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An Z, Tang K, Xie Y, Tong C, Liu J, Tao Q, Feng Y. Aberrant resting-state co-activation network dynamics in major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:1. [PMID: 38172115 PMCID: PMC10764934 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a globally prevalent and highly disabling disease characterized by dysfunction of large-scale brain networks. Previous studies have found that static functional connectivity is not sufficient to reflect the complicated and time-varying properties of the brain. The underlying dynamic interactions between brain functional networks of MDD remain largely unknown, and it is also unclear whether neuroimaging-based dynamic properties are sufficiently robust to discriminate individuals with MDD from healthy controls since the diagnosis of MDD mainly depends on symptom-based criteria evaluated by clinical observation. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of 221 MDD patients and 215 healthy controls were shared by REST-meta-MDD consortium. We investigated the spatial-temporal dynamics of MDD using co-activation pattern analysis and made individual diagnoses using support vector machine (SVM). We found that MDD patients exhibited aberrant dynamic properties (such as dwell time, occurrence rate, transition probability, and entropy of Markov trajectories) in some transient networks including subcortical network (SCN), activated default mode network (DMN), de-activated SCN-cerebellum network, a joint network, activated attention network (ATN), and de-activated DMN-ATN, where some dynamic properties were indicative of depressive symptoms. The trajectories of other networks to deactivated DMN-ATN were more accessible in MDD patients. Subgroup analyses also showed subtle dynamic changes in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD patients. Finally, SVM achieved preferable accuracies of 84.69%, 76.77%, and 88.10% in discriminating patients with MDD, FEDN MDD, and recurrent MDD from healthy controls with their dynamic metrics. Our findings reveal that MDD is characterized by aberrant dynamic fluctuations of brain network and the feasibility of discriminating MDD patients using dynamic properties, which provide novel insights into the neural mechanism of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi An
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyao Xie
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanjun Tong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China
| | - Quan Tao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqiu Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Radiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Lin X, Cao Y, Ji L, Zhang W. Inhibitory control mediates the interaction between serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and peer victimization on adolescent depressive symptoms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14640. [PMID: 34282234 PMCID: PMC8289840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many efforts have been devoted to investigating the effect of the interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and environment (G × E) on depression, but they yield mixed results. The inconsistency has suggested that G × E effects may be more complex than originally conceptualized, and further study is warranted. This study explored the association among 5-HTTLPR, peer victimization and depressive symptoms and the underlying mediating role of inhibitory control in this association. A total of 871 Chinese Han adolescents (Mage = 15.32 years, 50.3% girls) participated and provided saliva samples from which the 5-HTTLPR was genotyped. This study found that 5-HTTLPR interacted with peer victimization in predicting depressive symptoms. Adolescents carrying L allele reported more depressive symptoms than SS carriers when exposed to higher level of peer victimization. Furthermore, adolescents' inhibitory control deficits mediated the association between 5-HTTLPR × peer victimization and depressive symptoms. These findings suggested that one pathway in which G × E may confer vulnerability to depressive symptoms is through disruptions to adolescents' inhibitory control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Lin
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanmiao Cao
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Linqin Ji
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China.
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An integrative analysis of 5HTT-mediated mechanism of hyperactivity to non-threatening voices. Commun Biol 2020; 3:113. [PMID: 32157156 PMCID: PMC7064530 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The tonic model delineating the serotonin transporter polymorphism’s (5-HTTLPR) modulatory effect on anxiety points towards a universal underlying mechanism involving a hyper-or-elevated baseline level of arousal even to non-threatening stimuli. However, to our knowledge, this mechanism has never been observed in non-clinical cohorts exhibiting high anxiety. Moreover, empirical support regarding said association is mixed, potentially because of publication bias with a relatively small sample size. Hence, how the 5-HTTLPR modulates neural correlates remains controversial. Here we show that 5-HTTLPR short-allele carriers had significantly increased baseline ERPs and reduced fearful MMN, phenomena which can nevertheless be reversed by acute anxiolytic treatment. This provides evidence that the 5-HTT affects the automatic processing of threatening and non-threatening voices, impacts broadly on social cognition, and conclusively asserts the heightened baseline arousal level as the universal underlying neural mechanism for anxiety-related susceptibilities, functioning as a spectrum-like distribution from high trait anxiety non-patients to anxiety patients. Chen et al. apply a multi-level approach to show that serotonin signaling modulates neuronal responses to both threatening and non-threatening voices even in the pre-attentive stage. They show that 5-HTTLPR short-allele carriers had higher baseline event-related potentials and lower fearful mismatch negativity, which can be reversed by acute anxiolytic treatment.
