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Wang Z, Guo L, Yuan C, Zhu C, Li J, Zhong H, Mao P, Li J, Cui L, Dong J, Liu K, Meng X, Zhu G, Wang H. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius induces pyroptosis of canine corneal epithelial cells by activating the ROS-NLRP3 signalling pathway. Virulence 2024; 15:2333271. [PMID: 38515339 PMCID: PMC10984133 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2333271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius) is a common pathogen that causes canine corneal ulcers. However, the pathogenesis remained unclear. In this study, it has been demonstrated that S. pseudintermedius invaded canine corneal epithelial cells (CCECs) intracellularly, mediating oxidative damage and pyroptosis by promoting the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. The canine corneal stroma was infected with S. pseudintermedius to establish the canine corneal ulcer model in vivo. The intracellular infectious model in CCECs was established in vitro to explore the mechanism of the ROS - NLRP3 signalling pathway during the S. pseudintermedius infection by adding NAC or MCC950. Results showed that the expression of NLRP3 and gasdermin D (GSDMD) proteins increased significantly in the infected corneas (p < 0.01). The intracellular infection of S. pseudintermedius was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescent 3D imaging. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that ROS and pyroptosis rates increased in the experimental group in contrast to the control group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, NAC or MCC950 inhibited activation of the ROS - NLRP3 signalling pathway and pyroptosis rate significantly, by suppressing pro-IL-1β, cleaved-IL-1β, pro-caspase-1, cleaved-caspase-1, NLRP3, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, and HMGB1 proteins. Thus, the research confirmed that oxidative damage and pyroptosis were involved in the process of CCECs infected with S. pseudintermedius intracellularly by the ROS - NLRP3 signalling pathway. The results enrich the understanding of the mechanisms of canine corneal ulcers and facilitate the development of new medicines and prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Long Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changning Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoran Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junsheng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kangjun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Roberts E, Nuttall TJ, Gkekas G, Mellanby RJ, Fitzgerald JR, Paterson GK. Not just in man's best friend: A review of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius host range and human zoonosis. Res Vet Sci 2024; 174:105305. [PMID: 38805894 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is one species in the commensal staphylococcal population in dogs. While it is commonly carried on healthy companion dogs it is also an opportunistic pathogen associated with a range of skin, ear, wound and other infections. While adapted to dogs, it is not restricted to them, and we have reviewed its host range, including increasing reports of human colonisation and infections. Despite its association with pet dogs, S. pseudintermedius is found widely in animals, covering companion, livestock and free-living species of birds and mammals. Human infections, typically in immunocompromised individuals, are increasingly being recognised, in part due to improved diagnosis. Colonisation, infection, and antimicrobial resistance, including frequent multidrug resistance, among S. pseudintermedius isolates represent important One Health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roberts
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - T J Nuttall
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - G Gkekas
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J R Fitzgerald
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - G K Paterson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Spratt HG, Millis N, Levine D, Brackett J, Millis D. Bacterial Contamination of Environmental Surfaces of Veterinary Rehabilitation Clinics. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1896. [PMID: 38998008 PMCID: PMC11240356 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria on veterinary clinic surfaces may be problematic. In this study, we collected swab samples (Fisherbrand, double transport swabs with Stuart's liquid medium) and water samples from five veterinary rehabilitation clinics. Swabs and water samples were transported to a microbiology lab for processing. At the lab, swabs were used to inoculate Hardy's Cdiff Banana Broth (for Clostridium difficile [Cdiff]) and five different types of bacterial growth media, including Hardy CHROM MRSA agar (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] and S. pseudintermedius [SIM]), mannitol salt agar (S. aureus [SA]), eosin methylene blue agar (enterics [ENT]), Pseudomonas isolation agar (Pseudomonas spp. [PS]), and tryptic soy agar [TSA] (non-specific). The most prominent presumptive species cultured was Cdiff (on nearly 55% of swabs). Bacillus spp. and enteric bacteria were encountered on nearly 35% of swabs, with MRSA and SIM on just over 10% of swabs. The most contaminated sample site was harnesses/life jackets used with the underwater treadmill (33% of swabs). The underwater treadmill water had total bacterial counts from 1,600 to 2,800 cfu/mL. Of all presumptive bacterial species detected, SIM tends to be more pathogenic for dogs. Targeted cleaning/disinfecting in these clinics could help reduce risks for both animals and caregivers utilizing these clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry G. Spratt
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA;
| | - Nicholas Millis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (N.M.); (D.M.)
| | - David Levine
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA;
| | - Jenna Brackett
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA;
| | - Darryl Millis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (N.M.); (D.M.)
