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Wang Z, Liu Y, Sun G, Yang L, Huang S, Chen L, Zhou X. A Simple and Rapid High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Preparation and Content Detection of the Mainly Numbing Taste Substances of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. J Chromatogr Sci 2024; 62:426-431. [PMID: 37974461 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
As the characteristic numbing taste substances, hydroxyl-α-sanshool (HAS) and hydroxyl-β-sanshool (HBS) were considered vital indicators to evaluate the quality of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. However, it is very difficult to obtain their high-purity monomers individually, as the only difference between HAS and HBS is that C-6 cis-trans isomerism. In our study, a simple and rapid Ag +-HPLC method was developed to pure the standard chemicals of Z. bungeanum with numbing taste, and 1H NMR and 13C NMR were employed to determine the purity and structure. Moreover, an HPLC method was established to determine the content of numbing taste components of 16 varieties of Z. bungeanum from different regions. The analytical methods were validated for accuracy, precision, and linearity, respectively. The validated method was accurate (spiked recoveries 0.94-1.10), precise in terms of peak area (intra-day RSDs <1.25% and inter-day RSDs <1.61%), and linear (r2 ≥ 0.999). It was found that there were significant differences in the content of HAS and HBS among different types of Z. bungeanum, with HAS content ranging from 60.06 ± 1.14 to 164.13 ± 3.28 mg/g and HBS ranging from 7.81 ± 0.36 to 21.11 ± 0.75 mg/g. The RSDs of HAS range were 1.73-3.80% and that of HBS range 2.03-4.73% (RSDs ≤5%), which indicated that the measurements of HAS and HBS were reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Sun
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & The Third People Hospital of Chengdu, 82 Qinglong Street, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xianli Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & The Third People Hospital of Chengdu, 82 Qinglong Street, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, P.R. China
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Separation and Purification of Hydroxyl-α-Sanshool from Zanthoxylum armatum DC. by Silica Gel Column Chromatography. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043156. [PMID: 36834566 PMCID: PMC9966115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyl-α-sanshool is the main alkylamide produced by Zanthoxylum armatum DC., and it is responsible for numbness after consuming Z. armatum-flavored dishes or food products. The present study deals with the isolation, enrichment, and purification of hydroxyl-α-sanshool. The results indicated that the powder of Z. armatum was extracted with 70% ethanol and then filtrated; the supernatant was concentrated to get pasty residue. Petroleum ether (60-90 °C) and ethyl acetate at a 3:2 ratio, with an Rf value of 0.23, were chosen as the eluent. Petroleum ether extract (PEE) and ethyl acetate-petroleum ether extract (E-PEE) were used as the suitable enriched method. Afterward, the PEE and E-PEE were loaded onto silica gel for silica gel column chromatography. Preliminary identification was carried out by TLC and UV. The fractions containing mainly hydroxyl-α-sanshool were pooled and dried by rotary evaporation. Lastly, all of the samples were determined by HPLC. The yield and recovery rates of hydroxyl-α-sanshool in the p-E-PEE were 12.42% and 121.65%, respectively, and the purity was 98.34%. Additionally, compared with E-PEE, the purity of hydroxyl-α-sanshool in the purification of E-PEE (p-E-PEE) increased by 88.30%. In summary, this study provides a simple, rapid, economical, and effective approach to the separation of high-purity hydroxyl-α-sanshool.
