1
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Myochin H, Ohshima N, Izumi T, Hisajima T, Chaleckis R, Mori M. Capillary electrophoresis using triple layer modified capillary facilitating salivary ion analyses: Application to search for potential stress markers induced by cold pressure test. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1720:464769. [PMID: 38442499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel approach for the analysis of salivary ions using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a triple-layer coated capillary. The capillary is sequentially coated with cationic silylating reagents, poly(vinylsulfonate), and polybrene to form a custom designed surface that effectively inhibits adsorption of protein matrix on the capillary inner wall and allows for reproducible ion analysis. For the CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection, we used suitable background electrolytes (BGEs) for salivary ion analysis. Anions were separated using a mixture of 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid and l-arginine, and cations were separated using that with 18-crown-6. This setup enabled rapid separation, within 4 min, together with sensitive detection. We quantified nine common anions and five cations typically found in saliva samples using this CE method, both before and after a cold pressure test (CPT, a standard stress test). The CE system demonstrated consistent ion separation across 30 consecutive measurements without requiring capillary replacement. Notably, the salivary ion balance remained predominantly anion-rich, regardless of the CPT. Cold water exposure induced greater variation in the total anion concentration than in the total cation concentration. Further analysis using multiple regression analysis revealed strong relationships between nitrate and nitrite, formate and phosphate, and potassium and nitrate, before and after the CPT. Notably, potassium and nitrate ions exhibited variations in response to stress. These results provided a method for assessing salivary ion composition and insights into the potential of salivary ions as biomarkers for stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Myochin
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Ohshima
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Izumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; Faculty of Health Care, Teikyo Heisei University, 2-51-4, Higashiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8445, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hisajima
- Faculty of Health Care, Teikyo Heisei University, 2-51-4, Higashiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8445, Japan
| | - Romanas Chaleckis
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Masanobu Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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2
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Palma-Hidalgo JM, Belanche A, Jiménez E, Newbold CJ, Denman SE, Yáñez-Ruiz DR. Multi-omics in vitro study of the salivary modulation of the goat rumen microbiome. Animal 2023; 17:100895. [PMID: 37515965 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are able to produce large quantities of saliva which enter into the rumen and salivary components exert different physiological functions. Although previous research has indicated that salivary immunoglobulins can partially modulate the rumen microbial activity, the role of the salivary components other than ions on the rumen microbial ecosystem has not been thoroughly investigated in ruminants. To investigate this modulatory activity, a total of 16 semi-continuous in vitro cultures with oats hay and concentrate were used to incubate rumen fluid from four donor goats with autoclaved saliva (AUT) as negative control, saliva from the same rumen fluid donor (OWN) as positive control, and either goat (GOAT) or sheep (SHEEP) saliva as experimental interventions. Fermentation was monitored throughout 7 days of incubation and the microbiome and metabolome were analysed at the end of this incubation by Next-Generation sequencing and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, respectively. Characterisation of the proteome and metabolome of the different salivas used for the incubation showed a high inter-animal variability in terms of metabolites and proteins, including immunoglobulins. Incubation with AUT saliva promoted lower fermentative activity in terms of gas production (-9.4%) and highly divergent prokaryotic community in comparison with other treatments (OWN, GOAT and SHEEP) suggesting a modulatory effect derived from the presence of bioactive salivary components. Microbial alpha-diversity at amplicon sequence variant (ASV) level was unaffected by treatment. However, some differences were found in the microbial communities across treatments, which were mostly caused by a greater abundance of Proteobacteria and Rikenellacea in the AUT treatment and lower of Prevotellaceae. These bacteria, which are key in the rumen metabolism, had greater abundances in GOAT and SHEEP treatments. Incubation with GOAT saliva led to a lower protozoal concentration and propionate molar proportion indicating a capacity to modulate the rumen microbial ecosystem. The metabolomics analysis showed that the AUT samples were clustered apart from the rest indicating different metabolic pathways were promoted in this treatment. These results suggest that specific salivary components contribute to host-associated role in selecting the rumen commensal microbiota and its activity. These findings could open the possibility of developing new strategies to modulate the saliva composition as a way to manipulate the rumen function and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Palma-Hidalgo
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building King's Buildings, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Belanche
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Jiménez
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Charles J Newbold
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building King's Buildings, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart E Denman
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - David R Yáñez-Ruiz
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Rivera-Chacon R, Ricci S, Petri RM, Haselmann A, Reisinger N, Zebeli Q, Castillo-Lopez E. Effect of Duration of High-Grain Feeding on Chewing, Feeding Behavior, and Salivary Composition in Cows with or without a Phytogenic Feed Supplement. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12152001. [PMID: 35953990 PMCID: PMC9367443 DOI: 10.3390/ani12152001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Switching diets from forage to a high-grain (HG) diet increases the risk of rumen fermentation disorders in cattle. However, the effects of the duration of the HG feeding, after the diet switch, on animal behavior and health have received considerably less attention. This experiment primarily aimed to assess the effects of the duration of an HG diet on the chewing, eating, and lying behavior and salivation dynamics in a control group (CON) and a group of cows receiving a phytogenic feed supplement (TRT) at 0.04% (DM basis), which included L-menthol, thymol, eugenol, mint oil, and cloves powder. The experiment was a crossover design with nine non-lactating cows, and two experimental periods with an intermediate washout of four weeks. In each period, the cows were first fed a forage diet for a week to collect baseline measurements representing week 0; then, the diet was switched over a week to HG (65% concentrate), which was fed for four continuous weeks (week 1, week 2, week 3, and week 4 on an HG diet, respectively). The cows were divided in two groups of four and five animals and were randomly allocated to CON or TRT. The data analysis revealed that at the start of the HG feeding, the dry matter intake and the cows’ number of lying bouts increased, but the eating time, rumination time, and meal frequency decreased, resulting in a greater eating rate. We also found that an advanced duration on an HG diet further decreased the rumination time, total chewing time, chewing index, and sorting in favor of short feed particles, with the lowest values in week 4. The feed bolus size increased but feed the ensalivation decreased in week 4 compared to week 0. The dietary switch increased salivary lysozyme activity, and the advanced duration on the HG diet increased salivary pH, but salivary phosphate decreased in weeks 1 and 2 on the HG diet. Supplementation with TRT increased sorting in favor of physically effective NDF (peNDF) in week 2 and increased salivary pH in week 4 on an HG diet. Overall, the negative effects of the HG diet in cattle are more pronounced during the initial stage of the HG feeding. However, several detrimental effects were exacerbated with the cows’ advanced duration on feed, with host adaptive changes still observed after 3 and 4 weeks following the diet switch. The TRT mitigated some of the negative effects through the temporal improvement of the salivary properties and the intake of peNDF, which are known to modulate rumen fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Rivera-Chacon
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Ricci
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renée M. Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Haselmann
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Reisinger
- BIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ezequias Castillo-Lopez
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Buffering capacity of saliva influences the perception of acid-related sensory properties. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nandi SK, Singh D, Upadhay J, Gupta N, Dhiman N, Mittal SK, Mahindroo N. Identification of tear-based protein and non-protein biomarkers: Its application in diagnosis of human diseases using biosensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:838-846. [PMID: 34728300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of robust, selective and specific biomarkers are important for early diagnosis and monitor progression of human diseases. Eye being a common target for several human diseases, vision impediment and complications are often associated with systemic and ocular diseases. Tears are bodily fluids that are closest to eye and are rich in protein content and other metabolites. As a biomarker repository, it advantages over other bodily fluids due to the ability to collect it non-invasively. In this review, we highlight some recent advancements in identification of tear-based protein biomarkers like lacryglobin and cystatin SA for cancer; interleukin-6 and immunoglobulin-A antibody for COVID-19; tau, amyloid-β-42 and lysozyme-C for Alzheimer's disease; peroxiredoxin-6 and α-synuclein for Parkinson's disease; kallikrein, angiotensin converting enzyme and lipocalin-1 for glaucoma; lactotransferrin and lipophilin-A for diabetic retinopathy and zinc-alpha-2 glycoprotein-1, prolactin and calcium binding protein-A4 for eye thyroid disease. We also discussed identification of tear based non-protein biomarkers like lysophospholipids and acetylcarnitine for glaucoma, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyquanosine and malondialdehyde for thyroid eye disease. We elucidate technological advancement in developing tear-based biosensors for diagnosis and monitoring diseases such as diabetes, diabetic retinopathy and Alzheimer's disease. Altogether, the study of tears as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of human diseases is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip K Nandi
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| | - Deepanmol Singh
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Jyoti Upadhay
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Neeti Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India
| | - Nayan Dhiman
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Mittal
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India
| | - Neeraj Mahindroo
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
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Mennah-Govela YA, Bornhorst GM. Food buffering capacity: quantification methods and its importance in digestion and health. Food Funct 2021; 12:543-563. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02415e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the influence of food properties on buffering capacity will have an impact on gastric secretions and breakdown during digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamile A. Mennah-Govela
- Department. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
- 1308 Bainer Hall
- University of California
- Davis
- Davis
| | - Gail M. Bornhorst
- Department. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
- 1308 Bainer Hall
- University of California
- Davis
- Davis
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7
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Hildebrandt T, Zawilska A, Trzcionka A, Tanasiewicz M, Mazurek H, Świętochowska E. Estimation of Proinflammatory Factors in the Saliva of Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and Dental Caries. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E612. [PMID: 33202617 PMCID: PMC7698042 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56110612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The available literature lacks data regarding the levels of resistin, lysozyme, lactoferrin, α-amylase activity, pH, and saliva buffer capacity, as well as oral health and hygiene in the group of adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of the research was to assess the selected saliva parameters in patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. Materials and methods: Examined group was composed of 40 patients diagnosed with CF, while the control group of 40 healthy individuals. Both groups underwent the same scheme of the assessment (DMT index, salivary pH, buffer capacity, analysis of total sialic acid, total protein estimation, lysozyme levels estimation, lactofferin levels measurement, α-amylase activity, estimation of the levels of resistin and TNF-α). Results: In the examined group, there were higher values of decayed teeth as well as values of sialic acid, total protein, lactoferrin, α-amylase, and TNF-α. However, mean lysozyme, and resistin levels, as well as pH and buffer capacity of the saliva, were lower. Conclusions: New diagnostic methods, including the evaluation of selected salivary biochemical parameters, may indicate the existence of factors predisposing to severe tooth decay in the study group. Appropriate preventive treatment to combat dental caries in adult patients with CF will significantly improve their comfort and life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Hildebrandt
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Plac Akademicki 17, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (T.H.); (A.Z.); (M.T.)
