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Gao F, Lin W, Wang X, Liao M, Zhang M, Qin N, Chen X, Xia L, Chen Q, Sha O. Identification of receptors and factors associated with human coronaviruses in the oral cavity using single-cell RNA sequencing. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28280. [PMID: 38560173 PMCID: PMC10981076 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) ravaged the world, and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibited highly prevalent oral symptoms that had significantly impacted the lives of affected patients. However, the involvement of four human coronavirus (HCoVs), namely SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and HCoV-229E, in oral cavity infections remained poorly understood. We integrated single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of seven human oral tissues through consistent normalization procedure, including minor salivary gland (MSG), parotid gland (PG), tongue, gingiva, buccal, periodontium and pulp. The Seurat, scDblFinder, Harmony, SingleR, Ucell and scCancer packages were comprehensively used for analysis. We identified specific cell clusters and generated expression profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus-associated receptors and factors (SCARFs) in seven oral regions, providing direction for predicting the tropism of four HCoVs for oral tissues, as well as for dental clinical treatment. Based on our analysis, it appears that various SCARFs, including ACE2, ASGR1, KREMEN1, DPP4, ANPEP, CD209, CLEC4G/M, TMPRSS family proteins (including TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4, and TMPRSS11A), and FURIN, are expressed at low levels in the oral cavity. Conversely, BSG, CTSB, and CTSL exhibit enrichment in oral tissues. Our study also demonstrates widespread expression of restriction factors, particularly IFITM1-3 and LY6E, in oral cells. Additionally, some replication, assembly, and trafficking factors appear to exhibit broad oral tissues expression patterns. Overall, the oral cavity could potentially serve as a high-risk site for SARS-CoV-2 infection, while displaying a comparatively lower degree of susceptibility towards other HCoVs (including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and HCoV-229E). Specifically, MSG, tongue, and gingiva represent potential sites of vulnerability for four HCoVs infection, with the MSG exhibiting a particularly high susceptibility. However, the expression patterns of SCARFs in other oral sites demonstrate relatively intricate and may only be specifically associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study sheds light on the mechanisms of HCoVs infection in the oral cavity as well as gains insight into the characteristics and distribution of possible HCoVs target cells in oral tissues, providing potential therapeutic targets for HCoVs infection in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Dental Research, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiming Lin
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingfeng Liao
- The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nianhong Qin
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianxiong Chen
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lixin Xia
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ou Sha
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Dental Research, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Srivastava R, Panda SK, Sen Gupta PS, Chaudhary A, Naaz F, Yadav AK, Ram NK, Rana MK, Singh RK, Srivastava R. In silico evaluation of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine analogs as inhibitors of nsp14-viral cap N7 methyltranferase and PLpro of SARS-CoV-2: synthesis, molecular docking, physicochemical data, ADMET and molecular dynamics simulations studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-18. [PMID: 38147408 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2297005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of S-adenosyl-L-homosysteine (SAH) analogs, with modification in the base and sugar moiety, have been designed, synthesized and screened as nsp14 and PLpro inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV-2). The outcomes of ADMET (Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) studies demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of all analogs were permissible for development of these SAH analogs as antiviral agents. All molecules were screened against different SARS-CoV-2 targets using molecular docking. The docking results revealed that the SAH analogs interacted well in the active site of nsp14 protein having H-bond interactions with the amino acid residues Arg289, Val290, Asn388, Arg400, Phe401 and π-alkyl interactions with Arg289, Val290 and Phe426 of Nsp14-MTase site. These analogs also formed stable H-bonds with Leu163, Asp165, Arg167, Ser246, Gln270, Tyr274 and Asp303 residues of PLpro proteins and found to be quite stable complexes therefore behaved as probable nsp14 and PLpro inhibitors. Interestingly, analog 3 showed significant in silico activity against the nsp14 N7 methyltransferase of SARS-CoV-2. The molecular dynamics (MD) and post-MD results of analog 3 unambiguously established the higher stability of the nsp14 (N7 MTase):3 complex and also indicated its behavior as probable nsp14 inhibitor like the reference sinefungin. The docking and MD simulations studies also suggested that sinefungin did act as SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitor as well. This study's findings not only underscore the efficacy of the designed SAH analogs as potent inhibitors against crucial SARS-CoV-2 proteins but also pinpoint analog 3 as a particularly promising candidate. All the study provides valuable insights, paving the way for potential advancements in antiviral drug development against SARS-CoV-2.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Odisha, India
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Panda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Parth Sarthi Sen Gupta
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, D Y Patil International University, Akurdi, India
| | - Anvita Chaudhary
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Farha Naaz
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Aditya K Yadav
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Nand Kumar Ram
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Malay Kumar Rana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Ramendra K Singh
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Richa Srivastava
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
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3
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Zhang Y, Xu Y, Jiang S, Sun S, Zhang J, Luo J, Cao Q, Zheng W, Meurens F, Chen N, Zhu J. Multiple Porcine Innate Immune Signaling Pathways Are Involved in the Anti-PEDV Response. Viruses 2023; 15:1629. [PMID: 37631972 PMCID: PMC10458394 DOI: 10.3390/v15081629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused great damage to the global pig industry. Innate immunity plays a significant role in resisting viral infection; however, the exact role of innate immunity in the anti-PEDV response has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we observed that various porcine innate immune signaling adaptors are involved in anti-PEDV (AJ1102-like strain) activity in transfected Vero cells. Among these, TRIF and MAVS showed the strongest anti-PEDV activity. The endogenous TRIF, MAVS, and STING were selected for further examination of anti-PEDV activity. Agonist stimulation experiments showed that TRIF, MAVS, and STING signaling all have obvious anti-PEDV activity. The siRNA knockdown assay showed that TRIF, MAVS, and STING are also all involved in anti-PEDV response, and their remarkable effects on PEDV replication were confirmed in TRIF-/-, MAVS-/- and STING-/- Vero cells via the CRISPR approach. For further verification, the anti-PEDV activity of TRIF, MAVS, and STING could be reproduced in porcine IPEC-DQ cells treated with siRNAs. In summary, this study reveals that multiple pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathways of porcine innate immunity play an important role in the anti-PEDV infection, providing new and useful antiviral knowledge for prevention and control of PEDV spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yulin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Sen Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shaohua Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jia Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qi Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - François Meurens
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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4
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Omoru OB, Pereira F, Janga SC, Manzourolajdad A. A Putative long-range RNA-RNA interaction between ORF8 and Spike of SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260331. [PMID: 36048827 PMCID: PMC9436084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has affected people worldwide as the causative agent of COVID-19. The virus is related to the highly lethal SARS-CoV-1 responsible for the 2002-2003 SARS outbreak in Asia. Research is ongoing to understand why both viruses have different spreading capacities and mortality rates. Like other beta coronaviruses, RNA-RNA interactions occur between different parts of the viral genomic RNA, resulting in discontinuous transcription and production of various sub-genomic RNAs. These sub-genomic RNAs are then translated into other viral proteins. In this work, we performed a comparative analysis for novel long-range RNA-RNA interactions that may involve the Spike region. Comparing in-silico fragment-based predictions between reference sequences of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 revealed several predictions amongst which a thermodynamically stable long-range RNA-RNA interaction between (23660-23703 Spike) and (28025-28060 ORF8) unique to SARS-CoV-2 was observed. The patterns of sequence variation using data gathered worldwide further supported the predicted stability of the sub-interacting region (23679-23690 Spike) and (28031-28042 ORF8). Such RNA-RNA interactions can potentially impact viral life cycle including sub-genomic RNA production rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okiemute Beatrice Omoru
- Department of Biohealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Filipe Pereira
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- IDENTIFICA Genetic Testing, Maia, Portugal
| | - Sarath Chandra Janga