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Meroni G, Laterza G, Tsikopoulos A, Tsikopoulos K, Vitalini S, Scaglia B, Iriti M, Bonizzi L, Martino PA, Soggiu A. Antibacterial Potential of Essential Oils and Silver Nanoparticles against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolates. Pathogens 2024; 13:156. [PMID: 38392894 PMCID: PMC10893185 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an emergent zoonotic agent associated with multidrug resistance (MDR). This work aimed to describe the antibacterial activity of four essential oils (EOs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against 15 S. pseudintermedius strains isolated from pyoderma. The four EOs, namely Rosmarinus officinalis (RO), Juniperus communis (GI), Citrus sinensis (AR), and Abies alba (AB), and AgNPs were used alone and in combination to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). All strains were MDR and methicillin-resistant. Among the antibiotic cohort, only rifampicin, doxycycline, and amikacin were effective. EOs' chemical analysis revealed 124 compounds belonging to various chemical classes. Of them, 35 were found in AR, 75 in AB, 77 in GI, and 57 in RO. The monoterpenic fraction prevailed over the sesquiterpenic in all EOs. When EOs were tested alone, AB showed the lowest MIC followed by GI, AR, and RO (with values ranging from 1:128 to 1:2048). MBC increased in the following order: AB, AR, GI, and RO (with values ranging from 1:512 to 1:2048). MIC and MBC values for AgNPs were 10.74 mg/L ± 4.23 and 261.05 mg/L ± 172.74. In conclusion, EOs and AgNPs could limit the use of antibiotics or improve the efficacy of conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Meroni
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Giulia Laterza
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alexios Tsikopoulos
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Konstantinos Tsikopoulos
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Sara Vitalini
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Barbara Scaglia
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marcello Iriti
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
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Guimarães L, Teixeira IM, da Silva IT, Antunes M, Pesset C, Fonseca C, Santos AL, Côrtes MF, Penna B. Epidemiologic case investigation on the zoonotic transmission of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius among dogs and their owners. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16 Suppl 1:183-189. [PMID: 37973497 PMCID: PMC10663588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs often carry methicillin-resistant Staphylococci asymptomatically. These bacteria are frequently linked to conditions such as canine pyoderma and otitis. Close interaction between dogs and humans can facilitate the exchange of resistant strains, particularly Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP). This represents a public health issue, since these strains, in addition to occasionally causing infections in humans, can also serve as a source of resistance and virulence genes for strains of greater importance in human medicine, such as Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, MRSP strains are often multidrug resistant, which ends up compromising the treatment of infections. This study aimed to assess the potential transmission of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius among dogs and their owners. We examined a total of one hundred canine samples collected from cases of pyoderma and otitis to detect the presence of staphylococci. Simultaneously, we conducted evaluations on all dog owners. Staphylococci strains were identified using MALDI-TOF MS and PCR targeting the nuc gene. Methicillin resistance screening was also performed by detecting the mecA gene using PCR. Among the sampled dogs, 64 carried S. pseudintermedius. Nine were identified as MRSP. In six instances, dogs and their owners exhibited S. pseudintermedius. These samples underwent genome sequencing and were screened for antimicrobial resistance genes, SCCmec typing, MLST characterization, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) analyses. The results of the phylogenetic analysis revealed that in three cases, dogs and owners had closely related isolates, suggesting interspecies transmission. Two of these cases involved MRSP and one MSSP. Moreover, in the two MRSP cases, the same SCCmec type (type V) was detected. Additionally, the sequence type was consistent across all three cases involving dogs and owners (MSSP ST2277, MRSP ST2282, and ST2286). These findings strongly indicate a transmission event. Since Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is primarily isolated from canine samples, it is plausible that dogs may have acted as a potential source. In the remaining three cases, despite identifying the same species in both samples, they had notable phylogenetic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Guimarães
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram positivos, Instituto Biomédico, UFF, Brazil; Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil
| | - Izabel Mello Teixeira
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram positivos, Instituto Biomédico, UFF, Brazil; Graduate Program in Microbiology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Isabella Thomaz da Silva
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram positivos, Instituto Biomédico, UFF, Brazil; Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil
| | - Milena Antunes
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram positivos, Instituto Biomédico, UFF, Brazil; Graduate Program in Microbiology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Camilla Pesset
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram positivos, Instituto Biomédico, UFF, Brazil
| | - Carolina Fonseca
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram positivos, Instituto Biomédico, UFF, Brazil; Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Santos
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram positivos, Instituto Biomédico, UFF, Brazil
| | - Marina Farrel Côrtes
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica LIM49, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, USP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Penna
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram positivos, Instituto Biomédico, UFF, Brazil; Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil.
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de Alcântara LP, Santana JA, Clark Xavier RG, Tinoco HP, Coelho CM, Dos Santos DO, Santos RL, Nogueira de Carvalho MP, Silveira Silva RO. ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPP. ISOLATED FROM FELIDS AND CANIDS IN BELO HORIZONTE ZOO, BRAZIL. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:584-592. [PMID: 37817625 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of Staphylococcus spp. has become a major concern among humans and animals due to increasing antimicrobial resistance and frequent reports of infection. Despite the importance of animals as reservoirs for staphylococci, little is known about the epidemiology of Staphylococcus spp. in most nondomestic species, including canids and felids. This study evaluated the frequency, distribution, and patterns of antimicrobial resistance of staphylococcal species isolated from captive felids and canids from Belo Horizonte Zoo, Brazil. Rectal, oral, and nasal swabs from apparently healthy maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus, n= 7), a lion (Panthera leo, n = 1), jaguars (Panthera onca, n = 3), and one swab of a cougar (Puma concolor) with an ear infection were streaked onto mannitol salt agar. Colonies identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, polymerase chain reaction for the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains were subjected to multilocus sequence typing. Staphylococcus species were isolated from 24 of the 34 samples (70.6%). Among the isolated strains, S. pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus felis were the most frequent species (41.7 and 25%, respectively). Five novel sequence types were identified among the S. pseudintermedius isolates. Resistance to tetracycline (7/24, 29.2%) or penicillin (6/23, 26.1%) was significantly higher than the other antimicrobial agents tested (P < 0.05). One isolate, Staphylococcus nepalensis, was positive for mecA and resistant to five antimicrobials, and was thus classified as multidrug-resistant. The present work suggests that maned wolves are natural hosts of SIG and also reports the isolation of S. felis in sick and healthy, captive, nondomestic carnivores. The isolated staphylococci were susceptible to most classes of antimicrobials tested. However, the multidrug-resistance capability of an S. nepalensis strain reinforces the hypothesis that felids and canids act as reservoirs of pathogens with antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordana Almeida Santana
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31270-901
| | | | - Herlandes Penha Tinoco
- Municipal Parks and Zoobotanic Foundation of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31365-450
| | - Carlyle Mendes Coelho
- Municipal Parks and Zoobotanic Foundation of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31365-450
| | | | - Renato Lima Santos
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31270-901
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Portilho FVR, Nóbrega J, de Almeida BO, Mota AR, de Paula CL, Listoni FJP, Bosco SMG, Oliveira AL, Cunha MDLRS, Ribeiro MG. Microbial Complexity of Oral Cavity of Healthy Dogs Identified by Mass Spectrometry and Next-Generation Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2467. [PMID: 37570276 PMCID: PMC10417733 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The high complexity of the oral microbiota of healthy dogs and the close exposure of humans to companion animals represent a risk of the transmission of potential zoonotic microorganisms to humans, especially through dog bites, including multidrug-resistant ones. Nonetheless, a limited number of comprehensive studies have focused on the diversity of the microorganisms that inhabit the oral cavities of healthy dogs, particularly based on modern molecular techniques. We investigated bacterial and fungal organisms in the oral cavities of 100 healthy dogs based on a combination of conventional and selective microbiological culture, mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and next-generation sequencing. In addition, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates and mecA resistance gene were assessed. A total of 213 bacteria and 20 fungi were isolated. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (40/100 = 40%), α-hemolytic Streptococcus (37/100 = 37%), and Pasteurella stomatis (22/100 = 22%) were the most prevalent bacteria diagnosed by microbiological culture and MALDI-TOF MS, whereas Aspergillus (10/100 = 10%) was the most common fungi identified. Based on next-generation sequencing of selected 20 sampled dogs, Porphyromonas (32.5%), Moraxella (16.3%), Fusobacterium (12.8%), Conchiformibius (9.5%), Bergeyella (5%), Campylobacter (3.8%), and Capnocytophaga (3.4%) genera were prevalent. A high multidrug resistance rate was observed in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates, particularly to azithromycin (19/19 = 100%), penicillin (15/19 = 78.9%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (15/19 = 78.9%). In addition, the mecA resistance gene was detected in 6.1% (3/49) of coagulase-positive staphylococci. Here, we highlight the microbial complexity of the oral mucosa of healthy dogs, including potential zoonotic microorganisms and multidrug-resistant bacteria, contributing with the investigation of the microbiota and antimicrobial resistance patterns of the microorganisms that inhabit the oral cavity of healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio V. R. Portilho
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (B.O.d.A.); (A.R.M.); (C.L.d.P.); (F.J.P.L.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Juliano Nóbrega
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil;
| | - Beatriz O. de Almeida
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (B.O.d.A.); (A.R.M.); (C.L.d.P.); (F.J.P.L.); (M.G.R.)