| | - Anna Zawilska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Plac Akademicki 17, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (T.H.); (A.Z.); (M.T.)
| | - Agata Trzcionka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Plac Akademicki 17, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (T.H.); (A.Z.); (M.T.)
| | - Marta Tanasiewicz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Plac Akademicki 17, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (T.H.); (A.Z.); (M.T.)
| | - Henryk Mazurek
- Department of Pneumonology and Cystic Fibrosis, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disorders, ul. Prof. Jana Rudnika 3B, 34-700 Rabka Zdrój, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Świętochowska
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze- Rokitnica, Poland;
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8
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Proc P, Szczepańska J, Zubowska M, Wyka K, Młynarski W. Salivary immunoglobulin A level during steroids and chemotherapy treatment administered in remission induction phase among pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22802. [PMID: 33080754 PMCID: PMC7571880 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The agents used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) might affect the oral health of cancer patients.The study aims to assess the changes in the levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in saliva and blood, during first 22 days of intensive chemotherapy of ALL in children.Saliva and blood samples were taken from 24 patients, including 13 boys and 11 girls (age range: 4 - 17 years) on days 1, 8 and 22 of treatment. The levels of immunoglobulin A and total protein were estimated in samples at each time-point. The distribution of the quantitative variables was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Non-parametric statistics were used to compare the levels of repeated measurements and post hoc non-parametric analysis was applied for between time-point comparisons.A constant relationship was found between the levels of Ig A in blood and saliva (r = 0.28; P = .031). No change in salivary IgA level was observed in the prednisone-only prephase, but it dropped significantly on day 22 (10.7+/-4.8 vs 9.6+/-6.4 vs 5.7+/-3.9 ng/mL; P = .04), when chemotherapy was given (anthracycline, vincristine, L-asparaginase).In blood, the total protein level decreased significantly between day 1 and 22 (6.2+/-0.4 vs 5.1+/-0.3 g/dL; P = .001). Lymphocyte count (per microliter) also decreased (2.12+/-0.8 vs 0.41+/-0.1 vs 1.08+/-0.5; P = .002). Four children suffered from oral mucositis graded 1 or higher between days 8 and 22.Chemotherapy given during the treatment of childhood ALL is associated with a reduction in the level of salivary immunoglobulin A. Prevention of the drop of salivary IgA may diminish the risk of occurrence of acute mucosal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Proc
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz
| | - Joanna Szczepańska
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz
| | | | - Krystyna Wyka
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Sporna 36/50, 91-738 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Młynarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Sporna 36/50, 91-738 Lodz, Poland
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9
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Zhang D, Ma W, Wu J, Zhao L, Sirguleng, Ma T, Wang X, Chen J. Oral physiological and biochemical characteristics of different dietary habit groups II: Comparison of oral salivary biochemical properties of Chinese Mongolian and Han Young adults. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109465. [PMID: 32846552 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is an important component of food oral processing affecting the initial digestion and the formation of food bolus. It has been speculated that salivary biochemical properties could directly influence one's dietary habits, and vice versa. To date, there are few studies that investigate the possible relationships between dietary habits and salivary biochemical properties in Chinese participants from different dietary background. This study examined two Chinese ethnical groups of very different culture of food consumption, Han and Mongolian healthy young participants, as research participants to explore the differences in salivary biochemical properties and possible associations with dietary preferences. Chinese Mongolians tend to consume more red meat and dairy products, and Chinese Han tend to consume more carbohydrates as suggested by official data; therefore, a total of 304 healthy participants (200 Han and 104 Mongolian) were recruited for salivary compositional analysis. Results showed that for Mongolian participants' unstimulated salivary lipolytic activity (0.10 U/mL) and stimulated salivary lipolytic activity (0.09 U/mL) are significantly higher than those of the Han (0.03 U/mL, 0.04 U/mL) (p < 0.01), but their stimulated salivary α-amylase activity (2733 U/mL) was significantly lower than that of Han (3596 U/mL) (p < 0.01). Unstimulated and stimulated salivary total protein content of Chinese Han participants were significantly higher than those of Mongolian participants (p < 0.0001, p = 0.043). These findings have showed our initial hypothesis of possible associations between dietary habits and salivary biochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Oral Processing, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyao Ma
- Laboratory of Food Oral Processing, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Liqin Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Sirguleng
- Student Affairs Office, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Tian Ma
- Laboratory of Food Oral Processing, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Laboratory of Food Oral Processing, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jianshe Chen
- Laboratory of Food Oral Processing, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Edman MC, Janga SR, Kakan SS, Okamoto CT, Freire D, Feigenbaum D, Lew M, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Tears - more to them than meets the eye: why tears are a good source of biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Biomark Med 2020; 14:151-163. [PMID: 32064896 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tears are a known source of biomarkers for both ocular and systemic diseases with particular advantages; specifically, the noninvasiveness of sample collection and a unique and increasingly better-defined protein composition. Here, we discuss our rationale for use of tears for discovery of biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD). These reasons include literature supporting changes in tear flow and composition in PD, and the interconnections between the ocular surface system and neurons affected in PD. We highlight recent data on the identification of tear biomarkers including oligomeric α-synuclein, associated with neuronal degeneration in PD, in tears of PD patients and discuss possible sources for its release into tears. Challenges and next steps for advancing such biomarkers to clinical usage are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Srikanth R Janga
- Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shruti Singh Kakan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Curtis T Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Daniel Freire
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Danielle Feigenbaum
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mark Lew
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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11
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Dinu V, Gillis RB, MacCalman T, Lim M, Adams GG, Harding SE, Fisk ID. Submaxillary Mucin: its Effect on Aroma Release from Acidic Drinks and New Insight into the Effect of Aroma Compounds on its Macromolecular Integrity. FOOD BIOPHYS 2019; 14:278-286. [PMID: 31402849 PMCID: PMC6658575 DOI: 10.1007/s11483-019-09574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Submaxillary mucin is a major component that defines the makeup and functionality of saliva. Understanding its structure and function during food intake is key to designing appropriate strategies for enhancing the delivery of flavour. In the present study, the hydrodynamic integrity of bovine submaxillary mucin was characterised under physiological and acidic conditions and it was shown to have a broad molecular weight distribution with species ranging from 100 kDa to over 2000 kDa, and a random coil type of conformation. A decrease in the pH of mucin appeared to result in aggregation and a broader molecular weight distribution, which was shown to correlate with a release of flavour compounds. Our study also provides indications that p-cresol may have an effect on the macromolecular integrity of mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Dinu
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Richard B. Gillis
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, Clifton Boulevard, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas MacCalman
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Mui Lim
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Gary G. Adams
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, Clifton Boulevard, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen E. Harding
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
- Kulturhistorisk Museum, Universitetet i Oslo, Postboks 6762, St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian D. Fisk
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
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12
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Delaviz Y, Nascimento MA, Laschuk MW, Liu TW, Yang M, Santerre JP. Synthesis and characterization of Ciprofloxacin-containing divinyl oligomers and assessment of their biodegradation in simulated salivary esterase. Dent Mater 2019; 34:711-725. [PMID: 29402541 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two leading causes contributing to dental restoration replacement are the marginal breakdown at the composite/dentin interface and secondary caries mediated by bacteria. The objective of the present study was to synthesize oligomers which incorporated enhanced bio-stability but would also be able to generate antimicrobial function if they underwent degradation. METHODS Stability was incorporated into the oligomers by generating structural features that would physically hinder the availability of hydrolytically sensitive groups in the oligomers. As a proof-of concept for the antibacterial feature, antimicrobial function was achieved by covalently incorporating Ciprofloxacin (CF) into the backbone of cross-linking divinyl oligomers (referred to as EDV and HLH-CFPEG). The hydrolytic stability of the oligomers was studied in simulated human salivary esterase and compared to the commercial monomer 2,2-bis[4(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)-phenyl]propane (BisGMA). RESULTS Both drug oligomers were found to be significantly more stable than BisGMA. Upon degradation, both drug oligomers released CF differentially in free form. Polymer synthesis from resin formulations containing 15wt% HLH-CFPEG showed a high degree of vinyl group conversion and gel content, and under hydrolytic conditions showed the release of CF during a 28-day monitoring study period. SIGNIFICANCE HLH-CFPEG can be used in dental resin adhesive systems for local delivery of CF to the marginal interface. Minimizing the growth of Streptococcus mutans at the marginal site can improve longevity by reducing esterase activity derived specifically from S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Delaviz
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitchell A Nascimento
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Timothy W Liu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meilin Yang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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The role of natural salivary defences in maintaining a healthy oral microbiota. J Dent 2019; 80 Suppl 1:S3-S12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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14
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Perez MM, Pessoa JS, Ciamponi AL, Diniz MB, Santos MTBR, Alves HHDO, Gorjão R, Guaré RO. Correlation of salivary immunoglobulin A with Body Mass Index and fat percentage in overweight/obese children. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 27:e20180088. [PMID: 30427474 PMCID: PMC6223782 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is considered a risk factor for periodontal health due to the low- grade inflammation promoted by the increased adipose tissue. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine correlations and associations between gingival inflammation (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, and Gingival Index), salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA), and salivary parameters (salivary flow and osmolality) in normal-weight and overweight/obese children. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety-one children, aged 6 to 12 years old (8.6±1.9 years), were divided into two groups according to their body mass index (BMI), circumferences, skinfold measurements and body fat percentage: normal- weight group (NWG; n =50) and overweight/obese group (OG; n =41). A calibrated examiner performed the clinical examination using the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, Gingival Index, and salivary collection. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and association tests ( p <0.05). RESULTS OG presented statistically higher s-IgA values compared with NWG, especially among the obese children ( p <0.05). Significant positive correlations between s-IgA and salivary osmolality in OG ( p <0.05), and between s-IgA and BMI values ( p <0.05) and body fat percentage ( p <0.05) were observed among all the children. Effect size varied from moderate for s-IgA values ( d =0.57) to large for BMI ( d =2.60). CONCLUSION Gingival inflammation and salivary parameters were similar for NWG and OG; however, s-IgA presented higher values in OG, with correlations between BMI and body fat percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Manoella Perez