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Liu H, Li S, Huan X, Xie Y, Xie Z, Sun Y, Cao N, Xie Q, Wang Y, Wang H, Cheng X, Guan H, Wang C. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential and pharmacokinetic study of significant alkamides ingredients from Asarum Linn. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 297:115569. [PMID: 35868550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Asari Radix et Rhizoma (ARR), including 3 major plants of genus Asarum Linn, A. heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag., A. sieboldii Miq. f. sieboldii and A. sieboldii Miq f. seoulense (Nakai) C. Y. Cheng et C. S. Yang, is one of the most important traditional herbal medicine in Asia with tremendous pharmacological activities. For a long time, researchers focus attention on studing asarinin and essential oils, the indicating ingredients of ARR, but paid less attention to another characteristic component, alkamides. The role of alkamides in the major efficacy of ARR medication remains to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to investigate the contribution of alkamides in the efficacy of ARR according to the evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects and in vivo pharmacokinetics processes. MATERIALS AND METHODS For pharmacodynamic study, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of alkamides-enriched fraction (ARRA) were comparatively evaluated by writhing test, hot plate test, and ear swelling test in mice after oral administration. For pharmacokinetic study, an UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of N-isobutyl-2E,4E,8Z,10Z/E-dodecatetraenamide (DDA) and other 6 major characteristic ingredients of ARR in rat plasma. The analytical method was validated and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of ARR extract and DDA. RESULTS Pharmacodynamic study show that the ARR and ARRA can significantly inhibit the writhing times of mice caused by acetic acid administration, increase the pain threshold of thermal stimulation, and inhibit xylene treated ear swelling degree by reduce PGE2 and TNF-α levels in the inflamed tissue. For pharmacokinetic study, the pharmacokinetic parameters of Vd/F and CL/F after intravenous administration in rats of DDA are 63.94 ± 32.12 L/kg and 0.33 ± 0.06 L/min/kg, respectively. The plasma drug concentration declined with the T1/2 value of 2.25 ± 0.96 h, and the MRT0-∞ was 2.23 ± 1.02 h. The absolute bioavailability of DDA after oral administration was calculated as 10.73%. DDA, methyleugenol, and asarinin have relatively high AUC0-∞ values when the ethanol and water extract of ARR is orally administered. CONCLUSIONS ARRA is a kind of active ingredients with potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects that played a significant role in the major efficacy of ARR. DDA, the major compound of ARRA, has a high level of exposure in vivo, which could be is suitable for the pharmacokinetic marker or new quality marker of ARR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanze Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Suli Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaohan Huan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yujuan Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhejun Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ning Cao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hanxue Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huida Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Chen Q, Wang Z, Yang B, Yang Q, Kan J. Determination of main alkylamides responsible for Zanthoxylum bungeanum pungency through quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single marker. Food Chem 2022; 396:133645. [PMID: 35870244 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pungency of Chinese pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) is mainly attributed to the alkylamides contained therein. However, the quantitation and application of these alkylamides are hindered by the lack of commercially available standards. Herein, five alkylamides mainly responsible for the pungency of Z. bungeanum were quantified in 31 batch samples of this plant by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single marker (QAMS) to reveal significant differences in composition distribution according to the sample source. The two methods employed for this purpose, namely an external standard method and QAMS, were shown to be consistent, as the corresponding standardized mean difference was below 5.0%. Thus, the developed QAMS method was concluded to be a promising alternative for the comprehensive and effective quality control of Z. bungeanum from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Guangdong Province Technician College of Light Industry, 160 Xingang West, Haizhu, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Bing Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jianquan Kan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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5
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Chemical constituents from the pericarps of Zanthoxylum bungeanum and their chemotaxonomic significance. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2020.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Elucidation of Japanese pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum De Candolle) domestication using RAD-Seq. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6464. [PMID: 33742052 PMCID: PMC7979906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese pepper, Zanthoxylum piperitum, is native to Japan and has four well-known lineages (Asakura, Takahara, Budou, and Arima), which are named after their production area or morphology. Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) was used to analyse 93 accessions from various areas, including these four lineages. Single nucleotide variant analysis was used to classify the plants into eight groups: the Asakura and Arima lineages each had two groups, the Takahara and Budou lineages each had one group, and two additional groups were present. In one Asakura group and two Arima groups, the plants were present in agricultural fields and mountains, thus representing the early stage of domestication of the Japanese pepper. The second Asakura lineage group was closely related to plants present in various areas, and this represents the second stage of domestication of this plant because, after early domestication, genetically related lineages with desirable traits spread to the periphery. These results demonstrate that domestication of Japanese pepper is ongoing. In addition, this study shows that spineless plants are polyphyletic, despite the spineless lineage being considered a subspecies of Japanese pepper.
