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Okon E, Gaweł-Bęben K, Jarzab A, Koch W, Kukula-Koch W, Wawruszak A. Therapeutic Potential of 1,8-Dihydroanthraquinone Derivatives for Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15789. [PMID: 37958772 PMCID: PMC10648492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. In recent years, significant progress has been made in BC therapy. However, serious side effects resulting from the use of standard chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as the phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR), limit the effectiveness of approved therapies. Advanced research in the BC area is necessary to create more effective and safer forms of therapy to improve the outlook for individuals diagnosed with this aggressive neoplasm. For decades, plants and natural products with anticancer properties have been successfully utilized in treating various medical conditions. Anthraquinone derivatives are tricyclic secondary metabolites of natural origin that have been identified in plants, lichens, and fungi. They represent a few botanical families, e.g., Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, and others. The review comprehensively covers and analyzes the most recent advances in the anticancer activity of 1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivatives (emodin, aloe-emodin, hypericin, chrysophanol, rhein, and physcion) applied both individually, or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, in in vitro and in vivo BC models. The application of nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo evidence in the context of 1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivatives was also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estera Okon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.O.); (A.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Gaweł-Bęben
- Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów, 2 Sucharskiego, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Agata Jarzab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.O.); (A.J.)
| | - Wojciech Koch
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medical Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Wawruszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.O.); (A.J.)
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Lande PS, Adhao VS, Ambhore JP, Gaikwad KP, Chandak CS, Joge LP. Anticancer action of naturally occurring emodin for the controlling of cervical cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:690-698. [PMID: 37720346 PMCID: PMC10501891 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major causes of death on the globe is cancer. The fourth most frequent malignancy in women worldwide is cervical cancer. Several cancer patients are remaining incurable due to the emergence of medication resistance, despite notable advances in cancer research over the previous few decades. The importance of natural sources as possible therapeutic candidates may be significant. Anthraquinones are one of the many chemical families of natural products, and they stand out for their wide range of structural variations, notable biological activity, and low toxicity. A natural substance called emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, is present in the roots and rhizomes of several plants. This substance has demonstrated antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and antiproliferative properties. It is also capable of preventing cancer spread and can reverse cancer cells' multidrug resistance. Emodin, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of cancer cells, have anticancer properties in many different types of biological pathways. These molecular mechanisms in cancer cells include the suppression of cell growth and proliferation, deterioration of the cell cycle arrest, the start of apoptosis, antimetastasis, and antiangiogenic impact. Therefore, the aim of the present review summarised the antiproliferative and anticarcinogenic qualities of cervical cancer of emodin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka S. Lande
- Department of Quality Assurance, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Malkapur, Dist-Buldhana 443101, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaibhav S. Adhao
- Department of Quality Assurance, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Malkapur, Dist-Buldhana 443101, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jaya P. Ambhore
- Department of Quality Assurance, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Malkapur, Dist-Buldhana 443101, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kiran P. Gaikwad
- Department of Quality Assurance, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Malkapur, Dist-Buldhana 443101, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chanchal S. Chandak
- Department of Quality Assurance, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Malkapur, Dist-Buldhana 443101, Maharashtra, India
| | - Leena P. Joge
- Department of Quality Assurance, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Malkapur, Dist-Buldhana 443101, Maharashtra, India
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Inclusion complexation of emodin with various β-cyclodextrin derivatives: Preparation, characterization, molecular docking, and anticancer activity. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Agarwal S, Sau S, Iyer AK, Dixit A, Kashaw SK. Multiple strategies for the treatment of invasive breast carcinoma: A comprehensive prospective. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:585-611. [PMID: 34715356 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we emphasize on evolving therapeutic strategies and advances in the treatment of breast cancer (BC). This includes small-molecule inhibitors under preclinical and clinical investigation, phytoconstituents with antiproliferative potential, targeted therapies as antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), vaccines as immunotherapeutic agents and peptides as a novel approach inhibiting the interaction of oncogenic proteins. We provide an update of molecules under different phases of clinical investigation which aid in the identification of loopholes or shortcomings that can be overcomed with future breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, MP, India
| | - Samaresh Sau
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Arun K Iyer
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Molecular Imaging Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Sushil K Kashaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, MP, India.