| | - André R. Mota
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (B.O.d.A.); (A.R.M.); (C.L.d.P.); (F.J.P.L.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Carolina L. de Paula
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (B.O.d.A.); (A.R.M.); (C.L.d.P.); (F.J.P.L.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Fernando J. P. Listoni
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (B.O.d.A.); (A.R.M.); (C.L.d.P.); (F.J.P.L.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Sandra M. G. Bosco
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil (A.L.O.); (M.d.L.R.S.C.)
| | - Alana L. Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil (A.L.O.); (M.d.L.R.S.C.)
| | - Maria de Lourdes R. S. Cunha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil (A.L.O.); (M.d.L.R.S.C.)
| | - Márcio G. Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (B.O.d.A.); (A.R.M.); (C.L.d.P.); (F.J.P.L.); (M.G.R.)
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8
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Östholm Balkhed Å, Söderlund R, Gunnarsson L, Wikström C, Ljung H, Claesson C, Börjesson S. An investigation of household dogs as the source in a case of human bacteraemia caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2023; 13:2229578. [PMID: 37416510 PMCID: PMC10321180 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2023.2229578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a commensal and an opportunistic pathogen in dogs, and is also an opportunistic pathogen in humans. Here we report about a case of bacteraemia with a fatal outcome in a 77-year-old co-morbid male likely caused by a S. pseudintermedius and the investigation into the possible transmission from the two dogs in the patient's household. The two dogs carried the same S. pseudintermedius strain, but this dog strain was unrelated to the strain from the patient. In contrast to the patient strain, the dog strain showed reduced susceptibility to several antibiotics and both dogs had received antibiotic treatment prior to sampling. So, it is conceivable that these treatments can have eliminated the patient's strain between the transmission event and the dog sampling. It is also worth noting that the patient strain was positive for the expA gene, which encodes an exfoliative toxin closely related to the S. aureus exfoliative toxin B. This toxin has been linked to canine pyoderma, but its effect on humans remains unknown. Transmission of S. pseudintermedius was confirmed in the household between the dogs. However, we could not verify that the dogs were the source for the S. pseudintermedius in the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åse Östholm Balkhed
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Söderlund
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lotta Gunnarsson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Wikström
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Ljung
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carina Claesson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stefan Börjesson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Sobkowich KE, Weese JS, Poljak Z, Plum A, Szlosek D, Bernardo TM. Epidemiology of companion animal AMR in the United States of America: filling a gap in the one health approach. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1161950. [PMID: 37397773 PMCID: PMC10313394 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1161950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health concern that affects all aspects of the One Health Triad, including human, animal, and environmental health. Companion animals, such as cats and dogs, may contribute to the spread of AMR through their close contact with humans and the frequent prescription of antimicrobials. However, research on AMR in companion animals is limited, and there are few surveillance measures in place to monitor the spread of resistant pathogens in the United States. Methods This study aims to explore the practicality of using data from commercial laboratory antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) services for epidemiological analyses of AMR in companion animals in the United States. Results The study analyzed 25,147,300 individual AST results from cats and dogs submitted to a large commercial diagnostic laboratory in the United States between 2019 and 2021, and found that resistance to certain antimicrobials was common in both E. coli and S. pseudintermedius strains. Conclusion There has been a paucity of information regarding AMR in companion animals in comparison to human, environmental and other animal species. Commercial AST datasets may prove beneficial in providing more representation to companion animals within the One Health framework for AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis E. Sobkowich
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Andy Plum
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, United States
| | | | - Theresa M. Bernardo
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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10
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Breyer GM, Saggin BF, de Carli S, da Silva MERJ, da Costa MM, Brenig B, Azevedo VADC, Cardoso MRDI, Siqueira FM. Virulent potential of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106911. [PMID: 36965612 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a zoonotic pathogen responsible for several infectious diseases in pet animals, yet its pathogenic potential is not fully understood. Thus, this study aims to unravel the virulence profile of S. pseudintermedius from canine origin. Methicillin-resistant (MRSP) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSP) strains were isolated from different infection sites and their genotypic and phenotypic features were compared to determine the clinical implications of MRSP and MSSP strains. Bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF and 16S-rDNA sequencing. In addition, we used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for strains' sequence type (ST) determination and phylogenetic relationship. The strains were screened for toxin genes, including cytotoxins (lukS, lukF), exfoliative toxin (siet), enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, secCanine, sel, sem, and seq) and toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst-1). In vitro phenotypic analyses assessing antimicrobial susceptibility profile, biofilm formation ability, and expression of extracellular matrix components were performed. The investigated S. pseudintermedius strains belong to 17 unique ST, most of which were classified as ST71. MSSP and MRSP strains shared siet, lukS, and lukF virulence markers. Our findings showed that some MSSP strains also harbored sel, seq, and sem enterotoxin genes, suggesting a more diverse virulence profile. All MRSP strains and 77% of MSSP strains were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR). Moreover, all investigated S. pseudintermedius strains showed strong biofilm formation ability. In summary, our findings highlight the wide spread of highly virulent and drug-resistant zoonotic S. pseudintermedius strains, being a potential concern for One Health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Merker Breyer
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária (LaBacVet), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bianca Fagundes Saggin
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária (LaBacVet), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Silvia de Carli
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária (LaBacVet), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Rocha Jacques da Silva
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária (LaBacVet), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Bertram Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology of Livestock, Georg August University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular e Celular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marisa Ribeiro de Itapema Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária (LaBacVet), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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11
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Moses IB, Santos FF, Gales AC. Human Colonization and Infection by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: An Emerging and Underestimated Zoonotic Pathogen. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030581. [PMID: 36985155 PMCID: PMC10057476 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