- Department of Biohealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Medical Research and Library Building, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 5021 Health Information and Translational Sciences (HITS), Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Amirhossein Manzourolajdad
- Department of Biohealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, United States of America
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5
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Sun W. Host-Genome Similarity Characterizes the Adaption of SARS-CoV-2 to Humans. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070972. [PMID: 35883528 PMCID: PMC9312508 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a high mutation rate and many variants have emerged in the last 2 years, including Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma and Omicron. Studies showed that the host-genome similarity (HGS) of SARS-CoV-2 is higher than SARS-CoV and the HGS of open reading frame (ORF) in coronavirus genome is closely related to suppression of innate immunity. Many works have shown that ORF 6 and ORF 8 of SARS-CoV-2 play an important role in suppressing IFN-β signaling pathway in vivo. However, the relation between HGS and the adaption of SARS-CoV-2 variants is still not clear. This work investigates HGS of SARS-CoV-2 variants based on a dataset containing more than 40,000 viral genomes. The relation between HGS of viral ORFs and the suppression of antivirus response is studied. The results show that ORF 7b, ORF 6 and ORF 8 are the top 3 genes with the highest HGS. In the past 2 years, the HGS values of ORF 8 and ORF 7B of SARS-CoV-2 have increased greatly. A remarkable correlation is discovered between HGS and inhibition of antivirus response of immune system, which suggests that the similarity between coronavirus and host gnome may be an indicator of the suppression of innate immunity. Among the five variants (Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma and Omicron), Delta has the highest HGS and Omicron has the lowest HGS. This finding implies that the high HGS in Delta variant may indicate further suppression of host innate immunity. However, the relatively low HGS of Omicron is still a puzzle. By comparing the mutations in genomes of Alpha, Delta and Omicron variants, a commonly shared mutation ACT > ATT is identified in high-HGS strain populations. The high HGS mutations among the three variants are quite different. This finding strongly suggests that mutations in high HGS strains are different in different variants. Only a few common mutations survive, which may play important role in improving the adaptability of SARS-CoV-2. However, the mechanism for how the mutations help SARS-CoV-2 escape immunity is still unclear. HGS analysis is a new method to study virus−host interaction and may provide a way to understand the rapid mutation and adaption of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Sun
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Zhou Pei-Yuan Center for Applied Mathematics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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6
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Gospel of malignant Glioma: Oncolytic virus therapy. Gene 2022; 818:146217. [PMID: 35093451 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioma accounts for nearly 80% of all intracranial malignant tumors. It is a major challenge to society as it is causes to impaired brain function in many patients. Currently, gliomas are mainly treated with surgery, postoperative radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the curative effects of these treatments are not satisfactory. Oncolytic virus (OV) is a novel treatment which works by activating the immune functions and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells. The OV propagates indefinitely in the host cell, eventually leading to the death of host cell. Subsequently, a large number of antigens and signal molecules are released which exert antitumor immunity. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown that G207, DNX2401, Zika and other viruses have important roles in malignant tumors. For example, these viruses can reduce the growth of tumor cells without causing severe complications. However, the known OVs have not been clearly classified. Herein, we divided OVs into neurotropic and non-neurophilic OVs based on whether the OVs are naturally neurotropic or not. The therapeutic effects of each group were compared. Finally, challenges encountered in the clinical application of OVs in the treatment of malignant gliomas were summarized.
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7
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Yan Q, Liu X, Sun Y, Zeng W, Li Y, Zhao F, Wu K, Fan S, Zhao M, Chen J, Yi L. Swine Enteric Coronavirus: Diverse Pathogen–Host Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073953. [PMID: 35409315 PMCID: PMC8999375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) causes acute gastroenteritis and high mortality in newborn piglets. Since the last century, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have swept farms all over the world and caused substantial economic losses. In recent years, porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV) and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) have been emerging SeCoVs. Some of them even spread across species, which made the epidemic situation of SeCoV more complex and changeable. Recent studies have begun to reveal the complex SeCoV–host interaction mechanism in detail. This review summarizes the current advances in autophagy, apoptosis, and innate immunity induced by SeCoV infection. These complex interactions may be directly involved in viral replication or the alteration of some signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yawei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weijun Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Feifan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-8017 (J.C. & L.Y.)
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-8017 (J.C. & L.Y.)
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8
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Chan CP, Jin DY. Cytoplasmic RNA sensors and their interplay with RNA-binding partners in innate antiviral response: theme and variations. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:449-477. [PMID: 35031583 PMCID: PMC8925969 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns including viral RNA by innate immunity represents the first line of defense against viral infection. In addition to RIG-I-like receptors and NOD-like receptors, several other RNA sensors are known to mediate innate antiviral response in the cytoplasm. Double-stranded RNA-binding protein PACT interacts with prototypic RNA sensor RIG-I to facilitate its recognition of viral RNA and induction of host interferon response, but variations of this theme are seen when the functions of RNA sensors are modulated by other RNA-binding proteins to impinge on antiviral defense, proinflammatory cytokine production and cell death programs. Their discrete and coordinated actions are crucial to protect the host from infection. In this review, we will focus on cytoplasmic RNA sensors with an emphasis on their interplay with RNA-binding partners. Classical sensors such as RIG-I will be briefly reviewed. More attention will be brought to new insights on how RNA-binding partners of RNA sensors modulate innate RNA sensing and how viruses perturb the functions of RNA-binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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9
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Li S, Zhu H, Zhao M, Liu W, Wang L, Zhu B, Xie W, Zhao C, Zhou Y, Ren C, Liu H, Jiang X. When stem cells meet COVID-19: recent advances, challenges and future perspectives. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:9. [PMID: 35012650 PMCID: PMC8744050 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 is currently spreading throughout the world with a high rate of infection and mortality and poses a huge threat to global public health. COVID-19 primarily manifests as hypoxic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome, which can lead to multiple organ failure. Despite advances in the supportive care approaches, there is still a lack of clinically effective therapies, and there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies to fight this disease. Currently, stem cell therapy and stem cell-derived organoid models have received extensive attention as a new treatment and research method for COVID-19. Here, we discuss how stem cells play a role in the battle against COVID-19 and present a systematic review and prospective of the study on stem cell treatment and organoid models of COVID-19, which provides a reference for the effective control of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hecheng Zhu
- Changsha Kexin Cancer Hospital, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Changsha Kexin Cancer Hospital, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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10
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Papp KA, Hong CH, Lansang MP, Turchin I, Adam DN, Beecker JR, Bissonnette R, Gooderham MJ, Jack C, Joseph M, Lynde CW, Shear NH. Practical Management of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis on Dupilumab. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:1805-1828. [PMID: 34510403 PMCID: PMC8435113 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00586-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dupilumab is approved to treat moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in several countries in patients as young as 6 years of age. Since its approval, practical issues related to the use of dupilumab for AD have arisen, with particular interest in transitioning from current therapies and managing medication overlap, considerations for special populations of patients with AD, and management of potential adverse events. METHODS This article aims to review the literature addressing several practical management issues related to dupilumab use for AD and to provide a framework for clinical decision-making in these circumstances and sub-populations. Each statement was reviewed, revised and voted on by authors to provide their level of agreement and degree of uncertainty for each statement. RESULTS An agreement level > 80% was achieved for all of the statements. CONCLUSION The expert panel provides statements considering the practical management of patients with AD taking dupilumab to inform clinical decision-making in specific but frequently encountered clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Papp
- Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
- K. Papp Clinical Research, 135 Union St E, Waterloo, ON, N2J 1C4, Canada.