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Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen A. Emodin - A natural anthraquinone derivative with diverse pharmacological activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112854. [PMID: 34311280 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone) is a natural anthraquinone derivative that is present in numerous globally renowned herbal medicines. It is recognised as a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor and as an anticancer drug, active against various tumour cells, including lung, breast, liver, and ovarian cancer cells. Recently, its role in combination chemotherapy with various allopathic medicines, to minimize their toxicity and to enhance their efficacy, has been studied. The use of emodin in these therapies is gaining popularity, due to fewer associated side effects compared with standard anticancer drugs. Emodin has a broad therapeutic window, and in addition to its antineoplastic activity, it displays anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, muscle relaxant, immunosuppressive and antifibrotic activities, in both in vitro and in vivo models. Although reviews on the anticancer activity of emodin have been published, none coherently unite all the pharmacological properties of emodin, particularly the anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, immunosuppressive and hepatoprotective activities of the compound. Hence, in this review, all of the available data regarding the pharmacological properties of emodin are explored, with particular emphasis on the modes of action of the molecule. In addition, the manuscript details the occurrence, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of the compound, as well as its toxic effects on biotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Badoni Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Pt. Lalit Mohan Sharma Govt. Post Graduate College, Rishikesh, 249201, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Sandra Combrinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Alvaro Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Is Emodin with Anticancer Effects Completely Innocent? Two Sides of the Coin. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112733. [PMID: 34073059 PMCID: PMC8198870 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many anticancer active compounds are known to have the capacity to destroy pathologically proliferating cancer cells in the body, as well as to destroy rapidly proliferating normal cells. Despite remarkable advances in cancer research over the past few decades, the inclusion of natural compounds in researches as potential drug candidates is becoming increasingly important. However, the perception that the natural is reliable is an issue that needs to be clarified. Among the various chemical classes of natural products, anthraquinones have many biological activities and have also been proven to exhibit a unique anticancer activity. Emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, is a natural compound found in the roots and rhizomes of many plants. The anticancer property of emodin, a broad-spectrum inhibitory agent of cancer cells, has been detailed in many biological pathways. In cancer cells, these molecular mechanisms consist of suppressing cell growth and proliferation through the attenuation of oncogenic growth signaling, such as protein kinase B (AKT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), HER-2 tyrosine kinase, Wnt/-catenin, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). However, it is known that emodin, which shows toxicity to cancer cells, may cause kidney toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity especially at high doses and long-term use. At the same time, studies of emodin, which has poor oral bioavailability, to transform this disadvantage into an advantage with nano-carrier systems reveal that natural compounds are not always directly usable compounds. Consequently, this review aimed to shed light on the anti-proliferative and anti-carcinogenic properties of emodin, as well as its potential toxicities and the advantages of drug delivery systems on bioavailability.
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Sakalli-Tecim E, Uyar-Arpaci P, Guray NT. Identification of Potential Therapeutic Genes and Pathways in Phytoestrogen Emodin Treated Breast Cancer Cell Lines via Network Biology Approaches. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:592-604. [PMID: 33645356 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1889622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens have been investigated for their potential anti-tumorigenic effects in various cancers including breast cancer. Emodin being a phytoestrogen shows anti-carcinogenic properties especially in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancers. The aim of this study is to identify the molecular mechanism and related biological pathways in both (ER+) MCF-7 and (ER-) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines upon Emodin treatment via microarray analysis in order to find out therapeutic biomarkers. In both cell lines, first differentially expressed genes were identified, then gene ontology and functional pathway enrichment analyses were performed. Genes regulated through multiple pathways were studied together with literature and a gene cluster was determined for each cell line. Further GeneMANIA and STRING databases were used to study the interactions within the related gene clusters. The results showed that, the genes which are related to cell cycle were significantly regulated in both cell lines. Also, Forkhead Box O1-related genes were found to be prominent in MCF-7 cells. In MDA-MB-231 cells, spindle attachment checkpoint mechanism-related genes were regulated, remarkably. As a result, novel gene regulations reported in this study in response to Emodin will give more information about its metabolism and antiproliferative effect, especially in ER + cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Sakalli-Tecim
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - N Tulin Guray
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Hussain A, Bourguet-Kondracki ML, Hussain F, Rauf A, Ibrahim M, Khalid M, Hussain H, Hussain J, Ali I, Khalil AA, Alhumaydhi FA, Khan M, Hussain R, Rengasamy KRR. The potential role of dietary plant ingredients against mammary cancer: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2580-2605. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1855413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR 7245 MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Marie-Lise Bourguet-Kondracki
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR 7245 MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Farhad Hussain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, Khyber Pukhtanuk (KP), Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Salle), Germany
| | - Javid Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Kannan R. R. Rengasamy
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effect of Nanoclinoptilolite on Canine Osteosarcoma Cell Lines. J Vet Res 2020; 64:589-596. [PMID: 33367149 PMCID: PMC7734687 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clinoptilolite has antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties due to its biological activities. In various cancer cell culture studies, it has been reported effective against tumour cells and gave positive results in treatment of various tumours in dogs. No study was found on the effects of the nanoparticulate form, nanoclinoptilolite, on cancer cells. The aim of this study was to determine its cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in canine osteosarcoma (OSA) cell culture. Material and Methods Doses at 50% inhibitory concentration were determined by measuring the dose- and duration-dependent cytotoxicity of nanoclinoptilolite on canine D-17 osteosarcoma cells by methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) test for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Murine caspase-3 and -7 activity and expression levels of the BAX and BCL2 genes were measured using RT-PCR to investigate the apoptotic effect. Results Nanoclinoptilolite decreased cell viability and induced caspase-3- and -7-mediated apoptosis in treated canine OSA cells. Furthermore, its application to canine OSA cells downregulated the expression of BCL2 and upregulated the expression of proapoptotic BAX. Conclusion Clinoptilolite, which was previously demonstrated to have anticancer properties, decreased cell viability effectively and rapidly and increased the apoptotic cell ratio in a novel use in nanoparticle form, exhibiting this effect by increasing the BAX/BCL2 ratio.