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Zhou J, Xiao Y, Chen T, Gao J, Huang W, Li Z. Synthesis of hydroxy-α-sanshool. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519820974323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy-α-sanshool was synthesized in a 13% overall yield through eight steps, which included two Wittig reactions that were used to form the carbon skeleton with ethyl 2-oxoacetate and 2 E,4 E-hexadienal being reacted with the appropriate ylides. Impurities in the processes could easily be separated. Ethyl 6-hydroxy-2Z-hexenoate was converted to its E-isomer with catalysis by I2 and 2E,6Z,8E,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid was crystallized from a solution in 1% ethyl acetate in n-hexane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Taiping Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jiyu Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Wencai Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zicheng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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8
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Nakamura A, Mimaki K, Tanigami KI, Maegawa T. An Improved and Practical Method for Synthesizing of α-Sanshools and Spilanthol. Front Chem 2020; 8:187. [PMID: 32258001 PMCID: PMC7090093 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and practical route for the synthesis of α-sanshools and spilanthol is described herein. Several modifications of an existing method enabled the preparation of the (2E,6Z,8E,10E)-tetraene precursor of hydroxy-α-sanshool in good yield. A highly selective Wittig reaction employing newly synthesized phosphonium salt with low deliquescence and long-term stability yielded the desired Z-form tetraene. This improved methodology was shown to be applicable to the efficient synthesis of α-sanshool and spilanthol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nakamura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mimaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Tomohiro Maegawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Kolodyazhnaya AO, Kolodyazhny OI. Synthesis of Tetradecapentaenoic Acid Derivatives. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363219100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Chemical composition, sensory properties and application of Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum genus). FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang LL, Zhao L, Wang HY, Shi BL, Liu LY, Chen ZX. The relationship between alkylamide compound content and pungency intensity of Zanthoxylum bungeanum based on sensory evaluation and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/ mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1475-1483. [PMID: 30120773 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zanthoxylum bungeanum originating in different places varies in alkylamide content and pungency intensity. RESULTS The pungency intensity of 19 Zanthoxylum bungeanum samples was first determined with Scoville pungency units (SPUs). The SPUs were found to range from 3.80E + 04 to 5.40E + 05. The chemical compositions and contents were measured next, using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/ mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. The total alkylamide content ranged from 9.83 ± 0.15 to 89.98 ± 1.35 g kg-1 . Hydroxy-ϵ-sanshool, hydroxy-α-sanshool, hydroxy-β-sanshool, hydroxy-γ-sanshool, bungeanool, and isobungeanool were found to be the key pungent compounds, ranging in proportion from 92.65% to 97.69%. The relationship between alkymide compound content and pungency intensity was also analyzed by ridge regression, and it was found that the β values of independent variables were stable when k was more than 0.6. The regression coefficients of hydroxy-ϵ-sanshool, hydroxy-α-sanshool, hydroxy-β-sanshool, hydroxy-γ-sanshool, bungeanool, isobungeanool, and other alkylamides were 0.105, 0.177, 0.386, -0.166, -0.006, 0.005, and -0.018, respectively. CONCLUSION Hydroxy- sanshool compounds were important in determinant the pungency intensity of Z. bungeanum. Knowledge of the relationship between alkymide compound content and pungency intensity will assist in the creation of new methods to determine pungency intensity and provide a scientific basis for flavor design, development of pungent food products, and consumer choice evaluations. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Zhang
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Food and Agriculture Standardization Institute, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Food and Agriculture Standardization Institute, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Hou-Yin Wang
- Food and Agriculture Standardization Institute, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Lin Shi
- Food and Agriculture Standardization Institute, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Long-Yun Liu
- Food and Agriculture Standardization Institute, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Xiu Chen
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Chruma JJ, Cullen DJ, Bowman L, Toy PH. Polyunsaturated fatty acid amides from the Zanthoxylum genus – from culinary curiosities to probes for chemical biology. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:54-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00044h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A critical and comprehensive review of the discovery, synthesis, and biological activities of alkamides isolated from Zanthoxylum plants and synthetic derivatives thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. Chruma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE)
- College of Chemistry
- Sino-British Materials Research Institute
- College of Physical Science & Technology
- Sichuan University
| | | | - Lydia Bowman
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Patrick H. Toy
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
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13
