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Qi K, Li J, Hu Y, Qiao Y, Mu Y. Research progress in mechanism of anticancer action of shikonin targeting reactive oxygen species. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1416781. [PMID: 39076592 PMCID: PMC11284502 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1416781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive buildup of highly reactive molecules can occur due to the generation and dysregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their associated signaling pathways. ROS have a dual function in cancer development, either leading to DNA mutations that promote the growth and dissemination of cancer cells, or triggering the death of cancer cells. Cancer cells strategically balance their fate by modulating ROS levels, activating pro-cancer signaling pathways, and suppressing antioxidant defenses. Consequently, targeting ROS has emerged as a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Shikonin and its derivatives, along with related drug carriers, can impact several signaling pathways by targeting components involved with oxidative stress to induce processes such as apoptosis, necroptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy, as well as modulation of ferroptosis. Moreover, they can increase the responsiveness of drug-resistant cells to chemotherapy drugs, based on the specific characteristics of ROS, as well as the kind and stage of cancer. This research explores the pro-cancer and anti-cancer impacts of ROS, summarize the mechanisms and research achievements of shikonin-targeted ROS in anti-cancer effects and provide suggestions for designing further anti-tumor experiments and undertaking further experimental and practical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Qi
- Department of Diagnostic Clinical Laboratory Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Clinical Test Center, Medical Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital (Inner Mongolia Campus), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Diagnostic Clinical Laboratory Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yiyun Qiao
- Department of Clinical Test Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital (Inner Mongolia Campus), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yongping Mu
- Department of Clinical Test Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital (Inner Mongolia Campus), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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2
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Abdolmaleki A, Karimian A, Khoshnazar SM, Asadi A, Samarein ZA, Smail SW, Bhattacharya D. The role of Nrf2 signaling pathways in nerve damage repair. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae080. [PMID: 38799411 PMCID: PMC11116835 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The protein, Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), is a transitory protein that acts as a transcription factor and is involved in the regulation of many cytoprotective genes linked to xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidant responses. Based on the existing clinical and experimental data, it can be inferred that neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by an excessive presence of markers of oxidative stress (OS) and a reduced presence of antioxidant defense systems in both the brain and peripheral tissues. The presence of imbalances in the homeostasis between oxidants and antioxidants has been recognized as a substantial factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. The dysregulations include several cellular processes such as mitochondrial failure, protein misfolding, and neuroinflammation. These dysregulations all contribute to the disruption of proteostasis in neuronal cells, leading to their eventual mortality. A noteworthy component of Nrf2, as shown by recent research undertaken over the last decade, is to its role in the development of resistance to OS. Nrf2 plays a pivotal role in regulating systems that defend against OS. Extant research offers substantiation for the protective and defensive roles of Nrf2 in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the influence of Nrf2 on OS and its function in regulating antioxidant defense systems within the realm of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we evaluate the most recent academic inquiries and empirical evidence about the beneficial and potential role of certain Nrf2 activator compounds within the realm of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Abdolmaleki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, PO Box: 179, Ardabil, 11367-56199, Iran
| | - Aida Karimian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, PO Box: 179, Ardabil, 11367-56199, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Mahdieh Khoshnazar
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Imam Khomeini Highway, Mustafa Khomeini Boulevard, Ibn Sina, Kerman, 9986598, Iran
| | - Asadollah Asadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, PO Box: 179, Ardabil, 11367-56199, Iran
| | - Zahra Akhavi Samarein
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, PO Box: 179, Ardabil, 11367-56199, Iran
| | - Shukur Wasman Smail
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Science, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, 1235897, Iraq
| | - Deepak Bhattacharya
- Ph.D., Policy, Nursing, At Fight-Cancer at Home, Medicinal Toxicology & QC, Sri Radha Krishna Raas Mandir, KedarGouri Road, Bhubaneswar, Odisa 751002, India
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3
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Valipour J, Taghizadeh F, Esfahani R, Ramesh M, Rastegar T. Role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in female and male fertility. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29752. [PMID: 38720768 PMCID: PMC11076650 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress refers to a condition where there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and their removal by antioxidants. While the function of reactive oxygen species as specific second messengers under physiological conditions is necessary, their overproduction can lead to numerous instances of cell and tissue damage. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of many cytoprotective genes that respond to redox stresses. Nrf2 is regularly degraded by kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 and Nrf2 complex have attracted attention in both basic and clinical infertility research fields. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of female infertility, including primary ovarian insufficiency, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and endometriosis, as well as male infertility, namely varicocele, cryptorchidism, spermatic cord torsion, and orchitis. Most scientists believe that Nrf2 is a potential therapeutic method in female and male infertility disorders due to its antioxidant effect. Here, the potential roles of oxidative stress and Nrf2 in female and male infertility disorders are reviewed. Moreover, the key role of Nrf2 in the inhibition or induction of these diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Valipour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Taghizadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Esfahani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahya Ramesh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Rastegar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Fan F, Yang C, Piao E, Shi J, Zhang J. Mechanisms of chondrocyte regulated cell death in osteoarthritis: Focus on ROS-triggered ferroptosis, parthanatos, and oxeiptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 705:149733. [PMID: 38442446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic inflammatory degenerative disease. Since chondrocytes are the only type of cells in cartilage, their survival is critical for maintaining cartilage morphology. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of how reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide, and their derivatives, affect cartilage homeostasis and trigger several novel modes of regulated cell death, including ferroptosis, parthanatos, and oxeiptosis, which may play roles in chondrocyte death and OA development. Moreover, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies to alleviate OA by scavenging ROS and provide new insight into the research and treatment of the role of regulated cell death in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyang Fan
- Orthopedics Department, The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- Orthopedics Department, The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
| | - Enran Piao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jia Shi
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Juntao Zhang
- Orthopedics Department, The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
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5
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Hoch CC, Shoykhet M, Weiser T, Griesbaum L, Petry J, Hachani K, Multhoff G, Bashiri Dezfouli A, Wollenberg B. Isothiocyanates in medicine: A comprehensive review on phenylethyl-, allyl-, and benzyl-isothiocyanates. Pharmacol Res 2024; 201:107107. [PMID: 38354869 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, isothiocyanates (ITCs), bioactive compounds primarily derived from Brassicaceae vegetables and herbs, have gained significant attention within the biomedical field due to their versatile biological effects. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth exploration of the therapeutic potential and individual biological mechanisms of the three specific ITCs phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), as well as their collective impact within the formulation of ANGOCIN® Anti-Infekt N (Angocin). Angocin comprises horseradish root (Armoracia rusticanae radix, 80 mg) and nasturtium (Tropaeoli majoris herba, 200 mg) and is authorized for treating inflammatory diseases affecting the respiratory and urinary tract. The antimicrobial efficacy of this substance has been confirmed both in vitro and in various clinical trials, with its primary effectiveness attributed to ITCs. PEITC, AITC, and BITC exhibit a wide array of health benefits, including potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, along with noteworthy anticancer potentials. Moreover, we highlight their ability to modulate critical biochemical pathways, such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways, shedding light on their involvement in cellular apoptosis and their intricate role to guide immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima C Hoch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Shoykhet
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Weiser
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Griesbaum
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Julie Petry
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Khouloud Hachani
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Bashiri Dezfouli
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Wollenberg
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany.
