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Fraumeni-McBride J, Willoughby BJ. Women's Pornography Use Patterns and Sexuality Education in U.S. Public Schools. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024:10.1007/s10508-024-02905-6. [PMID: 38997575 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between sexuality education in U.S. public schools and women's pornography use. Utilizing quantitative methods, we examined a sample of women attending U.S. public schools who reported regular pornography use. Results revealed that, regardless of the type of sexuality education received, women exhibited similar rates of pornography use, with 60% reporting its use. A substantial portion (69%) of the women began using pornography during childhood or adolescence. Women who received abstinence only sexuality education reported higher frequencies of pornography use compared to their comprehensive sexuality education counterparts. About 79% of women using pornography perceived it as a source of sexuality learning, especially regarding sexual pleasure. However, they expressed reluctance in using pornography for sexual education and did not consider it a preferred method for learning about sexuality. The findings suggest the need for comprehensive sexuality education that addresses essential topics, such as sexual pleasure and sexual script development, to cater to women's diverse learning needs, ideally taught by parents or primary caregivers, but may be necessary for public education in the absence of parental instruction. Policymakers and educators should bridge these gaps to develop more effective sexuality education curricula. This study contributes valuable insights, highlighting the importance of an inclusive approach to sexuality education in U.S. public schools. Future research should explore the implications of different sexuality education approaches on women's sexual development and well-being, emphasizing comprehensive education to foster healthy sexual behaviors among women.
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Akdemir S, Gölge ZB. The Role of Gender Stereotypes, Sexual Myths, and Professional Experience on the Attitudes Toward Female-Perpetrated Sexual Abuse Among Turkish Professionals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2024; 68:892-914. [PMID: 35373628 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221086571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies indicated that people tend to consider female-perpetrated sexual abuse (FPSA) less serious and damaging than male-perpetrated abuse (MPSA) and the possible roles of gender stereotypes on attitudes to minimize FPSA. This study aimed to explore the role of gender stereotypes and sexuality myths on the attitudes toward FPSA among professionals. A secondary aim was to explore the role of training and experience with child sexual abuse (CSA) cases on the attitudes toward FPSA. The sample consisted of Turkish professionals (N = 502), including mental health/social, health, and justice workers. The participants were recruited via a face-to-face online survey. The results of one-way ANOVAs showed that females and mental health/social workers were more likely to consider FPSA as a serious problem and believe the negative impact of abuse. A five-step hierarchical multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the experience with FPSA cases, belief in gender stereotypes, and myths about female sexuality accounted for 21.7% of the variance in the attitudes toward FPSA. Although the level of professional minimization of FPSA is above average, the influential roles of gender stereotypes and sexual myths on the attitudes toward FPSA exist among professionals. Our findings supported the necessity of additional training addressing gender stereotypes and sexual myths. Future studies should also be conducted with different populations and other influential possible factors on the attitudes toward FPSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Akdemir
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education-Muallim Cevdet Secondary School, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Belma Gölge
- Institute of Forensic Science and Legal Medicine, Social Sciences Department, Istanbul University- Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey
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Moon N, Kang H, Heo SJ, Kim JH. Factors affecting the safe sexual behaviors of Korean young adults by gender: a structural equation model. KOREAN JOURNAL OF WOMEN HEALTH NURSING 2023; 29:115-127. [PMID: 37415480 DOI: 10.4069/kjwhn.2023.06.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the factors that influence safe sexual behaviors of Korean young adults and identify differences by gender. METHODS This study aimed to determine which factors affected safe sexual behaviors based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Data from 437 Korean young adults (in their 20s and 30s) were collected via online survey between January 3 and January 28, 2022. The questionnaire included items on sexual body image, sexual role perception, sexual attitudes, sexual socialization, sexual communication, and safe sexual behaviors. Structural equation modeling was performed. RESULTS According to the overall model fit of the hypothetical model, the final model was acceptable and explained 49% of safe sexual behaviors. Sexual attitudes (β=-.70, p<.001) and sexual communication (β=.53, p<.001) directly affected safe sexual behaviors, and sexual role perception (β=.42, p<.001) indirectly affected safe sexual behaviors in a combined model. There were gender differences in the path from sexual attitudes (β=-.94, p<.001) and sexual communication (β=.66, p<.001) to safe sexual behaviors and from sexual body image (β=.27, p<.001) to sexual communication. CONCLUSION Sexual attitudes and sexual communication were predictors of safe sexual behaviors, which differed by gender. Strategies that consider sexual attitudes, sexual communication, sexual role perception, and differences between men and women should be developed to improve the safe sexual behaviors of young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalae Moon
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kang
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Ji Heo
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Hee Kim
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Social clock theory posits that off-time transitions, such as virginity loss, are often socially reproached and stigmatized. Research suggests, however, that reasons for virginity in adulthood are heterogeneous and that some emerging adult virgins (EAVs) are struggling socially. To guide the development of interventions tailored to this population, it is important to understand their difficulties. Through individual semi-structured interviews, this study explores the difficulties and disagreeable emotions experienced by 29 heterosexual virgins aged between 20 and 29. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Three main themes were identified: (a) difficulties related to society, (b) difficulties related to interpersonal relationships, and (c) disagreeable emotions experienced relative to late virginity. These results reveal that difficulties expressed by EAVs are intertwined and surprisingly, the most salient difficulty was related to lack of intimacy, rather than virginity per se. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed, along with recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Leroux
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Aude Boislard
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Spalding RL, Katz E, Byers ES, Edelstein B. Development and Initial Validation of the Attitudes Towards Older Adult Sexuality in Long-term Care Scale (AOASLC). JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2023; 60:137-145. [PMID: 34520304 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1975624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In long-term care facilities where older adults may reside, negative attitudes about later life sexuality can result in restrictive facility policies and staff behaviors that suppress residents' rights to sexual expression. No assessment instrument specifically focuses on the sexual behaviors of long-term care residents and existing measures of attitudes toward older adult sexuality do not include sexual expression in long term care, nor do they assess a full range of sexual behaviors. We developed the Attitudes toward Older Adult Sexuality in Long-term Care Scale (AOASLC). A large, diverse sample of 295 community-dwelling adults in the United States completed an online survey through Amazon Mechanical Turk. The survey included the AOASLC and self-report measures of related constructs. Two-hundred-and-ninety-five participants completed the survey (Mage = 49.16, SD = 14.69, range = 18- 84 years). Of the sample, 50.2% identified as female, 49.5% identified as male, and one person identified as transgender male. An exploratory factor analysis indicated a two-factor structure. Factor 1 represented general attitudes toward sexual behaviors, and Factor 2 represented acceptability of various sexual behaviors. The instrument evidenced good reliability and validity. While further validation research is necessary, the AOASLC is a promising new measure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Katz
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University
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Lee J, Kim Y. Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Female Sexual Resourcefulness Scale (FSRS) in South Korea. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:2357-2368. [PMID: 36065462 PMCID: PMC9440699 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s378841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Women have less control over decisions about risky sexual behavior and condom use than men. This power imbalance makes women vulnerable when having sexual relationships with their partner. However, no measurement tool has been developed to measure female sexual resourcefulness, which measures women’s self-perceived sexual right to self-determination. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the female sexual resourcefulness scale (FSRS). Convenience sampling was conducted using social networking services. The participants were 217 women in their early 20s. Validity and reliability were examined using item analysis, factor analysis, and correlation with self-efficacy on condom use and self-efficacy in refusing sex, and Cronbach’s alpha. Twelve items were selected for the study. Three factors were extracted through factor analysis, explaining 62.03% of the variance and showing a good model fit in the K-FSRS. Reliability was high, as indicated by a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.85. These results indicate that the K-FSRS may be an appropriate instrument for measuring sexual resourcefulness among young Korean women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Lee
- School of Nursing, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yoonjung Kim
- College of Nursing, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Correspondence: Yoonjung Kim, Tel +82-42-600-8583, Fax +82-42-600-8555, Email
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Jamshed N, Stewart AL, Overstreet NM. Social Dominance, Sexual Double Standards, and Violence Against Women in Tight and Loose Cultures. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221221104950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sexual double standards are associated with adverse consequences for women, including violence. However, little research examines sexual double standards across cultures that vary in tight or loose sexuality norms. Therefore, using social dominance theory, this study examined sexual double standards and violence against women in the United States of America (U.S., a loose culture) and Pakistan (a tight culture). We hypothesized that social dominance orientation is associated with violence against women via endorsement of sexual double standards for both the U.S. and Pakistan. We recruited 315 people in total from the U.S. ( N = 169; women = 56.3%; Mage = 29 ± 5.6 years) and Pakistan ( N = 138; women = 73%; Mage = 26 ± 5.3 years). After establishing measurement invariance for our measures, we used structural equation modeling to analyze our theoretical model in two cultural settings. Multigroup path models found support for social dominance theory’s proposition that people higher on social dominance orientation justify violence against women through their endorsement of sexual double standards in both countries, above and beyond more general attitudes toward women (i.e., ambivalent sexism). We also found that the processes (i.e., social dominance and sexual double standards) supporting violence against women are similar in the two countries. A sexual double standard is found to be strong predictor of justification of violence even after controlling for gender, ambivalent sexism, and cultural tightness/looseness for both countries. Discussion focusses on a sexual double standard may be a risk factor for violence against women in different parts of the world.