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Wang XY, Sun GB, Wang YJ, Yan F. Emodin Inhibits Resistance to Imatinib by Downregulation of Bcr-Abl and STAT5 and Allosteric Inhibition in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1526-1533. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Ya-Jing Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University
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Li R, Liu W, Ou L, Gao F, Li M, Wang L, Wei P, Miao F. Emodin Alleviates Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress via Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Inhibiting the PI3K/mTOR/GSK3 β Pathway in Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1562915. [PMID: 32832542 PMCID: PMC7428951 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1562915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Emodin is an active monomer extracted from rhubarb root, which has many biological functions, including anti-inflammation, antioxidation, anticancer, and neuroprotection. However, the protective effect of emodin on nerve injury needs to be further elucidated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of emodin on the neuroprotection and the special molecular mechanism. Here, the protective activity of emodin inhibiting H2O2-induced apoptosis and neuroinflammation as well as its molecular mechanisms was examined using human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y cells). The results showed that emodin significantly enhanced cell viability, reduced cell apoptosis and LDH release. Simultaneously, emodin downregulated H2O2-induced inflammatory factors, including IL-6, NO, and TNF-α, and alleviated H2O2-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, emodin inhibited the activation of the PI3K/mTOR/GSK3β signaling pathway. What is more, the PI3K/mTOR/GSK3β pathway participated in the protective mechanism of emodin on H2O2-induced cell damage. Collectively, it suggests that emodin alleviates H2O2-induced apoptosis and neuroinflammation potentially by regulating the PI3K/mTOR/GSK3β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, China
| | - Wenzhou Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an XD group Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, China
| | - Li Ou
- College of Pharmacy of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Pharmacy of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Pharmacy of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, China
| | - Liping Wang
- College of Pharmacy of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, China
| | - Peifeng Wei
- College of Pharmacy of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, China
| | - Feng Miao
- Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, China
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Emodin inhibits zinc-induced neurotoxicity in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20182378. [PMID: 31023967 PMCID: PMC6522748 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20182378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin is a natural anthraquinone derivative with numerous beneficial effects, including antioxidant properties, anti-tumor activities, and protecting the nerves. Zinc-induced neurotoxicity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia (VD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, the protective activity of emodin inhibiting zinc-induced neurotoxicity and its molecular mechanisms such as cellular Zn2+ influx and zinc-induced gene expression were examined using human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y cells). Our findings showed that emodin obviously enhanced cell viability and reduced cell apoptosis and lactate dehydrogenase release. Bedsides, we detected a decrease of intracellular Zn2+ concentration after SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with emodin. Simultaneously, the expression of zinc transporter-1, metallothionein-1, and metallothionein-2 were weakened in emodin-pretreated SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, emodin prevented the depletion of NAD+ and ATP induced by zinc. Emodin also reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum-stress levels. Strikingly, emodin elevated SH-SY5Y cell viability and inhibited cell apoptosis caused by AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway activation. Thus, emodin could protect against neurotoxicity induced by Zn2+ in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. It is expected to have future therapeutic potential for VD or PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Natural Products for the Management and Prevention of Breast Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8324696. [PMID: 29681985 PMCID: PMC5846366 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8324696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Among all types of cancer, breast cancer is one of the most challenging diseases, which is responsible for a large number of cancer related deaths. Hormonal therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been used as treatment of breast cancer, for a very long time. Due to severe side effects and multidrug resistance, these treatment approaches become increasingly ineffective. However, adoption of complementary treatment approach can be a big solution for this situation, as it is evident that compounds derived from natural source have a great deal of anticancer activity. Natural compounds can fight against aggressiveness of breast cancer, inhibit cancerous cell proliferation, and modulate cancer related pathways. A large number of research works are now focusing on the natural and dietary compounds and trying to find out new and more effective treatment strategies for the breast cancer patients. In this review, we discussed some significant natural chemical compounds with their mechanisms of actions, which can be very effective against the breast cancer and can be more potent by their proper modifications and further clinical research. Future research focusing on the natural anti-breast-cancer agents can open a new horizon in breast cancer treatment, which will play a great role in enhancing the survival rate of breast cancer patients.