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Xu Q, Guo L, Cheng J, Wang M, Geng Z, Zhu W, Zhang B, Liao W, Qiu S, Zhang H, Xu X, Yu Y, Gao B, Han T, Yao Z, Cui G, Liu F, Qin W, Zhang Q, Li MJ, Liang M, Chen F, Xian J, Li J, Zhang J, Zuo XN, Wang D, Shen W, Miao Y, Yuan F, Lui S, Zhang X, Xu K, Zhang LJ, Ye Z, Yu C. CHIMGEN: a Chinese imaging genetics cohort to enhance cross-ethnic and cross-geographic brain research. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:517-529. [PMID: 31827248 PMCID: PMC7042768 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese Imaging Genetics (CHIMGEN) study establishes the largest Chinese neuroimaging genetics cohort and aims to identify genetic and environmental factors and their interactions that are associated with neuroimaging and behavioral phenotypes. This study prospectively collected genomic, neuroimaging, environmental, and behavioral data from more than 7000 healthy Chinese Han participants aged 18-30 years. As a pioneer of large-sample neuroimaging genetics cohorts of non-Caucasian populations, this cohort can provide new insights into ethnic differences in genetic-neuroimaging associations by being compared with Caucasian cohorts. In addition to micro-environmental measurements, this study also collects hundreds of quantitative macro-environmental measurements from remote sensing and national survey databases based on the locations of each participant from birth to present, which will facilitate discoveries of new environmental factors associated with neuroimaging phenotypes. With lifespan environmental measurements, this study can also provide insights on the macro-environmental exposures that affect the human brain as well as their timing and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Lining Guo
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meiyun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital and Henan Provincial People's Hospital, 450003, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Imaging of Neurological Diseases, 450003, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zuojun Geng
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, 410008, Changsha, China
| | - Shijun Qiu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510405, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, 264000, Yantai, China
| | - Tong Han
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, 300350, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, 300350, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenwei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hosptial, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangbin Cui
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province & Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Military Medical University of PLA Airforce (Fourth Military Medical University), 710038, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Mulin Jun Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, 300203, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital, 570311, Haikou, China
| | - Junfang Xian
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Jiance Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730050, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xi-Nian Zuo
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100049, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, 300192, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanwei Miao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116011, Dalian, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 300162, Tianjin, China
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science & Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221006, Xuzhou, China
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - Long Jiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 210002, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Ye
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 300052, Tianjin, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Zheng D, Chen J, Wang X, Zhou Y. Genetic contribution to the phenotypic correlation between trait impulsivity and resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala and its subregions. Neuroimage 2019; 201:115997. [PMID: 31284029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait impulsivity, a predisposition to respond to stimuli without regard for the potentially negative consequences, contributes to many maladaptive behaviors. Studies have shown that both genetic factors and interregional functional interactions underlie trait impulsivity. However, whether common genes contribute to both trait impulsivity and its neural basis is still unknown. This study investigated the phenotypic correlations between trait impulsivity and the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the amygdala as well as its subregions and the genetic contribution to the phenotypic correlations. By recruiting a sample of 292 twins in late adolescence and young adulthood, we found that trait impulsivity was positively correlated with the rsFC between the left full amygdala and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Further analyses on the subregions of the amygdala showed that trait impulsivity was positively correlated with the rsFCs between the left basolateral (BL) amygdala and both the right DLPFC and the right inferior frontal gyrus and with the rsFCs between the right superficial (SF) amygdala and both the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and right anterior insula. Bivariate genetic modelling analyses found genetic overlaps between trait impulsivity and the rsFC of the left full amygdala or the left BL amygdala with the right DLPFC. The proportions of phenotypic associations accounted for by overlapping genes were 82% and 60%, respectively. These results provide evidence for the genetic overlap between trait impulsivity and the intrinsic brain functional connectivity centered at the amygdala and especially at its BL subregion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, PR China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, PR China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, PR China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.
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Reduced default mode network functional connectivity in patients with recurrent major depressive disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9078-9083. [PMID: 30979801 PMCID: PMC6500168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900390116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity within the default mode network in patients with major depressive disorder has been frequently reported to be abnormal but with contradicting directions in previous studies with small sample sizes. In creating the REST-meta-MDD consortium containing neuroimaging data of 1,300 depressed patients and 1,128 normal controls from 25 research groups in China, we found decreased default mode network functional connectivity in depressed patients, driven by patients with recurrent depression, and associated with current medication treatment but not with disease duration. These findings suggest that default mode network functional connectivity remains a prime target for understanding the pathophysiology of depression, with particular relevance to revealing mechanisms of effective treatments. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is common and disabling, but its neuropathophysiology remains unclear. Most studies of functional brain networks in MDD have had limited statistical power and data analysis approaches have varied widely. The REST-meta-MDD Project of resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI) addresses these issues. Twenty-five research groups in China established the REST-meta-MDD Consortium by contributing R-fMRI data from 1,300 patients with MDD and 1,128 normal controls (NCs). Data were preprocessed locally with a standardized protocol before aggregated group analyses. We focused on functional connectivity (FC) within the default mode network (DMN), frequently reported to be increased in MDD. Instead, we found decreased DMN FC when we compared 848 patients with MDD to 794 NCs from 17 sites after data exclusion. We found FC reduction only in recurrent MDD, not in first-episode drug-naïve MDD. Decreased DMN FC was associated with medication usage but not with MDD duration. DMN FC was also positively related to symptom severity but only in recurrent MDD. Exploratory analyses also revealed alterations in FC of visual, sensory-motor, and dorsal attention networks in MDD. We confirmed the key role of DMN in MDD but found reduced rather than increased FC within the DMN. Future studies should test whether decreased DMN FC mediates response to treatment. All R-fMRI indices of data contributed by the REST-meta-MDD consortium are being shared publicly via the R-fMRI Maps Project.
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Han KM, Choi S, Kim A, Kang J, Won E, Tae WS, Kim YK, Lee MS, Ham BJ. The effects of 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms on neurostructural changes in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 273:25-34. [PMID: 29414128 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism have been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). We aimed to investigate the effects of genetic variants of the 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms and their interactions with MDD on cortical volume and white matter integrity. Ninety-five patients with MDD and 65 healthy participants aged 20-65 years were recruited. The subjects were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms and scanned with T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging. The gray matter volumes of 24 gyri in the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices and the fractional anisotropy values of nine white matter tracts in both hemispheres were determined. In the pooled sample of subjects from both groups, 5-HTTLPR L-allele carriers had significantly decreased cortical volume in the right anterior midcingulate gyrus compared to S-allele homozygotes. A significant effect of the interaction of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and MDD on the fractional anisotropy values of the right uncinate fasciculus was observed. Our results suggested that these genetic polymorphisms play important roles in the neurostructural changes of emotion-processing regions in subjects with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Man Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Choi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - June Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Won
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Tae
- Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Ham
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Anxiogenic CO2 stimulus elicits exacerbated hot flash-like responses in a rat menopause model and hot flashes in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2018; 23:1257-1266. [PMID: 27465717 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As longitudinal studies determined that anxiety is a strong risk factor for hot flashes, we hypothesized that an anxiogenic stimulus that signals air hunger (hypercapnic, normoxic gas) would trigger an exacerbated hot flash-associated increase in tail skin temperature (TST) in a rat ovariectomy (OVEX) model of surgical menopause and hot flashes in symptomatic postmenopausal women. We also assessed TST responses in OVEX serotonin transporter (SERT) rats that models a common polymorphism that is associated with increased climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women and increases in anxiety traits. METHODS OVEX and sham-OVEX rats (initial experiment) and wildtype and SERT OVEX rats (subsequent experiment) were exposed to a 5-minute infusion of 20% carbon dioxide (CO2) normoxic gas while measuring TST. Postmenopausal women were given brief 20% and 35% CO2 challenges, and hot flashes were self-reported and objectively verified. RESULTS Compared to controls, OVEX rats had exacerbated increases in TST, and SERT OVEX rats had prolonged TST increases following CO2. Most women reported mild/moderate hot flashes after CO2 challenges, and the hot flash severity to CO2 was positively correlated with daily hot flash frequency. CONCLUSIONS The studies demonstrate that this anxiogenic stimulus is capable of inducing cutaneous vasomotor responses in OVEX rats, and eliciting hot flashes in postmenopausal women. In rats, the severity of the response was mediated by loss of ovarian function and increased anxiety traits (SERT), and, in women, by daily hot flash frequency. These findings may provide insights into anxiety-related triggers and genetic risk factors for hot flashes in thermoneutral environments.