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Assessing sexual attitudes among adult men: A descriptive survey in Kenya. SEXOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sexol.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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McCarthy M, Kauer S, Fisher C. Descriptive norms about condom use predict odds of using a condom during last sexual experience in a large, national survey of adolescents from Australia. Sex Health 2022; 19:157-163. [PMID: 35550700 DOI: 10.1071/sh21193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing sexually transmitted infections among adolescents is an important public health goal in Australia and worldwide. This study estimated the association between condom use during last heterosexual sexual experience with two descriptive norms among a large, national sample of secondary school students from Australia. METHODS A large, national online survey of 14- to 18-year-olds in Australia was conducted in 2018; a sub-analysis of sexually active participants (n=2989) used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the relationships between condom use during last sexual experience and condom use norms. The analysis controlled for the effects of age, sex, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, remoteness and knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases. RESULTS Overall, 1673 (56.0% [95% confidence interval: 54.2%, 57.8%]) sexually active respondents reported using condoms during their last sexual experience. Perceiving that all same-age peers used condoms conferred higher odds of using condoms during their last heterosexual sexual experience (adjusted odds ratio: 3.06 [95% CI: 1.6, 6.0]). Perceptions about whether the suggestion to initiate condom use came from boys, girls, or both boys and girls was not associated with condom use. Differences in condom use related to socio-demographic characteristics are reported. CONCLUSIONS As part of a holistic approach to sexuality education, health educators and service providers may emphasise that young people frequently choose to use condoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly McCarthy
- Division of Occupational Therapy Education, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Allied Health Professions, 984000 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4000, USA
| | - Sylvia Kauer
- La Trobe University, Australian Research Centre for Sex, Health and Society, Building NR6, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia
| | - Christopher Fisher
- La Trobe University, Australian Research Centre for Sex, Health and Society, Building NR6, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia; and Victoria University, College of Health and Biomedicine, 300 Flinders Street, Level 10, Suite 10.62, Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia
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Marks MJ, Busch TM, Wu A. The Relationship between the Sexual Double Standard and Women's Sexual Health and Comfort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2022; 34:409-423. [PMID: 38596271 PMCID: PMC10903628 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2022.2069179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The current research explores the relationship between Sexual Double Standard (SDS) endorsement and women's sexual health and attitudes. Women (n = 705) completed an SDS endorsement scale, and then answered a variety of questions in three main categories of outcome variables: sexual comfort, sexual reputation, and sexual health. Results suggest that women's SDS endorsement was not related to women's sexual comfort. Further, SDS endorsement was slightly positively related to how concerned women were about their sexual reputation. Regarding sexual health, SDS endorsement was related to a shorter timespan since women's last OBGYN screening, and unrelated to women's discomfort discussing birth control with their OBGYN. Results suggest there is much more to explore in targeted studies on the relationship of SDS endorsement to women's perceptions of their sexual reputations and their interactions with OBGYNs with respect to the SDS. Previous and related research is discussed, along with implications of the current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Marks
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Tara M. Busch
- Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina, Pembroke, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Wu
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
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Endendijk JJ, Deković M, Vossen H, van Baar AL, Reitz E. Sexual Double Standards: Contributions of Sexual Socialization by Parents, Peers, and the Media. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1721-1740. [PMID: 34751861 PMCID: PMC8917039 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
(Hetero)sexual double standards (SDS) entail that different sexual behaviors are appropriate for men and women. There is large variation in whether people endorse SDS in their expectations about the sexual behavior of women and men (i.e., SDS-norms). To explain these individual differences, we examined associations between SDS-norms of Dutch adolescents (aged 16-20 years, N = 566) and what parents, peers, and the media teach adolescents about appropriate sexual behavior of boys and girls (i.e., SDS-socialization). Adolescents completed an online survey at school. Regarding SDS-socialization, more traditional SDS-norms conveyed by the media and peers, but not of parents, and less perceived sexual activity of female peers, were associated with more traditional SDS-norms. Only for boys, exposure to sexy girls/women on social media and sexual music videos of female artists were associated with more traditional SDS-norms. Thus, SDS-socialization by peers and the media and opposite gender models (for boys) are important in light of adolescents' SDS-norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce J Endendijk
- Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan1, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Maja Deković
- Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan1, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Vossen
- Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan1, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anneloes L van Baar
- Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan1, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Reitz
- Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan1, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Leyser-Whalen O, Jenkins V. The Continuum of Sexual and Reproductive Health Talk Types Daughters have with Mothers and Siblings. SEXUALITY RESEARCH & SOCIAL POLICY : JOURNAL OF NSRC : SR & SP 2022; 19:401-415. [PMID: 35401856 PMCID: PMC8993132 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-021-00553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is considered an important discussion topic for parents and their children, there is great variance in communication style and contradictory results on the effects of these contrasting styles. Research has explored SRH topics, yet still needs to investigate the types of parent-child SRH conversations to investigate how content gets relayed, and their effects, particularly among college-aged children. METHODS Data come from qualitative interviews in 2013 with 20 undergraduate Latina students about SRH conversations they had with their mothers and siblings. RESULTS Analysis revealed that mother-daughter SRH conversation types fell along a four-category continuum, irrespective of daughters' sexual practices, with open (n = 4) and no talk (n = 3) at the poles. The two middle categories, be careful (n = 6) and responsible sex (n = 7), were limited conversations that provided little guidance and tended to use risk language. Daughters in the no talk and be careful conversation categories tended to be more religious and have higher rates of sexual activity. Daughters' conversations with their siblings, particularly sisters, directly reflected the conversation types that they reported having with their moms. CONCLUSIONS Most daughters made assumptions about their mothers' statements and views due to the lack of straightforward communication and reported that most mothers did not alter their conversation styles to match their daughters' specific sexual histories. Moreover, these conversation styles could potentially affect the whole household due to siblings being other sources of sexual socialization and having talk types that reflected parental talk types, irrespective of siblings' sexual activity. POLICY IMPLICATIONS We recommend more attention and funding for SRH education programs that include extended family, especially siblings, given their importance in sexual socialization, and include college-aged children who still desire, and need, SRH information. Programs should equip parents and children with the tools to navigate multiple SRH conversations that evolve with and are sensitive to children's specific behaviors and circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophra Leyser-Whalen
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Virginia Jenkins
- Department of Sociology, The University of Utah, 390 S 1530 E #301, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Vowels LM, Vowels MJ, Mark KP. Is Infidelity Predictable? Using Explainable Machine Learning to Identify the Most Important Predictors of Infidelity. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022; 59:224-237. [PMID: 34431739 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1967846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Infidelity can be a disruptive event in a romantic relationship with a devastating impact on both partners' well-being. Thus, there are benefits to identifying factors that can explain or predict infidelity, but prior research has not utilized methods that would provide the relative importance of each predictor. We used a machine learning algorithm, random forest (a type of interpretable highly non-linear decision tree), to predict in-person and online infidelity across two studies (one individual and one dyadic, N = 1,295). We also used a game theoretic explanation technique, Shapley values, which allowed us to estimate the effect size of each predictor variable on infidelity. The present study showed that infidelity was somewhat predictable overall and interpersonal factors such as relationship satisfaction, love, desire, and relationship length were the most predictive of online and in person infidelity. The results suggest that addressing relationship difficulties early in the relationship may help prevent infidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew J Vowels