| | - Chih-Ho Hong
- Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Dr. Chih-ho Hong Medical, Inc, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - M Perla Lansang
- Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Section of Dermatology, Division of Paediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Irina Turchin
- Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Brunswick Dermatology Centre, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - David N Adam
- Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CCA Medical Research, Ajax, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Beecker
- Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Melinda J Gooderham
- Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- SKiN Centre for Dermatology, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Carolyn Jack
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marissa Joseph
- Division of Dermatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles W Lynde
- Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Lynderm Research, Markham, ON, Canada
| | - Neil H Shear
- Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Srivastava M, Hall D, Omoru OB, Gill HM, Smith S, Janga SC. Mutational Landscape and Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with Host Cellular Components. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1794. [PMID: 34576690 PMCID: PMC8464733 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its rapid evolution has led to a global health crisis. Increasing mutations across the SARS-CoV-2 genome have severely impacted the development of effective therapeutics and vaccines to combat the virus. However, the new SARS-CoV-2 variants and their evolutionary characteristics are not fully understood. Host cellular components such as the ACE2 receptor, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), microRNAs, small nuclear RNA (snRNA), 18s rRNA, and the 7SL RNA component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) interact with various structural and non-structural proteins of the SARS-CoV-2. Several of these viral proteins are currently being examined for designing antiviral therapeutics. In this review, we discuss current advances in our understanding of various host cellular components targeted by the virus during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also summarize the mutations across the SARS-CoV-2 genome that directs the evolution of new viral strains. Considering coronaviruses are rapidly evolving in humans, this enables them to escape therapeutic therapies and vaccine-induced immunity. In order to understand the virus's evolution, it is essential to study its mutational patterns and their impact on host cellular machinery. Finally, we present a comprehensive survey of currently available databases and tools to study viral-host interactions that stand as crucial resources for developing novel therapeutic strategies for combating SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Srivastava
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, 535 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.S.); (D.H.); (O.B.O.); (H.M.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Dwight Hall
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, 535 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.S.); (D.H.); (O.B.O.); (H.M.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Okiemute Beatrice Omoru
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, 535 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.S.); (D.H.); (O.B.O.); (H.M.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Hunter Mathias Gill
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, 535 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.S.); (D.H.); (O.B.O.); (H.M.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarah Smith
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, 535 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.S.); (D.H.); (O.B.O.); (H.M.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarath Chandra Janga
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, 535 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.S.); (D.H.); (O.B.O.); (H.M.G.); (S.S.)
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Medical Research and Library Building, 975 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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12
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Epstein RJ. The secret identities of TMPRSS2: Fertility factor, virus trafficker, inflammation moderator, prostate protector and tumor suppressor. Tumour Biol 2021; 43:159-176. [PMID: 34420994 DOI: 10.3233/tub-211502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human TMPRSS2 gene is pathogenetically implicated in both coronaviral lung infection and prostate cancer, suggesting its potential as a drug target in both contexts. SARS-COV-2 spike polypeptides are primed by the host transmembrane TMPRSS2 protease, triggering virus fusion with epithelial cell membranes followed by an endocytotic internalisation process that bypasses normal endosomal activation of cathepsin-mediated innate immunity; viral co-opting of TMPRSS2 thus favors microbial survivability by attenuating host inflammatory responses. In contrast, most early hormone-dependent prostate cancers express TMPRSS2:ERG fusion genes arising from deletions that eliminate the TMPRSS2 coding region while juxtaposing its androgen-inducible promoter and the open reading frame of ERG, upregulating pro-inflammatory ERG while functionally disabling TMPRSS2. Moreover, inflammatory oxidative DNA damage selects for TMPRSS2:ERG-fused cancers, whereas patients treated with antiinflammatory drugs develop fewer of these fusion-dependent tumors. These findings imply that TMPRSS2 protects the prostate by enabling endosomal bypass of pathogens which could otherwise trigger inflammation-induced DNA damage that predisposes to TMPRSS2:ERG fusions. Hence, the high oncogenic selectability of TMPRSS2:ERG fusions may reflect a unique pro-inflammatory synergy between androgenic ERG gain-of-function and fusogenic TMPRSS2 loss-of-function, cautioning against the use of TMPRSS2-inhibitory drugs to prevent or treat early prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Epstein
- New Hope Cancer Center, Beijing United Hospital, Jiangtai Xi Rd 9-11, Chaoyang, Beijing, China.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, and UNSW Medical School, St Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
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13
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Role of host factors in SARS-CoV-2 entry. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100847. [PMID: 34058196 PMCID: PMC8160279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic transmission of highly pathogenic coronaviruses into the human population is a pressing concern highlighted by the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Recent work has helped to illuminate much about the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell, which determines host- and tissue-specific tropism, pathogenicity, and zoonotic transmission. Here we discuss current findings on the factors governing SARS-CoV-2 entry. We first reviewed key features of the viral spike protein (S) mediating fusion of the viral envelope and host cell membrane through binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. We then examined the roles of host proteases including transmembrane protease serine 2 and cathepsins in processing S for virus entry and the impact of this processing on endosomal and plasma membrane virus entry routes. We further discussed recent work on several host cofactors that enhance SARS-CoV-2 entry including Neuropilin-1, CD147, phosphatidylserine receptors, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, sialic acids, and C-type lectins. Finally, we discussed two key host restriction factors, i.e., interferon-induced transmembrane proteins and lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus E, which can disrupt SARS-CoV-2 entry. The features of SARS-CoV-2 are presented in the context of other human coronaviruses, highlighting unique aspects. In addition, we identify the gaps in understanding of SARS-CoV-2 entry that will need to be addressed by future studies.