S. pseudintermedius is a known resident of the skin and mucous membranes and a constituent of the normal microbiota of dogs. It has also been recognized as an opportunistic and zoonotic pathogen that is able to colonize humans and cause severe diseases, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Most importantly, methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), which is intrinsically multidrug-resistant, has emerged with serious public health consequences. The epidemiological situation is further exacerbated with reports of its zoonotic transmission and human infections which have been mostly attributed to the increasing frequency of dog ownership and close contact between dogs and humans. Evidence on the zoonotic transmission of MRSP from pet dogs to humans (such as dog owners, small-animal veterinarians, and other people in close proximity to dogs) is limited, especially due to the misidentification of S. pseudintermedius as S. aureus. Despite this fact, reports on the increasing emergence and spread of MRSP in humans have been increasing steadily over the years since its first documented report in 2006 in Belgium. The emergence of MRSP strains has further compromised treatment outcomes in both veterinary and human medicine as these strains are resistant to beta-lactam antimicrobials usually prescribed as first line treatment. Frustratingly, the limited awareness and surveillance of the zoonotic transmission of S. pseudintermedius have underestimated their extent of transmission, prevalence, epidemiology, and public health significance. In order to fill this gap of information, this review focused on detailed reports on zoonotic transmission, human colonization, and infections by S. pseudintermedius, their pathogenic features, antimicrobial resistance profiles, epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. In writing this review, we searched Web of Science, PubMed, and SCOPUS databases using the keyword “Staphylococcus pseudintermedius AND humans”. A phylogenetic tree to determine the genetic relatedness/diversity of publicly available genomes of S. pseudintermedius was also constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo–UNIFESP, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki PMB 053, Nigeria
| | - Fernanda Fernandes Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo–UNIFESP, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Gales
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo–UNIFESP, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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12
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Lord J, Millis N, Jones RD, Johnson B, Kania SA, Odoi A. An epidemiological study of the predictors of multidrug resistance and methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus spp. isolated from canine specimens submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Tennessee, USA. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15012. [PMID: 36992942 PMCID: PMC10042164 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding drivers of multidrug resistance (MDR) and methicillin resistance, which have increased among canine staphylococcal isolates, is essential for guiding antimicrobial use practices. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify predictors of MDR and methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus spp. commonly isolated from canine clinical specimens. Methods This retrospective study used records of canine specimens submitted to the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Clinical Bacteriology Laboratory for bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing between 2006 and 2017. Records from 7,805 specimens positive for the following Staphylococcus species were included for analysis: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus coagulans (formerly Staphylococcus schleiferi subspecies coagulans), and Staphylococcus schleiferi (formerly S. schleiferi subsp. schleiferi). Generalized linear regression models were fit using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to identify predictors of MDR (defined as resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes) and methicillin resistance among these isolates. Results Multidrug resistance (42.1%) and methicillin resistance (31.8%) were relatively common. Isolates from skeletal (joint and bone) specimens had the highest levels of MDR (51.3%) and methicillin resistance (43.6%), followed by cutaneous specimens (45.8% multidrug-resistant, 37.1% methicillin resistant). Staphylococcus species, specimen site, and clinical setting were significant (p < 0.01) predictors of both outcomes. Compared to S. pseudintermedius, S. schleiferi had higher odds of methicillin resistance, while S. coagulans and S. schleiferi had lower odds of MDR. The odds of both MDR and methicillin resistance for isolates from hospital patient specimens were significantly higher than those from referral patients for urine/bladder and otic specimens. Odds of MDR among isolates from skeletal specimens of hospital patients were also higher than those of referral patients. Conclusions Staphylococcus isolates in this study had substantial levels of MDR and methicillin resistance. Differences in the odds of these outcomes between referral and hospital patient isolates did not persist for all specimen sites, which may reflect differences in diagnostic testing and antimicrobial use practices with respect to body site or system. Judicious antimicrobial use, informed by culture and susceptibility testing, is important to limit treatment failures and curb selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lord
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Nick Millis
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Rebekah Duckett Jones
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Brian Johnson
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Kania
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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13
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Pérez-Aranda M, Pajuelo E, Navarro-Torre S, Pérez-Palacios P, Begines B, Rodríguez-Llorente ID, Torres Y, Alcudia A. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effect of 4,4'-Dihydroxy-azobenzene against Clinically Resistant Staphylococci. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121800. [PMID: 36551456 PMCID: PMC9774766 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic resistance among human and animal pathogens is one of the more significant public health concerns. Moreover, the restrictions on the use of particular antibiotics can limit the options for the treatment of infections in veterinary clinical practice. In this context, searching for alternative antimicrobial substances is crucial nowadays. In this study, 4,4'-dihydroxy-azobenzene (DHAB) was tested for its potential in vitro as an antimicrobial agent against two relevant human and animal pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. The values of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were 64 and 32 mg/L respectively, and they comparable to other azo compounds of probed antimicrobial activity. In addition, the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MCB) were 256 and 64 mg/L. The mechanism by which DHAB produces toxicity in staphylococci has been investigated. DHAB caused membrane damage as revealed by the increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) such as malondialdehyde. Furthermore, differential induction of the enzymes peroxidases and superoxide dismutase in S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius suggested their prevalent role in ROS-scavenging due to the oxidative burst induced by this compound in either species. In addition, this substance was able to inhibit the formation of biofilms by both bacteria as observed by colorimetric tests and scanning electron microscopy. In order to assess the relevance of DHAB against clinical strains of MRSA, 10 clinical isolates resistant to either methicillin or daptomycin were assayed; 80% of them gave values of CMI and CMB similar to those of the control S. aureus strain. Finally, cutaneous plasters containing a composite formed by an agar base supplemented with DHAB were designed. These plasters were able to inhibit in vitro the growth of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius, particularly the later, and this suggests that this substance could be a promising candidate as an alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of animal skin infections, as it has been proven that the toxicity of this substance is very low particularly at a dermal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pérez-Aranda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eloísa Pajuelo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.A.); Tel.: +34-954556924 (E.P.); +34-954556740 (A.A.)
| | - Salvadora Navarro-Torre
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-Palacios
- UGC Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología Clínica y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Belén Begines
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ignacio D. Rodríguez-Llorente
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Yadir Torres
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencia de los Materiales y del Transporte, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Virgen de África 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Alcudia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.A.); Tel.: +34-954556924 (E.P.); +34-954556740 (A.A.)