- Centre for Computer Vision, Speech and Signal Processing (CVSSP), University of Surrey
| | - Kristen P Mark
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota
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Papp LJ, Ward LM, Marshall RA. Contributions of Reality TV Consumption to College Women’s Endorsement of the Heterosexual Script and Acceptance of Sexualized Aggression. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843211044686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A prominent feature of mainstream television, especially reality programming, is a heterosexual script that outlines women’s and men’s traditional courtship roles. Although frequent media use is believed to produce greater acceptance of this script, existing analyses have not fully delineated contributions of scripted versus reality programming or tested these notions using a holistic heterosexual script scale. We addressed these limitations in two studies. In Study 1, 466 undergraduate women indicated their support of the heterosexual script and their consumption of popular reality programs, sitcoms, and dramas. Heavier viewing of reality programming predicted greater support for the heterosexual script, and heavier viewing of sitcoms predicted weaker support. In Study 2, we used longitudinal data to explore relations between viewing reality television, acceptance of the heterosexual script, and acceptance of sexualized aggression during undergraduate women’s first 2 years in college ( N = 244). We found that reality television consumption was not a direct predictor of acceptance of sexualized aggression but was a significant, indirect predictor through endorsement of the heterosexual script. These studies contribute to our understanding of unique media contributions to endorsement of the heterosexual script and illuminate one process by which women may come to normalize sexual mistreatment. Campus educational programming on sexuality, sexual assault, and healthy relationships may be able to intervene in this normalization through critique of the heterosexual script and media portrayals of dating and relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna J. Papp
- Departments of Psychology and Women’s Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L. Monique Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Flanagan EA, Erickson HC, Parchem SJ, Smith CV, Poland N, Nelson SC, Redman SD. Gender Differences in Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Condoms and Birth Control Among Chicago Adolescents. WORLD MEDICAL & HEALTH POLICY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wmh3.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Evlyn D, Cayami FK, Ediati A, Utari A, Winarni TI. Attitudes of Indonesian health science undergraduates toward sexuality in individuals with intellectual disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 118:104082. [PMID: 34507052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexuality is a fundamental part of the lives of human beings. However, a significant inequality exists regarding the right of an individual with intellectual disabilities. AIMS This study aimed to explore the attitudes of undergraduate health science students toward sexuality in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) in Indonesia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed using the Indonesian version of Attitudes toward Sexuality Questionnaires in Intellectual Disability (ASQ-ID). This study involved 617 students in medical, psychology, and public health undergraduate programs. RESULTS Among all participants (n = 617, male = 137, female = 480), the attitude towards self-control was found a significant difference among all three health science undergraduates (p = .01). The psychology students had the most favorable attitudes toward self-control compared to other students. The difference was found between medical and public health students and between public health and psychology students with p = .009 and p = .011, respectively. Religion was significantly affected for the non-reproductive sexual behavior subscale (p = .038). The religion was found to have significant effect on the attitude towards nonreproductive sexual behavior subscale (p = .038). CONCLUSIONS Results show that Indonesian undergraduate students majoring in the health sciences have varying attitudes toward sexuality in individuals with ID. Medical and psychology students have more favorable attitudes toward self-control, whereas public health students have less favorable attitudes. Their religion influencing the attitudes toward nonreproductive sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiyana Evlyn
- Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia.
| | - Ferdy Kurniawan Cayami
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia.
| | - Annastasia Ediati
- Faculty of Psychology, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia.
| | - Agustini Utari
- Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Jl Dr. Sutomo no 16, Semarang, 50244, Central Java, Indonesia.
| | - Tri Indah Winarni
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia.
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Endut N, Bagheri R, Azmawati AA, Hashim IHM, Selamat NH, Mohajer L. The influence of men's masculine gender-role attitude and behaviour on sexual relationships and reproductive health in Malaysia: A cross-sectional study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2021; 19:663-670. [PMID: 34458675 PMCID: PMC8387709 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v19i7.9477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This article is an extension of a previous research on masculinity and sexual and reproductive health using a newly developed local masculinity scale, KANITA Masculinity Scale, to study men's masculine gender-role attitude and behavior in Malaysia. Objective To explore how Malaysian men's masculine gender-role attitude and behavior influence sexual relationships and reproductive health. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study used the localized gender-equitable men scale to measure the attitude of Malaysian men toward sexual relationships and reproductive health. A questionnaire survey was administered to a sample of 168 men of ages 20-64 yr, in Malaysia. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS version 3.2.6. Results The findings of the study showed that men's traditional behavior and controlling nature are positively associated with the inequality in sexual relationships (p < 0.05, t = 1.838; and p < 0.05, t = 3.750, respectively) and reproductive health (p < 0.05, t = 2.196; and p < 0.05, t = 4.133, respectively). In other words, men who offer stronger endorsement of traditional behavior and control over women report more negative condom attitude and greater priority of men's desire in sexual relationships. In contrast, there was no significant relationship between men's response to family and feminine roles in men with sexual relationships and reproductive health. Conclusion Our findings highlight the importance of considering traditional masculinity ideology when considering the role of men in sexual relationships and reproductive health. Our findings suggest gender transformative policies and programs seeking to inspire men for more gender-equitable relationships with their partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraida Endut
- Centre for Research on Women and Gender (KANITA), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Reyhaneh Bagheri
- Centre for Research on Women and Gender (KANITA), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Nor Hafizah Selamat
- School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Leila Mohajer
- Centre for Research on Women and Gender (KANITA), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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An Analysis of Sex Practices and Behaviors Among African Americans in Sexually Concurrent and Sexually Exclusive Relationships. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:1923-1931. [PMID: 34405391 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Historically, sexually concurrent relationships have been associated with increased risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. Due to socio-structural factors, African Americans (AAs) have higher rates of STIs compared to other racial groups and are more likely to engage in sexually concurrent (SC) relationships. Current research has challenged the assumption that SC is the only risky relationship type, suggesting that both SC and sexually exclusive (SE) relationships are at equal risk of STI and HIV acquisition and that both relationship types should engage in safer sex practices. This study aimed to compare sex practices and behaviors among AA men and women in SC and SE relationships (N = 652). Results demonstrate differences in sexual practices and behaviors between SC and SE men and women. Overall, SC and SE women report condom use with male partners less frequently than SC and SE men. SC men were more likely to report substance use during sex compared to SC and SE women. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use did not differ across groups. SE men were less likely to report STI testing and diagnosis compared to SC women. Findings support the need to focus on culturally and gender-specific safer sex interventions among AAs.