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Juliana Souza Pessoa
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Lídia Ciamponi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Ortodontia e Odontopediatria, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Michele Baffi Diniz
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Heloísa Helena de Oliveira Alves
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Programa Interdisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esporte, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renata Oliveira Guaré
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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15
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Dinu V, Liu C, Ali J, Ayed C, Gershkovich P, Adams GG, Harding SE, Fisk ID. Analytical ultracentrifugation in saliva research: Impact of green tea astringency and its significance on the in-vivo aroma release. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13350. [PMID: 30190600 PMCID: PMC6127339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31625-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Current saliva testing methods rely on cutting edge yet expensive techniques for the detection and analysis of genetic material, proteins and biomarkers for clinical use. However, these techniques are limited in scope and often cannot be used with complex food materials. We propose an efficient ex-vivo tool for evaluating biologically relevant interactions between food components and human saliva using sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC). We evaluated macromolecular content from "unstimulated" (US) and "stimulated" (SS) samples pooled from 5 healthy volunteers. Over 90% of total saliva protein consisted of α-amylase and mucin, and up to 10% was secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). It was shown that α-amylase concentration increased upon parafilm stimulation, which lead to a decrease in the viscosity of saliva. Then, we used a simple food system (green tea) to evaluate changes in the salivary protein content caused by green tea polyphenols. It was found that aroma release from green tea is highly influenced by interactions between α-amylase and polyphenol epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG). This interaction was found to increase the viscosity of the salivary bulk, suggested to contribute to astringency, and increased the concentrations of β-ionone, benzaldehyde and isovaleraldehyde (P < 0.01), suggested to play a significant role in the characteristic flavour of green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Dinu
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
- National Centre of Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Chujiao Liu
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Joseph Ali
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charfedinne Ayed
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | | | - Gary G Adams
- National Centre of Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Clifton Boulevard, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen E Harding
- National Centre of Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Ian D Fisk
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK.
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16
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Pedersen AML, Sørensen CE, Proctor GB, Carpenter GH, Ekström J. Salivary secretion in health and disease. J Oral Rehabil 2018; 45:730-746. [PMID: 29878444 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex fluid produced by 3 pairs of major salivary glands and by hundreds of minor salivary glands. It comprises a large variety of constituents and physicochemical properties, which are important for the maintenance of oral health. Saliva not only protects the teeth and the oropharyngeal mucosa, it also facilitates articulation of speech, and is imperative for mastication and swallowing. Furthermore, saliva plays an important role in maintaining a balanced microbiota. Thus, the multiple functions provided by saliva are essential for proper protection and functioning of the body as a whole and for the general health. A large number of diseases and medications can affect salivary secretion through different mechanisms, leading to salivary gland dysfunction and associated oral problems, including xerostomia, dental caries and fungal infections. The first part of this review article provides an updated insight into our understanding of salivary gland structure, the neural regulation of salivary gland secretion, the mechanisms underlying the formation of saliva, the various functions of saliva and factors that influence salivary secretion under normal physiological conditions. The second part focuses on how various diseases and medical treatment including commonly prescribed medications and cancer therapies can affect salivary gland structure and function. We also provide a brief insight into how to diagnose salivary gland dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M L Pedersen
- Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Clinical Oral Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C E Sørensen
- Oral Biochemistry, Cariology & Endodontics, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G B Proctor
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - G H Carpenter
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - J Ekström
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Pedersen A, Sørensen CE, Proctor GB, Carpenter GH. Salivary functions in mastication, taste and textural perception, swallowing and initial digestion. Oral Dis 2018; 24:1399-1416. [PMID: 29645367 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Saliva exerts multiple functions in relation to the initial digestive processes taking place in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Ingestion of food and beverages, in turn, is a strong stimulus for secretion of saliva with a differential composition depending on the neuronal stimulation pattern. This review paper provides insight into the mechanisms by which saliva acts in relation to taste, mastication, bolus formation, enzymatic digestion and swallowing. Also, the protective functions of saliva including maintenance of dental and mucosal integrity will be discussed as they indirectly influence the digestive process. The final part of this study focuses on the implications of xerostomia and salivary gland dysfunction on gastrointestinal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aml Pedersen