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14
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Penna B, Silva MB, Botelho AMN, Ferreira FA, Ramundo MS, Silva-Carvalho MC, Rabello RF, Vieira-da-Motta O, Figueiredo AMS. Detection of the international lineage ST71 of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in two cities in Rio de Janeiro State. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:2335-2341. [PMID: 36319942 PMCID: PMC9679067 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the main coagulase-positive staphylococci associated with canine skin/soft tissue infections (SSTI), otitis externa, and surgical site infections. The international spread of an epidemic and multiresistant lineage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), the so-called European clone-displaying sequence type (ST) 71-requires attention. The first isolation of an MRSP ST71 isolate in South America was reported in Rio de Janeiro city, in 2010; however, a limited number of canine isolates were analyzed. Thus, to have a better panel of the MRSP spread in this city, we were stimulated to continue this study and search for the presence of MRSP in 282 colonized or infected dogs in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Among the MRSP isolates collected (N = 17; 6.1%), the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were similar to those of European clone. All 17 isolates were classified as ST71 by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). In order to assess whether isolates of MRSP ST71 may have also spread to the Rio de Janeiro state countryside, we collected samples from 124 infected dogs in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes (232 km away from Rio de Janeiro city). Our data showed the presence of ST71 lineage in one isolate among three MRSP detected. S. pseudintermedius was isolated from 40.6% of the clinical samples (N = 165/406). A relatively high incidence of methicillin resistance, detected by a PCR-based method, was found in 12.1% of the S. pseudintermedius recovered from animals (N = 20/165). The resistance profile of these isolates was similar to that described for the international ST71 strains whose genomes are publicly available in the GenBank. The prospect of ST71 isolates being resistant to virtually all antimicrobials used in veterinary medicine is alarming and should be considered a central issue considering that MRSP ST71 spreads over large geographic distances and its transmission from animals to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Penna
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Bactérias Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcella B Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Bactérias Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal - Setor Doenças Infectocontagiosas, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Macae, Brazil
| | - Ana M N Botelho
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Fabienne A Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Bactérias Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia E Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Ramundo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Bactérias Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas E Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo (IMT-FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C Silva-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Bactérias Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata F Rabello
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Olney Vieira-da-Motta
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal - Setor Doenças Infectocontagiosas, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Macae, Brazil
| | - Agnes M S Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Bactérias Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Rampacci E, Felicetti T, Pietrella D, Sabatini S, Passamonti F. Drug efflux transporters in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: in silico prediction and characterization of resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:3283-3290. [PMID: 36173389 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform an in silico prediction of drug efflux pumps (EPs) in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and investigate their role in conferring resistance to antibiotic and biocidal agents and biofilm formation. METHODS A S. pseudintermedius efflux mutant was obtained by stimulating an isogenic line (ATCC 49444) with increasing concentrations of an efflux system substrate. Changes in antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm-forming capability were evaluated in the presence/absence of the EP inhibitors (EPIs) thioridazine and reserpine and the efflux activity was assayed by fluorometry. Homologues of EPs of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were searched by exploratory GenBank investigations. Gene expression analyses and sequencing were then conducted on selected genes. RESULTS Susceptibility to chlorhexidine, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, but not enrofloxacin, was affected by the increased efflux and it was variably restored by the EPIs. The efflux mutant showed much greater biofilm formation that the original strain, which was significantly inhibited by thioridazine and reserpine at MIC/2. A high expression of norA, which was mgrA-independent, was found in the S. pseudintermedius efflux mutant, apparently regulated by an 11 bp deletion in its promoter region, whilst lmrB was transitorily overexpressed. icaA, which encodes the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin forming the extracellular matrix of staphylococcal biofilm, was also up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS EPs, particularly NorA, are supposed to have complex involvement in multiple stages of resistance development. Overexpression of EPs appears to be correlated with a remarkable increase of S. pseudintermedius biofilm production; however, the regulatory mechanisms remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rampacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Donatella Pietrella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, via Gambuli 1, Perugia 06156, Italy
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Passamonti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy
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Wang Z, Guo L, Li J, Li J, Cui L, Dong J, Meng X, Qian C, Wang H. Antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence factors of isolates of staphylococcus pseudintermedius from healthy dogs and dogs with keratitis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:903633. [PMID: 36032292 PMCID: PMC9399793 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.903633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine bacterial keratitis is a common infection that can potentially threaten vision. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius) is an opportunistic pathogen that has been isolated from the canine conjunctival sac but there are only a few reports on the role of this bacterium in canine keratitis. This study focused on the distribution rate of S. pseudintermedius in the canine conjunctival sac, and the antibiotic resistance, biofilm-producing ability, and dissemination of virulence factors in strains of S. pseudintermedius isolated from healthy dogs and dogs with keratitis. The study included 35 healthy dogs and 40 dogs with keratitis. Bacterial species were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF MS). Strains of S. pseudintermedius were screened for resistance against nine different antibiotics by the Kirby–Bauer assay. The ability to produce biofilm was investigated by microtiter plate assay (MtP) and amplification of icaA and icaD genes. Virulence factors in the strains were also evaluated. A total of 132 aerobic bacteria were isolated from the 119 samples in the study. Among them, 67 bacterial strains were isolated from 70 eyes of healthy dogs, and 65 bacterial strains were isolated from 49 eyes of dogs with keratitis. The prevalence of S. pseudintermedius, which was the most frequent bacterial isolate in both the groups, was 20.9% in the healthy group and 23.08% in the keratitis group. Most of the isolates of S. pseudintermedius were sensitive to rifampin (96.6%), oxacillin (100%), and neomycin (96.6%), and resistant to tetracycline (96.6%). Virulence factors such as lip (96.6%), hlgB (96.6%), and hlgA (96.6%) were found in most of the isolates, and 89.66% of isolates were classed as biofilm producers. In conclusion, S. pseudintermedius was the common bacterium in the conjunctivital sac of the healthy dogs and dogs with keratitis in Yangzhou, China, and the presence of virulence factors and biofilm-formation ability were high in the strains isolated from the dogs with keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Long Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junsheng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Heng Wang