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Zhang A, Suzuki T, Adachi S, Yoshida E, Sakaguchi S, Yamamoto M. Nrf2 activation improves experimental rheumatoid arthritis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 207:279-295. [PMID: 37494986 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease with pain and functional disorder of joints. Multiple strategies toward treatment of the rheumatoid arthritis are operating, while there are concerns of serious adverse effects of the therapeutic drugs. Here, we show that activation of Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) efficiently improves arthritis of SKG mice, which develop T cell-mediated autoimmune arthritis by zymosan A injection. We found that genetic Nrf2 activation by knockdown of Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1), a negative regulator of Nrf2, repressed arthritis by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducing the expression of antioxidant enzymes in SKG mice. In addition, oral administration of CDDO-Im, a representative chemical inducer of Nrf2, had effects of both prevention and treatment toward arthritis of SKG mice in an Nrf2-dependent manner. We also found that Nrf2 activation through myeloid-cell lineage-specific Keap1 disruption did not achieve significant improvement in the arthritis of SKG mice. In contrast, expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes were decreased, and those of antioxidant enzyme genes were increased in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) isolated from SKG mouse. Our results thus demonstrate that Nrf2 activation exerts marked anti-arthritis effects in the SKG experimental rheumatoid arthritis model mice, supporting the contention that the Nrf2 activation is a new therapeutic strategy for the rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tohoku Medical-Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan; Departments of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suzuki
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tohoku Medical-Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan; Departments of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan.
| | - Saki Adachi
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Eiki Yoshida
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tohoku Medical-Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan; Departments of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan; The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.
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7
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Hu M, Xie M, Cui X, Huang J, Cheng X, Liu L, Yan S, Liu S, Tong C. Characterization and Potential Function Analysis of the SRS Gene Family in Brassica napus. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1421. [PMID: 37510325 PMCID: PMC10379590 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SRS (SHI-related sequence) transcription factors play a crucial role in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress response. Although Brassica napus (B. napus) is one of the most important oil crops in the world, the role of SRS genes in B. napus (BnSRS) has not been well investigated. Therefore, we employed a bioinformatics approach to identify BnSRS genes from genomic data and investigated their characteristics, functions, and expression patterns, to gain a better understanding of how this gene family is involved in plant development and growth. The results revealed that there were 34 BnSRS gene family members in the genomic sequence of B. napus, unevenly distributed throughout the sequence. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, these BnSRS genes could be divided into four subgroups, with each group sharing comparable conserved motifs and gene structure. Analysis of the upstream promoter region showed that BnSRS genes may regulate hormone responses, biotic and abiotic stress response, growth, and development in B. napus. The protein-protein interaction analysis revealed the involvement of BnSRS genes in various biological processes and metabolic pathways. Our analysis of BnSRS gene expression showed that 23 BnSRS genes in the callus tissue exhibited a dominant expression pattern, suggesting their critical involvement in cell dedifferentiation, cell division, and tissue development. In addition, association analysis between genotype and agronomic traits revealed that BnSRS genes may be linked to some important agronomic traits in B. napus, suggesting that BnSRS genes were widely involved in the regulation of important agronomic traits (including C16.0, C18.0, C18.1, C18.2 C18.3, C20.1, C22.1, GLU, protein, TSW, and FFT). In this study, we predicted the evolutionary relationships and potential functions of BnSRS gene family members, providing a basis for the development of BnSRS gene functions which could facilitate targeted functional studies and genetic improvement for elite breeding in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Meili Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiaobo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Junyan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiaohui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lijiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Shunping Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Chaobo Tong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
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Hammad M, Raftari M, Cesário R, Salma R, Godoy P, Emami SN, Haghdoost S. Roles of Oxidative Stress and Nrf2 Signaling in Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Cells: A Possible General Mechanism of Resistance to Therapy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1371. [PMID: 37507911 PMCID: PMC10376708 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordinating role of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in cellular function is undeniable. Evidence indicates that this transcription factor exerts massive regulatory functions in multiple signaling pathways concerning redox homeostasis and xenobiotics, macromolecules, and iron metabolism. Being the master regulator of antioxidant system, Nrf2 controls cellular fate, influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, resistance to therapy, and senescence processes, as well as infection disease success. Because Nrf2 is the key coordinator of cell defence mechanisms, dysregulation of its signaling has been associated with carcinogenic phenomena and infectious and age-related diseases. Deregulation of this cytoprotective system may also interfere with immune response. Oxidative burst, one of the main microbicidal mechanisms, could be impaired during the initial phagocytosis of pathogens, which could lead to the successful establishment of infection and promote susceptibility to infectious diseases. There is still a knowledge gap to fill regarding the molecular mechanisms by which Nrf2 orchestrates such complex networks involving multiple pathways. This review describes the role of Nrf2 in non-pathogenic and pathogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Hammad
- University of Caen Normandy, UMR6252 CIMAP/ARIA, GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Mohammad Raftari
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rute Cesário
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rima Salma
- University of Caen Normandy, UMR6252 CIMAP/ARIA, GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Paulo Godoy
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Noushin Emami