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Long H, Liu B, Wang C, Zhang X, Li J, Yu C, Jiang T. Interaction effect between 5-HTTLPR and HTR1A rs6295 polymorphisms on the frontoparietal network. Neuroscience 2017; 362:239-247. [PMID: 28793232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown a close relationship between the serotonin system and working memory (WM), but the neural mechanism for the role of the serotonin system on the WM is unclear. The frontoparietal network is involved in WM and is associated with the serotonin system. Therefore, this study investigated the interaction effect of the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and the polymorphism in the serotonin 1A receptor gene (rs6295) on the frontoparietal network obtained from the independent component analysis in a large, young Chinese sample population. The current study found a significant interaction effect of 5-HTTLPR and rs6295 on the connectivity within the right frontoparietal network, specifically in the middle frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule. Moreover, the mean connectivity in the right inferior parietal lobule was positively correlated with WM performance. These brain network analysis findings could provide a new perspective on the neural mechanisms of gene-gene interactions and on individual differences in cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Long
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jin Li
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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10
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Lin S, Li X, Chen YH, Gao F, Chen H, Hu NY, Huang L, Luo ZY, Liu JH, You QL, Yin YN, Li ZL, Li XW, Du ZJ, Yang JM, Gao TM. Social Isolation During Adolescence Induces Anxiety Behaviors and Enhances Firing Activity in BLA Pyramidal Neurons via mGluR5 Upregulation. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5310-5320. [PMID: 28914419 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social isolation during the vulnerable period of adolescence contributes to the occurrence of psychiatric disorders and profoundly affects brain development and adult behavior. Although the impact of social isolation during adolescence on anxiety behaviors has been well studied, much less is known about the onset and underlying mechanisms of these behaviors. We observed that following 2 weeks, but not 1 week, of social isolation, adolescent mice exhibited anxiety behaviors. Strikingly, the mGluR5 protein levels in the amygdala increased concomitantly with anxiety behaviors, and both intraperitoneal administration and intra-basolateral amygdala (BLA) infusion of MPEP, a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist, normalized anxiety behaviors. Furthermore, electrophysiological studies showed that 2 weeks of social isolation during adolescence facilitated pyramidal neuronal excitability in the BLA, which could be normalized by MPEP. Together, these results reveal a critical period in adolescence during which social isolation can induce anxiety behaviors and facilitate BLA pyramidal neuronal excitability, both of which are mediated by mGluR5, thus providing mechanistic insights into the onset of anxiety behaviors after social isolation during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yi-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Neng-Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qiang-Long You
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ya-Nan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ze-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhuo-Jun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023S Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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11
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Klein M, van Donkelaar M, Verhoef E, Franke B. Imaging genetics in neurodevelopmental psychopathology. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:485-537. [PMID: 29984470 PMCID: PMC7170264 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are defined by highly heritable problems during development and brain growth. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and intellectual disability (ID) are frequent neurodevelopmental disorders, with common comorbidity among them. Imaging genetics studies on the role of disease-linked genetic variants on brain structure and function have been performed to unravel the etiology of these disorders. Here, we reviewed imaging genetics literature on these disorders attempting to understand the mechanisms of individual disorders and their clinical overlap. For ADHD and ASD, we selected replicated candidate genes implicated through common genetic variants. For ID, which is mainly caused by rare variants, we included genes for relatively frequent forms of ID occurring comorbid with ADHD or ASD. We reviewed case-control studies and studies of risk variants in healthy individuals. Imaging genetics studies for ADHD were retrieved for SLC6A3/DAT1, DRD2, DRD4, NOS1, and SLC6A4/5HTT. For ASD, studies on CNTNAP2, MET, OXTR, and SLC6A4/5HTT were found. For ID, we reviewed the genes FMR1, TSC1 and TSC2, NF1, and MECP2. Alterations in brain volume, activity, and connectivity were observed. Several findings were consistent across studies, implicating, for example, SLC6A4/5HTT in brain activation and functional connectivity related to emotion regulation. However, many studies had small sample sizes, and hypothesis-based, brain region-specific studies were common. Results from available studies confirm that imaging genetics can provide insight into the link between genes, disease-related behavior, and the brain. However, the field is still in its early stages, and conclusions about shared mechanisms cannot yet be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Donkelaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Verhoef
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Ma H, Li X, Lin A, Yuan Z, Zhou J, Yang X, Cong Z, Huang Y, Zhu G. Associations Between PPP1R1B Gene Polymorphisms and Anxiety Levels in the Chinese Population. Neurosci Bull 2016; 33:107-110. [PMID: 27995567 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- Center for Mental Health, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Ailu Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xueping Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhengtu Cong
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yinglin Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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13
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Altered plasma levels of chemokines in autism and their association with social behaviors. Psychiatry Res 2016; 244:300-5. [PMID: 27512919 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopment disorders with an unclear etiology. Chemokines have been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of ASD. The current study investigated the plasma levels of seven chemokines (RANTES, Eotaxin, MIP-1 α, MIP-1 β, MCP-1, IP-10, and MIG) in 42 young autistic patients and 35 age-matched typically developing (TD) children. The study also tested the association between these chemokine levels and social behaviors, as measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Compared to the TD children, RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β were higher, while IP-10 and MIG were lower in the autistic patients, after correcting for multiple comparisons. Among these seven chemokines, MIP-1α, MIP-1β and IP-10 levels were found to be associated with social behaviors in all the participants. Moreover, MIP-1α and IP-10 were found to be independent predictors of social behaviors. The results of our study support the hypothesis that altered chemokine levels are involved in the pathophysiology of ASD and they indicate that chemokines plasma levels could be potential biomarkers for ASD.