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Lord J, Millis N, Jones RD, Johnson B, Kania SA, Odoi A. Patterns of antimicrobial, multidrug and methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus spp. isolated from canine specimens submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Tennessee, USA: a descriptive study. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:91. [PMID: 35255907 PMCID: PMC8903740 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug- and methicillin-resistant staphylococci are both veterinary and public health concerns due to their zoonotic potential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate patterns of antimicrobial, multidrug, and methicillin resistance among four Staphylococcus spp. commonly isolated from canine clinical specimens submitted to the Clinical Bacteriology Laboratory at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine (UTCVM). Methods Results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and mecA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for isolates of four common Staphylococcus spp. isolates were obtained from the Bacteriology Laboratory at the UTCVM between 01/01/2006 and 12/31/2017. Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to assess temporal trends of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), multidrug resistance (MDR), and methicillin resistance. Kappa test of agreement was used to assess agreement between the results of PCR and disk diffusion tests. Results Most of the 7805 isolates were S. pseudintermedius (6453 isolates), followed by S. coagulans (860), S. aureus (330), and S. schleiferi (162). Among S. pseudintermedius isolates, 45.5% were MDR, and 30.8% were methicillin-resistant (MRSP). There was a significant temporal increase in MRSP (p = 0.017). Chloramphenicol resistance increased among both MRSP and methicillin-susceptible (MSSP) isolates (p < 0.0001). Among S. aureus isolates, 40.9% were MDR, 37.4% were methicillin-resistant (MRSA), and the proportion of MRSA isolates increased significantly (p = 0.0480) over time. There was an increasing temporal trend in the proportion of MDR isolates among MSSP (p = 0.0022), but a decrease among MRSP (p < 0.0001) and MRSA (p = 0.0298). S. schleiferi had the highest percentage (56.9%) of methicillin-resistant isolates. Oxacillin disk diffusion was superior to cefoxitin for the detection of mecA-mediated resistance and had almost perfect agreement with mecA PCR assay for S. pseudintermedius (95.4% agreement, kappa (κ) = 0.904; p < 0.0001), S. coagulans (95.6%, κ = 0.913; p < 0.0001) and S. schleiferi (97.7%, κ = 0.945; p < 0.0001). However, cefoxitin disk diffusion was superior to oxacillin disk diffusion and had almost perfect agreement with mecA PCR assay for S. aureus (95.3%, κ = 0.834; p < 0.0001). Conclusions The levels of resistance and increasing temporal trends are concerning. These findings have implications for treatment decisions and public health due to the zoonotic potential of staphylococci. Continued surveillance and use of antibiograms to guide clinical decisions will be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lord
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nick Millis
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Rebekah Duckett Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Brian Johnson
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen A Kania
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Antibacterial Activity of Solanum torvum Leaf Extract and Its Synergistic Effect with Oxacillin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphyloccoci Isolated from Dogs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030302. [PMID: 35326765 PMCID: PMC8944679 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) have been considered a veterinary and public health threat that needs to be addressed, as they are known to cause serious infections, with limited therapeutic options. Thus, in this study, we aimed to examine the potential antibacterial activity of the leaf extract of Solanum torvum against MRS isolated from clinically healthy dogs. In total, seven mecA-positive Staphylococcus isolates tested in this study were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and all of them were classified as multidrug-resistant using disk diffusion tests. According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the main phytochemical components found in the leaf extract were hexadecanoic acid and its ethyl ester and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoints for the leaf extract against all tested isolates ranged from 2 to 16 mg/mL, while the MIC breakpoints for oxacillin were from 2 to 512 mg/L. Although varying effects were found, the positive effects of the leaf extract were most evident in combination with oxacillin. These results suggested that S. torvum leaf extract may complement classical antibiotics and may potentially drive the development of an effective therapeutic option for MRS.
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19
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Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: Is it a real threat to human health? POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Staphylococcus Intermedius Group (SIG) staphylococci, especially Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius), share many features with the common human Staphylococcus aureus. The similarities concern both the phenotypic characteristics and virulence of the bacteria. It is a cause of difficulties in identifying the species of isolated staphylococci. Until now, S. pseudintermedius was considered a typically animal species, of marginal importance for humans. However, it is likely that the incidence of this staphylococcus in humans is underestimated due to the misidentification of S. pseudintermedius strains as S. aureus. The cases of infections caused by S. pseudintermedius both in humans and animals described so far in the literature show that these bacteria have a similar pathogenic potential. S. pseudintermedius also produces virulence factors that favor colonization of various body regions and infections, and may affect the species composition of the natural microbiota and the host’s immune response mechanisms. Also, S. pseudintermedius may show the ability to grow in the form of a biofilm, which significantly impedes effective antibiotic therapy in clinical practice. Due to its zoonotic potential, S. pseudintermedius deserves the attention of physicians and animal owners.
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20
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Bzdil J, Zouharova M, Nedbalcova K, Sladecek V, Senk D, Holy O. Oxacillin (Methicillin) Resistant Staphylococci in Domestic Animals in the Czech Republic. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121585. [PMID: 34959540 PMCID: PMC8706185 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of different Staphylococcus species isolated from pathological processes and lesions in domestic animals in the Czech Republic and to detect and describe oxacillin (methicillin)-resistant strains (MRS). During the years 2019–2020, a total of 5218 veterinary clinical samples from the Czech Republic were tested. Testing was performed by culture methods and typing by molecular phenotypic methods MALDI-TOF MS and PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the strains was performed by the disk diffusion method. A total of 854 staphylococci strains were identified (16.37% prevalence), out of which 43 strains of 6 species of staphylococci were MRS (n = 43; 0.82% prevalence). Of the MRS strains, the most prevalent species were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 24; 0.46% prevalence) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 7; 0.13% prevalence). Susceptibility testing showed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and, depending on the species, also to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, and enrofloxacin. For further characterization of MRS, PCR assay for virulence factor genes was performed. Seven of the 14 target genes were observed only in S. aureus, except for the eno gene encoding laminin-binding protein, which was also detected in other staphylococci. It is necessary to emphasize the issue of correct using of antimicrobials in practice and antibiotic policy in university teaching and to create stricter legislation that would prevent the widespread use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine, especially in livestock to reduce the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Bzdil
- Ptacy s.r.o., Valasska Bystrice 194, 75627 Valasska Bystrice, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Monika Zouharova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.Z.); (K.N.)