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Siamak Haghdoost
- University of Caen Normandy, UMR6252 CIMAP/ARIA, GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Advanced Resource Center for HADrontherapy in Europe (ARCHADE), 14000 Caen, France
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9
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Anzawa H, Kinoshita K. C4S DB: Comprehensive Collection and Comparison for ChIP-Seq Database. J Mol Biol 2023:168157. [PMID: 37244568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Combining multiple binding profiles, such as transcription factors and histone modifications, is a crucial step in revealing the functions of complex biological systems. Although a massive amount of chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) data is available, existing ChIP-seq databases or repositories focus on individual experiments, and it is difficult to elucidate orchestrated regulation by DNA-binding elements. We developed the Comprehensive Collection and Comparison for ChIP-Seq Database (C4S DB) to provide researchers with insights into the combination of DNA binding elements based on quality-assessed public ChIP-seq data. The C4S DB is based on > 16,000 human ChIP-seq experiments and provides two main web interfaces to discover the relationships between ChIP-seq data. "Gene browser" illustrates the landscape of distributions of binding elements around a specified gene, and "global similarity," a hierarchical clustering heatmap based on a similarity between two ChIP-seq experiments, gives an overview of genome-wide relations of regulatory elements. These functions promote the identification or evaluation of both gene-specific and genome-wide colocalization or mutually exclusive localization. Modern web technologies allow users to search for and aggregate large-scale experimental data through interactive web interfaces with quick responses. The C4S DB is available at https://c4s.site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Anzawa
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan; Department of System Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3-09, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan; Department of System Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3-09, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan; Department of in Silico, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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10
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Zhang J, Zhang T, Zeng S, Zhang X, Zhou F, Gillies MC, Zhu L. The Role of Nrf2/sMAF Signalling in Retina Ageing and Retinal Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1512. [PMID: 37371607 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and age-related macular disease, have become increasingly prominent as the population ages. Oxygen is essential for living organisms, but it may also cause disease when it is transformed into reactive oxygen species via biological processes in cells. Most of the production of ROS occurs in mitochondrial complexes I and III. The accumulation of ROS in cells causes oxidative stress, which plays a crucial role in human ageing and many diseases. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key antioxidant transcription factor that plays a central role in many diseases and ageing in general. It regulates many downstream antioxidative enzymes when cells are exposed to oxidative stress. A basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, MAF, specifically the small MAF subfamily (sMAFs), forms heterodimers with Nrf2, which bind with Maf-recognition elements (MAREs) in response to oxidative stress. The role of this complex in the human retina remains unclear. This review summarises the current knowledge about Nrf2 and its downstream signalling, especially its cofactor-MAF, in ageing and diseases, with a focus on the retina. Since Nrf2 is the master regulator of redox homeostasis in cells, we hypothesise that targeting Nrf2 is a promising therapeutic approach for many age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ting Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shaoxue Zeng
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100073, China
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark C Gillies
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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11
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Wang F, Guo K, Nan L, Wang S, Lu J, Wang Q, Ba Z, Huang Y, Wu D. Kartogenin-loaded hydrogel promotes intervertebral disc repair via protecting MSCs against reactive oxygen species microenvironment by Nrf2/TXNIP/NLRP3 axis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 204:128-150. [PMID: 37149010 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) and the consequent low back pain present a major medical challenge. Stem cell-based tissue engineering is promising for the treatment of IDD. However, stem cell-based treatment is severely impaired by the increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in degenerative disc, which can lead to a high level of cell dysfunction and even death. In this study, a kartogenin (KGN)@PLGA-GelMA/PRP composite hydrogel was designed and used as a carrier of ADSCs-based therapies in disc repair. Injectable composite hydrogel act as a carrier for controlled release of KGN and deliver ADSCs to the degenerative disc. The released KGN can stimulate the differentiation of ADSCs into a nucleus pulposus (NP) -like phenotype and boost antioxidant capacity of ADSCs via activating Nrf2/TXNIP/NLRP3 axis. Furthermore, the composite hydrogel combined with ADSCs attenuated the in vivo degeneration of rat IVDs, maintained IVD tissue integrity and accelerated the synthesis of NP-like extracellular matrix. Therefore, the KGN@PLGA-GelMA/PRP composite hydrogel is a promising strategy for stem cell-based therapies of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Liping Nan
- Center for Orthopaedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Emergency Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Jiawei Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhaoyu Ba
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Yufeng Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Desheng Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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12
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Tabolacci E, Tringali G, Nobile V, Duca S, Pizzoferrato M, Bottoni P, Maria Elisabetta C. Rutin Protects Fibroblasts from UVA Radiation through Stimulation of Nrf2 Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040820. [PMID: 37107196 PMCID: PMC10135198 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores the photoprotective effects of rutin, a bioflavonoid found in some vegetables and fruits, against UVA-induced damage in human skin fibroblasts. Our results show that rutin increases cell viability and reduces the high levels of ROS generated by photo-oxidative stress (1 and 2 h of UVA exposure). These effects are related to rutin’s ability to modulate the Nrf2 transcriptional pathway. Interestingly, activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway results in an increase in reduced glutathione and Bcl2/Bax ratio, and the subsequent protection of mitochondrial respiratory capacity. These results demonstrate how rutin may play a potentially cytoprotective role against UVA-induced skin damage through a purely antiapoptotic mechanism.