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ÖRÜKLÜ C, DAĞCI DG, ÇAKMAK S. Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Cinsel Mitlere Bakış Açısı ve İlişkili Faktörler. İSTANBUL GELIŞIM ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.38079/igusabder.845736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Ünal Toprak F, Turan Z. The effect of sexual health courses on the level of nursing students' sexual/reproductive health knowledge and sexual myths beliefs in Turkey: A pretest-posttest control group design. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57:667-674. [PMID: 32730656 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Identified the effect of sexual health courses on the level of sexual health knowledge and sexual myths beliefs among Turkish university students. DESIGN AND METHODS This study used a pretest-posttest control group quasi-experimental research design. Data were collected from 130 students using questionnaire form, sexual health knowledge test (SHKT), and sexual myths form (SMF). FINDINGS There was a significant negative relationship between the pretest scores of students that they obtained from SHKT and SMF (P %3C .01) and their posttest scores from the same test and form (P %3C .05). PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Intervention programs that reduce false beliefs, taboos, and prejudices of students sexual myth beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Ünal Toprak
- Department of Nursing, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Health Sciences, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Zekiye Turan
- Department of Nursing, Sakarya University Faculty of Health Sciences, Sakarya, Turkey
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21
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Buller A, Epstein S, Hosken N. What Is the Problem With Sexual Intimacy Following Intimate Partner Violence in the DSM-5? Violence Against Women 2021; 28:395-416. [PMID: 33750241 DOI: 10.1177/1077801221998761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Drawing on a data subset from a larger Australian-focused project, this article reports on the ways that women's voices have been silenced and misrecognized in the representation of the impact on sexual intimacy following experiences of intimate partner violence. Bacchi's "What Is the Problem Represented to Be?" approach was used to identify, explore and unpack the "problem" representations of the impacts on sexual intimacy following women's experiences of intimate partner violence within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
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22
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Masango BZ, Ferrandiz-Mont D, Chiao C. Associations Between Early Circumcision, Sexual and Protective Practices, and HIV Among a National Sample of Male Adults in Eswatini. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:973-982. [PMID: 33025391 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-03056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To reduce HIV incidence in countries such as Eswatini (Swaziland), UNAIDS has recommended male circumcision as one possible effective strategy. We analyzed the 2016s Swaziland HIV Incidence Measurement Survey to explore the association between early circumcision and HIV history among 2964 sexually active adult males aged 15 to 64 years old. Early circumcision was defined as circumcision practiced at an age of 15 years old or younger. Results from logistic regression and OLS regression found that male adults with early circumcision are more likely to have multiple sexual partners and to use condoms. Multiple partners and condom use at last sex encounter remained associated with a higher odds of being HIV positive after controlling for all factors. Nevertheless, early circumcision is significantly associated with a lower odds of being HIV positive (AOR 0.53, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that HIV prevention may benefit when early male circumcision is carried out.
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Sandfort TGM, Bos HMW, Fu TC(J, Herbenick D, Dodge B. Gender Expression and Its Correlates in a Nationally Representative Sample of the U.S. Adult Population: Findings from the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2021; 58:51-63. [PMID: 32970489 PMCID: PMC7749071 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1818178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We explored the associations of gender expression with childhood gender expression, sexual identity, and demographic characteristics in a representative sample of the U.S. population aged 18 to 65 years (N = 1277), using data from the 2015 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior. As expected, gay men were less gender conforming than heterosexual men. However, among women, persons with a bisexual identity were less gender conforming compared to heterosexual and lesbian persons. In multivariate analyses, childhood gender expression trumped the role of sexual identity. In terms of demographic characteristics, gender conformity seemed to be more present among persons with positions with less social status in terms of age, race/ethnicity, education, income, and relationship status. Finally, we found among both men and women, that a large proportion saw themselves as more masculine or feminine than men and women on average, respectively, suggesting that accentuating one's gender conformity has a psychological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo G. M. Sandfort
- Division of Gender, Sexuality and Health, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Henny M. W. Bos
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tsung-Chieh (Jane) Fu
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Debby Herbenick
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Brian Dodge
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
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Wu H, Luo S, Espinosa-Hernández G, Klettner A, White TD, Li H. Relating Gender to Sex: Gendered Attitudes, Sexual Double Standard, Sexual Intentions and Behaviors in two Chinese Adolescent Samples. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2021; 58:29-40. [PMID: 31829900 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1695098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical life stage when individuals further consolidate their gender role concepts, develop sexual beliefs, and likely begin to experiment with sexual behaviors. While there have been numerous studies on adolescents' gender role attitudes, sexual beliefs, and sexual behaviors, the bulk of this research has been based on Western samples. The current study aimed to expand our knowledge of adolescents' gender and sexuality by examining gender role attitudes, sexual beliefs, and sexual behaviors in an urban sample (n = 613) and a rural sample (n = 408) from China. Adolescent boys reported stronger identification with the negative male role, less sexual guilt, and stronger sexual intention than their female counterparts. Compared to the urban sample, adolescents in the rural sample were more likely to endorse both negative and positive male roles, hold the sexual double standard, and experience sexual guilt. Regression analyses yielded significant interaction effects between sex and negative male role on sexual guilt and sexual intention, suggesting that the negative male role was differentially associated with sexual guilt and sexual intention in boys versus in girls. Moreover, the negative male role was the only significant predictor of sexual behavior. Cultural implications of these findings were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- School of Health Management, Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Shanhong Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington
| | | | - Annelise Klettner
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington
| | - Tyler D White
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington
| | - Haoran Li
- School of Health Management, Guangzhou Medical University
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Confusing Stalking for Romance: Examining the Labeling and Acceptability of Men’s (Cyber)Stalking of Women. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Migheli M, Pronzato C. Thinking as the others do: persistence and conformity of sexual double standard among young Italians. GENUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41118-020-00095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe double standard represents a standard of good behaviour that, unfairly, some people are expected to follow or achieve, but others are not. Once neglected by social scientists, the double standard in sexual attitudes has become more and more studied. In this paper, we inquire about the existence of the double standard in opinions regarding peers’ sexual behaviours and study its determinants. What makes young people judge the sexual behaviour of women in a more conservative way than that of men? The paper uses data collected from Italian university students, who are asked to express their (dis)approval of a series of sexual behaviours, considering peers of either gender participating in those behaviours. The results show that the double standard exists and has been persistent amid Italian undergraduate students over the last 20 years, and that the cultural context matters more than the family in shaping students’ beliefs.