| | - Katerina Nedbalcova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.Z.); (K.N.)
| | - Vladimir Sladecek
- Ptacy s.r.o., Valasska Bystrice 194, 75627 Valasska Bystrice, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - David Senk
- Ptacy s.r.o., Valasska Bystrice 194, 75627 Valasska Bystrice, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Ondrej Holy
- Science and Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-585632818
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21
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János D, Viorel H, Ionica I, Corina P, Tiana F, Roxana D. Carriage of Multidrug Resistance Staphylococci in Shelter Dogs in Timisoara, Romania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070801. [PMID: 34356722 PMCID: PMC8300769 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus species, which pose risks for public health, by evaluating skin samples collected from dogs in an animal shelter in Timisoara. Skin samples were taken from 78 dogs, which were either clinically healthy or suffering from dermatological conditions. Staphylococcus spp. was isolated and recognized based on conventional methods based on colony appearance, microscopic morphology, sugar fermentation, and coagulase activity. Following biochemical analysis, Staphylococcus isolates were subject to PCR tests to detect sa-f and sa-r genes to confirm the isolates to genus level. The typical colonies were identified to species level using biochemical methods, namely the VITEK®2 ID-GP64 identification card (bioMerieux, France). The phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiling was performed using the VITEK®2 AST GP Gram-positive specific bacteria card (bioMerieux, France). Forty-three samples were confirmed as positive for Staphylococcus spp. Staphylococcus isolates were classified into the following categories: S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius, S. epidermitis, S. haemolyticus, and S. hyicus. Eight (18.60%, 8/43) out of all the samples harbored the mecA gene, highlighting the distribution among isolated staphylococcal species: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (4/43, 9.30%), Staphylococcus intermedius (1/43, 2.32%) and Staphylococcus aureus (3/43, 9.30%), respectively. The phenomenon of resistance was present, to the following antimicrobial agents: erythromycin (38/43, 88.37%), benzylpenicillin, kanamycin, and tetracycline with 37 strains (37/43, 86.04%), gentamycin (30/43, 69.76%), chloramphenicol (29/43, 67.44%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (27/43, 62.79%), ampicillin (26/43, 60,46%), rifampicin (25/43, 58,13%), imipenem (14/43, 32,55%), nitrofurantoin (11/43, 25.58%), oxacillin (8/43, 18.60%), vancomycin (4/43, 9.30%) and clindamycin (3/43, 6.97%), respectively. The presence of multidrug-resistant zoonotic staphylococci in clinically healthy dogs and dogs with skin lesions is an animal health and human health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dégi János
- Correspondence: (D.J.); (F.T.); Tel.: +40-767-089-041 (D.J.)
| | | | | | | | - Florea Tiana
- Correspondence: (D.J.); (F.T.); Tel.: +40-767-089-041 (D.J.)
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22
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Zhu Y, Liu J, Guo K, Qiu J, Cheng Z, Liu F, Zhao Y, Zhang D, Guo H, Li H. Outbreak of a novel disease caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides). Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:1995-2004. [PMID: 32966709 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study reports outbreak of a new disease caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius) in raccoon dogs. The disease occurred in a breeding farm of raccoon dogs in Guan County of Shandong Province in China in August of 2019. 47% (425/896) of the raccoon dogs showed some abnormal symptoms; 17.6% (75/425) of which had severe skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), dyspnoea and severe pathological lesions in lungs, livers, etc; and 4.2% (18/425) of which died within 4 weeks. The pathogen of the disease was identified as S. pseudintermedius by mass spectrometer detection, animal pathogenicity tests, microscopic examination and biochemical reaction tests. Its nucleotide homology of 16S rRNA gene was 100% with that of other published strains, and its genotype was between the American and Brazilian strains from other animals. The isolated S. pseudintermedius strain from the diseased raccoon dogs could cause ulceration and suppuration in the skins and severe pathological lesions not only in raccoon dogs, but also in mice; and it is confirmed as a methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) strain by the amplification of mecA gene; and 12 sensitive drugs were screened by drug sensitivity tests. Full attention should be paid to the great economic loss and the potential zoonotic risk caused by the S. pseudintermedius in raccoon dogs, and this study can provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this new disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisong Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Junhong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Kaiyan Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jianhua Qiu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Faxiao Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Dingxiu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Huijun Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Small C, Beatty N, El Helou G. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Bacteremia in a Lung Transplant Recipient Exposed to Domestic Pets. Cureus 2021; 13:e14895. [PMID: 34109083 PMCID: PMC8180354 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius commonly colonizes companion animals, including canines. This microbe is a major opportunistic pathogen responsible for pyogenic and necrotizing skin and soft tissue infection in canines. Infection with S. pseudintermedius is increasingly being recognized in humans, especially in those who are immunocompromised. This microbe is quite similar to Staphylococcus aureus, expressing several analogous virulence factors and a variety of toxins. Furthermore, S. pseudintermedius has variants that display multi-drug resistance comparable to methicillin-resistant S. aureus. We report a 50-year-old female with bilateral lung transplant on immunosuppression who presents with signs of sepsis and pneumonia. Initial blood cultures grew Gram-positive cocci that were not initially identified via molecular diagnostics as Staphylococcus species but were later confirmed as S. pseudintermedius through mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated multi-drug resistance, including methicillin. Despite aggressive medical and antimicrobial treatment, our patients succumbed to the infection. The source of infection likely came from her companion canine at home as no other source could be identified; however, cultures were unable to be obtained from the companion canine. Those who are immunosuppressed, such as with solid organ transplants, should take caution with exposure to companion animals due to the potential for S. pseudintermedius infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coulter Small
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Norman Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Guy El Helou
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
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Subedi P, Syed MP, Kate Y, Koirala B. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: a common zoonotic pathogen causing postprocedural urosepsis in humans. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/3/e238170. [PMID: 33692047 PMCID: PMC7949436 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-238170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a common cause of zoonotic infections in dogs and cats. Recently, there has been an increasing number of infections being reported in humans caused by this organism. We report a case of complicated urinary tract infection in an elderly patient with recent bilateral ureteral stent placement caused by this organism with associated persistent high-grade bacteraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawina Subedi
- Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Masood Pasha Syed
- Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yugandhara Kate
- Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bibek Koirala
- Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Canine Staphylococcus spp. Isolates. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030515. [PMID: 33801518 PMCID: PMC7998746 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are reservoirs of different Staphylococcus species, but at the same time, they could develop several clinical forms caused by these bacteria. The aim of the present investigation was to characterize 50 clinical Staphylococcus isolates cultured from sick dogs. Bacterial species determination, hemolysins, protease, lipase, gelatinase, slime, and biofilm production, presence of virulence genes (lukS/F-PV, eta, etb, tsst, icaA, and icaD), methicillin resistance, and antimicrobial resistance were investigated. Most isolates (52%) were Staphylococcus pseudointermedius, but 20% and 8% belonged to Staphylococcusxylosus and Staphylococcus chromogenes, respectively. Gelatinase, biofilm, and slime production were very common characters among the investigated strains with 80%, 86%, and 76% positive isolates, respectively. Virulence genes were detected in a very small number of the tested strains. A percentage of 14% of isolates were mecA-positive and phenotypically-resistant to methicillin. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 76% of tested staphylococci; in particular, high levels of resistance were detected for ampicillin, amoxicillin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. In conclusion, although staphylococci are considered to be opportunistic bacteria, the obtained data showed that dogs may be infected by Staphylococcus strains with important virulence characteristics and a high antimicrobial resistance.