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Yan X, Gu S, Shi Y, Cui X, Wen S, Ge J. The effect of emodin on Staphylococcus aureus strains in planktonic form and biofilm formation in vitro. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:1267-1275. [PMID: 28616631 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive pathogen and forms biofilm easily. Bacteria inside biofilms display an increased resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants. The objective of the current study was to assess the antimicrobial activities of emodin, 1,2,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone, an anthraquinone derivative isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum and Rheum palmatum, against S. aureus CMCC26003 grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures in vitro. In addition, a possible synergistic effect between emodin and berberine chloride was evaluated. As quantified by crystal violet method, emodin significantly decreased S. aureus biofilm growth in a dose-dependent manner. The above findings were further supported by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the present study demonstrated that sub-MICs emodin obviously intervened the release of extracellular DNA and inhibited expression of the biofilm-related genes (cidA, icaA, dltB, agrA, sortaseA and sarA) by real-time RT-PCR. These results revealed a promising application for emodin as a therapeutic agent and an effective strategy to prevent S. aureus biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjia Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyang Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Shadrack DM, K. Ndesendo VM. Molecular Docking and ADMET Study of Emodin Derivatives as Anticancer Inhibitors of NAT2, COX2 and TOP1 Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/cmb.2017.71001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bae JS, Park SH, Jamiyandorj U, Kim KM, Noh SJ, Kim JR, Park HJ, Kwon KS, Jung SH, Park HS, Park BH, Lee H, Moon WS, Sylvester KG, Jang KY. CK2α/CSNK2A1 Phosphorylates SIRT6 and Is Involved in the Progression of Breast Carcinoma and Predicts Shorter Survival of Diagnosed Patients. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:3297-3315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Montes-Grajales D, Bernardes GJL, Olivero-Verbel J. Urban Endocrine Disruptors Targeting Breast Cancer Proteins. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:150-61. [PMID: 26700111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to a huge amount of environmental pollutants called endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These molecules interfere with the homeostasis of the body, usually through mimicking natural hormones leading to activation or blocking of their receptors. Many of these compounds have been associated with a broad range of diseases including the development or increased susceptibility to breast cancer, the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. Thus, this article presents a virtual high-throughput screening (vHTS) to evaluate the affinity of proteins related to breast cancer, such as ESR1, ERBB2, PGR, BCRA1, and SHBG, among others, with EDCs from urban sources. A blind docking strategy was employed to screen each protein-ligand pair in triplicate in AutoDock Vina 2.0, using the computed binding affinities as ranking criteria. The three-dimensional structures were previously obtained from EDCs DataBank and Protein Data Bank, prepared and optimized by SYBYL X-2.0. Some of the chemicals that exhibited the best affinity scores for breast cancer proteins in each category were 1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, bisphenol A derivatives, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, and benzo(a)pyrene, for catalase, several proteins, sex hormone-binding globulin, and cytochrome P450 1A2, respectively. An experimental validation of this approach was performed with a complex that gave a moderate binding affinity in silico, the sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and bisphenol A (BPA) complex. The protein was obtained using DNA recombinant technology and the physical interaction with BPA assessed through spectroscopic techniques. BPA binds on the recombinant SHBG, and this results in an increase of its α helix content. In short, this work shows the potential of several EDCs to bind breast cancer associated proteins as a tool to prioritize compounds to perform in vitro analysis to benefit the regulation or exposure prevention by the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Montes-Grajales
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena , Cartagena 130015, Colombia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena , Cartagena 130015, Colombia
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Antitumor Effects and Mechanism of Novel Emodin Rhamnoside Derivatives against Human Cancer Cells In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144781. [PMID: 26682731 PMCID: PMC4684281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel anthracene L-rhamnopyranosides compounds were designed and synthesized and their anti-proliferative activities on cancer cell lines were investigated. We found that one derivative S-8 (EM-d-Rha) strongly inhibited cell proliferation of a panel of different human cancer cell lines including A549, HepG2, OVCAR-3, HeLa and K562 and SGC-790 cell lines, and displayed IC50 values in low micro-molar ranges, which are ten folds more effective than emodin. In addition, we found EM-d-Rha (3-(2”,3”-Di-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-2’,3’-di-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-emodin) substantially induced cellular apoptosis of HepG2 and OVCAR-3 cells in the early growth stage. Furthermore, EM-d-Rha led to the decrease of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and up-regulated the express of cells apoptosis factors in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The results indicated the EM-d-Rha may inhibit the growth and proliferation of HepG2 cells through the pathway of apoptosis induction, and the possible molecular mechanism may due to the activation of intrinsic apoptotic signal pathway.