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14
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Hemmings SMJ, Martin LI, van der Merwe L, Benecke R, Domschke K, Seedat S. Serotonin transporter variants play a role in anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17:66-75. [PMID: 26635248 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anxiety sensitivity (AS) has predictive potential for the development of anxiety disorders. We investigated the role that gene-environment (G × E) interactions, focussing on childhood trauma (CT) and selected SLC6A4 variants, play in modulating levels of AS in a South African adolescent population. METHODS All adolescents (n = 951) completed measures for AS and CT. Six SLC6A4 polymorphisms were genotyped. G × E influences on AS levels were assessed using multiple linear regression models. Relevant confounders were included in all analyses. RESULTS Xhosa (n = 634) and Coloured (n = 317) participants were analysed independently of one another. The 5-HTTLPR-rs25531 L-G haplotype associated with reduced AS among Xhosa adolescents (P = 0.010). In addition, the rs1042173 CC-genotype protected against increased levels of AS in Xhosa participants who had experienced increased levels of CT (P = 0.038). Coloured males homozygous for the S-allele had significantly increased levels of AS compared to Coloured males with at least one L-allele (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to be conducted on AS in adolescents from two ethnically diverse populations. Results indicate that the L-G haplotype confers protection against high AS levels in a Xhosa population. Furthermore, increased CT was found to protect against high levels of AS in Xhosa rs1042173 CC-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian M J Hemmings
- a Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa
| | - Lindi I Martin
- a Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- b Department of Statistics , University of the Western Cape , Bellville , South Africa
| | - Rohan Benecke
- c Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa
| | - Katharina Domschke
- d Department of Psychiatry , University of Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg , Germany
| | - Soraya Seedat
- a Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa
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15
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Serotonin transporter polymorphism alters citalopram effects on human pain responses to physical pain. Neuroimage 2016; 135:186-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Developmental psychopathology in an era of molecular genetics and neuroimaging: A developmental neurogenetics approach. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:587-613. [PMID: 25997774 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of neurogenetics seeks to model the complex pathways from gene to brain to behavior. This field has focused on imaging genetics techniques that examine how variability in common genetic polymorphisms predict differences in brain structure and function. These studies are informed by other complimentary techniques (e.g., animal models and multimodal imaging) and have recently begun to incorporate the environment through examination of Imaging Gene × Environment interactions. Though neurogenetics has the potential to inform our understanding of the development of psychopathology, there has been little integration between principles of neurogenetics and developmental psychopathology. The paper describes a neurogenetics and Imaging Gene × Environment approach and how these approaches have been usefully applied to the study of psychopathology. Six tenets of developmental psychopathology (the structure of phenotypes, the importance of exploring mechanisms, the conditional nature of risk, the complexity of multilevel pathways, the role of development, and the importance of who is studied) are identified, and how these principles can further neurogenetics applications to understanding the development of psychopathology is discussed. A major issue of this piece is how neurogenetics and current imaging and molecular genetics approaches can be incorporated into developmental psychopathology perspectives with a goal of providing models for better understanding pathways from among genes, environments, the brain, and behavior.
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Gao X, Gong P, Liu J, Hu J, Li Y, Yu H, Gong X, Xiang Y, Jiang C, Zhou X. COMT Val158Met polymorphism influences the susceptibility to framing in decision-making: OFC-amygdala functional connectivity as a mediator. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1880-92. [PMID: 26917235 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals tend to avoid risk in a gain frame, in which options are presented in a positive way, but seek risk in a loss frame, in which the same options are presented negatively. Previous studies suggest that emotional responses play a critical role in this "framing effect." Given that the Met allele of COMT Val158Met polymorphism (rs4680) is associated with the negativity bias during emotional processing, this study investigated whether this polymorphism is associated with individual susceptibility to framing and which brain areas mediate this gene-behavior association. Participants were genotyped, scanned in resting state, and completed a monetary gambling task with options (sure vs risky) presented as potential gains or losses. The Met allele carriers showed a greater framing effect than the Val/Val homozygotes as the former gambled more than the latter in the loss frame. Moreover, the gene-behavior association was mediated by resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and bilateral amygdala. Met allele carriers showed decreased RSFC, thereby demonstrating higher susceptibility to framing than Val allele carriers. These findings demonstrate the involvement of COMT Val158Met polymorphism in the framing effect in decision-making and suggest RSFC between OFC and amygdala as a neural mediator underlying this gene-behavior association. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1880-1892, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Gao
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Pingyuan Gong
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Institute of Population and Health, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Shanxi, 710069, China
| | - Jinting Liu
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,China Center for Special Economic Zone Research, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, China.,Research Centre for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yue Li
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoliang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing (Ministry of Education), Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing (Ministry of Education), Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Changjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing (Ministry of Education), Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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18
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Altered Cortico-Limbic Functional Connectivity During an Empathy Task in Subjects with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-016-9538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Latent trajectories of adolescent antisocial behavior: Serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype influences sensitivity to perceived parental support. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 29:185-201. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough prevailing theories of antisocial behavior (ASB) emphasize distinct developmental trajectories, few studies have explored gene–environment interplay underlying membership in empirically derived trajectories. To improve knowledge about the development of overt (e.g., aggression) and covert (e.g., delinquency) ASB, we tested the association of the 44-base pair promoter polymorphism in the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region gene (5-HTTLPR), perceived parental support (e.g., closeness and warmth), and their interaction with ASB trajectories derived using latent class growth analysis in 2,558 adolescents followed prospectively into adulthood from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Three distinct trajectories emerged for overt (low desisting, adolescent peak, and late onset) and covert ASB (high stable, low stable, and nonoffending). Controlling for sex, parental support inversely predicted membership in the adolescent-peak overt ASB trajectory (vs. low desisting), but was unrelated to class membership for covert ASB. Furthermore, the 5-HTTLPR genotype significantly moderated the association of parental support on overt ASB trajectory membership. It is interesting that the pattern of Gene × Environment interaction differed by trajectory class: whereas short allele carriers were more sensitive to parental support in predicting the late-onset trajectory, the long/long genotype functioned as a potential “plasticity genotype” for the adolescent-peak trajectory group. We discuss these preliminary findings in the context of the differential susceptibility hypothesis and discuss the need for future studies to integrate gene–environment interplay and prospective longitudinal designs.