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13
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Reduced SUMOylation of Nrf2 signaling contributes to its inhibition induced by amyloid-β. Neurosci Lett 2023; 799:137118. [PMID: 36764479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by amyloid-β (Aβ) has been considered as one of the important mechanisms in the development of Alzheimer disease (AD). The inhibition of endogenous antioxidant Nrf2 signaling in the brain of AD patients aggravates the oxidative damage, however, the causes of Nrf2 signaling inhibition are unclear. It is reported that smallubiquitin-like modification (SUMOylation) is involved in the process of oxidative injury. To investigate whether and how SUMOylation was involved in the inhibition of Nrf2 signaling pathway induced by Aβ, Aβ intrahippocampal injection rat model and Aβ treated SH-SY5Y cell model were used in the current study. Small interfering RNA and lentivirus transfection were used to intervene SUMOylation, and the level of SUMOylation was assessed by immunoprecipitation. The present in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that SUMOylation levels of Nrf2 and MafF, as well as the overall SUMOylation level were reduced under long-term Aβ insult. Meanwhile, the binding of Nrf2 to MafF was decreased, accompanied by low interaction with antioxidant response element (ARE) area of gene. Down-regulation of SUMO protein exacerbated the Aβ-induced inhibition of Nrf2 signaling pathway, while, enhancement of SUMOylation of Nrf2 and MafF by overexpression of Ubc9 reversed this process. These results imply that reduction in SUMOylation induced by Aβ contributed to the inhibition of Nrf2 signaling, and SUMOylation might be a potential therapeutic target of AD.
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14
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Cao X, Lu W, Gang Y, Hu B, Wen C. Prx5 of Cristaria plicata has antioxidant function and is regulated by Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108548. [PMID: 36690268 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cristaria plicata is one of the more important freshwater pearl bivalves in China, which is susceptible to pathogen infection, and greatly impacts the ability of breeding pearls. Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and its downstream target gene Prx5 have endogenous antioxidant functions to protect cells from oxidative damage. The full-length cDNA of Prx5 was cloned from C. Plicata, which was 1420 bp, encoding a total of 189 amino acids and had two conserved cysteine residues (Cys78 and Cys179). The amino acid sequence of CpPrx5 was highly similar to Prx5 of other species. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that CpPrx5 was distributed in various tissues of mussels, and the highest expression was in hepatopancreas. The expression of CpPrx5 up-regulated in hepatopancreas and gills after LPS, PGN and Poly:I:C stimulation. The recombinant plasmid DE3-PGEX-4T-1-CpPrx5 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and showed antioxidant activity. With the increase of CpPrx5 protein concentration, the superhelical form of DNA was protected. The expression of CpPrx5 was up-regulated after interference CpKeap1 and down-regulated after interference CpNrf2. Gel block assay showed that CpNrf2 and CpMafK proteins blocked CpPrx5 promoter. Subcellular localization showed that CpPrx5 was located in 293T nucleus and cytoplasm and CpMafK was located in 293T nucleus. GST-Pull down verified that CpMafK and CpPrx5 could bind in vitro. These results indicated that Prx5 had antioxidant function and could protects DNA from oxidative damage, and participated in transcriptional regulation by combining with the transcription factor MafK. In addition, MafK could combine with Nrf2 to regulate the downstream target gene Prx5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Cao
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Wuting Lu
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Yang Gang
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Baoqing Hu
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Chungen Wen
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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15
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Therapeutic strategies for liver diseases based on redox control systems. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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Wang Q, Botchway BOA, Zhang Y, Liu X. Ellagic acid activates the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway in improving Parkinson's disease: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113848. [PMID: 36242848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a familiar neurodegenerative disease, accompanied by motor retardation, static tremor, memory decline and dementia. Heredity, environment, age and oxidative stress have been suggested as key factors in the instigation of PD. The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling is one of the most significant anti- oxidative stress (OS) pathways. The Keap1 is a negative regulator of the Nrf2. The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway can induce cell oxidation resistance and reduce nerve injury to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Ellagic acid (EA) can inhibit the Keap1 to accumulate the Nrf2 in the nucleus, and act on the ARE to produce target proteins, which in turn may alleviate the impact of OS on neuronal cells of PD. This review analyzes the structure and physiological role of EA, along with the structure, composition and functions of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. We further expound on the mechanism of ellagic acid in its activation of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, as well as the relationship between EA in impairing the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways. Ellagic acid has the potentiality of improving PD by activating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and scavenging free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China.
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17
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Fragoulis A, Schenkel J, Schröder N, Brandt EF, Weiand M, Neu T, Ramadori P, Caspers T, Kant S, Pufe T, Mohs A, Trautwein C, Longerich T, Streetz KL, Wruck CJ. Nrf2 induces malignant transformation of hepatic progenitor cells by inducing β-catenin expression. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102453. [PMID: 36209041 PMCID: PMC9618468 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nrf2 signaling pathway prevents cancer initiation, but genetic mutations that activate this pathway are found in various types of cancer. The molecular mechanisms underlying this Janus-headed character are still not understood. Here, we show that sustained Nrf2 activation induces proliferation and dedifferentiation of a Wnt-responsive perivenular hepatic progenitor cell population, transforming them into metastatic cancer cells. The neoplastic lesions display many histological features known from human hepatoblastoma. We describe an Nrf2-induced upregulation of β-catenin expression and its activation as the underlying mechanism for the observed malignant transformation. Thus, we have identified the Nrf2–β-catenin axis promoting proliferation of hepatic stem cells and triggering tumorigenesis. These findings support the concept that different functional levels of Nrf2 control both the protection against various toxins as well as liver regeneration by activating hepatic stem cells. Activation of the hepatic stem cell compartment confers the observation that unbridled Nrf2 activation may trigger tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Schenkel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schröder
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Mathias Weiand
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Tabita Neu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Ramadori
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Caspers
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kant
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje Mohs
- Department of Medicine III, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany
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18