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Liu X, Liu Y, Qu Y, Cheng M, Xiao H. Metabolomic profiling of emodin-induced cytotoxicity in human liver cells and mechanistic study. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00246f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolomics approach was used to explore emodin-induced liver cells toxicology and a new mechanism was tentatively proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Yang Qu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Mengchun Cheng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Hongbin Xiao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
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Guo H, Shen X, Xu Y, Yuan J, Zhao D, Hu W. Emodin prevents hypoxic-ischemic neuronal injury: Involvement of the activin A pathway. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:1360-7. [PMID: 25206430 PMCID: PMC4107762 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.15.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin, an extract of dried rhizomes and the root of the Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, can protect neurons from hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. This study aimed to verify the underlying mechanism. After PC12 cells had differentiated into neuron-like cells under the induction of mouse nerve growth factor, cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and treated with emodin. Results showed that the viability of neuron-like cells cultured under an ischemia-hypoxia environment decreased, while the expression of activin A and caspase-3 in cells increased. Emodin raised the survival rate of oxygen-glucose deprived neuron-like cells, increased activin A expression, and decreased caspase-3 expression. Experimental findings indicate that emodin can inhibit neuronal apoptosis and alleviate the injury of nerve cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation through the activin A pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China ; Beihua University, Jilin 132001, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaoran Shen
- Jilin Municipal Central Hospital, Jilin 132001, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Jilin Medical College, Jilin 132001, Jilin Province, China
| | - Junliang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- Beihua University, Jilin 132001, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wenli Hu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
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Apoptosis of Dalton's lymphoma due to in vivo treatment with emodin is associated with modulations of hydrogen peroxide metabolizing antioxidant enzymes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:439-49. [PMID: 22038303 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The evolving concept of pro-oxidative mechanism-based antitumor activity of emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl anthraquinone), derived mainly from in vitro studies, needs to be defined for in vivo tumor models. The present article describes apoptosis and regression of Dalton's lymphoma (DL) in mice by emodin vis a vis modulations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) metabolizing antioxidant enzymes in the tumor cells in vivo. A non-toxic dose (40 mg/kg bw) of emodin, given intraperitoneally to the DL bearing mice daily up to 12th post DL transplantation day, caused a significant decline (P < 0.05) in the number of viable DL cells and could significantly increase life span of the DL mice (P < 0.01). A significant decline in Bcl2/Bax ratio consistent with the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c release in DL cells from emodin-treated DL mice suggested that emodin could induce mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in the DL cells in vivo. Apoptosis of DL cells by emodin was further confirmed by the appearance of smaller DNA fragments on DNA ladder analysis. Over activation of both, the Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutases (SOD1) and Mn-SOD (SOD2), has been found correlated with the tumor suppression. Emodin caused significant increases in the expression and activity of SOD1 and SOD2 in the DL cells. H2O2 produced by SODs is degraded by catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the cells. Both these enzymes were observed to be declined significantly with a concomitant increment in H2O2 concentration (P < 0.01) in the DL cells from emodin-treated DL mice. It is concluded that emodin is able to induce mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in the DL cells in vivo via reciprocal modulations of H2O2 producing and degrading antioxidant enzymes.