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14
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Mahmoudvand S, Shokri S. Interactions between SARS coronavirus 2 papain-like protease and immune system: A potential drug target for the treatment of COVID-19. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13044. [PMID: 33872387 PMCID: PMC8250271 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of respiratory viruses which can cause mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections. Recently, new coronavirus named as Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has been identified which is a major threat to public health. Innate immune responses play a vital role in a host's defence against viruses. Interestingly, CoVs have evolved elaborate strategies to evade the complex system of sensors and signalling molecules to suppress host immunity. SARS‐CoV‐2 papain‐like protease (PLpro), as an important coronavirus enzyme, regulates viral spread and innate immune responses. SCoV‐2 PLpro is multifunctional enzyme with deubiquitinating (DUB) and deISGylating activity. The PLpro can interact with key regulators in signalling pathways such as STING, NF‐κB, cytokine production, MAPK and TGF‐β and hijack those to block the immune responses. Therefore, the PLpro can be as an important target for the treatment of COVID‐19. Until now, several drugs or compounds have been identified that can inhibit PLpro activity. Here we discuss about the dysregulation effects of PLpro on immune system and drugs that have potential inhibitors for SCoV‐2 PLpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Mahmoudvand
- Student Research CommitteeAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
- Department of VirologySchool of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Somayeh Shokri
- Student Research CommitteeAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
- Department of VirologySchool of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
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15
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Beecker J, Papp K, Dutz J, Vender R, Gniadecki R, Cooper C, Gisondi P, Gooderham M, Hong C, Kirchhof M, Lynde C, Maari C, Poulin Y, Puig L. Position statement for a pragmatic approach to immunotherapeutics in patients with inflammatory skin diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and beyond. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:797-806. [PMID: 33533553 PMCID: PMC8014810 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a novel RNA virus that was declared a global pandemic on 11 March 2020. The efficiency of infection with SARS-CoV-2 is reflected by its rapid global spread. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has implications for patients with inflammatory skin diseases on systemic immunotherapy who may be at increased risk of infection or more severe infection. This position paper is a focused examination of current evidence considering the mechanisms of action of immunotherapeutic drugs in relation to immune response to SARS-CoV-2. We aim to provide practical guidance for dermatologists managing patients with inflammatory skin conditions on systemic therapies during the current pandemic and beyond. Considering the limited and rapidly evolving evidence, mechanisms of action of therapies, and current knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we propose that systemic immunotherapy can be continued, with special considerations for at risk patients or those presenting with symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Beecker
- University of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Division of DermatologyThe Ottawa HospitalOttawaONCanada
- Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaONCanada
- Probity Medical Research Inc.WaterlooONCanada
| | - K.A. Papp
- Probity Medical Research Inc.WaterlooONCanada
- K Papp Clinical ResearchWaterlooONCanada
| | - J. Dutz
- Skin Care CenterVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Dermatology and Skin ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Skin ScienceBC Children's Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
| | - R.B. Vender
- Dermatrials Research Inc.HamiltonONCanada
- Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - R. Gniadecki
- Probity Medical Research Inc.WaterlooONCanada
- Division of DermatologyDepartment of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - C. Cooper
- University of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaONCanada
- The Ottawa Hospital and Regional Hepatitis ProgramOttawaONCanada
| | - P. Gisondi
- Department of MedicineSection of Dermatology and VenereologyUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - M. Gooderham
- Probity Medical Research Inc.WaterlooONCanada
- SKiN Centre for DermatologyPeterboroughONCanada
| | - C.H. Hong
- Probity Medical Research Inc.WaterlooONCanada
- Department of Dermatology and Skin ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Dr. Chih‐ho Hong Medical Inc.SurreyBCCanada
| | - M.G. Kirchhof
- University of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Division of DermatologyThe Ottawa HospitalOttawaONCanada
| | - C.W. Lynde
- Probity Medical Research Inc.WaterlooONCanada
- Lynde Institute for DermatologyMarkhamONCanada
| | - C. Maari
- Innovaderm Research IncMontrealQCCanada
| | - Y. Poulin
- Centre de Recherche Dermatologique du Québec MétropolitainQuébecQCCanada
- Department of MedicineUniversité LavalHôpital Hôtel‐Dieu de QuébecQuebécQCCanada
| | - L. Puig
- Department of DermatologyHospital de la Santa Creu i Sant PauBarcelonaSpain
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16
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Damialis A, Gilles S, Sofiev M, Sofieva V, Kolek F, Bayr D, Plaza MP, Leier-Wirtz V, Kaschuba S, Ziska LH, Bielory L, Makra L, Del Mar Trigo M, Traidl-Hoffmann C. Higher airborne pollen concentrations correlated with increased SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, as evidenced from 31 countries across the globe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019034118. [PMID: 33798095 PMCID: PMC7999946 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019034118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen exposure weakens the immunity against certain seasonal respiratory viruses by diminishing the antiviral interferon response. Here we investigate whether the same applies to the pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is sensitive to antiviral interferons, if infection waves coincide with high airborne pollen concentrations. Our original hypothesis was that more airborne pollen would lead to increases in infection rates. To examine this, we performed a cross-sectional and longitudinal data analysis on SARS-CoV-2 infection, airborne pollen, and meteorological factors. Our dataset is the most comprehensive, largest possible worldwide from 130 stations, across 31 countries and five continents. To explicitly investigate the effects of social contact, we additionally considered population density of each study area, as well as lockdown effects, in all possible combinations: without any lockdown, with mixed lockdown-no lockdown regime, and under complete lockdown. We found that airborne pollen, sometimes in synergy with humidity and temperature, explained, on average, 44% of the infection rate variability. Infection rates increased after higher pollen concentrations most frequently during the four previous days. Without lockdown, an increase of pollen abundance by 100 pollen/m3 resulted in a 4% average increase of infection rates. Lockdown halved infection rates under similar pollen concentrations. As there can be no preventive measures against airborne pollen exposure, we suggest wide dissemination of pollen-virus coexposure dire effect information to encourage high-risk individuals to wear particle filter masks during high springtime pollen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Damialis
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany;
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gilles
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Mikhail Sofiev
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki FI-00101, Finland
| | | | - Franziska Kolek
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Daniela Bayr
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Maria P Plaza
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Vivien Leier-Wirtz
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Sigrid Kaschuba
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Lewis H Ziska
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Leonard Bielory
- Center for Environmental Prediction, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Medicine, Allergy, Immunology and Ophthalmology Department, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110
- New Jersey Center of Science, Technology and Mathematics, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083
| | - László Makra
- Institute of Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Maria Del Mar Trigo
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Malaga, Malaga 29016, Spain
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
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17
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Damialis A, Gilles S, Sofiev M, Sofieva V, Kolek F, Bayr D, Plaza MP, Leier-Wirtz V, Kaschuba S, Ziska LH, Bielory L, Makra L, Del Mar Trigo M, Traidl-Hoffmann C. Higher airborne pollen concentrations correlated with increased SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, as evidenced from 31 countries across the globe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118. [PMID: 33798095 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019034118/-/dcsupplemental] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen exposure weakens the immunity against certain seasonal respiratory viruses by diminishing the antiviral interferon response. Here we investigate whether the same applies to the pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is sensitive to antiviral interferons, if infection waves coincide with high airborne pollen concentrations. Our original hypothesis was that more airborne pollen would lead to increases in infection rates. To examine this, we performed a cross-sectional and longitudinal data analysis on SARS-CoV-2 infection, airborne pollen, and meteorological factors. Our dataset is the most comprehensive, largest possible worldwide from 130 stations, across 31 countries and five continents. To explicitly investigate the effects of social contact, we additionally considered population density of each study area, as well as lockdown effects, in all possible combinations: without any lockdown, with mixed lockdown-no lockdown regime, and under complete lockdown. We found that airborne pollen, sometimes in synergy with humidity and temperature, explained, on average, 44% of the infection rate variability. Infection rates increased after higher pollen concentrations most frequently during the four previous days. Without lockdown, an increase of pollen abundance by 100 pollen/m3 resulted in a 4% average increase of infection rates. Lockdown halved infection rates under similar pollen concentrations. As there can be no preventive measures against airborne pollen exposure, we suggest wide dissemination of pollen-virus coexposure dire effect information to encourage high-risk individuals to wear particle filter masks during high springtime pollen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Damialis