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Petsouki E, Cabrera SNS, Heiss EH. AMPK and NRF2: Interactive players in the same team for cellular homeostasis? Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:75-93. [PMID: 35918013 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
NRF2 (Nuclear factor E2 p45-related factor 2) is a stress responsive transcription factor lending cells resilience against oxidative, xenobiotic, and also nutrient or proteotoxic insults. AMPK (AMP-activated kinase), considered as prime regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, not only tunes metabolism to provide the cell at any time with sufficient ATP or building blocks, but also controls redox balance and inflammation. Due to observed overlapping cellular responses upon AMPK or NRF2 activation and common stressors impinging on both AMPK and NRF2 signaling, it is plausible to assume that AMPK and NRF2 signaling may interdepend and cooperate to readjust cellular homeostasis. After a short introduction of the two players this narrative review paints the current picture on how AMPK and NRF2 signaling might interact on the molecular level, and highlights their possible crosstalk in selected examples of pathophysiology or bioactivity of drugs and phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsouki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shara Natalia Sosa Cabrera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences (VDS PhaNuSpo), University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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19
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The Nrf2 antioxidant defense system in intervertebral disc degeneration: Molecular insights. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:1067-1075. [PMID: 35978054 PMCID: PMC9440120 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common degenerative musculoskeletal disorder and is recognized as a major contributor to discogenic lower back pain. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying IDD remain unclear, and therapeutic strategies for IDD are currently limited. Oxidative stress plays pivotal roles in the pathogenesis and progression of many age-related diseases in humans, including IDD. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master antioxidant transcription factor that protects cells against oxidative stress damage. Nrf2 is negatively modulated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and exerts important effects on IDD progression. Accumulating evidence has revealed that Nrf2 can facilitate the transcription of downstream antioxidant genes in disc cells by binding to antioxidant response elements (AREs) in promoter regions, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and NADPH quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1). The Nrf2 antioxidant defense system regulates cell apoptosis, senescence, extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism, the inflammatory response of the nucleus pulposus (NP), and calcification of the cartilaginous endplates (EP) in IDD. In this review, we aim to discuss the current knowledge on the roles of Nrf2 in IDD systematically. Insights into the activity of a protein that regulates gene expression and protects cells against oxidative stress could yield novel treatments for lower back pain. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common cause of lower back pain, but the molecular mechanisms underlying IDD are unclear, meaning treatment options are limited. Oxidative stress is implicated in IDD, and scientists have begun exploring the role of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of the body’s antioxidant responses, in regulating IDD progression. In a review of recent research, Weishi Li at Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, and co-workers point out that boosting the activity of Nrf2-related signaling pathways alleviates oxidative stress in intervertebral disc cells. The researchers suggest that therapies based on non-coding RNAs may prove valuable in activating Nrf2 in IDD patients.
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20
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Fang D, Zhang W, Cheng X, Hu F, Ye Z, Cao J. Molecular evolutionary analysis of the SHI/STY gene family in land plants: A focus on the Brassica species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:958964. [PMID: 35991428 PMCID: PMC9386158 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.958964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH (SHI/STY) proteins belong to a family of transcription factors that are involved in the formation and development of early lateral roots. However, the molecular evolution of this family is rarely reported. Here, a total of 195 SHI/STY genes were identified in 21 terrestrial plants, and the Brassica species is the focus of our research. Their physicochemical properties, chromosome location and duplication, motif distribution, exon-intron structures, genetic evolution, and expression patterns were systematically analyzed. These genes are divided into four clades (Clade 1/2/3/4) based on phylogenetic analysis. Motif distribution and gene structure are similar in each clade. SHI/STY proteins are localized in the nucleus by the prediction of subcellular localization. Collinearity analysis indicates that the SHI/STYs are relatively conserved in evolution. Whole-genome duplication is the main factor for their expansion. SHI/STYs have undergone intense purifying selection, but several positive selection sites are also identified. Most promoters of SHI/STY genes contain different types of cis-elements, such as light, stress, and hormone-responsive elements, suggesting that they may be involved in many biological processes. Protein-protein interaction predicted some important SHI/STY interacting proteins, such as LPAT4, MBOATs, PPR, and UBQ3. In addition, the RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis were studied in detail in rape. As a result, SHI/STYs are highly expressed in root and bud, and can be affected by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, drought, cold, and heat stresses. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses indicates that expression levels of BnSHI/STYs are significantly altered in different treatments (cold, salt, drought, IAA, auxin; ABA, abscisic acid; 6-BA, cytokinin). It provides a new understanding of the evolution and expansion of the SHI/STY family in land plants and lays a foundation for further research on their functions.
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21
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Cai L, Arbab AS, Lee TJ, Sharma A, Thomas B, Igarashi K, Raju RP. BACH1-Hemoxygenase-1 axis regulates cellular energetics and survival following sepsis. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:134-145. [PMID: 35691510 PMCID: PMC10507736 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex disease due to dysregulated host response to infection. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to metabolic dysregulation are among the hallmarks of sepsis. The transcription factor NRF2 (Nuclear Factor E2-related factor2) is a master regulator of the oxidative stress response, and the NRF2 mediated antioxidant response is negatively regulated by BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1) protein. This study tested whether Bach1 deletion improves organ function and survival following polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We observed enhanced post-CLP survival in Bach1-/- mice with a concomitantly increased liver HO-1 expression, reduced liver injury and oxidative stress, and attenuated systemic and tissue inflammation. After sepsis induction, the liver mitochondrial function was better preserved in Bach1-/- mice. Furthermore, BACH1 deficiency improved liver and lung blood flow in septic mice, as measured by SPECT/CT. RNA-seq analysis identified 44 genes significantly altered in Bach1-/- mice after sepsis, including HMOX1 and several genes in lipid metabolism. Inhibiting HO-1 activity by Zinc Protoporphyrin-9 worsened organ function in Bach1-/- mice following sepsis. We demonstrate that mitochondrial bioenergetics, organ function, and survival following experimental sepsis were improved in Bach1-/- mice through the HO-1-dependent mechanism and conclude that BACH1 is a therapeutic target in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Drug Discovery, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Raghavan Pillai Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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22