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Wei WT, Lin SZ, Liu DL, Wang ZH. The distinct mechanisms of the antitumor activity of emodin in different types of cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2555-62. [PMID: 24065213 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a natural anthraquinone derivative found in the roots and rhizomes of numerous plants. The inhibitory effect of emodin on mammalian cell cycle modulation in specific oncogene-overexpressing cells has formed the basis for using this compound as an anticancer drug. Previous reviews have summarized the antitumor properties of emodin. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of emodin-mediated tumor inhibition have not been completely elucidated over the last 5 years. Recently, there has been great progress in the preclinical study of the anticancer mechanisms of emodin. Our recent study revealed that emodin has therapeutic effects on pancreatic cancer through various antitumor mechanisms. Notably, the therapeutic efficacy of emodin in combination with chemotherapy was found to be higher than the comparable single chemotherapeutic regime, and the combination therapy also exhibited fewer side-effects. Despite these encouraging results, further investigation is warranted as emodin has been shown to modulate one or more key regulators of cancer growth. This review provides an overview of the distinct mechanisms of anticancer action of emodin in different body systems identified over the past 5 years. These new breakthrough findings may have important implications for targeted cancer therapy and for the future clinical use of emodin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tian Wei
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310005, P.R. China
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Li WY, Chan RYK, Yu PHF, Chan SW. Emodin induces cytotoxic effect in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell through modulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1175-1181. [PMID: 23763280 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.782322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The poor prognostic outcome of breast cancer is largely due to its resistance to cancer therapies. Development of therapeutic agents that can inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells can help solve the problem. Emodin is an active anthraquinone that has been reported to have diverse biological effects. OBJECTIVE In this study, the anticancer effects of emodin on growth inhibition, apoptosis induction and the expression of apoptosis-related genes in MCF-7 cells were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Growth inhibition induced by emodin was investigated by the MTS assay and the colony formation assay; while emodin-induced apoptosis was determined by the COMET assay and DNA fragmentation detection. Emodin (35 μM)-induced alterations in the expression of apoptotic-related genes were detected by using real-time PCR. RESULTS Emodin had significant growth inhibitory effects on MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ = 7.22 µg/ml (∼30 μM). It also exerted a concentration-dependant inhibitory effect on the colony-forming ability of MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ = 7.60 µg/ml (∼30 µM). Hallmarks of apoptosis, such as single-strand DNA breakage and DNA fragmentation, were observed in emodin-treated MCF-7 cells. The gene expression of Fas ligand (FASL) was up-regulated (p < 0.01) but those of MCL1, CCND1 and C-MYC were down-regulated (p < 0.05) in emodin-treated MCF-7 cells. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study indicated that emodin could induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through the modulation of the expression of apoptosis-related genes. The growth inhibitory effects of emodin might involve both the intrinsic and the extrinsic apoptotic pathways and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yan Li
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Li WY, Ng YF, Zhang H, Guo ZD, Guo DJ, Kwan YW, Leung GPH, Lee SMY, Yu PHF, Chan SW. Emodin elicits cytotoxicity in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells through inducing apoptosis. Inflammopharmacology 2013; 22:127-34. [PMID: 23975033 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-013-0186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanism of the cytotoxic effect of emodin, an active anthraquinone, on human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. In vitro growth inhibition and suppression on colony forming were used to evaluate the effects of emodin on A549 cells. Emodin's ability in changing the expressions of apoptosis-related genes was studied by real-time RT-PCR. Emodin could significantly inhibit the growth of A549 cells with IC50 = 16.85 μg/ml (~60 μM). It also concentration dependently inhibited the colony-forming ability of A549 cells with IC50 = 7.60 μg/ml (~30 μM). Hallmarks of apoptosis, such as single-strand DNA breakage and DNA fragmentation, were observed in A549 cells treated with emodin. Emodin (72 h) treatment could up-regulate the gene expression of FASL (p < 0.05) and down-regulate the gene expression of C-MYC (p < 0.01), but induce no significant changes in the gene expressions of MCL1, GAPDH, BAX and CCND1. These results suggest that emodin could induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in A549 cells through modifying the extrinsic apoptotic pathways and the induction of cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yan Li
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Shrimali D, Shanmugam MK, Kumar AP, Zhang J, Tan BKH, Ahn KS, Sethi G. Targeted abrogation of diverse signal transduction cascades by emodin for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 341:139-49. [PMID: 23962559 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) is a natural occurring anthraquinone derivative isolated from roots and barks of numerous plants, molds, and lichens. It is found as an active ingredient in different Chinese herbs including Rheum palmatum and Polygonam multiflorum, and has diuretic, vasorelaxant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. The anti-inflammatory effects of emodin have been exhibited in various in vitro as well as in vivo models of inflammation including pancreatitis, arthritis, asthma, atherosclerosis and glomerulonephritis. As an anti-cancer agent, emodin has been shown to suppress the growth of various tumor cell lines including hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic, breast, colorectal, leukemia, and lung cancers. Emodin is a pleiotropic molecule capable of interacting with several major molecular targets including NF-κB, casein kinase II, HER2/neu, HIF-1α, AKT/mTOR, STAT3, CXCR4, topoisomerase II, p53, p21, and androgen receptors which are involved in inflammation and cancer. This review summarizes reported anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects of emodin, and re-emphasizes its potential therapeutic role in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Shrimali
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Fu JM, Zhou J, Shi J, Xie JS, Huang L, Yip AYS, Loo WTY, Chow LWC, Ng ELY. Emodin affects ERCC1 expression in breast cancer cells. J Transl Med 2012; 10 Suppl 1:S7. [PMID: 23046742 PMCID: PMC3445866 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-s1-s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multi-drug resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is a major cause of treatment failure in breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the effects of emodin on reversing the multi-drug resistance, examined the ERCC1 protein expression in breast cancer cell line, and explored the relationship between reversal of multi-drug resistance and ERCC1 protein expression. Methods MTT assay was conducted to test the cytotoxicity of adriamycin and cisplatin to MCF-7/Adr cells with and without emodin pretreatment, and Western blot was performed to examine the ERCC1 protein expression. Results MCF-7/Adr cells had 21-fold and 11-fold baseline resistances to adriamycin and cisplatin, respectively. When emodin was added to the cell culture at the concentration of 10 μg/ml, the drug resistance was reduced from 21 folds to 2.86 folds for adriamycin, and from 11 folds to 1.79 folds for cisplatin. MCF-7/Adr cells treated with two concentrations (10μg/mL and 20μg/mL) of emodin, after 2, 4, 6, 10 days, the trend of ERCC1 expression was gradually decreased and the reduction was more obvious comparatively at the concentration of 20μg/mL. Conclusions Emodin could reverse the multi-drug resistance in MCF-7/Adr cells and down-regulate ERCC1 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-min Fu
- Department of Breast Disease, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.