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Wang Y, Li CH, Luo B, Sun YN, Kim YH, Wei AZ, Gao JM. Isobutylhydroxyamides from Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Their Suppression of NO Production. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101416. [PMID: 27782100 PMCID: PMC6274162 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new unsaturated aliphatic acid amides, named zanthoamides A–D (1–4), and eight known ones—tetrahydrobungeanool (5), ZP-amide A (6), ZP-amide B (7), ZP-amide C (8), ZP-amide D (9), ZP-amide E (10), bugeanumamide A (11), and (2E,7E,9E)-N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6,11-dioxo-2,7,9-dodecatrienamide (12)—were isolated from the pericarps of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive use of spectroscopic methods, including HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR analyses and comparison with previously reported data. Compound 4 contained a rare C6 fatty acid unit with an acetal group. Results revealed that compounds 1, 5, 6, and 12 showed inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, with IC50 values of 48.7 ± 0.32, 27.1 ± 1.15, 49.8 ± 0.38, and 39.4 ± 0.63 µM, respectively, while the other compounds were inactive (IC50 > 60 μM). They could contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of Z. bungeanum by suppression of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chun-Huan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Bo Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ya Nan Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - An-Zhi Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Xiang L, Liu Y, Xie C, Li X, Yu Y, Ye M, Chen S. The Chemical and Genetic Characteristics of Szechuan Pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Z. armatum) Cultivars and Their Suitable Habitat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:467. [PMID: 27148298 PMCID: PMC4835500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Szechuan peppers, famous for their unique sensation and flavor, are widely used as a food additive and traditional herbal medicine. Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Z. armatum are both commonly recognized as Szechuan peppers, but they have different tastes and effects. The chemical components, genetic characteristics, and suitable habitat of six cultivars were analyzed in this study. The results indicated that Z. armatum contained a larger proportion of volatile oil, whereas Z. bungeanum produced a more non-volatile ether extraction. The average content of volatile oil and non-volatile ether extract of Z. armatum were 11.84 and 11.63%, respectively, and the average content of volatile oil and non-volatile ether extract of Z. bungeanum were 6.46 and 14.23%, respectively. Combined with an internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence characters and chemical PCA results, six cultivars were classified into their own groups, for the two species in particular. The temperature in January and July were the most significant ecological factors influencing the contents of the Z. armatum volatile oil. However, annual precipitation, temperature in January and relevant humidity had a significant positive correlation with the content of non-volatile ether extract in Z. bungeanum. Thus, the most suitable areas for producing Z. bungeanum cultivars ranged from the Hengduan Mountains to the Ta-pa Mountains, and the regions suitable for Z. armatum cultivars were found to be in the Sichuan Basin and Dalou-Wu mountains. The predicted suitable habitat could be used as a preliminary test area for Szechuan pepper cultivar production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Caixiang Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Xiwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yadong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'an, China
| | - Meng Ye
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'an, China
- *Correspondence: Meng Ye
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- Shilin Chen
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Tian JM, Wang Y, Xu YZ, Yu ZC, Wei AZ, Zhang WM, Gao JM. Characterization of isobutylhydroxyamides with NGF-potentiating activity from Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:338-342. [PMID: 26707398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eight isobutylhydroxyamides, including three new (1-3), qinbunamides A-C, and five known sanshools (4-8), ZP-amide A (4), ZP-amide B (5), ZP-amide E (6), ZP-amide C (7), and ZP-amide D (8), were isolated from the pericarps of cultivated Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim, cultivated in Qinling mountain area, Shaanxi, China. The structures of all compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR analysis and comparison with previously reported data. Compounds 1 and 2 are the first example of isobutylhydroxyamides containing an ethoxy group, and compound 3 is a rare C11 fatty acid-containing sanshool existing in genus Zanthoxylum. The tested compounds enhanced nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated neurite outgrowth (neurotrophic activity) in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, but were inactive in the inhibitory effects on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and growth of HCT116 cells at concentrations of 50μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Mian Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Zhen Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Cheng Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Zhi Wei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ming Zhang
- Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, China COOP, Nanjing 210042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Antiviral effect of flavonol glycosides isolated from the leaf of Zanthoxylum piperitum on influenza virus. J Microbiol 2014; 52:340-4. [PMID: 24682996 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-4073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ethanol extract of Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC. showed in vitro antiviral activity against influenza A virus. Three flavonol glycosides were isolated from the EtOAc fraction of Z. piperitum leaf by means of activity-guided chromatographic separation. Structures of isolated compounds were identified as quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (1), quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (2), kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (3) by comparing their spectral data with literature values. The anti-influenza viral activity of isolates was evaluated using a plaque reduction assay against influenza A/NWS/33 (H1N1) virus. The compounds also were subjected to neuraminidase inhibition assay in influenza A/NWS/33 virus. Compounds 1-3 exhibited antiviral activity against an influenza A virus in vitro, and inhibited the neuraminidase activity at relatively high concentrations.
