1323881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION LRRK2 research has progressed significantly in recent years with more reports of LRRK2 interactors and the development of more specific and sophisticated LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. Identification of bone fide LRRK2 substrates will provide new therapeutic targets in LRRK2-linked Parkinson's disease (PD). Areas covered: This review aims to put current LRRK2 research into perspective. Beginning with recent LRRK2 mammalian models employed for in vivo validation of LRRK2 substrates, followed by updates on reported LRRK2 interactors and their inferred mechanisms. Finally an overview of commonly used LRRK2 kinase inhibitors will be depicted. Expert opinion: Identification of LRRK2 non-kinase functions suggests the possibility of alternative LRRK2 drug target sites and these should be further explored. Studies on the effects of LRRK2 kinase inhibition on its non-kinase function and its self-regulatory role will provide further insights on its pathophysiologic mechanisms. Development of robust measurements of LRRK2 inhibitor efficacy will be required. These would include identification of specific imaging ligands or direct biochemical assays that can accurately capture its intrinsic activity. Testing of new therapeutic drug targets in both LRRK2 carriers and non LRRK2-linked patients will be important since their phenotype is similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Chan
- a Department of Neurology , National Neuroscience institute, Duke NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- a Department of Neurology , National Neuroscience institute, Duke NUS Medical School , Singapore
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36
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Esteves AR, Cardoso SM. LRRK2 at the Crossroad Between Autophagy and Microtubule Trafficking: Insights into Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscientist 2016; 23:16-26. [PMID: 26740081 DOI: 10.1177/1073858415616558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 ( lrrk2) gene cause inherited Parkinson's disease (PD), and common variants in lrrk2 are a risk factor for sporadic PD. The neuropathology associated with LRRK2-linked PD is extremely pleomorphic involving inclusions of α-synuclein (SNCA), tau or neither, therefore suggesting that LRRK2 may be central in the pathogenic pathways of PD. This large protein localizes in the cytosol, as well as, in specific membrane domains, including mitochondria and autophagosomes and interacts with a wide range of proteins such as SNCA, tau, α- and β-tubulin. For this reason LRRK2 has been associated with a variety of cellular functions, including autophagy, mitochondrial function/dynamics and microtubule/cytoskeletal dynamics. LRRK2 has been shown to interact with microtubules as well as with mitochondria interfering with their network and dynamics. Moreover, LRRK2 knock-out or mutations affect autophagic efficiency. Here, we review and discuss the literature on how LRRK2 affects mitochondrial function, autophagy, and microtubule dynamics and how this is implicated in the PD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raquel Esteves
- 1 CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,2 CNC-IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Cardoso
- 1 CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,2 CNC-IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,3 Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Vega IE. EFhd2, a Protein Linked to Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:150. [PMID: 27064956 PMCID: PMC4814571 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
EFhd2 is a conserved calcium binding protein linked to different neurological disorders and types of cancer. Although, EFhd2 is more abundant in neurons, it is also found in other cell types. The physiological function of this novel protein is still unclear, but it has been shown in vitro to play a role in calcium signaling, apoptosis, actin cytoskeleton, and regulation of synapse formation. Recently, EFhd2 was shown to promote cell motility by modulating the activity of Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA. Although, EFhd2's role in promoting cell invasion and metastasis is of great interest in cancer biology, this review focusses on the evidence that links EFhd2 to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurological disorders. Altered expression of EFhd2 has been documented in AD, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and schizophrenia, indicating that Efhd2 gene expression is regulated in response to neuropathological processes. However, the specific role that EFhd2 plays in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders is still poorly understood. Recent studies demonstrated that EFhd2 has structural characteristics similar to amyloid proteins found in neurological disorders. Moreover, EFhd2 co-aggregates and interacts with known neuropathological proteins, such as tau, C9orf72, and Lrrk2. These results suggest that EFhd2 may play an important role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the understanding of EFhd2's role in health and disease could lead to decipher molecular mechanisms that become activated in response to neuronal stress and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Feng DD, Cai W, Chen X. The associations between Parkinson's disease and cancer: the plot thickens. Transl Neurodegener 2015; 4:20. [PMID: 26504519 PMCID: PMC4620601 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies support a general inverse association between the risk of cancer development and Parkinson’s disease (PD). In recent years however, increasing amount of eclectic evidence points to a positive association between PD and cancers through different temporal analyses and ethnic groups. This positive association has been supported by several common genetic mutations in SNCA, PARK2, PARK8, ATM, p53, PTEN, and MC1R resulting in cellular changes such as mitochondrial dysfunction, aberrant protein aggregation, and cell cycle dysregulation. Here, we review the epidemiological and biological advances of the past decade in the association between PD and cancers to offer insight on the recent and sometimes contradictory findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D Feng
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Waijiao Cai
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA.,Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Xiqun Chen
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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