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany;
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gilles
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Mikhail Sofiev
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki FI-00101, Finland
| | | | - Franziska Kolek
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Daniela Bayr
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Maria P Plaza
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Vivien Leier-Wirtz
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Sigrid Kaschuba
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
| | - Lewis H Ziska
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Leonard Bielory
- Center for Environmental Prediction, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Medicine, Allergy, Immunology and Ophthalmology Department, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110
- New Jersey Center of Science, Technology and Mathematics, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083
| | - László Makra
- Institute of Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Maria Del Mar Trigo
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Malaga, Malaga 29016, Spain
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
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18
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Yang CW, Chen MF. Low compositions of human toll-like receptor 7/8-stimulating RNA motifs in the MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 genomes imply a substantial ability to evade human innate immunity. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11008. [PMID: 33665043 PMCID: PMC7912611 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The innate immune system especially Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 and the interferon pathway, constitutes an important first line of defense against single-stranded RNA viruses. However, large-scale, systematic comparisons of the TLR 7/8-stimulating potential of genomic RNAs of single-stranded RNA viruses are rare. In this study, a computational method to evaluate the human TLR 7/8-stimulating ability of single-stranded RNA virus genomes based on their human TLR 7/8-stimulating trimer compositions was used to analyze 1,002 human coronavirus genomes. Results The human TLR 7/8-stimulating potential of coronavirus genomic (positive strand) RNAs followed the order of NL63-CoV > HKU1-CoV >229E-CoV ≅ OC63-CoV > SARS-CoV-2 > MERS-CoV > SARS-CoV. These results suggest that among these coronaviruses, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 may have a higher ability to evade the human TLR 7/8-mediated innate immune response. Analysis with a logistic regression equation derived from human coronavirus data revealed that most of the 1,762 coronavirus genomic (positive strand) RNAs isolated from bats, camels, cats, civets, dogs and birds exhibited weak human TLR 7/8-stimulating potential equivalent to that of the MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNAs. Conclusions Prediction of the human TLR 7/8-stimulating potential of viral genomic RNAs may be useful for surveillance of emerging coronaviruses from nonhuman mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Wen Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Applied Artificial Intelligence Research, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fang Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Macciò A, Oppi S, Madeddu C. COVID-19 and cytokine storm syndrome: can what we know about interleukin-6 in ovarian cancer be applied? J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:28. [PMID: 33550983 PMCID: PMC7868172 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving early diagnosis along with timely and effective treatment of COVID-19 are urgently needed. However, at present, the mechanisms underlying disease spread and development, defined prognosis, and immune status of patients with COVID-19 remain to be determined. Patients with severe disease state exhibit a hyperinflammatory response associated with cytokine storm syndrome, hypercoagulability, and depressed cell-mediated immunity. These clinical manifestations, sharing similar pathogenesis, have been well-studied in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. The present review suggests treatment approaches for COVID-19 based on strategies used against ovarian cancer, which shares similar immunopathology and associated coagulation disorders.The chronicization of the hyperinflammatory cytokine storm in patients with severe COVID-19 highlights a defective resistance phase that leads to aspecific chronic inflammation, associated with oxidative stress, which impairs specific T-cell response, induces tissue and endothelial damage, and thrombosis associated with systemic effects that lead to severe multi-organ failure and death. These events are similar to those observed in advanced ovarian cancer which share similar pathogenesis mediated primarily by Interleukin-6, which is, as well demonstrated in ovarian cancer, the key cytokine driving the immunopathology, related systemic symptoms, and patient prognosis.Consistent with findings in other disease models with similar immunopathology, such as advanced ovarian cancer, treatment of severe COVID-19 infection should target inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation disorders, and immunodepression to improve patient outcome. Correctly identifying disease stages, based on available laboratory data, and developing a specific protocol for each phase is essential for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Macciò
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Businco Hospital, "Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale ad Alta Specializzazione G. Brotzu", Via Jenner, 09100, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Sara Oppi
- Hematology and Transplant Center, Businco Hospital, "Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale ad Alta Specializzazione G. Brotzu", Cagliari, Italy
| | - Clelia Madeddu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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20
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Zappulli V, Ferro S, Bonsembiante F, Brocca G, Calore A, Cavicchioli L, Centelleghe C, Corazzola G, De Vreese S, Gelain ME, Mazzariol S, Moccia V, Rensi N, Sammarco A, Torrigiani F, Verin R, Castagnaro M. Pathology of Coronavirus Infections: A Review of Lesions in Animals in the One-Health Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2377. [PMID: 33322366 PMCID: PMC7764021 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are worldwide distributed RNA-viruses affecting several species, including humans, and causing a broad spectrum of diseases. Historically, they have not been considered a severe threat to public health until two outbreaks of COVs-related atypical human pneumonia derived from animal hosts appeared in 2002 and in 2012. The concern related to CoVs infection dramatically rose after the COVID-19 global outbreak, for which a spill-over from wild animals is also most likely. In light of this CoV zoonotic risk, and their ability to adapt to new species and dramatically spread, it appears pivotal to understand the pathophysiology and mechanisms of tissue injury of known CoVs within the "One-Health" concept. This review specifically describes all CoVs diseases in animals, schematically representing the tissue damage and summarizing the major lesions in an attempt to compare and put them in relation, also with human infections. Some information on pathogenesis and genetic diversity is also included. Investigating the lesions and distribution of CoVs can be crucial to understand and monitor the evolution of these viruses as well as of other pathogens and to further deepen the pathogenesis and transmission of this disease to help public health preventive measures and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Ginevra Brocca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandro Calore
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Giorgia Corazzola
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Steffen De Vreese
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics, Technical University of Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, Vilanova i la Geltrù, 08800 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Valentina Moccia
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Nicolò Rensi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandro Sammarco
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Filippo Torrigiani
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
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21
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Alexander SP, Armstrong JF, Davenport AP, Davies JA, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Levi‐Schaffer F, Maguire JJ, Pawson AJ, Southan C, Spedding M. A rational roadmap for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pharmacotherapeutic research and development: IUPHAR Review 29. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4942-4966. [PMID: 32358833 PMCID: PMC7267163 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we identify opportunities for drug discovery in the treatment of COVID-19 and, in so doing, provide a rational roadmap whereby pharmacology and pharmacologists can mitigate against the global pandemic. We assess the scope for targeting key host and viral targets in the mid-term, by first screening these targets against drugs already licensed, an agenda for drug repurposing, which should allow rapid translation to clinical trials. A simultaneous, multi-pronged approach using conventional drug discovery methods aimed at discovering novel chemical and biological means of targeting a short list of host and viral entities which should extend the arsenal of anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. This longer term strategy would provide a deeper pool of drug choices for future-proofing against acquired drug resistance. Second, there will be further viral threats, which will inevitably evade existing vaccines. This will require a coherent therapeutic strategy which pharmacology and pharmacologists are best placed to provide. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID-19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve P.H. Alexander
- Chair, Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC‐IUPHAR), School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jane F. Armstrong
- Curator, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Jamie A. Davies
- Principal Investigator, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Executive Committee, NC‐IUPHAR, Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- Curator, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Simon D. Harding
- Database Developer, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Francesca Levi‐Schaffer