- Section 1, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Clinical Oral Physiology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C E Sørensen
- Section of Oral Biochemistry, Cariology & Endodontics, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G B Proctor
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| | - G H Carpenter
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
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18
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Cavazana TP, Pessan JP, Hosida TY, Monteiro DR, Botazzo Delbem AC. pH changes of mixed biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans after exposure to sucrose solutions in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2018. [PMID: 29524789 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to standardize an in vitro experimental model able to reproduce the pH changes that occur in dental biofilm under in vivo conditions, using a mixed biofilm of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. DESIGN Biofilms were developed for 96 h, and exposed to three different concentrations of sucrose (10, 20 or 30%) during 1, 3 or 5 min. The pH was measured before exposure to sucrose, immediately after its removal from the biofilms, and at 1, 3, 5 and 10 min after removal. RESULTS Sucrose solutions at 10 and 20% required 1 min to significantly reduce the biofilm pH, while for 30% sucrose a significant reduction was already seen immediately after its removal, even for the shortest exposure time. For an exposure of 3 min to 20% sucrose, the biofilm pH attained the critical value for hydroxyapatite dissolution when measured 1 min after sucrose removal, followed by a recovery phase. CONCLUSIONS A mixed biofilm of S. mutans and C. albicans exposed to a 20% sucrose solution for 3 min exhibited a pattern of pH change similar to that observed in vivo, despite at a higher speed when compared to in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamires Priscila Cavazana
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, 16015-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, 16015-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayse Yumi Hosida
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, 16015-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD - Master's Degree), University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, 16015-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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19
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Mutahar M, Carpenter G, Bartlett D, German M, Moazzez R. The presence of acquired enamel pellicle changes acid-induced erosion from dissolution to a softening process. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10920. [PMID: 28883656 PMCID: PMC5589892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Erosive wear undermines the structural properties of enamel resulting in irreversible enamel loss. A thin protein layer formed from natural saliva on tooth surfaces, acquired enamel pellicle (AEP), protects against erosive wear. The exact components in saliva responsible for such protection are not yet known. We prepared three solutions containing different components: proteins and ions [natural saliva (NS)], minerals with no proteins [artificial saliva (AS)] and neither proteins nor ions [deionised water (DW)]. To assess the protection of the three solutions against citric acid enamel erosion, enamel specimens were immersed in the corresponding solution for 24 h. All specimens were then exposed to five erosion cycles, each consisted of a further 30 min immersion in the same solution followed by 10-min erosion. Mean step height using a non-contacting profilometer, mean surface microhardness (SMH) using Knoop microhardness tester (final SMH), and roughness and 2D profiles using atomic force microscopy were measured after five cycles. The final SMH values were compared to the starting values (after 24 hr). NS group had significantly less tissue loss but greater SMH change (P < 0.0001) than AS and DW groups. Specimens in NS were softer and rougher (P < 0.001) but less eroded than specimens in AS and DW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Mutahar
- Salivary Research, Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - Guy Carpenter
- Salivary Research, Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - David Bartlett
- Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, King's College London Dental Institute, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew German
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Moazzez
- Salivary Research, Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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20
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Wang J, Song J, Wang X, Wu S, Zhao Y, Luo P, Meng C. An ATMND/SGI based label-free and fluorescence ratiometric aptasensor for rapid and highly sensitive detection of cocaine in biofluids. Talanta 2016; 161:437-442. [PMID: 27769429 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A label-free ratiometric fluorescence aptasensor has been developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of cocaine in complex biofluids. The fluorescent aptasensor is composed of a non-labeled GC-38 cocaine aptamer which serves as a basic sensing unit and two fluorophores, 2-amino-5,6,7-trimethyl-1,8-naphthyridine (ATMND) and SYBR Green I (SGI) which serves as a signal reporter and a build-in reference, respectively. The detection principle is based on a specific cocaine mediated ATMND displacement reaction and the corresponding change in the fluorescence ratio of ATMND to SGI. Due to the high affinity of the non-labeled aptamer, the good precision originated from the ratiometric method, and the good fluorescence quantum yield of the fluorophore, the aptasensor shows good analytical performance with respect to cocaine detection. Under optimal conditions, the aptasensor shows a linear range of 0.10-10μM and a low limit of detection of 56nM, with a fast response of 20s. The low limit of detection is comparable to most of the fluorescent aptasensors with signal amplification strategies and much lower than all of the unamplified cocaine aptasensors. Practical sample analysis in a series of complex biofluids, including urine, saliva and serum, also indicates the good precision, stability, and high sensitivity of the aptasensor, which may have great potential for the point-of-care screening of cocaine in complex biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamian Wang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Jie Song
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Xiuyun Wang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Shuo Wu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| | - Yanqiu Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Pinchen Luo
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Changgong Meng
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China
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21