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20
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The analysis of anxiety and mood in healthy late-reproductive-stage women with regard to hormonal and genetic factors. Arch Womens Ment Health 2016; 19:1141-1148. [PMID: 27614969 PMCID: PMC5102941 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-016-0667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether anxiety and mood disorders in late-reproductive-stage women are related to the serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase A gene polymorphisms. Research instrument used in this study were the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist. The 44-bp VNTR polymorphism in the 5-HTT (SLC 6A4) promoter region and the 30-bp VNTR polymorphism in the MAO-A promoter region were analyzed. The study included 345 healthy Polish women in the late reproductive stage. The mean age of the participants was 42.3 ± 4.5 years. State anxiety was observed in 16.8 % of the women and trait anxiety in 14.5 %. There were no statistically significant differences in the mood and the mean levels of anxiety depending on the presence of the polymorphisms analyzed in this study. Depressed mood is frequent among healthy women in the late reproductive stage. Anxiety is definitely less common. The study did not demonstrate the relationship between the 5-HTT and MAO-A gene polymorphisms, and the severity of anxiety and mood disorders in healthy late-reproductive-stage women.
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21
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Napolioni V, MacMurray J. Infectious diseases, IL6 -174G>C polymorphism, and human development. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 51:196-203. [PMID: 26291404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is required for resistance against many pathogens. However, sustained IL6 activity can cause tissue damage in the periphery and brain. Previous studies have shown that populations in disease-endemic regions adapt by selecting the high-producing G-allele at the -174G>C (rs1800795) polymorphism, while others have linked increased IL6 to cognitive impairments. The present study sought to determine whether up-regulation of IL6 by the G-allele at rs1800795 polymorphism in disease-endemic regions was associated with increased cognitive deficits and corollary reductions in social, economic, and political development. We tested these hypotheses in a global sample of 189 nations with World Health Organization ratings for infectious diseases. We also included the Historical Pathogen Prevalence index, a measure of national average intelligence (IQ), and the United Nation Human Development Index (HDI) including per capita income, life expectancy, child mortality, and fertility rate. IL6 -174G>C allele frequencies were obtained from 171,168 individuals spanning 84 nations. The high-producing G-allele frequency was positively correlated with infectious disease ranking (r=0.745, P<0.001) and negatively with IQ (r=-0.524, P<0.001) and HDI (r=-0.671, P<0.001). These robust findings suggest that in regions with a high pathogen burden the need for a strong IL6 response is accompanied by cognitive deficits and reduced HDI ranking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Napolioni
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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22
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Kitayama S, King A, Hsu M, Liberzon I, Yoon C. Dopamine-System Genes and Cultural Acquisition: The Norm Sensitivity Hypothesis. Curr Opin Psychol 2015; 8:167-174. [PMID: 28491931 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous research in cultural psychology shows that cultures vary in the social orientation of independence and interdependence. To date, however, little is known about how people may acquire such global patterns of cultural behavior or cultural norms. Nor is it clear what genetic mechanisms may underlie the acquisition of cultural norms. Here, we draw on recent evidence for certain genetic variability in the susceptibility to environmental influences and propose a norm sensitivity hypothesis, which holds that people acquire culture, and rules of cultural behaviors, through reinforcement-mediated social learning processes. One corollary of the hypothesis is that the degree of cultural acquisition should be influenced by polymorphic variants of genes involved in dopaminergic neural pathways, which have been widely implicated in reinforcement learning. We reviewed initial evidence for this prediction and discussed challenges and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ming Hsu
- University of California, Berkeley
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23
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Gao Q, Yao W, Wang J, Yang T, Liu C, Tao Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Ma L. Post-training activation of Rac1 in the basolateral amygdala is required for the formation of both short-term and long-term auditory fear memory. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:65. [PMID: 26582975 PMCID: PMC4631819 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1, a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, is crucial for morphological changes of the mature neuronal synapse including spine formation and activity-dependent spine enlargement, while its role in the formation of associated memories, such as conditioned fear memory, is not clear. Here, we report that selective deletion of Rac1 in excitatory neurons, but not in parvalbumin inhibitory neurons, impaired short- and long-term memories (STM and LTM) of fear conditioning. Conditional knockout of Rac1 before associative fear training in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a key area for fear memory acquisition and storage, impaired fear memory. The expression of dominant-negative mutant of Rac1, or infusion of Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 into BLA blocked both STM and LTM of fear conditioning. Furthermore, selective inhibition of Rac1 activation in BLA immediately following fear conditioning impaired STM and LTM, demonstrating that fear conditioning-induced Rac1 activation in BLA plays a critical role in the formation of both STM and LTM of conditioned fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Cao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Yezheng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
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24