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17
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Bader M, Stark TD, Dawid C, Lösch S, Hofmann T. All-trans-configuration in Zanthoxylum alkylamides swaps the tingling with a numbing sensation and diminishes salivation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2479-88. [PMID: 24606317 DOI: 10.1021/jf500399w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The methanol soluble prepared from a supercritical fluid extract of Szechuan pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum) was screened for its key tingling and numbing chemosensates by application of taste dilution analysis. Further separation of fractions perceived with the highest sensory impact, followed by LC-TOF-MS, LC-MS, and 1D/2D NMR experiments, led to the structure determination of the known alkylamides hydroxy-γ-sanshool (1), hydroxy-α-sanshool (2), hydroxy-β-sanshool (3), bungeanool (4), isobungeanool (5), and hydroxy-γ-isosanshool (6), as well as hydroxy-ε-sanshool (7), the structure of which has not yet been confirmed by NMR, and hydroxy-ζ-sanshool (8), which has not been previously reported in the literature. Psychophysical half-tongue experiments using filter paper rectangles (1 × 2 cm) as the vehicle revealed amides 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8, showing at least one cis-configured double bond, elicited the well-known tingling and paresthetic orosensation above threshold levels of 3.5-8.3 nmol/cm(2). In contrast, the all-trans-configured amides 3 and 6 induced a numbing and anesthetic sensation above thresholds of 3.9 and 7.1 nmol/cm(2), respectively. Interestingly, the mono-cis-configured major amide 2 was found to induce massive salivation, whereas the all-trans-configuration of 3 did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bader
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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18
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19
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Dossou KSS, Devkota KP, Morton C, Egan JM, Lu G, Beutler JA, Moaddel R. Identification of CB1/CB2 ligands from Zanthoxylum bungeanum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:2060-2064. [PMID: 24175626 PMCID: PMC8385540 DOI: 10.1021/np400478c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to study cannabinoid receptor ligands, a novel plate-based assay was developed previously to measure internalization of CB1/CB2 receptors by determining the change in the intracellular levels of the radiolabeled agonists. This plate-based assay was also used for screening against complex matrices, specifically, in the present study screening for CB1/CB2 receptor activity of extracts for several species of the plant genus Zanthoxylum. The objective of this screen was to identify novel antagonists of the CB1 receptor, which simultaneously displayed agonist activity against the CB2 receptor, since compounds matching this criterion could be potential candidates for the treatment of type-1 diabetes. As a result, two Z. bungeanum extracts were deemed active, leading to the identification of eight compounds, of which compound 7 [(2E,4E,8E,10E,12E)-N-isobutyl-2,4,8,10,12-tetradecapentaenamide, γ-sanshool] was obtained as a promising lead compound.
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MESH Headings
- Amides/chemistry
- Amides/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists/chemistry
- Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Ligands
- Molecular Structure
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Stereoisomerism
- Zanthoxylum/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina S. S. Dossou
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Krishna P. Devkota
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Cynthia Morton
- Section of Botany, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Josephine M. Egan
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education in China on the Standardization of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - John A. Beutler
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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20
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Zhao ZF, Zhu RX, Zhong K, He Q, Luo AM, Gao H. Characterization and Comparison of the Pungent Components in Commercial Zanthoxylum bungeanum
Oil and Zanthoxylum schinifolium
Oil. J Food Sci 2013; 78:C1516-C1522. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Zhao
- College of Light Industry; Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan Univ.; Chengdu 610065 P.R. China
| | - Rui-Xue Zhu
- College of Light Industry; Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan Univ.; Chengdu 610065 P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhong
- College of Light Industry; Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan Univ.; Chengdu 610065 P.R. China
| | - Qiang He
- College of Light Industry; Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan Univ.; Chengdu 610065 P.R. China
| | - Ai-Min Luo
- College of Light Industry; Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan Univ.; Chengdu 610065 P.R. China
| | - Hong Gao
- College of Light Industry; Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan Univ.; Chengdu 610065 P.R. China
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21
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Devkota KP, Wilson J, Henrich CJ, McMahon JB, Reilly KM, Beutler JA. Isobutylhydroxyamides from the pericarp of Nepalese Zanthoxylum armatum inhibit NF1-defective tumor cell line growth. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:59-63. [PMID: 23268719 PMCID: PMC3556213 DOI: 10.1021/np300696g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-based bioassay-guided phytochemical investigation on Zanthoxylum armatum collected in Nepal led to the isolation of new timuramides A-D (1-4) and six known sanshools (5-10). The structures of all compounds were established by using modern spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR analysis and comparison with previously reported data. Most of the compounds inhibited growth of an Nf1- and p53-deficient mouse glioma cell line at noncytotoxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna P. Devkota