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Ahmadi-Motamayel F, Falsafi P, Goodarzi MT, Poorolajal J. Comparison of Salivary pH, Buffering Capacity and Alkaline Phosphatase in Smokers and Healthy Non-Smokers: Retrospective cohort study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2016; 16:e317-21. [PMID: 27606111 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2016.16.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saliva contains alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-a key intracellular enzyme related to destructive processes and cellular damage-and has buffering capacity (BC) against acids due to the presence of bicarbonate and phosphate ions. Smoking may have deleterious effects on the oral environment due to pH changes which can affect ALP activity. This study aimed to evaluate the salivary pH, BC and ALP activity of male smokers and healthy non-smokers. METHODS This retrospective cohort study took place between August 2012 and December 2013. A total of 251 healthy male non-smokers and 259 male smokers from Hamadan, Iran, were selected. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from each participant and pH and BC were determined using a pH meter. Salivary enzymes were measured by spectrophotometric assay. RESULTS Mean salivary pH (7.42 ± 0.48 and 7.52 ± 0.43, respectively; P = 0.018) and BC (3.41 ± 0.54 and 4.17 ± 0.71; P = 0.001) was significantly lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. Mean ALP levels were 49.58 ± 23.33 IU/L among smokers and 55.11 ± 27.85 IU/L among non-smokers (P = 0.015). CONCLUSION Significantly lower pH, BC and ALP levels were observed among smokers in comparison to a healthy control group. These salivary alterations could potentially be utilised as biochemical markers for the evaluation of oral tissue function and side-effects among smokers. Further longitudinal studies are recommended to evaluate the effects of smoking on salivary components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadi-Motamayel
- Dental Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Parisa Falsafi
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad T Goodarzi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jalal Poorolajal
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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22
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Byrne SJ, Tan KH, Dashper SG, Shen P, Stanton DP, Yuan Y, Reynolds EC. The potential acidogenicity of liquid breakfasts. J Dent 2016; 49:33-9. [PMID: 27109215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the potential acidogenicy of liquid breakfasts. METHODS In vitro acid production by Streptococcus mutans was measured in the beverages at a pH of 5.5, as was the fall in pH over 10min. The buffering capacity was determined, as well as the calcium, inorganic phosphate and fluoride concentrations (total and soluble) of the beverages. Bovine milk (UHT) was used for comparison. RESULTS The rate of acid production by S. mutans, and pH fall over 10min was greater in liquid breakfasts compared to bovine milk. All beverages except one demonstrated a significantly lower buffering capacity than bovine milk. All beverages contained significantly greater concentrations of soluble calcium than bovine milk, and all except two contained significantly more soluble inorganic phosphate. CONCLUSIONS S. mutans was able to generate significantly more acid in the liquid breakfasts than in bovine milk, indicating these drinks may contribute to a cariogenic diet. In general, the liquid breakfasts required significantly less acid than bovine milk to reduce their pH to the approximate critical pH for enamel demineralisation. However, the liquid breakfasts also tended to contain significantly more soluble calcium and inorganic phosphate than bovine milk. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The substantial amounts and various types of sugars found within liquid breakfast beverages may result in a significant pH drop in dental plaque following consumption of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Byrne
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kheng H Tan
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart G Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peiyan Shen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David P Stanton
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yi Yuan
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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23
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Tecles F, Tvarijonaviciute A, De Torre C, Carrillo JM, Rubio M, García M, Cugat R, Cerón JJ. Total esterase activity in human saliva: Validation of an automated assay, characterization and behaviour after physical stress. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2016; 76:324-30. [PMID: 27045801 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2016.1163417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although saliva has esterase activity, this activity has not been characterized or studied in individuals subjected to physical stress. The aim of this report was to develop and validate an automated spectrophotometric assay for total esterase activity measurement in human saliva, as well as to study the contribution of different enzymes on this activity and its behaviour under physical stress in healthy subjects. The assay used 4-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate and was precise, accurate and provided low limits of detection and quantification. Inhibition with diisopropylfluorophosphate showed that cholinesterase, carboxylesterase and cholesterol esterase contributions not represented more than 20% of total esterase. Addition of standards of lipase and albumin to saliva samples showed that both proteins significantly contributed to esterase activity only when equal or higher than 11.6 IU/L and 250 μg/mL, respectively. Western blot analyses showed absence of paraoxonase-1 and high amount of carbonic anhydrase-VI. The high affinity of purified carbonic anhydrase-VI for the substrate supported a major contribution of this enzyme. Total esterase activity and alpha-amylase was measured in saliva samples from 12 healthy male students before and after participation in an indoor football match. The activity significantly increased after match and positively correlated with salivary alpha-amylase. This method could be used as a biomarker of physical stress in humans, with carbonic anhydrase-VI being the esterase that contributed more to the activity of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Tecles
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU) , Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia , Espinardo-Murcia ;,b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU) , Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia , Espinardo-Murcia ;,b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona ;,c Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona
| | - Carlos De Torre