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Choi BH, Ryoo I, Sim KH, Ahn HJ, Lee YJ, Kwak MK. High Levels of Hyaluronic Acid Synthase-2 Mediate NRF2-Driven Chemoresistance in Breast Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:368-379. [PMID: 35768333 PMCID: PMC9252875 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), a ligand of CD44, accumulates in some types of tumors and is responsible for tumor progression. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NRF2) regulates cytoprotective genes and drug transporters, which promotes therapy resistance in tumors. Previously, we showed that high levels of CD44 are associated with NRF2 activation in cancer stem like-cells. Herein, we demonstrate that HA production was increased in doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer MCF7 cells (MCF7-DR) via the upregulation of HA synthase-2 (HAS2). HA incubation increased NRF2, aldo-keto reductase 1C1 (AKR1C1), and multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) levels. Silencing of HAS2 or CD44 suppressed NRF2 signaling in MCF7-DR, which was accompanied by increased doxorubicin sensitivity. The treatment with a HAS2 inhibitor, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), decreased NRF2, AKR1C1, and MDR1 levels in MCF7-DR. Subsequently, 4-MU treatment inhibited sphere formation and doxorubicin resistance in MCF7-DR. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data analysis across 32 types of tumors indicates the amplification of HAS2 gene is a common genetic alteration and is negatively correlated with the overall survival rate. In addition, high HAS2 mRNA levels are associated with increased NRF2 signaling and poor clinical outcome in breast cancer patients. Collectively, these indicate that HAS2 elevation contributes to chemoresistance and sphere formation capacity of drug-resistant MCF7 cells by activating CD44/NRF2 signaling, suggesting a potential benefit of HAS2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hyun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Ingeun Ryoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Integrated Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Hwa Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Ju Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kwak
- Department of Pharmacology and Integrated Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
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23
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Liu S, Pi J, Zhang Q. Signal amplification in the KEAP1-NRF2-ARE antioxidant response pathway. Redox Biol 2022; 54:102389. [PMID: 35792437 PMCID: PMC9287733 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The KEAP1-NRF2-ARE signaling pathway plays a central role in mediating the adaptive cellular stress response to oxidative and electrophilic chemicals. This canonical pathway has been extensively studied and reviewed in the past two decades, but rarely was it looked at from a quantitative signaling perspective. Signal amplification, i.e., ultrasensitivity, is crucially important for robust induction of antioxidant genes to appropriate levels that can adequately counteract the stresses. In this review article, we examined a number of well-known molecular events in the KEAP1-NRF2-ARE pathway from a quantitative perspective with a focus on how signal amplification can be achieved. We illustrated, by using a series of mathematical models, that redox-regulated protein sequestration, stabilization, translation, nuclear trafficking, DNA promoter binding, and transcriptional induction - which are embedded in the molecular network comprising KEAP1, NRF2, sMaf, p62, and BACH1 - may generate highly ultrasensitive NRF2 activation and antioxidant gene induction. The emergence and degree of ultrasensitivity depend on the strengths of protein-protein and protein-DNA interaction and protein abundances. A unique, quantitative understanding of signal amplification in the KEAP1-NRF2-ARE pathway will help to identify sensitive targets for the prevention and therapeutics of oxidative stress-related diseases and develop quantitative adverse outcome pathway models to facilitate the health risk assessment of oxidative chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Liu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Jingbo Pi
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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24
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Bioactive Compounds and Their Derivatives: An Insight into Prospective Phytotherapeutic Approach against Alzheimer’s Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5100904. [PMID: 35450410 PMCID: PMC9017558 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative brain disorder that causes cellular response alterations, such as impaired cholinergic mechanism, amyloid-beta (Aβ) AD aggregation, neuroinflammation, and several other pathways. AD is still the most prevalent form of dementia and affects many individuals across the globe. The exact cause of the disorder is obscure. There are yet no effective medications for halting, preventing, or curing AD's progress. Plenty of natural products are isolated from several sources and analyzed in preclinical and clinical settings for neuroprotective effects in preventing and treating AD. In addition, natural products and their derivatives have been promising in treating and preventing AD. Natural bioactive compounds play an active modulatory role in the pathological molecular mechanisms of AD development. This review focuses on natural products from plant sources and their derivatives that have demonstrated neuroprotective activities and maybe promising to treat and prevent AD. In addition, this article summarizes the literature pertaining to natural products as agents in the treatment of AD. Rapid metabolism, nonspecific targeting, low solubility, lack of BBB permeability, and limited bioavailability are shortcomings of most bioactive molecules in treating AD. We can use nanotechnology and nanocarriers based on different types of approaches.
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25
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Kim MJ, Jeon JH. Recent Advances in Understanding Nrf2 Agonism and Its Potential Clinical Application to Metabolic and Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052846. [PMID: 35269986 PMCID: PMC8910922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major component of cell damage and cell fat, and as such, it occupies a central position in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. Nuclear factor-erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a key transcription factor that coordinates expression of genes encoding antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, is regulated primarily by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). However, involvement of the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway in tissue and organism homeostasis goes far beyond protection from cellular stress. In this review, we focus on evidence for Nrf2 pathway dysfunction during development of several metabolic/inflammatory disorders, including diabetes and diabetic complications, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune diseases. We also review the beneficial role of current molecular Nrf2 agonists and summarize their use in ongoing clinical trials. We conclude that Nrf2 is a promising target for regulation of numerous diseases associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. However, more studies are needed to explore the role of Nrf2 in the pathogenesis of metabolic/inflammatory diseases and to review safety implications before therapeutic use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Endocrinology in Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(53)-200-3182; Fax: +82-(53)-200-3155
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26