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jennifer Wilson
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Curtis J. Henrich
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - James B. McMahon
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Karlyne M. Reilly
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - John A. Beutler
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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22
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Boonen J, Bronselaer A, Nielandt J, Veryser L, De Tré G, De Spiegeleer B. Alkamid database: Chemistry, occurrence and functionality of plant N-alkylamides. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:563-90. [PMID: 22659196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE N-Alkylamides (NAAs) are a promising group of bioactive compounds, which are anticipated to act as important lead compounds for plant protection and biocidal products, functional food, cosmeceuticals and drugs in the next decennia. These molecules, currently found in more than 25 plant families and with a wide structural diversity, exert a variety of biological-pharmacological effects and are of high ethnopharmacological importance. However, information is scattered in literature, with different, often unstandardized, pharmacological methodologies being used. Therefore, a comprehensive NAA database (acronym: Alkamid) was constructed to collect the available structural and functional NAA data, linked to their occurrence in plants (family, tribe, species, genus). MATERIALS AND METHODS For loading information in the database, literature data was gathered over the period 1950-2010, by using several search engines. In order to represent the collected information about NAAs, the plants in which they occur and the functionalities for which they have been examined, a relational database is constructed and implemented on a MySQL back-end. RESULTS The database is supported by describing the NAA plant-, functional- and chemical-space. The chemical space includes a NAA classification, according to their fatty acid and amine structures. CONCLUSIONS The Alkamid database (publicly available on the website http://alkamid.ugent.be/) is not only a central information point, but can also function as a useful tool to prioritize the NAA choice in the evaluation of their functionality, to perform data mining leading to quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs), functionality comparisons, clustering, plant biochemistry and taxonomic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jente Boonen
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Wang S, Xie J, Yang W, Sun B. PREPARATIVE SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF ALKYLAMIDES FROM ZANTHOXYLUM BUNGEANUM MAXIM BY HIGH-SPEED COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.593219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Wang
- a Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Jianchun Xie
- a Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- a Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- a Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , P.R. China
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24
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Cariño-Cortés R, Gayosso-De-Lucio JA, Ortiz MI, Sánchez-Gutiérrez M, García-Reyna PB, Cilia-López VG, Pérez-Hernández N, Moreno E, Ponce-Monter H. Antinociceptive, genotoxic and histopathological study of Heliopsis longipes S.F. Blake in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:216-221. [PMID: 20435120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE H. longipes S.F. Blake (Asteraceae) is a Mexican plant, whose roots are traditionally used as a condiment, as a mouth anesthetic, and as an antiparasitic. Affinin is the alkamide present in higher amounts in the roots of H. longipes. AIM OF THE STUDY To date, there are no published studies regarding the relation between the analgesic properties, in vivo cytotoxicity, and DNA-damaging potential of H. longipes ethanol extract (HLEE). MATERIALS AND METHODS The HLEE was chromatographically fingerprinted to validate its affinin contents. Biological evaluation was conducted in sets of 6-8 CD1(+) mice. Antinociceptive effect was evaluated using the writhing and hot-plate tests, and mutagenic and cytotoxic effects were evaluated with micronucleous test in CD1(+) mice. For histopathological studies, biological samples from liver, heart, kidneys, spleen, lung, and brain were collected and stained. RESULTS Oral administration of HLEE (3-100 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in both assays. In micronucleus assay, the variability in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPE) induced, and PE/NE index, the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes with respect to the number of normochromatic erythrocytes induced by HLEE in the evaluated schedule, were small and nonsignificant. After histopathological results, HLEE showed polioencephalomalacia with 1000 mg/kg dose. CONCLUSIONS This work provides evidence that HLEE exerts analgesic effects, with no genotoxic effects in vivo. These findings would be an important contribution to explain the use of H. longipes root as an effective analgesic in traditional medicine, and to establish for the first time the absence of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the root in bioactive doses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cariño-Cortés
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico.
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