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Abstract
Concurrent sexual partnerships (i.e., relationships that overlap in time) contribute to higher HIV acquisition risk. Social capital, defined as resources and connections available to individuals is hypothesized to reduce sexual HIV risk behavior, including sexual concurrency. Additionally, we do not know whether any association between social capital and sexual concurrency is moderated by gender. Multivariable logistic regression tested the association between social capital and sexual concurrency and effect modification by gender. Among 1445 African Americans presenting for care at an urban STI clinic in Jackson, Mississippi, mean social capital was 2.85 (range 1-5), mean age was 25 (SD = 6), and 62% were women. Sexual concurrency in the current year was lower for women compared to men (45% vs. 55%, χ2(df = 1) = 11.07, p = .001). Higher social capital was associated with lower adjusted odds of sexual concurrency for women compared to men (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.62 (95% CI 0.39-0.97), p = 0.034), controlling for sociodemographic and psychosocial covariates. Interventions that add social capital components may be important for lowering sexual risk among African Americans in Mississippi.
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Heredia-Martínez HL, Artmann E, Nascimento M. [Unveiling gender barriers to adolescents' access to information on sexual and reproductive health in Venezuela]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2020; 36:e00193918. [PMID: 32321076 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00193918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to analyze the discourses of adolescents and health professionals in a state of Venezuela concerning this age group's access to information on sexual and reproductive health. Interviews were conducted with 12 adolescents and 12 health professionals and processed with Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis. The results were structured in three themes: gender inequalities; strategies used by adolescents; and difficulties in the health services. The arguments revealed that matricentric family culture limits girls' access to information on sexual health. Greater effort is required of girls and homosexual adolescents to access information. Both of them seek health services outside their area of residence, due to fear of the family or lack of trust in professional secrecy. The prime sources for adolescents to information are friends and the Internet. One of the main challenges is to recognize the institutional devices acting in Venezuelan society, with greater force in power relations in the family, school, and health services. Such barriers reinforce the "sexual double standard", perpetuating models of patriarchal domination. The naturalization of such models allows the silent reproduction of beliefs and attitudes, causing gender inequalities in access to health services. Changes in the provision of services offered to adolescents involve renegotiation of traditional subjective positions in user-provider interaction and deconstruction of gender relations. Possible changes will be engendered with participation by new generations of adolescents, health professionals, parents, and teachers, producing more equitable gender discourses and norms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Artmann
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcos Nascimento
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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29
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LeBeau K, Carr C, Hart M. Examination of Gender Stereotypes and Norms in Health-Related Content Posted to Snapchat Discover Channels: Qualitative Content Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e15330. [PMID: 32196461 PMCID: PMC7125437 DOI: 10.2196/15330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snapchat has seen one of the most rapid, and unprecedented, growths in the history of social networking sites and social media with 3 billion Snapchats sent daily. In 2015, Snapchat introduced a new feature, Snapchat Discover, providing a unique way for publishers, such as magazines, to connect their content to Snapchat users. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate qualitatively the health-related content distributed among male-focused and female-focused Discover channels and to determine whether differences exist between the content posted to these channels. METHODS Magazine Discover channels with male and female target audiences were identified based on the magazine's claimed audience and a search of Snapchat Discover's magazine publishers, resulting in the selection of two male-focused and two female-focused channels. Stories were collected daily from each of the selected channels during a 4-week period. Using the constant comparative method, 406 Discover stories were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Differences in health content coverage existed between male- and female-focused channels. General health stories from male channels comprised 7.5% (10/134) of total stories compared with 22.8% (62/272) for female channels. Sexual health stories from male channels comprised 3.0% (4/134) of total stories compared with 18.8% (51/272) for female channels. Moreover, female-focused channels' content was more comprehensive. Female audiences were portrayed as being health information seekers, concerned with sexual health and male satisfaction, primarily responsible for contraception and pregnancy prevention, and less informed about sex. Male audiences were portrayed as being less likely to seek health information, obsessed with and driven by sex, and less concerned with sexual health. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the content shared to social media is important, especially when considering the implications content may have for behavior. In terms of content, these findings suggest Discover channels appear to promote gender stereotypes and norms for health and sexual health through the information posted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsea LeBeau
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Cary Carr
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mark Hart
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Waterman EA, Wesche R, Leavitt CE, Lefkowitz ES. Fraternity Membership, Traditional Masculinity Ideologies, and Impersonal Sex: Selection and Socialization Effects. PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN & MASCULINITY 2020; 21:58-68. [PMID: 32025223 DOI: 10.1037/men0000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fraternity culture perpetuates traditional masculinity ideologies, but little research has considered the process by which men internalize these ideologies. Men may select into fraternities based on preexisting ideologies, or fraternities may have a socializing effect on ideologies. We used two longitudinal datasets to explore selection and socialization effects of fraternity membership on masculinity ideologies (gendered beliefs, gendered traits, and sexual double standard beliefs) and impersonal sex (sexual motives and multiple sex partners) among ethnically and racially diverse college men. Using dataset one (n = 166, M = 18.0 years old fall of first year), we explored the selection and socialization effects of fraternity membership on male role norms, masculine traits, and endorsement of the sexual double standard. Men who more strongly endorsed male role norms about status and the sexual double standard were more likely to join fraternities than other men, indicating selection effects. Using dataset two (n = 256, M = 18.5 years old fall of first year), we explored selection and socialization effects of fraternity membership on sex motives and multiple sex partners. We did not find much evidence for selection or socialization effects on sex motives and multiple sex partners. Our findings may inform intervention efforts for men before and during college.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Waterman
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, 213 McConnell Hall, 15 Academic Way, Durham, NH, 03824,
| | - Rose Wesche
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | | | - Eva S Lefkowitz
- Human Development & Family Studies, University of Connecticut
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Reese N, Mincey KD, Felder K. Understanding What Influences Sexual Health Behaviors among Black Males in College. JOURNAL OF BLACK SEXUALITY AND RELATIONSHIPS 2020; 6:13-27. [PMID: 34337106 PMCID: PMC8323786 DOI: 10.1353/bsr.2020.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Using the Health Belief Model as a guide, focus groups and interviews (n=35) were conducted with Black males at a Historically Black College and University. Findings suggest that norms around the expectations of men and sex relates to their sexual behavior. The study also indicates that while Black college men know they should engage in protected sex (perceived benefits), they are inclined to engage in unprotected sex if their partner is on the pill (cues to action), they don't believe the consequences are immediate (perceived severity), and they like the feel of not using a condom (perceived barriers).
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Endendijk JJ, van Baar AL, Deković M. He is a Stud, She is a Slut! A Meta-Analysis on the Continued Existence of Sexual Double Standards. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2019; 24:163-190. [PMID: 31880971 PMCID: PMC7153231 DOI: 10.1177/1088868319891310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
(Hetero)sexual double standards (SDS) entail that different sexual behaviors are appropriate for men and women. This meta-analysis (k = 99; N = 123,343) tested predictions of evolutionary and biosocial theories regarding the existence of SDS in social cognitions. Databases were searched for studies examining attitudes or stereotypes regarding the sexual behaviors of men versus women. Studies assessing differences in evaluations, or expectations, of men’s and women’s sexual behavior yielded evidence for traditional SDS (d = 0.25). For men, frequent sexual activity was more expected, and evaluated more positively, than for women. Studies using Likert-type-scale questionnaires did not yield evidence of SDS (combined M = −0.09). Effects were moderated by level of gender equality in the country in which the study was conducted, SDS-operationalization (attitudes vs. stereotypes), questionnaire type, and sexual behavior type. Results are consistent with a hybrid model incorporating both evolutionary and sociocultural factors contributing to SDS.