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Li J, Chen C, Wu K, Zhang M, Zhu B, Chen C, Moyzis RK, Dong Q. Genetic variations in the serotonergic system contribute to amygdala volume in humans. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:129. [PMID: 26500508 PMCID: PMC4598478 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala plays a critical role in emotion processing and psychiatric disorders associated with emotion dysfunction. Accumulating evidence suggests that amygdala structure is modulated by serotonin-related genes. However, there is a gap between the small contributions of single loci (less than 1%) and the reported 63–65% heritability of amygdala structure. To understand the “missing heritability,” we systematically explored the contribution of serotonin genes on amygdala structure at the gene set level. The present study of 417 healthy Chinese volunteers examined 129 representative polymorphisms in genes from multiple biological mechanisms in the regulation of serotonin neurotransmission. A system-level approach using multiple regression analyses identified that nine SNPs collectively accounted for approximately 8% of the variance in amygdala volume. Permutation analyses showed that the probability of obtaining these findings by chance was low (p = 0.043, permuted for 1000 times). Findings showed that serotonin genes contribute moderately to individual differences in amygdala volume in a healthy Chinese sample. These results indicate that the system-level approach can help us to understand the genetic basis of a complex trait such as amygdala structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China ; Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China ; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China ; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Karen Wu
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China ; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Robert K Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA ; Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China ; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
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Nishikawa S, Toshima T, Kobayashi M. Perceived Parenting Mediates Serotonin Transporter Gene (5-HTTLPR) and Neural System Function during Facial Recognition: A Pilot Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134685. [PMID: 26418317 PMCID: PMC4587980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined changes in prefrontal oxy-Hb levels measured by NIRS (Near-Infrared Spectroscopy) during a facial-emotion recognition task in healthy adults, testing a mediational/moderational model of these variables. Fifty-three healthy adults (male = 35, female = 18) aged between 22 to 37 years old (mean age = 24.05 years old) provided saliva samples, completed a EMBU questionnaire (Swedish acronym for Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran [My memories of upbringing]), and participated in a facial-emotion recognition task during NIRS recording. There was a main effect of maternal rejection on RoxH (right frontal activation during an ambiguous task), and a gene × environment (G×E) interaction on RoxH, suggesting that individuals who carry the SL or LL genotype and who endorse greater perceived maternal rejection show less right frontal activation than SL/LL carriers with lower perceived maternal rejection. Finally, perceived parenting style played a mediating role in right frontal activation via the 5-HTTLPR genotype. Early-perceived parenting might influence neural activity in an uncertain situation i.e. rating ambiguous faces among individuals with certain genotypes. This preliminary study makes a small contribution to the mapping of an influence of gene and behaviour on the neural system. More such attempts should be made in order to clarify the links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Nishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
- Phoenix Leader Education Program, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail: (SN); (MK)
| | - Tamotsu Toshima
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masao Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
- Phoenix Leader Education Program, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail: (SN); (MK)
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Li J, Liu B, Chen C, Cui Y, Shang L, Zhang Y, Wang C, Zhang X, He Q, Zhang W, Bi W, Jiang T. RAB2A Polymorphism impacts prefrontal morphology, functional connectivity, and working memory. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4372-82. [PMID: 26249043 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Calbindin-containing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been found to play an important role in working memory (WM) and their malfunctions have been linked to psychiatric disorders. A recent genome-wide association and expression-SNP study indicated that the RAB2A gene was associated with the density of prefrontal calbindin-positive neurons, suggesting this gene may have a broader influence on prefrontal structure and function. Using multimodal MRI and behavioral tasks, the current study investigated the effect of RAB2A on prefrontal morphology, resting-state functional connectivity, and WM performance in a large sample of healthy Han Chinese subjects. Results showed that the RAB2A AGCAAA haplotype was associated with improved WM accuracy, increased cortical thickness in the left inferior frontal gyrus, and decreased functional connectivity between the left inferior frontal gyrus and the left dorsolateral PFC. Our findings provide consistent evidence supporting the effect of RAB2A on the structure and function of the PFC and related cognitive functions. These results should provide new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the GABAergic genes' role in WM as well as its dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Yue Cui
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Liqing Shang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Wenwei Bi
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Serotonin transporter availability may moderate the association between perceiving stress and depressive tendencies - A SPECT with 5-HTTLPR genotyping study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 61:24-9. [PMID: 25816791 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It was found that serotonin transporter (SERT) gene (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism may moderate the association between perceiving stress and depressive tendency. Although SERT availability in the central nervous system could be associated with 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, whether SERT availability moderates the association between stress and depressive tendency is unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether there is a SERT availability×environmental stress interaction effect, as well as a gene-by-environmental (G×E) interaction effect, using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with a serotonin transporter radiotracer, [(123)I]ADAM. 87 healthy volunteers were enrolled. The SERT availability was approximated using SPECT with [(123)I]ADAM. Stress and depressive tendencies were measured by the Recent Life Change Questionnaire (RLCQ) and the Taiwanese Depression Questionnaire (TDQ), respectively. A significant interaction of sex×RLCQ×thalamic SERT availability on the TDQ was found, and this effect was robust after controlling for the effect of the SS genotype. The interaction of RLCQ×thalamic SERT availability on the TDQ was significant among males. In particular, a significant association between RLCQ and TDQ (Spearman correlation, ρ=0.64, p<0.01) was found among male subjects with a lower level of thalamic SERT availability. SERT availability may play a role in depressive tendency when under perceived stress among healthy individuals, independent of G×E. This finding provides new evidence that confirms the role of the serotonergic system in the association between stress and depression. Males with lower levels of SERT availability may be more vulnerable to the effects of negative life events.