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26
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Trace amines produced by skin bacteria accelerate wound healing in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:277. [PMID: 32483173 PMCID: PMC7264277 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain skin bacteria are able to convert aromatic amino acids (AAA) into trace amines (TA) that act as neuromodulators. Since the human skin and sweat contain a comparatively high content of AAA one can expect that such bacteria are able to produce TA on our skin. Here we show that TA-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis strains expressing SadA are predominant on human skin and that TA accelerate wound healing. In wounded skin, keratinocytes produce epinephrine (EPI) that leads to cell motility inhibition by β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) activation thus delay wound healing. As β2-AR antagonists, TA and dopamine (DOP) abrogate the effect of EPI thus accelerating wound healing both in vitro and in a mouse model. In the mouse model, the S. epidermidis wild type strain accelerates wound healing compared to its ΔsadA mutant. Our study demonstrates that TA-producing S. epidermidis strains present on our skin might be beneficial for wound healing. Arif Luqman et al. demonstrate that trace amines accelerate wound healing by antagonizing β2-adrenergic receptor whose activation inhibits cell motility. This study suggests that trace amine-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis strains present on human skin may play a beneficial role for wound healing.
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27
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Meroni G, Soares Filipe JF, Drago L, Martino PA. Investigation on Antibiotic-Resistance, Biofilm Formation and Virulence Factors in Multi Drug Resistant and Non Multi Drug Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120702. [PMID: 31888149 PMCID: PMC6956092 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a commensal bacterium frequently isolated from canine skin and recognized as a zoonotic agent especially for dog-owners. This study focused on (a) the antibiotic-resistance phenotypes; (b) the ability to produce biofilm (slime); and (c) the dissemination of virulence factors in S. pseudintermedius strains. Seventy-three S. pseudintermedius strains were screened for antibiotic-resistance against 22 different molecules by means of Kirby-Bauer assay. The ability to produce biofilm was investigated using the microtiter plate assay (MtP) and the amplification of icaA and icaD genes. Virulence factors such as cytotoxins (lukI), enterotoxins (seC), and exfoliative toxins (siet, expA, and expB) were evaluated. The antibiotic-resistance profiles revealed 42/73 (57%) multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains and 31/73 (43%) not-MDR. All the MDR strains and 8/31 (27%) of not-MDR resulted in biofilm producers. Leukotoxin LukI was found in 70/73 (96%) of the isolates. Moreover, the enterotoxin gene seC was detected in 47/73 (64%) of the strains. All the isolates carried the siet gene, whereas expA and expB were found in 3/73 (4%) and 5/73 (7%), respectively. In conclusion, S. pseudintermedius should be considered a potential zoonotic and human agent able to carry different virulence determinants and capable of producing biofilm which facilitates horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.S.F.); (P.A.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-025-031-5326
| | - Joel F. Soares Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.S.F.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Drago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Piera A. Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.S.F.); (P.A.M.)
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28
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Genome Sequences of Six Prophages Isolated from Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Strains Recovered from Human and Animal Clinical Specimens. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/28/e00387-19. [PMID: 31296676 PMCID: PMC6624759 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00387-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a common bacterial pathogen in companion animal medicine and has demonstrated zoonotic potential. Here, we report six new Staphylococcus pseudintermedius prophage genomes of the Siphoviridae family, identified in isolates recovered from human and canine clinical specimens. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a common bacterial pathogen in companion animal medicine and has demonstrated zoonotic potential. Here, we report six new Staphylococcus pseudintermedius prophage genomes of the Siphoviridae family, identified in isolates recovered from human and canine clinical specimens.
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29
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Mališová L, Šafránková R, Kekláková J, Petráš P, Žemličková H, Jakubů V. Correct species identification (reclassification in CNCTC) of strains of Staphylococcus intermedius-group can improve an insight into their evolutionary history. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 64:231-236. [PMID: 30238302 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A group of 59 putative strains of Staphylococcus intermedius/Staphylococcus pseudintermedius deposited in the Czech National Collection of Type Cultures (CNCTC, National Institute for Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic) and the National Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci (NRL for Staphylococci, National Institute for Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic) was reclassified using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). There the biggest human collection of S. pseudintermedius in Europe was analysed; 44 samples (75%) were of human origin. Twenty-two percent (n = 13) of the strains were isolated from animals, and two staphylococci were of unknown origin. This study revealed the prevalence of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (94%, n = 53) vs. Staphylococcus intermedius (6%, n = 6) in the collection of human and veterinary staphylococci after reclassification. Results of PCR-RFLP analysis were verified by comparison with a repetitive element sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (Rep-PCR) analysis on 26 (44%) randomly selected strains. Due to a low-resolution ability of PCR-RFLP to separate Staphylococcus intermedius from Staphylococcus delphini, four isolates of Staphylococcus intermedius were biochemically verified further to exclude the presence of Staphylococcus delphini in the collection. Our results indicate that S. intermedius and S. pseudintermedius have occurred independently over an age-long period of their co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mališová
- National Reference Laboratory for Antibiotics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Renáta Šafránková
- Czech National Collection of Type Cultures, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kekláková
- National Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Petráš
- National Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Žemličková
- National Reference Laboratory for Antibiotics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Jakubů
- National Reference Laboratory for Antibiotics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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