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Merghati Khoei E, Moeini B, Barati M, Soltanian AR, Shahpiri E, Ghaleiha A, Bagherikholenjani F. A qualitative inquiry of sexuality in Iranian couples using the Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills paradigm. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2019; 94:27. [PMID: 32813061 PMCID: PMC7364699 DOI: 10.1186/s42506-019-0024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Sexuality is interwoven with individuals’ information, motivation, and behaviors. Objective To explore sexually related information, motivation, and behaviors that Iranian newly married couples utilized through their marital lives. Methods We employed in-depth face-to-face interviews with 22 couples between the ages of 21 and 35 years to collect rich qualitative data. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Our data analysis process was guided by the Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills (IMB) model as a potential framework for understanding of the participants’ sexual and marital lives. Results IMB’s conceptual bases were adequately reflected in the participants’ sexual narratives. The participants highlighted information needs related to their sexual relationships and services that should be provided by the relevant programs in the educational and national health system. Fulfillment of each other’s sexual needs was identified as the most important motivation of the participants. Sexual needs of husband, love, and liking were the main motivations for women’s sexual submission. The main behaviors found included couples’ communication skills and performing using feminine traits by women in order to fit the role of a sexually skillful wife. Conclusion Our data analysis revealed that couples shared a proper comprehension of each other’s means of sexual behaviors. A dominance of religious discourse, non-verbal, mostly physical means of communication was employed by the couples to express or initiate sexual interactions. Furthermore, our findings support the utility of IMB as a potential basis for understanding married couples’ sexual lives. Our data highlight an implication to expand the motivation structure of the IMB model to incorporate an individual’s sexual understandings and the sexual needs to promote mutual and pleasurable sexual life within the Iranian culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effat Merghati Khoei
- The Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Institute of Risk Behavior Reduction, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Family & Sexual Health Division in the Brain & Spinal Cord Injury Research Center (BASIR), Neuroscience Institution, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Moeini
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center & Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Majid Barati
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center & Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Soltanian
- Modeling of Non communicable Diseases Research Center & Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Shahpiri
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Khorasgan Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Ghaleiha
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Bagherikholenjani
- Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran.
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Ajayi AI, Olamijuwon EO. What predicts self-efficacy? Understanding the role of sociodemographic, behavioural and parental factors on condom use self-efficacy among university students in Nigeria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221804. [PMID: 31461479 PMCID: PMC6713390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risky sexual behaviours are not uncommon among young adults particularly those in the higher levels of education. It is known that higher self-efficacy could contribute to better sexual and reproductive health outcomes including the use of condoms. However, there is limited research on the role of socio-demographic, behavioural and parental factors as predictors of condom-use self-efficacy. As a result, this exploratory study was designed to assess the predictors of self-efficacy for condom use among university students in Nigeria. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 755 university students in Nigeria from February to April 2018. Self-efficacy for condom use was assessed by combining responses to 11-items measures of condom self-efficacy drawn from the work of Barkley and colleagues. We fitted a structural equation model to identify the pathways through which socio-demographic, behavioural and parental factors predict two constructs of condom-use self-efficacy (self-efficacy for condom purchase and use and partner communication self-efficacy) in the sample. RESULTS Demographic factors such as age (β = -0.29, p<0.05) and sex (β = 0.42, p<0.05), as well as ratings on religious importance (β = -0.08, p<0.05) were directly associated with self-efficacy for condom purchase and use. These factors showed significantly mediated effects through sexual experience which also had a direct positive relationship (β = 0.73, p<0.05) with self-efficacy for condom purchase and use. The receipt of parental support, on the other hand, was directly associated with higher partner communication efficacy for condom use (β = 0.07, p<0.05). We found no evidence that the level of partner communication efficacy was directly associated with any of the behavioural, demographic or parental factors. CONCLUSION The findings of this study affirm that sex, or age or having higher ratings on religious importance alone does not increases self-efficacy but also exposure to sexual activity through which these factors affect self-efficacy for condom purchase and use. These findings also highlight the need to address and strengthen condom use self-efficacy among young adults, particularly the sexually inexperienced, highly religious and young adults with limited support from their parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Idowu Ajayi
- Population Dynamics and Sexual and Reproductive Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Centre, APHRC Campus, Manga Close, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel Olawale Olamijuwon
- Department of Statistics and Demography, Faculty of Social Science, University of Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), Kwaluseni, Eswatini
- Demography and Population Studies Programme, Schools of Public Health and Social Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Wesche R, Kreager DA, Feinberg ME, Lefkowitz ES. Peer Acceptance and Sexual Behaviors from Adolescence to Young Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:996-1008. [PMID: 30771075 PMCID: PMC6508983 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-00991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Well-liked adolescents are more likely than their peers to engage in sexual behaviors, which may place them at higher risk of negative outcomes such as sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancy. Yet, little is known regarding whether peer acceptance in adolescence predicts sexual outcomes in young adulthood. Understanding developmental links between peer acceptance and sexual outcomes will inform theories of how peers affect health and can help identify targets for health promotion efforts. Using longitudinal sociometric data from 1878 participants in the PROSPER study (54% female, 82% White, mean age = 11.79 at baseline), the present research examined the association of adolescent peer acceptance, reported annually from grades 6-11, with adolescent and young adult sexual outcomes. Well-liked adolescents were more likely to have sexual intercourse by age 16. At age 19, well-liked individuals were more likely to have had sexual intercourse but were less likely to be diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. For boys but not girls, peer acceptance was linked to having more past year sexual partners in young adulthood. Adolescent peer acceptance was not associated with other young adult sexual outcomes, such as sex without a condom or casual sex. Overall, well-liked adolescents demonstrated healthy sexual development into young adulthood, despite a higher likelihood of sexual initiation early in adolescence. Findings demonstrate the importance of peer acceptance for healthy development into young adulthood and suggest that well-liked adolescents may be appropriate targets for peer-led sexual health education programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Wesche
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53202, USA.