- d Proteomic Unit , Murcia's BioHealth Research Institute IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca , Murcia
| | - José M Carrillo
- b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona ;,e Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery , Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Edificio Seminario s/n , Moncada , Valencia , Spain
| | - Mónica Rubio
- b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona ;,e Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery , Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Edificio Seminario s/n , Moncada , Valencia , Spain
| | | | - Ramón Cugat
- b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona
| | - José J Cerón
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU) , Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia , Espinardo-Murcia ;,b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona
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Saibaba G, Archunan G. Does salivary protein(s) act an ovulation indicator for women? A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:104-6. [PMID: 25557297 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ovulation is an important physiological process in human, and its effect may reflect in body fluids via secretion of biomolecules such as proteins, amino acids, antioxidants, antimicrobial peptides and so on. Recently, the non-invasive sampling approaches are used to diagnose disease status and access health condition of human. Saliva comprises various proteins which are secreted through salivary glands. The proteins present in the saliva may vary in their expression according to the hormonal level and physiological nature of the body which are said to be hormone receptors, stress proteins and antimicrobial peptides. Therefore, it is postulated that saliva can be used in the detection of ovulation time in human using specific protein(s) expression and which can be considered as a best non-invasive method. The identification of these proteins by adopting LC-MS/MS followed by Western blot analysis are possible to identify a promising biomarker for ovulation detection in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Saibaba
- Centre for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Govindaraju Archunan
- Centre for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India.
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25
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Roncancio D, Yu H, Xu X, Wu S, Liu R, Debord J, Lou X, Xiao Y. A label-free aptamer-fluorophore assembly for rapid and specific detection of cocaine in biofluids. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11100-6. [PMID: 25342426 DOI: 10.1021/ac503360n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a rapid and specific aptamer-based method for one-step cocaine detection with minimal reagent requirements. The feasibility of aptamer-based detection has been demonstrated with sensors that operate via target-induced conformational change mechanisms, but these have generally exhibited limited target sensitivity. We have discovered that the cocaine-binding aptamer MNS-4.1 can also bind the fluorescent molecule 2-amino-5,6,7-trimethyl-1,8-naphthyridine (ATMND) and thereby quench its fluorescence. We subsequently introduced sequence changes into MNS-4.1 to engineer a new cocaine-binding aptamer (38-GC) that exhibits higher affinity to both ligands, with reduced background signal and increased signal gain. Using this aptamer, we have developed a new sensor platform that relies on the cocaine-mediated displacement of ATMND from 38-GC as a result of competitive binding. We demonstrate that our sensor can detect cocaine within seconds at concentrations as low as 200 nM, which is 50-fold lower than existing assays based on target-induced conformational change. More importantly, our assay achieves successful cocaine detection in body fluids, with a limit of detection of 10.4, 18.4, and 36 μM in undiluted saliva, urine, and serum samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Roncancio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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26
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Cai K, Delaviz Y, Banh M, Guo Y, Santerre JP. Biodegradation of composite resin with ester linkages: identifying human salivary enzyme activity with a potential role in the esterolytic process. Dent Mater 2014; 30:848-60. [PMID: 24950808 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ester linkages contained within dental resin monomers (such as Bisphenol A-glycidylmethacrylate (BisGMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)) are susceptible to hydrolytic degradation by salivary esterases, however very little is known about the specific esterase activities implicated in this process. The objective of this work was to isolate and identify the dominant proteins from saliva that are associated with the esterase activities shown to be involved in the degradation of BisGMA. METHODS Human whole saliva was collected and processed prior to separation in a HiPrep 16/60 Sephacryl S-200 HR column. The fraction with the highest esterase activity was further separated by an anion exchange column (Mono-Q (10/100G)). Isolated fractions were then separated by gel electrophoresis, and compared to a common bench marker esterase, cholesterol esterase (CE), and commercial albumin which has been reported to express esterase activity. Proteins suspected of containing esterase activity were analyzed by Mass Spectroscopy (MS). Commercially available proteins, similar to the salivary esterase proteins identified by MS, were used to replicate the enzymatic complexes and confirm their degradation activity with respect to BisGMA. RESULTS MS data suggested that the enzyme fraction with the highest esterase activity was contained among a group of proteins consisting of albumin, Zn-α2-glycoprotein, α-amylase, TALDO1 protein, transferrin, lipocalin2, and prolactin-induced protein. Studies concluded that the main esterase bands on the gels in each fraction did not overlap with CE activity, and that albumin activity emerged as a lead candidate with significant esterase activity relative to BisGMA degradation, particularly when it formed a complex with Zn-α2-glycoprotein, under slightly basic conditions. SIGNIFICANCE These enzyme complexes can be used as a physiologically relevant formulation to test the biostability of composite resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuihua Cai
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yasaman Delaviz
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomaterials Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Banh
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yi Guo
- Materials Science Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomedical and Biomaterials Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Materials Science Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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