- First Vice‐President and Chair of Immunopharmacology Section, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR)Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | | | - Adam J. Pawson
- Senior Curator, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Executive Committee, NC‐IUPHAR, Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Christopher Southan
- Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- TW2Informatics LtdGothenburgSweden
| | - Michael Spedding
- Secretary‐General, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) and Spedding Research Solutions SASLe VesinetFrance
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22
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Olotu FA, Omolabi KF, Soliman MES. Leaving no stone unturned: Allosteric targeting of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at putative druggable sites disrupts human angiotensin-converting enzyme interactions at the receptor binding domain. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020; 21:100451. [PMID: 33083517 PMCID: PMC7561517 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The systematic entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells, as mediated by its Spike (S) protein, is highly essential for pathogenicity in humans. Hence, targeting the viral entry mechanisms remains a major strategy for COVID-19 treatment. Although recent efforts have focused on the direct inhibition of S-protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) interactions with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), allosteric targeting remains an unexplored possibility. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, we employed an integrative meta-analytical approach to investigate the allosteric inhibitory mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 S-protein and its association with hACE2. Findings revealed two druggable sites (Sites 1 and 2) located at the N-terminal domain (NTD) and S2 regions of the protein. Two high-affinity binders; ZINC3939013 (Fosaprepitant - Site 1) and ZINC27990463 (Lomitapide - Site 2) were discovered via site-directed high-throughput screening against a library of ~1500 FDA approved drugs. Interestingly, we observed that allosteric binding of both compounds perturbed the prefusion S-protein conformations, which in turn, resulted in unprecedented hACE2 displacement from the RBD. Estimated ΔG binds for both compounds were highly favorable due to high-affinity interactions at the target sites. In addition, Site 1 residues; R190, H207, K206 and K187, I101, R102, I119, F192, L226, V126 and W104 were identified for their crucial involvement in the binding and stability of ZINC3939013. Likewise, energy contributions of Q957, N953, Q954, L303, Y313, Q314, L858, V952, N953, and A956 corroborated their importance to ZINC27990463 binding at the predicted Site 2. We believe these findings would pave way for the structure-based discovery of allosteric SARS-CoV-2 S-protein inhibitors for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Kehinde F Omolabi
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
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23
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Crespi B. Evolutionary medical insights into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Evol Med Public Health 2020; 2020:314-322. [PMID: 33335737 PMCID: PMC7665492 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The author apply concepts and tools from evolutionary medicine to understanding the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The pandemic represents a mismatched conflict, with dynamics and pathology apparently driven by three main factors: (i) bat immune systems that rely on low inflammation but high efficacy of interferon-based defenses; (ii) viral tactics that differentially target the human interferon system, leading to substantial asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission; and (ii) high mortality caused by hyper-inflammatory and hyper-coagulatory phenotypes, that represent dysregulated tradeoffs whereby collateral immune-induced damage becomes systemic and severe. This framework can explain the association of mortality with age (which involves immune life-history shifts towards higher inflammation and coagulation and reduced adaptive immunity), and sex (since males senesce faster than females). Genetic-risk factors for COVID-19 mortality can be shown, from a phenome-wide association analysis of the relevant SNPs, to be associated with inflammation and coagulation; the phenome-wide association study also provides evidence, consistent with several previous studies, that the calcium channel blocking drug amlodipine mediates risk of mortality. Lay Summary: SARS-CoV-2 is a bat virus that jumped into humans. The virus is adapted to bat immune systems, where it evolved to suppress the immune defenses (interferons) that mammals use to tell that they are infected. In humans, the virus can apparently spread effectively in the body with a delay in the production of symptoms and the initiation of immune responses. This delay may then promote overactive immune responses, when the virus is detected, that damage the body as a side effect. Older people are more vulnerable to the virus because they are less adapted to novel infectious agents, and invest less in immune defense, compared to younger people. Genes that increase risk of mortality from SARS-CoV-2 are functionally associated with a drug called amlodipine, which may represent a useful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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24
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Min YQ, Mo Q, Wang J, Deng F, Wang H, Ning YJ. SARS-CoV-2 nsp1: Bioinformatics, Potential Structural and Functional Features, and Implications for Drug/Vaccine Designs. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:587317. [PMID: 33133055 PMCID: PMC7550470 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.587317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to social and economic disruption globally. It is urgently needed to understand the structure and function of the viral proteins for understanding of the viral infection and pathogenesis and development of prophylaxis and treatment strategies. Coronavirus non-structural protein 1 (nsp1) is a notable virulence factor with versatile roles in virus-host interactions and exhibits unique characteristics on sequence, structure, and function mode. However, the roles and characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 are currently unclear. Here, we analyze the nsp1 of SARS-CoV-2 from the following perspectives: (1) bioinformatics analysis reveals that the novel nsp1 is conserved among SARS-CoV-2 strains and shares significant sequence identity with SARS-CoV nsp1; (2) structure modeling shows a 3D α/β-fold of SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 highly similar to that of the SARS-CoV homolog; (3) by detailed, functional review of nsp1 proteins from other coronaviruses (especially SARS-CoV) and comparison of the protein sequence and structure, we further analyzed the potential roles of SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 in manipulating host mRNA translation, antiviral innate immunity and inflammation response and thus likely promoting viral infection and pathogenesis, which are merited to be tested in the future. Finally, we discussed how understanding of the novel nsp1 may provide valuable insights into the designs of drugs and vaccines against the unprecedented coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qin Min
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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25
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Induction of the Antiviral Immune Response and Its Circumvention by Coronaviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091039. [PMID: 32961897 PMCID: PMC7551260 DOI: 10.3390/v12091039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Some coronaviruses are zoonotic viruses of human and veterinary medical importance. The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory symptoms coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), associated with the current global pandemic, is characterized by pneumonia, lymphopenia, and a cytokine storm in humans that has caused catastrophic impacts on public health worldwide. Coronaviruses are known for their ability to evade innate immune surveillance exerted by the host during the early phase of infection. It is important to comprehensively investigate the interaction between highly pathogenic coronaviruses and their hosts. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge about coronaviruses with a focus on antiviral immune responses in the respiratory and intestinal tracts to infection with severe coronaviruses that have caused epidemic diseases in humans and domestic animals. We emphasize, in particular, the strategies used by these coronaviruses to circumvent host immune surveillance, mainly including the hijack of antigen-presenting cells, shielding RNA intermediates in replication organelles, 2′-O-methylation modification for the evasion of RNA sensors, and blocking of interferon signaling cascades. We also provide information about the potential development of coronavirus vaccines and antiviral drugs.
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Lebeau G, Vagner D, Frumence É, Ah-Pine F, Guillot X, Nobécourt E, Raffray L, Gasque P. Deciphering SARS-CoV-2 Virologic and Immunologic Features. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5932. [PMID: 32824753 PMCID: PMC7460647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 and its associated pathology, COVID-19, have been of particular concerns these last months due to the worldwide burden they represent. The number of cases requiring intensive care being the critical point in this epidemic, a better understanding of the pathophysiology leading to these severe cases is urgently needed. Tissue lesions can be caused by the pathogen or can be driven by an overwhelmed immune response. Focusing on SARS-CoV-2, we and others have observed that this virus can trigger indeed an immune response that can be dysregulated in severe patients and leading to further injury to multiple organs. The purpose of the review is to bring to light the current knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 virologic and immunologic features. Thus, we address virus biology, life cycle, tropism for many organs and how ultimately it will affect several host biological and physiological functions, notably the immune response. Given that therapeutic avenues are now highly warranted, we also discuss the immunotherapies available to manage the infection and the clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégorie Lebeau
- Unité de Recherche Études Pharmaco-Immunologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (D.V.); (É.F.); (X.G.); (P.G.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie, Secteur Laboratoire d’immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de la Zone de l’océan Indien (LICE-OI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Damien Vagner
- Unité de Recherche Études Pharmaco-Immunologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (D.V.); (É.F.); (X.G.); (P.G.)