| | - Derek A Kreager
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, 206 Oswald Tower, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mark E Feinberg
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 300 Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Eva S Lefkowitz
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, U-1058, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Evcili F, Golbasi Z. The effect of peer education model on sexual myths of Turkish university students: An interventional study. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2019; 55:239-248. [PMID: 30548279 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The research was conducted to determine the effects of peer education model on sexual myths of Turkish university students. DESIGN AND METHODS This is an interventional study. Peer educators were asked to perform educational activities for the intervention group. The participants in the control group were not subjected to any interventions. Data collection tools were simultaneously administered to all students in the intervention (n = 646) and control groups ( n = 532). FINDINGS The Peer Education Program Pertaining to Sexual Myths applied to the interventon group by peer educators is effective in reducing sexual myths and increasing sexual knowledge level. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Peer education model should be integrated into the health education programs by nurses to improve the sexual health and reproductive health of young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Evcili
- Vocational School of Health Care Services, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Zehra Golbasi
- Faculty of Health Science, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Waterman EA, Wesche R, Lefkowitz ES. Longitudinal correlates of peer sexual communication quality in late adolescence. SEXUALITY RESEARCH & SOCIAL POLICY : JOURNAL OF NSRC : SR & SP 2018; 15:421-432. [PMID: 30662574 PMCID: PMC6334762 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-017-0315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Waterman
- Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 316D Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16802
| | - Rose Wesche
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - Eva S Lefkowitz
- Human Development & Family Studies, University of Connecticut
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Settheekul S, Fongkaew W, Viseskul N, Boonchieng W, Voss JG. Factors influencing sexual risk behaviors among adolescents: A community-based participatory study. Nurs Health Sci 2018; 21:186-197. [DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joachim G. Voss
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
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Wrightson-Hester AR, Allan M, Allan A. Nightlife Patrons’ Personal and Descriptive Norms Regarding Sexual Behaviors. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2018.1541744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Allan
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University
| | - Alfred Allan
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University
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Ross LE, Salway T, Tarasoff LA, MacKay JM, Hawkins BW, Fehr CP. Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Among Bisexual People Compared to Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Individuals:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2018; 55:435-456. [PMID: 29099625 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1387755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, evidence has accumulated to suggest that bisexual people experience higher rates of poor mental health outcomes compared to both heterosexual and gay/lesbian individuals. However, no previous meta-analyses have been conducted to establish the magnitude of these disparities. To address this research gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that reported bisexual-specific data on standardized measures of depression or anxiety. Of the 1,074 full-text articles reviewed, 1,023 were ineligible, predominantly because they did not report separate data for bisexual people (n = 562 studies). Ultimately, 52 eligible studies could be pooled in the analysis. Results indicate that across both outcomes, there is a consistent pattern of lowest rates of depression and anxiety among heterosexual people, while bisexual people exhibit higher or equivalent rates in comparison to lesbian/gay people. On the basis of empirical and theoretical literature, we propose three interrelated contributors to these disparities: experiences of sexual orientation-based discrimination, bisexual invisibility/erasure, and lack of bisexual-affirmative support. Implications for interventions to improve the health and well-being of bisexual people are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori E Ross
- a Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto
- b Institute for Mental Health Policy Research , Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
| | - Travis Salway
- a Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto
| | | | - Jenna M MacKay
- b Institute for Mental Health Policy Research , Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
| | - Blake W Hawkins
- c Interdisciplinary Studies Graduate Program , University of British Columbia
| | - Charles P Fehr
- a Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto
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Neighborhood Environments and Sexual Risk Behaviors for HIV Infection Among U.S. Women: A Systematic Review. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:3353-3365. [PMID: 28424970 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Empirical evidence indicates that aspects of the neighborhood environment may affect HIV prevention efforts. Therefore, the neighborhood environment should be considered when implementing prevention interventions. However, much of the empirical evidence is derived from studies conducted among drug users, men, or adolescents. Such evidence may not be as applicable to adult women whose primary risk for HIV infection is via heterosexual sexual behavior. Therefore, a systematic review examining the relationship between neighborhood environments and HIV sexual risk behaviors among adult U.S. women was conducted. Three databases were searched for articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals between 1/1/1980 and 12/31/2016 meeting relevant criteria. Seven articles identified from the three databases or additional hand searches met inclusion criteria and were summarized. Findings were mixed with several studies indicating associations between neighborhood environments and HIV sexual risk behaviors. However, all summarized studies were cross-sectional. Longitudinal studies conducted among women are needed.
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Updegraff KA, Kuo SIC, McHale SM, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Wheeler LA. Parents' Traditional Cultural Values and Mexican-Origin Young Adults' Routine Health and Dental Care. J Adolesc Health 2017; 60:513-519. [PMID: 27988108 PMCID: PMC5542048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the prospective associations between Mexican-origin mothers' and fathers' traditional cultural values and young adults' health and dental care utilization and to test the moderating role of youth gender. METHODS Mexican-origin parents and youth (N = 246 families) participated in home interviews and provided self-reports of parents' cultural values (time 1) and young adults' health status and routine health and dental care (time 2; 5 years later). Logistic regressions tested parents' traditional cultural values as predictors of routine health and dental care, accounting for parent nativity, parent acculturation, family socioeconomic status, youth gender, youth age, and youth physical health status. We also tested whether youth gender moderated the associations between parents' cultural values and young adults' routine care. RESULTS Young adults whose mothers endorsed strong familism values when they were in mid-to-late adolescence were more likely to report at least one routine physician visit in the past year as young adults (odds ratio [OR] = 3.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-9.83, p = .019). Furthermore, for females only, mothers' more traditional gender role attitudes predicted reduced odds of receiving routine health (OR = .22; 95% CI: .08-.64, p = .005) and dental care (OR = .26; 95% CI: .09-.75, p < .012) in young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of examining intragroup variability in culturally specific mechanisms to identify targets for addressing ethnic/racial disparities in health care utilization among Mexican-origin young adults, during a period of increased risk for health-compromising behaviors and reduced access to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Updegraff
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona,Address correspondence to: Kimberly A. Updegraff, Ph.D., T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3701. (K.A. Updegraff)
| | - Sally I-Chun Kuo
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Susan M. McHale
- College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennslyvania
| | - Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Lorey A. Wheeler
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families and Schools, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Nydegger LA, DiFranceisco W, Quinn K, Dickson-Gomez J. Gender Norms and Age-Disparate Sexual Relationships as Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Violence, and Risky Sex among Adolescent Gang Members. J Urban Health 2017; 94:266-275. [PMID: 27538745 PMCID: PMC5391331 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-016-0068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Unequal gender norms and age-disparate sexual relationships can lead to power imbalances and are also associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), sexual coercion and violence, and sexual risk behaviors. The present study examined these variables from both victim and perpetrator perspectives among adolescent gang members. Age-disparate sexual relationships were defined as sex partners 5 or more years older among female participants and 5 or more years younger among male participants. Participants were recruited from a mid-sized Midwestern city and completed a 60-90-min audio computer-assisted self-interview in a community-based setting. Participants in this study included 107 female gang members (68 % African-American, 19 % Latina; mean age, 17.6) and 169 male gang members (62 % African-American, 28 % Latino; mean age, 17.7). As hypothesized, endorsing unequal gender norms toward women was significantly related to IPV victimization among female participants and perpetration among male participants, and engagement in group sex in the past month among both female and male participants (ps < 0.05). Additionally, unequal gender norms were significantly related to male participants' perpetrating rape (p < 0.05). As hypothesized, female gang members who had been in age-disparate sexual relationships were significantly more likely to have experienced more IPV and report being raped and males gang members who had age-disparate sexual relationships were significantly more likely to perpetrate IPV in the past year and perpetrate rape (ps < 0.05). Age-disparate sexual relationships were also significantly related to being gang raped among female gang members and participating in a gang rape among male gang members, and engaging in group sex among both female and male gang members (ps < 0.05). Female participants who had been in age-disparate sexual relationships were more likely to have been pregnant (ps < 0.05). It is essential for researchers and public health practitioners to create programs for female adolescents to reduce or avoid risky situations, such as inability to negotiate condom use with older sex partners. Additionally, programs must be developed for both female and male gang members to help them understand and identify unequal gender norms, and interpersonal and sexual coercion/violence. Early intervention will also be necessary as these adolescent gang members are already engaged in extremely high-risk, coercive, and violent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesl A Nydegger
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53203, USA.