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Park J, Kim SK, Hallis SP, Choi BH, Kwak MK. Role of CD133/NRF2 Axis in the Development of Colon Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties. Front Oncol 2022; 11:808300. [PMID: 35155201 PMCID: PMC8825377 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.808300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit intrinsic therapy/stress resistance, which often cause cancer recurrence after therapy. In this study, we investigated the potential relationship between the cluster of differentiation (CD)-133, a CSC marker of colon cancer, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2; NRF2), a master transcription factor for the regulation of multiple antioxidant genes. In the first model of CSC, a sphere culture of the colorectal cell line HCT116, showed increased levels of CD133 and NRF2. Silencing of CD133 reduced the levels of CSC markers, such as Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), and further suppressed the expression levels of NRF2 and its target genes. As a potential molecular link, CD133-mediated activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase (PI3K/AKT) signaling appears to increase the NRF2 protein levels via phosphorylation and the consequent inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β. Additionally, NRF2-silenced HCT116 cells showed attenuated sphere formation capacity and reduced CSC markers expression, indicating the critical role of the NRF2 pathway in the development of CSC-like properties. As a second model of CSC, the CD133high cell population was isolated from HCT116 cells. CSC-like properties, including sphere formation, motility, migration, colony formation, and anticancer resistance, were enhanced in the CD133high population compared to CD133low HCT116 cells. Levels of NRF2, which were elevated in CD133high HCT116, were suppressed by CD133-silencing. In line with these, the analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database showed that high levels of CD133 expression are correlated with increased NRF2 signaling, and alterations in CD133 gene or expression are associated with unfavorable clinical outcome in colorectal carcinoma patients. These results indicate that the CD133/NRF2 axis contributes to the development of CSC-like properties in colon cancer cells, and that PI3K/AKT signaling activation is involved in CD133-mediated NRF2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Park
- Department of Pharmacy and BK21FOUR Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seung Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and BK21FOUR Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Steffanus Pranoto Hallis
- Department of Pharmacy and BK21FOUR Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Bo-Hyun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kwak
- Department of Pharmacy and BK21FOUR Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.,Integrated Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.,College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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27
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Target Gene Diversity of the Nrf1-MafG Transcription Factor Revealed by a Tethered Heterodimer. Mol Cell Biol 2022; 42:e0052021. [PMID: 35129372 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00520-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the cap'n'collar (CNC) family of transcription factors, including Nrf1 and Nrf2, heterodimerize with small Maf proteins (MafF, MafG and MafK) and regulate target gene expression through CNC-sMaf binding elements (CsMBEs). We recently developed a unique tethered dimer assessment system combined with small Maf triple knockout fibroblasts, which enabled the characterization of specific CNC-sMaf heterodimer functions. In this study, we evaluated the molecular function of the tethered Nrf1-MafG (T-N1G) heterodimer. We found that T-N1G activates the expression of proteasome subunit genes, well-known Nrf1 target genes, and binds specifically to CsMBEs in the proximity of these genes. T-N1G was also found to activate genes involved in proteostasis-related pathways, including endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, chaperone, and ubiquitin-mediated degradation pathways, indicating that the Nrf1-MafG heterodimer regulates a wide range of proteostatic stress response genes. By taking advantage of this assessment system, we found that Nrf1 has the potential to activate canonical Nrf2 target cytoprotective genes when strongly induced. Our results also revealed that transposable SINE B2 repeats harbor CsMBEs with high frequency and contribute to the target gene diversity of CNC-sMaf transcription factors.
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28
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Lycopene: A Natural Arsenal in the War against Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020232. [PMID: 35204115 PMCID: PMC8868303 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is a bioactive red pigment found in plants, especially in red fruits and vegetables, including tomato, pink guava, papaya, pink grapefruit, and watermelon. Several research reports have advocated its positive impact on human health and physiology. For humans, lycopene is an essential substance obtained from dietary sources to fulfil the body requirements. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing oxidative stress and downstream complications include one of the major health concerns worldwide. In recent years, oxidative stress and its counter strategies have attracted biomedical research in order to manage the emerging health issues. Lycopene has been reported to directly interact with ROS, which can help to prevent chronic diseases, including diabetes and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. In this context, the present review article was written to provide an accumulative account of protective and ameliorative effects of lycopene on coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension, which are the leading causes of death worldwide. Lycopene is a potent antioxidant that fights ROS and, subsequently, complications. It reduces blood pressure via inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme and regulating nitrous oxide bioavailability. It plays an important role in lowering of LDL (low-density lipoproteins) and improving HDL (high-density lipoproteins) levels to minimize atherosclerosis, which protects the onset of coronary artery disease and hypertension. Various studies have advocated that lycopene exhibited a combating competence in the treatment of these diseases. Owing to all the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-hypertensive properties, lycopene provides a potential nutraceutical with a protective and curing ability against coronary artery disease and hypertension.
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29
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Edamitsu T, Taguchi K, Okuyama R, Yamamoto M. AHR and NRF2 in Skin Homeostasis and Atopic Dermatitis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020227. [PMID: 35204110 PMCID: PMC8868544 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is constantly exposed to environmental insults, including toxic chemicals and oxidative stress. These insults often provoke perturbation of epidermal homeostasis and lead to characteristic skin diseases. AHR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) and NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) are transcription factors that induce a battery of cytoprotective genes encoding detoxication and antioxidant enzymes in response to environmental insults. In addition to their basic functions as key regulators of xenobiotic and oxidant detoxification, recent investigations revealed that AHR and NRF2 also play critical roles in the maintenance of skin homeostasis. In fact, specific disruption of AHR function in the skin has been found to be associated with the pathogenesis of various skin diseases, most prevalently atopic dermatitis (AD). In this review, current knowledge on the roles that AHR and NRF2 play in epidermal homeostasis was summarized. Functional annotations of genetic variants, both regulatory and nonsynonymous SNPs, identified in the AHR and NRF2 loci in the human genome were also summarized. Finally, the possibility that AHR and NRF2 serve as therapeutic targets of AD was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Edamitsu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (T.E.); (K.T.)