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Platform CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97491 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Étienne Frumence
- Unité de Recherche Études Pharmaco-Immunologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (D.V.); (É.F.); (X.G.); (P.G.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie, Secteur Laboratoire d’immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de la Zone de l’océan Indien (LICE-OI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Franck Ah-Pine
- Service d’anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud Réunion, 97410 Saint Pierre, France;
| | - Xavier Guillot
- Unité de Recherche Études Pharmaco-Immunologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (D.V.); (É.F.); (X.G.); (P.G.)
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Estelle Nobécourt
- Service d’endocrinologie Diabétologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud Réunion, 97410 Saint Pierre, France;
- Université de Formation et de Recherche Santé, Université de la Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Loïc Raffray
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France;
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Unité de Recherche Études Pharmaco-Immunologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (D.V.); (É.F.); (X.G.); (P.G.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie, Secteur Laboratoire d’immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de la Zone de l’océan Indien (LICE-OI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
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Benarba B, Pandiella A. Medicinal Plants as Sources of Active Molecules Against COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1189. [PMID: 32848790 PMCID: PMC7427466 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection has been declared world pandemic causing a worrisome number of deaths, especially among vulnerable citizens, in 209 countries around the world. Although several therapeutic molecules are being tested, no effective vaccines or specific treatments have been developed. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, different traditional herbal medicines with promising results have been used alone or in combination with conventional drugs to treat infected patients. Here, we review the recent findings regarding the use of natural products to prevent or treat COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, the mechanisms responsible for this preventive or therapeutic effect are discussed. We conducted literature research using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and WHO website. Dissertations and theses were not considered. Only the situation reports edited by the WHO were included. The different herbal products (extracts) and purified molecules may exert their anti-SARS-CoV-2 actions by direct inhibition of the virus replication or entry. Interestingly, some products may block the ACE-2 receptor or the serine protease TMPRRS2 required by SARS-CoV-2 to infect human cells. In addition, natural products were shown to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 life-cycle related proteins such as papain-like or chymotrypsin-like proteases. In conclusion, we suggest that natural products could be used alone or in combination as alternative medicines to treat/prevent COVID-19 infection. Moreover, their structures may offer clues for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Benarba
- Laboratory Research on Biological Systems and Geomatics, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mascara, Mascara, Algeria,*Correspondence: Bachir Benarba,
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-IBSAL-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on our lives and has rapidly expanded to reach more than 4 million cases worldwide by May 2020. These cases are characterized by extreme variability, from a mild or asymptomatic form lasting for a few days up to severe forms of interstitial pneumonia that may require ventilatory therapy and can lead to patient death. Several hypotheses have been drawn up to understand the role of the interaction between the infectious agent and the immune system in the development of the disease and the most severe forms; the role of the cytokine storm seems important. Innate immunity, as one of the first elements of guest interaction with different infectious agents, could play an important role in the development of the cytokine storm and be responsible for boosting more severe forms. Therefore, it seems important to study also this important arm of the immune system to adequately understand the pathogenesis of the disease. Research on this topic is also needed to develop therapeutic strategies for treatment of this disease.
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Rebello CJ, Kirwan JP, Greenway FL. Obesity, the most common comorbidity in SARS-CoV-2: is leptin the link? Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1810-1817. [PMID: 32647360 PMCID: PMC7347260 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are major risk factors for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and lung disease. These diseases are the most commonly reported health conditions that predispose individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection to require hospitalization including intensive care unit admissions. The innate immune response is the host’s first line of defense against a human coronavirus infection. However, most coronaviruses are armed with one strategy or another to overcome host antiviral defense, and the pathogenicity of the virus is related to its capacity to suppress host immunity. The multifaceted nature of obesity including its effects on immunity can fundamentally alter the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia, which are the major causes of death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Elevated circulating leptin concentrations are a hallmark of obesity, which is associated with a leptin-resistant state. Leptin is secreted by adipocytes in proportion to body fat and regulates appetite and metabolism through signaling in the hypothalamus. However, leptin also signals through the Jak/STAT and Akt pathways, among others, to modulate T cell number and function. Thus, leptin connects metabolism with the immune response. Therefore, it seems appropriate that its dysregulation would have serious consequences during an infection. We propose that leptin may be the link between obesity and its high prevalence as a comorbidity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this article, we present a synthesis of the mechanisms underpinning susceptibility to respiratory viral infections and the contribution of the immunomodulatory effects of obesity to the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida J Rebello
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400, Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - John P Kirwan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400, Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Frank L Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400, Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Thakolwiboon S, Zhao-Fleming H, Pan J, Scott JK, Shoji E, Sohn G, Avila M. Disease-Modifying Therapies During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Narrative Review of International and National Recommendations. Int J MS Care 2020; 22:151-157. [PMID: 32863782 DOI: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Managing multiple sclerosis (MS) during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a challenge due to the lack of evidence from clinical studies. Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) may affect the immune response and subsequently alter the risk of COVID-19 infections. Methods A literature search was conducted on the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases. A focused Google search was also performed. Recommendations regarding the use of DMTs during the COVID-19 outbreak from national and international MS/neurology societies were identified and reviewed. Results The review included 16 recommendations from international and national MS organizations. All recommendations are based on expert opinions. The recommendations regarding DMT initiation and management during this outbreak are summarized. Moreover, the experts' views about the risk of COVID-19 infection with each DMT are discussed. Conclusions There is significant agreement among most experts' recommendations from a variety of sources based on collective clinical experience. However, the recommendations will likely evolve because sufficient clinical data are limited. Several ongoing registries will help provide information for future recommendations.