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Li CL, Ma J, Zheng L, Li HJ, Li P. Determination of emodin in L-02 cells and cell culture media with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: application to a cellular toxicokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 71:71-8. [PMID: 22944356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The emodin-involved hepatotoxicity has been gaining increasing attention. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of emodin on cultured human liver cells (L-02) and predict the possible relation between its cytotoxicity and cellular toxicokinetics. Cell viability and cell damage were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and phase-contrast microscopy, respectively. Cytotoxicity tests demonstrated a concentration- and time-dependent toxic effect of emodin on L-02 cells. Furthermore, emodin at concentration of 30μM led to a significant apoptosis in a time-dependent manner supported by the morphological changes of drug-treated cells. In addition, to elucidate the toxicokinetic characteristics of emodin, a highly sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was employed and validated for detecting the dynamic alteration of emodin in cells and cell culture media. The proposed method appeared to be suitable for the analysis of emodin with desirable linearity (r(2)>0.99), and satisfying precision being less than 8.7%. The range of recoveries of this method was 90.2-101.9%. The preliminary cellular toxicokinetic study revealed a time-dependent intracellular accumulation of emodin, which was consistent with its in vitro toxic effects. These findings confirmed the cytotoxicity of emodin against L-02 cells and displayed the cytotoxic manner of emodin in terms of its cellular uptake and accumulation in L-02 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tong jia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
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Emodin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and antitumor activity studies. Int J Pharm 2012; 430:238-46. [PMID: 22465546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to prepare and characterize emodin (EMO)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (E-SLNs) and evaluate their antitumor activity in vitro. EMO and pharmaceutical lipid material were used to prepare E-SLNs by high pressure homogenization (HPH). Poloxamer 188 and Tween 80 were used as surfactants. The physicochemical properties of the E-SLNs were investigated by particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, drug entrapment efficiency (EE), stability and in vitro drug release behavior. The E-SLNs showed stable particle size at 28.6 ± 3.1 nm, ideal drug EE and relative long-term physical stability after being stored for 4 months. The drug release of E-SLNs could last 72 h and exhibited a sustained profile, which made it a promising vehicle for oral drug delivery. MTT assay showed that E-SLNs could significantly enhance the in vitro cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells compared to the EMO solution, while free EMO, blank SLNs (B-SLNs) and E-SLNs all showed no significant toxicity to human mammary epithelial line MCF-10A cells. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that E-SLNs also showed more significant cell cycle arrest effect in MCF-7 cells compared to bulk EMO solution. Hoechst 33342 staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining further confirmed that E-SLNs induced higher apoptotic rates in MCF-7 cells, indicating that cell cycle arrest and apoptosis maybe the underlying mechanism of the enhanced cytotoxicity. Taken together, it seems that HPH was a simple, available and effective method for preparing high quality E-SLNs to enhance its aqueous solubility. Moreover, these results suggest that the delivery of EMO as lipid nanoparticles maybe a promising approach for cancer therapy.