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The cortical surface area of the insula mediates the effect of DBH rs7040170 on novelty seeking. Neuroimage 2015; 117:184-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Spies M, Knudsen GM, Lanzenberger R, Kasper S. The serotonin transporter in psychiatric disorders: insights from PET imaging. Lancet Psychiatry 2015; 2:743-755. [PMID: 26249305 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, psychotropics affecting the serotonergic system have been used extensively in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Molecular imaging, in particular PET, has allowed for elucidation of the essential contribution of the serotonin transporter to the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders and their treatment. We review studies that use PET to measure cerebral serotonin transporter activity in psychiatric disorders, focusing on major depressive disorder and antidepressant treatment. We also discuss opportunities and limitations in the application of this neuroimaging method in clinical practice. Although results from individual studies diverge, meta-analysis indicates a trend towards reduced serotonin transporter availability in patients with major depressive disorder. Inconsistencies in results might suggest symptom heterogeneity in major depressive disorder and might therefore be relevant for stratification of patients into clinical subsets. PET has enabled the elucidation of mechanisms of response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and hence provides a basis for rational pharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder. Such imaging studies have also suggested that the pattern of serotonin transporter binding before treatment might predict response to antidepressant treatment, which could potentially be clinically useful in the future. Additionally, this Review discusses PET studies investigating the serotonin transporter in anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders. Few studies have shown changes in serotonin transporter activity in schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. By showing the scarcity of data in these psychiatric disorders, we highlight the potential for further investigation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Spies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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van Velzen LS, de Wit SJ, Ćurĉić-Blake B, Cath DC, de Vries FE, Veltman DJ, van der Werf YD, van den Heuvel OA. Altered inhibition-related frontolimbic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4064-75. [PMID: 26183689 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that response inhibition is impaired in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their unaffected siblings, suggesting that these deficits may be considered a cognitive endophenotype of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Structural and functional neural correlates of altered response inhibition have been identified in patients and siblings. This study aims to examine the functional integrity of the response inhibition network in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their unaffected siblings. METHODS Forty-one unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, 17 of their unaffected siblings and 37 healthy controls performed a stop signal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psycho-physiological interaction analysis was used to examine functional connectivity between the following regions of interest: the bilateral inferior frontal gyri, presupplementary motor area, subthalamic nuclei, inferior parietal lobes, anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala. We then used dynamic causal modeling to investigate the directionality of the networks involved. RESULTS Patients, and to a lesser extent also their unaffected siblings, show altered connectivity between the inferior frontal gyrus and the amygdala during response inhibition. The follow-up dynamic causal modeling suggests a bottom-up influence of the amygdala on the inferior frontal gyrus in healthy controls, whereas processing occurs top-down in patients with obsessive-compulsive, and in both directions in siblings. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that amygdala activation in obsessive-compulsive disorder interferes differently with the task-related recruitment of the inhibition network, underscoring the role of limbic disturbances in cognitive dysfunctions in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S van Velzen
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stella J de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Branislava Ćurĉić-Blake
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle C Cath
- Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Froukje E de Vries
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D van der Werf
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Long H, Liu B, Hou B, Wang C, Li J, Jiang T. Authors' response to "Maternal age as a potential explanation of the role of the L allele of the serotonin transporter gene in anxiety and depression in Asians". Neurosci Bull 2015; 30:536-7. [PMID: 24764119 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Long
- Brainnetome Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Mushtaq R, Shoib S, Shah T, Mushtaq S. 5-Hydroxy tryptamine transporter (5HTT) gene promoter region polymorphism in anxiety and depressive disorders. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2014; 28:127. [PMID: 25679006 PMCID: PMC4313441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5HTTLPR polymorphism (5- Hydroxy tryptamine transporter linked promoter region polymorphism) is the most widely studied genetic variant in psychiatry. The present study is a modest effort at ascertaining the role of 5HT transporter linked promoter region polymorphism (5HTTLPR) in anxiety and depressive disorders in Kashmir (India).The aim of this study was to examine 5-Hydroxy tryptamine transporter (5HTT) gene promoter region polymorphism in anxiety and depressive disorders. METHODS Thirty patients with unipolar depressive disorders, 30 patients with anxiety disorders and 40 healthy volunteers (controls) were studied on a case control design, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis after digestion with endonuclease enzyme. Genotypes and allele frequencies were compared using chi square tests, and p value of < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS The mean (±sd) HAM-A (Hamilton rating scale for anxiety) scores for anxiety and depressive groups were 28.2±5.14 and 17±5.61, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean (±sd) HAM-D (Hamilton rating scale for depression) scores for depressive and anxiety groups were 25±5.58 and 15±6.13, respectively. (p< 0.001). The frequency of S allele was significantly high (83.3% vs 60%) in the group with anxiety (p< 0.05) compared to the control group (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION The genetic studies are still evolving as pathogenesis of anxiety and depressive disorders and involve the interaction of environmental factors with various genes. Genetic variation in different populations and hence different environments is important for elucidation of the mechanisms of these disorders. However, the study concludes that the locus under study is not shared between the two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Mushtaq
- 1. Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, India.
| | - Sheikh Shoib
- 2. Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, India.
| | - Tabindah Shah
- 3. M.B, B.S, Government Medical College, Srinagar, India.