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Gönültaş S, Karabağlı M, Baştuğ Y, Çilesiz NC, Kadıoğlu A. COVID-19 and animals: What do we know? Turk J Urol 2020; 46:tud.2020.140520. [PMID: 32420863 PMCID: PMC7360157 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2020.140520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses, which were generally considered harmless to humans before 2003, have appeared again with a pandemic threatening the world since December 2019 after the epidemics of SARS and MERS. It is known that transmission from person to person is the most important way to spread. However, due to the widespread host diversity, a detailed examination of the role of animals in this pandemic is essential to effectively fight against the outbreak. Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans. Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Gönültaş
- Department of Urology, Gaziosmanpaşa Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Karabağlı
- Department of Surgery, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Veterinary, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Baştuğ
- Department of Urology, Haydarpaşa Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ateş Kadıoğlu
- Department of Urology, İstanbul, University, İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Ye ZW, Yuan S, Yuen KS, Fung SY, Chan CP, Jin DY. Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1686-1697. [PMID: 32226286 PMCID: PMC7098031 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years. Before 2003, two human CoVs (HCoVs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold. The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have flipped the coin to reveal how devastating and life-threatening an HCoV infection could be. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in central China at the end of 2019 has thrusted CoVs into the spotlight again and surprised us with its high transmissibility but reduced pathogenicity compared to its sister SARS-CoV. HCoV infection is a zoonosis and understanding the zoonotic origins of HCoVs would serve us well. Most HCoVs originated from bats where they are non-pathogenic. The intermediate reservoir hosts of some HCoVs are also known. Identifying the animal hosts has direct implications in the prevention of human diseases. Investigating CoV-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on CoV pathogenesis in humans. In this review, we present an overview of the existing knowledge about the seven HCoVs, with a focus on the history of their discovery as well as their zoonotic origins and interspecies transmission. Importantly, we compare and contrast the different HCoVs from a perspective of virus evolution and genome recombination. The current CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is discussed in this context. In addition, the requirements for successful host switches and the implications of virus evolution on disease severity are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kit-San Yuen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sin-Yee Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Fung SY, Yuen KS, Ye ZW, Chan CP, Jin DY. A tug-of-war between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and host antiviral defence: lessons from other pathogenic viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:558-570. [PMID: 32172672 PMCID: PMC7103735 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1736644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
World Health Organization has declared the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The virus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Human infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to a wide range of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic, mild, moderate to severe. The severe cases present with pneumonia, which can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The outbreak provides an opportunity for real-time tracking of an animal coronavirus that has just crossed species barrier to infect humans. The outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection is largely determined by virus-host interaction. Here, we review the discovery, zoonotic origin, animal hosts, transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to its interplay with host antiviral defense. A comparison with SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, community-acquired human coronaviruses and other pathogenic viruses including human immunodeficiency viruses is made. We summarize current understanding of the induction of a proinflammatory cytokine storm by other highly pathogenic human coronaviruses, their adaptation to humans and their usurpation of the cell death programmes. Important questions concerning the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host antiviral defence, including asymptomatic and presymptomatic virus shedding, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Yee Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kit-San Yuen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Zi-Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Kikkert M. Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory RNA Viruses. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:4-20. [PMID: 31610541 PMCID: PMC6959104 DOI: 10.1159/000503030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of respiratory virus infections on the health of children and adults can be very significant. Yet, in contrast to most other childhood infections as well as other viral and bacterial diseases, prophylactic vaccines or effective antiviral treatments against viral respiratory infections are either still not available, or provide only limited protection. Given the widespread prevalence, a general lack of natural sterilizing immunity, and/or high morbidity and lethality rates of diseases caused by influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses, this difficult situation is a genuine societal challenge. A thorough understanding of the virus-host interactions during these respiratory infections will most probably be pivotal to ultimately meet these challenges. This review attempts to provide a comparative overview of the knowledge about an important part of the interaction between respiratory viruses and their host: the arms race between host innate immunity and viral innate immune evasion. Many, if not all, viruses, including the respiratory viruses listed above, suppress innate immune responses to gain a window of opportunity for efficient virus replication and setting-up of the infection. The consequences for the host's immune response are that it is often incomplete, delayed or diminished, or displays overly strong induction (after the delay) that may cause tissue damage. The affected innate immune response also impacts subsequent adaptive responses, and therefore viral innate immune evasion often undermines fully protective immunity. In this review, innate immune responses relevant for respiratory viruses with an RNA genome will briefly be summarized, and viral innate immune evasion based on shielding viral RNA species away from cellular innate immune sensors will be discussed from different angles. Subsequently, viral enzymatic activities that suppress innate immune responses will be discussed, including activities causing host shut-off and manipulation of stress granule formation. Furthermore, viral protease-mediated immune evasion and viral manipulation of the ubiquitin system will be addressed. Finally, perspectives for use of the reviewed knowledge for the development of novel antiviral strategies will be sketched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands,
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35
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Shokri S, Mahmoudvand S, Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F. Modulation of the immune response by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2143-2151. [PMID: 30146782 PMCID: PMC7166610 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus (CoV) infections are commonly associated with respiratory and enteric disease in humans and animals. In 2012, a new human disease called Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) emerged in the Middle East. MERS was caused by a virus that was originally called human coronavirus‐Erasmus Medical Center/2012 but was later renamed as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV). MERS‐CoV causes high fever, cough, acute respiratory tract infection, and multiorgan dysfunction that may eventually lead to the death of the infected individuals. The exact origin of MERS‐CoV remains unknown, but the transmission pattern and evidence from virological studies suggest that dromedary camels are the major reservoir host, from which human infections may sporadically occur through the zoonotic transmission. Human to human transmission also occurs in healthcare facilities and communities. Recent studies on Middle Eastern respiratory continue to highlight the need for further understanding the virus‐host interactions that govern disease severity and infection outcome. In this review, we have highlighted the major mechanisms of immune evasion strategies of MERS‐CoV. We have demonstrated that M, 4a, 4b proteins and Plppro of MERS‐CoV inhibit the type I interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor‐κB signaling pathways and therefore facilitate innate immune evasion. In addition, nonstructural protein 4a (NSP4a), NSP4b, and NSP15 inhibit double‐stranded RNA sensors. Therefore, the mentioned proteins limit early induction of IFN and cause rapid apoptosis of macrophages. MERS‐CoV strongly inhibits the activation of T cells with downregulation of antigen presentation. In addition, uncontrolled secretion of interferon ɣ‐induced protein 10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 can suppress proliferation of human myeloid progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Shokri
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahab Mahmoudvand
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Taherkhani
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farshadpour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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Shi ZL, Guo D, Rottier PJM. Coronavirus: epidemiology, genome replication and the interactions with their hosts. Virol Sin 2016; 31:1-2. [PMID: 26908210 PMCID: PMC7091033 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Li Shi
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Deyin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Peter J M Rottier
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584, CL, Netherlands.
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37
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Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) are the most severe coronavirus (CoV)-associated diseases in humans. The causative agents, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, are of zoonotic origin but may be transmitted to humans, causing severe and often fatal respiratory disease in their new host. The two coronaviruses are thought to encode an unusually large number of factors that allow them to thrive and replicate in the presence of efficient host defense mechanisms, especially the antiviral interferon system. Here, we review the recent progress in our understanding of the strategies that highly pathogenic coronaviruses employ to escape, dampen, or block the antiviral interferon response in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kindler
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - V Thiel
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - F Weber
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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38
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Jamieson AM. Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses. Future Virol 2016; 11:529-534. [PMID: 32201496 PMCID: PMC7079962 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, have emerged to cause unusually severe respiratory disease in humans. Currently, there is a lack of effective antiviral treatment options or vaccine available. Given the severity of these outbreaks, and the possibility of additional zoonotic coronaviruses emerging in the near future, the exploration of different treatment strategies is necessary. Disease resilience is the ability of a given host to tolerate an infection, and to return to a state of health. This review focuses on exploring various host resilience mechanisms that could be exploited for treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other respiratory viruses that cause acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Jamieson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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39
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Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus M protein suppresses type I interferon expression through the inhibition of TBK1-dependent phosphorylation of IRF3. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e39. [PMID: 27094905 PMCID: PMC4855074 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection has claimed hundreds of lives and has become a global threat since its emergence in Saudi Arabia in 2012. The ability of MERS-CoV to evade the host innate antiviral response may contribute to its severe pathogenesis. Many MERS-CoV-encoded proteins were identified to have interferon (IFN)-antagonizing properties, which correlates well with the reduced IFN levels observed in infected patients and ex vivo models. In this study, we fully characterized the IFN-antagonizing property of the MERS-CoV M protein. Expression of MERS-CoV M protein suppressed type I IFN expression in response to Sendai virus infection or poly(I:C) induction. This suppressive effect was found to be specific for the activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) but not nuclear factor-κB. MERS-CoV M protein interacted with TRAF3 and disrupted TRAF3–TBK1 association leading to reduced IRF3 activation. M proteins from MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV have three highly similar conserved N-terminal transmembrane domains and a C-terminal region. Using chimeric and truncation mutants, the N-terminal transmembrane domains of the MERS-CoV M protein were found to be sufficient for its inhibitory effect on IFN expression, whereas the C-terminal domain was unable to induce this suppression. Collectively, our findings suggest a common and conserved mechanism through which highly pathogenic MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV harness their M proteins to suppress type I IFN expression at the level of TBK1-dependent phosphorylation and activation of IRF3 resulting in evasion of the host innate antiviral response.
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