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Ding X, Yin B, Qian L, Zeng Z, Yang Z, Li H, Lu Y, Zhou S. Screening for novel quorum-sensing inhibitors to interfere with the formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1827-1834. [PMID: 21852522 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.024166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to screen for novel quorum-sensing inhibitors (QSIs) from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) that inhibit bacterial biofilm formation. Six of 46 active components found in TCMs were identified as putative QSIs based on molecular docking studies. Of these, three compounds inhibited biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia at a concentration of 200 µM. A fourth compound (emodin) significantly inhibited biofilm formation at 20 µM and induced proteolysis of the quorum-sensing signal receptor TraR in Escherichia coli at a concentration of 3-30 mM. Emodin also increased the activity of ampicillin against P. aeruginosa. Therefore, emodin might be suitable for development into an antivirulence and antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Ding
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Bo Yin
- LED, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Li Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Zhirui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Zeliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Huixian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yongjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shining Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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Gupta V, Mun GH, Choi B, Aseh A, Mildred L, Patel A, Zhang Q, Price JE, Chang D, Robb G, Mathur AB. Repair and reconstruction of a resected tumor defect using a composite of tissue flap-nanotherapeutic-silk fibroin and chitosan scaffold. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:2374-87. [PMID: 21706247 PMCID: PMC3149665 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A multifaceted strategy using a composite of anti-cancer nanotherapeutic and natural biomaterials silk fibroin (SF) and chitosan (CS) blend scaffolds was investigated for the treatment of a tissue defect post-tumor resection by providing local release of the therapeutic and filling of the defect site with the regenerative bioscaffolds. The scaffold-emodin nanoparticle composites were fabricated and characterized for drug entrapment and release, mechanical strength, and efficacy against GILM2 breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in a rat tumor model. Emodin nanoparticles were embedded in SF and SFCS scaffolds and the amount of emodin entrapment was a function of the scaffold composition and emodin loading concentration. In vitro, there was a burst release of emodin from all scaffolds during the first 2 days though it was detected even after 24 days. Increase in emodin concentration in the scaffolds decreased the overall elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the scaffolds. After 6 weeks of in vivo implantation, the cell density (p < 0.05) and percent degradation (p < 0.01) within the remodeled no emodin SFCS scaffold was significantly higher than the emodin loaded SFCS scaffolds, although there was no significant difference in the amount of collagen deposition in the regenerated SFCS scaffold. The presence and release of emodin from the SFCS scaffolds inhibited the integration of SFCS into the adjacent tumor due to the formation of an interfacial barrier of connective tissue that was lacking in emodin-free SFCS scaffolds. While no significant difference in tumor size was observed between the in vivo tested groups, tumors treated with emodin loaded SFCS scaffolds had decreased presence and size and similar regeneration of new tissue as compared to no emodin SFCS scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Gupta
- Tissue Regeneration and Molecular Cell Engineering Lab, Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA
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Lin YL, Su YT, Chen BH. A study on inhibition mechanism of breast cancer cells by bis-type triaziquone. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 637:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Lu HF, Wang HL, Chuang YY, Tang YJ, Yang JS, Ma YS, Chiang JH, Lu CC, Yang JL, Lai TY, Wu CC, Chung JG. Danthron Induced Apoptosis Through Mitochondria- and Caspase-3-Dependent Pathways in Human Brain Glioblastoma Multiforms GBM 8401 Cells. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:390-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huang Z, Chen G, Shi P. Effects of emodin on the gene expression profiling of human breast carcinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 32:286-91. [PMID: 19185431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 06/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of emodin-mediated cell apoptosis has been investigated extensively in many types of human cancer cells. Our previous study demonstrated that emodin induced apoptosis through the decrease of Bcl-2/Bax ratio and the increase of cytoplasm cytochrome c concentration in human breast cancer BCap-37 cells. However, emodin's reaction to breast cancer cells remains elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS An apoptosis-associated cDNA microarray comprised of 458 known genes, namely, death receptors, calpains, death kinases, granzymes, DNA fragmentation proteins, caspases and Bcl-2 family, was used to determine the impact of emodin in breast cancer BCap-37 cells. Furthermore, the candidate emodin target genes were further evaluated via real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS We found that gene expression profiling in human breast cancer BCap-37 cells was altered when exposed to emodin. Thirty of the unique genes that were either induced or repressed in response to emodin-induced apoptosis were also identified. A follow-up study characterized p53, emodin-induced gene, IGF-2, and emodin-repressed gene, and the downstream proteins were also seen as possible molecular targets of emodin. CONCLUSION Data from this study provide novel evidence that emodin induces gene expression profiling changes, but has no effects on caspases. In addition, the p53 pathway may cooperate with the IGF-2 pathway, resulting in an emodin-induced apoptosis through disruption of the mitochondrial signaling pathway in BCap-37 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, PR China
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Kim JR, Oh DR, Cha MH, Pyo BS, Rhee JH, Choy HE, Oh WK, Kim YR. Protective effect of polygoni cuspidati radix and emodin on Vibrio vulnificus cytotoxicity and infection. J Microbiol 2008; 46:737-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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