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Peng D, Shi F, Shen T, Peng Z, Zhang C, Liu X, Qiu M, Liu J, Jiang K, Fang Y, Shen D. Altered brain network modules induce helplessness in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2014; 168:21-9. [PMID: 25033474 PMCID: PMC5321069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The abnormal brain functional connectivity (FC) has been assumed to be a pathophysiological aspect of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it is poorly understood, regarding the underlying patterns of global FC network and their relationships with the clinical characteristics of MDD. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 16 first episode, medication-naïve MDD patients and 16 healthy control subjects. The global FC network was constructed using 90 brain regions. The global topological patterns, e.g., small-worldness and modularity, and their relationships with depressive characteristics were investigated. Furthermore, the participant coefficient and module degree of MDD patients were measured to reflect the regional roles in module network, and the impairment of FC was examined by network based statistic. RESULTS Small-world property was not altered in MDD. However, MDD patients exhibited 5 atypically reorganized modules compared to the controls. A positive relationship was also found among MDD patients between the intra-module I and helplessness factor evaluated via the Hamilton Depression Scale. Specifically, eight regions exhibited the abnormal participant coefficient or module degree, e.g., left superior orbital frontal cortex and right amygdala. The decreased FC was identified among the sub-network of 24 brain regions, e.g., frontal cortex, supplementary motor area, amygdala, thalamus, and hippocampus. LIMITATION The limited size of MDD samples precluded meaningful study of distinct clinical characteristics in relation to aberrant FC. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed altered patterns of brain module network at the global level in MDD patients, which might contribute to the feelings of helplessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daihui Peng
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping South Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China; Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7513, USA
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7513, USA
| | - Ting Shen
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping South Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Ziwen Peng
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7513, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping South Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping South Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Meihui Qiu
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping South Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, the Fifth People׳s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Kaida Jiang
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yiru Fang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping South Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7513, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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The relevance of checking population allele frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in genetic association studies: the case of SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in a Chinese Han Irritable Bowel Syndrome association study. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:276-8. [PMID: 25151208 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Fabbri C, Minarini A, Niitsu T, Serretti A. Understanding the pharmacogenetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1093-118. [PMID: 24930681 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.928693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The genetic background of antidepressant response represents a unique opportunity to identify biological markers of treatment outcome. Encouraging results alternating with inconsistent findings made antidepressant pharmacogenetics a stimulating but often discouraging field that requires careful discussion about cumulative evidence and methodological issues. AREAS COVERED The present review discusses both known and less replicated genes that have been implicated in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) efficacy and side effects. Candidate genes studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were collected through MEDLINE database search (articles published till January 2014). Further, GWAS signals localized in promising genetic regions according to candidate gene studies are reported in order to assess the general comparability of results obtained through these two types of pharmacogenetic studies. Finally, a pathway enrichment approach is applied to the top genes (those harboring SNPs with p < 0.0001) outlined by previous GWAS in order to identify possible molecular mechanisms involved in SSRI effect. EXPERT OPINION In order to improve the understanding of SSRI pharmacogenetics, the present review discusses the proposal of moving from the analysis of individual polymorphisms to genes and molecular pathways, and from the separation across different methodological approaches to their combination. Efforts in this direction are justified by the recent evidence of a favorable cost-utility of gene-guided antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fabbri
- University of Bologna, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences , Viale Carlo Pepoli 5, 40123 Bologna , Italy +39 051 6584233 ; +39 051 521030 ;
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Comings DE, MacMurray JP. Maternal age as a potential explanation of the role of the L allele of the serotonin transporter gene in anxiety and depression in Asians. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:535. [DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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FMRI and fcMRI phenotypes map the genomic effect of chromosome 13 in Brown Norway and Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Neuroimage 2014; 90:403-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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A potential ethnic difference in the association between 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms and the brain default mode network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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The 5-HTTLPR genotype modulates heart rate variability and its adjustment by pharmacological panic challenge in healthy men. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 50:51-8. [PMID: 24342768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal serotonin transporter (5-HTT) function and autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation has been proposed in panic disorder. However, in contrast to hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) functioning, ANS reactivity during panic response has yet not been investigated in humans with respect to the 5-HTT genotype. The present study assessed the influence of challenging by cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) on heart rate variability (HRV) measures, to monitor autonomic reactivity and its relationship to 5-HTT-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotypes. We hypothesized substantial effects of the 5-HTTLPR genotype on autonomic reactivity. We studied 30 healthy young men, 15 of each with the long/long (l/l) or short/short (s/s) genotype for the 5-HTTLPR. All participants received an intravenous application of 50 μg CCK-4. HRV measures were assessed in both groups at baseline and immediately after CCK-4 application. Our results indicated lower parasympathetic activity in s/s carriers during baseline, time and frequency domain measures. CCK-4 application significantly enhanced the sympathetic tone in both groups, leading to diminished group differences. A significant treatment by genotype effect indicated reduced autonomic reactivity to CCK-4 challenge in the s/s compared to l/l carriers. Our findings show enhanced sympathetic and/or diminished cardiac vagal activity under basal conditions and blunted autonomic reactivity in s/s vs. l/l carriers. Our study provides novel data supporting claims that the s/s genotype represents a genetic vulnerability factor associated with inadequate hyporeactivity to stress and extends current knowledge on the impact of the central serotonergic activity on the sympathoadrenal pathway.
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Chen J, Li X, Natsuaki MN, Leve LD, Harold GT. Genetic and environmental influences on depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents. Behav Genet 2013; 44:36-44. [PMID: 24311200 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-013-9632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent depression is common and has become a major public health concern in China, yet little research has examined the etiology of depression in Chinese adolescents. In the present study, genetic and environmental influences on Chinese adolescent depressive symptoms were investigated in 1,181 twin pairs residing in Beijing, China (ages 11-19 years). Child- and parent-versions of the children's depression inventory were used to measure adolescents' depressive symptoms. For self-reports, genetic factors, shared environmental factors, and non-shared environmental factors accounted for 50, 5, and 45 % of the variation in depressive symptoms, respectively; for parent-reports, genetic factors, shared environmental factors, and non-shared environmental factors accounted for 51, 18, and 31 % of the variation, respectively. These estimates are generally consistent with previous findings in Western adolescents, supporting the cross-cultural generalizability of etiological model of adolescent depression. Neither qualitative nor quantitative sex differences were found in the etiological model. Future studies are needed to investigate how genes and environments work together (gene-environment interaction, gene-environment correlation) to influence depression in Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, LinCuiLu 16, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
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Jiang T. Brainnetome: A new -ome to understand the brain and its disorders. Neuroimage 2013; 80:263-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Xu K, Wang F. Influence of 5-HTTLPR genotypes on structural and functional connectivity within amygdala-prefrontal cortex circuitry. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:1-2. [PMID: 23322004 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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