| | - Wayne DiFranceisco
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53203, USA
| | - Katherine Quinn
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53203, USA
| | - Julia Dickson-Gomez
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53203, USA
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Hall KM, Brieger DG, De Silva SH, Pfister BF, Youlden DJ, John-Leader F, Pit SW. Errors and Predictors of Confidence in Condom Use amongst Young Australians Attending a Music Festival. JOURNAL OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 2016; 2016:6054870. [PMID: 27957381 PMCID: PMC5124483 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6054870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To determine the confidence and ability to use condoms correctly and consistently and the predictors of confidence in young Australians attending a festival. Methods. 288 young people aged 18 to 29 attending a mixed-genre music festival completed a survey measuring demographics, self-reported confidence using condoms, ability to use condoms, and issues experienced when using condoms in the past 12 months. Results. Self-reported confidence using condoms was high (77%). Multivariate analyses showed confidence was associated with being male (P < 0.001) and having had five or more lifetime sexual partners (P = 0.038). Reading packet instructions was associated with increased condom use confidence (P = 0.011). Amongst participants who had used a condom in the last year, 37% had experienced the condom breaking and 48% had experienced the condom slipping off during intercourse and 51% when withdrawing the penis after sex. Conclusion. This population of young people are experiencing high rates of condom failures and are using them inconsistently or incorrectly, demonstrating the need to improve attitudes, behaviour, and knowledge about correct and consistent condom usage. There is a need to empower young Australians, particularly females, with knowledge and confidence in order to improve condom use self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina M. Hall
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- University Centre for Rural Health, Western Sydney University, 61 Uralba Street, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Daniel G. Brieger
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- University Centre for Rural Health, Western Sydney University, 61 Uralba Street, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Sukhita H. De Silva
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- University Centre for Rural Health, Western Sydney University, 61 Uralba Street, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Benjamin F. Pfister
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- University Centre for Rural Health, Western Sydney University, 61 Uralba Street, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Youlden
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- University Centre for Rural Health, Western Sydney University, 61 Uralba Street, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Franklin John-Leader
- Harm Reduction and Health Promotion Programs, HIV and Related Programs (HARP), North Coast Public Health, Mid-North Coast Local Health District, P.O. Box 419, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Sabrina W. Pit
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- University Centre for Rural Health, Western Sydney University, 61 Uralba Street, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
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Abstract
The sex-positive framework of sexual development hypothesizes that healthy sexual experiences can be developmentally appropriate and rewarding for adolescents despite the risks involved. Research has not examined whether risky behaviors and rewarding cognitions actually change with sexual debut at a normative or late age. This study measured the longitudinal impact of sexual debut using 7 waves of data from 88 male and 86 female adolescents from a western U.S. city who were in the 10th grade at the study's onset. We used piecewise growth curve analyses to compare behaviors and cognitions before and after first sexual intercourse for those whose debut was at a normative or late age. These analyses revealed that sexual debut was related to rewards, including increases in romantic appeal and sexual satisfaction. In addition, internalizing symptoms declined over time after sexual debut, and substance use grew at a slower rate after sexual debut. We also examined whether differences existed among those whose debut was at an early, normative, or late age. Linear growth curve analyses revealed early sexual debut was related to risks, such as greater substance use, more internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and lower global self-worth. Rewards associated with an early debut included greater romantic appeal, dating satisfaction (males only), and sexual satisfaction (males only). Although there are some inherent risks with sexual activity, the results suggest that sexual debut at a normative or late age is also associated with a decrease in some risks and an increase in rewards. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Kreager DA, Staff J, Gauthier R, Lefkowitz ES, Feinberg ME. The Double Standard at Sexual Debut: Gender, Sexual Behavior and Adolescent Peer Acceptance. SEX ROLES 2016; 75:377-392. [PMID: 27833252 PMCID: PMC5098900 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-016-0618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A sexual double standard in adolescence has important implications for sexual development and gender inequality. The present study uses longitudinal social network data (N = 914; 11-16 years of age) to test if gender moderates associations between adolescents' sexual behaviors and peer acceptance. Consistent with a traditional sexual double standard, female adolescents who reported having sex had significant decreases in peer acceptance over time, whereas male adolescents reporting the same behavior had significant increases in peer acceptance. This pattern was observed net of respondents' own perceived friendships, further suggesting that the social responses to sex vary by gender of the sexual actor. However, findings for "making out" showed a reverse double standard, such that female adolescents reporting this behavior had increases in peer acceptance and male adolescents reporting the same behavior had decreases in peer acceptance over time. Results thus suggest that peers enforce traditional sexual scripts for both "heavy" and "light" sexual behaviors during adolescence. These findings have important implications for sexual health education, encouraging educators to develop curricula that emphasize the gendered social construction of sexuality and to combat inequitable and stigmatizing peer responses to real or perceived deviations from traditional sexual scripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Kreager
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Jeremy Staff
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - Eva S Lefkowitz
- Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University
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Abstract
Human adolescents engage in very high rates of unprotected sex. This behavior has a high potential for unintended, serious, and sustained health consequences including HIV/AIDS. Despite these serious health consequences, we know little about the neural and cognitive factors that influence adolescents' decision-making around sex, and their potential overlap with behaviorally co-occurring risk behaviors, including alcohol use. Thus, in this review, we evaluate the developmental neuroscience of sexual risk and alcohol use for human adolescents with an eye to relevant prevention and intervention implications.
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Maas MK, Shearer CL, Gillen MM, Lefkowitz ES. Sex Rules: Emerging Adults' Perceptions of Gender's Impact on Sexuality. SEXUALITY & CULTURE 2015; 19:617-636. [PMID: 26478696 PMCID: PMC4607079 DOI: 10.1007/s12119-015-9281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Past research often explains gender differences in sexual behavior according to differences in social norms for men and women. Yet, individuals' perceptions and internalizations of current social norms are not well understood. This study aimed to examine emerging adults' perceptions of how being male or female impacts their sexuality and how their perceptions would differ if they were another gender. Participants (N = 205) were college students, 61% female, and ranged from age 18-25 (M = 20.5, SD = 1.7). Participants answered open-ended questions about gender and responses were coded for content, positive tone, and negative tone. In describing how being female affected their sexual thoughts and feelings, women were more likely than men to focus on reputation concerns and describe limits and contexts in which sexual behavior was acceptable. In describing how being male affected their sexual thoughts and feelings, men were more likely than women to focus on issues of desire. Women's perceptions about how their sexual thoughts and feelings would differ if they were male were consistent with men's perceptions of their own gender's actual impact on sexuality, and vice versa. Women's descriptions of their own gender's impact on sexuality were more emotionally laden than men's. Finally, being older was associated with less negative and more positive emotional tone in men's and women's responses respectively.
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Shea M, Wong YJ, Wang S, Wang S, Jimenez V, Hickman SJ, LaFollette JR. Toward a Constructionist Perspective of Examining Femininity Experience. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684313509591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The social constructionist perspective has become a useful framework for understanding women’s psychological experiences. However, tools for examining how women construct meanings of their experiences as female in relevant social situations remain limited. Over two studies, our article describes the development and psychometric properties of the Subjective Femininity Stress Scale (SFSS), which assesses women’s stress associated with their subjective experiences of being female. Participants ( N = 468) described their personal experiences of what it means to be a woman by completing the sentence “As a woman…” 10 times; participants then rated how often each of the femininity experiences was stressful for them. Participants’ qualitative responses were coded based on 20 dimensions of femininity experiences, and their relationships with SFSS scores were examined. Study 1 provided evidence for test–retest reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity of the SFSS. Study 2 demonstrated concurrent and incremental validity of the SFSS. Several dimensions of femininity experiences were significantly correlated with women’s stress appraisal. The open-ended nature of the SFSS is easy to administer in clinical and organizational settings. The dual qualitative/quantitative aspects of the SFSS enable clients to create personally relevant meanings for their femininity experiences while also providing a stress index for exploring links with health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munyi Shea
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Y. Joel Wong
- Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Sandy Wang
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sherry Wang
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Jimenez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah J. Hickman
- Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Julie R. LaFollette
- Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
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