- Department of Dermatology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
| | - Keiko Taguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (T.E.); (K.T.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Okuyama
- Department of Dermatology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (T.E.); (K.T.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-717-8084
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30
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Kolb H, Kempf K, Röhling M, Lenzen-Schulte M, Schloot NC, Martin S. Ketone bodies: from enemy to friend and guardian angel. BMC Med 2021; 19:313. [PMID: 34879839 PMCID: PMC8656040 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During starvation, fasting, or a diet containing little digestible carbohydrates, the circulating insulin levels are decreased. This promotes lipolysis, and the breakdown of fat becomes the major source of energy. The hepatic energy metabolism is regulated so that under these circumstances, ketone bodies are generated from β-oxidation of fatty acids and secreted as ancillary fuel, in addition to gluconeogenesis. Increased plasma levels of ketone bodies thus indicate a dietary shortage of carbohydrates. Ketone bodies not only serve as fuel but also promote resistance to oxidative and inflammatory stress, and there is a decrease in anabolic insulin-dependent energy expenditure. It has been suggested that the beneficial non-metabolic actions of ketone bodies on organ functions are mediated by them acting as a ligand to specific cellular targets. We propose here a major role of a different pathway initiated by the induction of oxidative stress in the mitochondria during increased ketolysis. Oxidative stress induced by ketone body metabolism is beneficial in the long term because it initiates an adaptive (hormetic) response characterized by the activation of the master regulators of cell-protective mechanism, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), sirtuins, and AMP-activated kinase. This results in resolving oxidative stress, by the upregulation of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, improved mitochondrial function and growth, DNA repair, and autophagy. In the heart, the adaptive response to enhanced ketolysis improves resistance to damage after ischemic insults or to cardiotoxic actions of doxorubicin. Sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may also exert their cardioprotective action via increasing ketone body levels and ketolysis. We conclude that the increased synthesis and use of ketone bodies as ancillary fuel during periods of deficient food supply and low insulin levels causes oxidative stress in the mitochondria and that the latter initiates a protective (hormetic) response which allows cells to cope with increased oxidative stress and lower energy availability. KEYWORDS: Ketogenic diet, Ketone bodies, Beta hydroxybutyrate, Insulin, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Inflammation, Oxidative stress, Cardiovascular disease, SGLT2, Hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Kolb
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.,West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kempf
- West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Martin Röhling
- West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Nanette C Schloot
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Martin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.,West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany
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31
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Khan H, Patel S, Majumdar A. Role of NRF2 and Sirtuin activators in COVID-19. Clin Immunol 2021; 233:108879. [PMID: 34798239 PMCID: PMC8592856 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pandemic requiring immediate solution for treatment because of its complex pathophysiology. Exploration of novel targets and thus treatment will be life savers which is the need of the hour. 2 host factors- TMPRSS2 and ACE2 are responsible for the way the virus will enter and replicate in the host. Also NRF2 is an important protein responsible for its anti-inflammatory role by multiple mechanisms of action like inhibition of NF-kB, suppression of pro-inflammatory genes, etc. NRF2 is deacetylated by Sirtuins and therefore both have a direct association. Absence of SIRT indicates inhibition of NRF2 expression and thus no anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory protection for the cell. Therefore, we propose that NRF2 activators and/or SIRT activators can be evaluated to check their efficacy in ameliorating the symptoms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnat Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Shivangi Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Anuradha Majumdar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400098, India.
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32
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A Role of Stress Sensor Nrf2 in Stimulating Thermogenesis and Energy Expenditure. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091196. [PMID: 34572382 PMCID: PMC8472024 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic cold stress, thermogenic adipocytes generate heat through uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration from ATP synthesis. Recent discovery of various dietary phytochemicals, endogenous metabolites, synthetic compounds, and their molecular targets for stimulating thermogenesis has provided promising strategies to treat or prevent obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. Nuclear factor E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a stress response protein that plays an important role in obesity and metabolisms. However, both Nrf2 activation and Nrf2 inhibition can suppress obesity and metabolic diseases. Here, we summarized and discussed conflicting findings of Nrf2 activities accounting for part of the variance in thermogenesis and energy metabolism. We also discussed the utility of Nrf2-activating mechanisms for their potential applications in stimulating energy expenditure to prevent obesity and improve metabolic deficits.
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33
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Distinct Regulations of HO-1 Gene Expression for Stress Response and Substrate Induction. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0023621. [PMID: 34398680 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00236-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is the key enzyme for heme catabolism and cytoprotection. Whereas HO-1 gene expression in response to various stresses has been investigated extensively, the precise mechanisms by which HO-1 gene expression is regulated by the HO-1 substrate heme remain elusive. To systematically examine whether stress-mediated induction and substrate-mediated induction of HO-1 utilize similar or distinct regulatory pathways, we developed an HO-1-DsRed-knock-in reporter mouse in which the HO-1 gene is floxed by loxP sites and the DsRed gene has been inserted. Myeloid lineage-specific recombination of the floxed locus led to fluorescence derived from expression of the HO-1-DsRed fusion protein in peritoneal macrophages. We also challenged general recombination of the locus and generated mice harboring heterozygous recombinant alleles, which enabled us to monitor HO-1-DsRed expression in the whole body in vivo and ex vivo. HO-1 inducers upregulated HO-1-DsRed expression in myeloid lineage cells isolated from the mice. Notably, analyses of peritoneal macrophages from HO-1-DsRed mice lacking NRF2, a major regulator of the oxidative/electrophilic stress response, led us to identify NRF2-dependent stress response-mediated HO-1 induction and NRF2-independent substrate-mediated HO-1 induction. Thus, the HO-1 gene is subjected to at least two distinct levels of regulation, and the available lines of evidence suggest that substrate induction in peritoneal macrophages is independent of CNC family-based regulation.
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34
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Igarashi K, Nishizawa H, Saiki Y, Matsumoto M. The transcription factor BACH1 at the crossroads of cancer biology: From epithelial-mesenchymal transition to ferroptosis. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101032. [PMID: 34339740 PMCID: PMC8387770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression of cancer involves not only the gradual evolution of cells by mutations in DNA but also alterations in the gene expression induced by those mutations and input from the surrounding microenvironment. Such alterations contribute to cancer cells' abilities to reprogram metabolic pathways and undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which facilitate the survival of cancer cells and their metastasis to other organs. Recently, BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1), a heme-regulated transcription factor that represses genes involved in iron and heme metabolism in normal cells, was shown to shape the metabolism and metastatic potential of cancer cells. The growing list of BACH1 target genes in cancer cells reveals that BACH1 promotes metastasis by regulating various sets of genes beyond iron metabolism. BACH1 represses the expression of genes that mediate cell–cell adhesion and oxidative phosphorylation but activates the expression of genes required for glycolysis, cell motility, and matrix protein degradation. Furthermore, BACH1 represses FOXA1 gene encoding an activator of epithelial genes and activates SNAI2 encoding a repressor of epithelial genes, forming a feedforward loop of EMT. By synthesizing these observations, we propose a “two-faced BACH1 model”, which accounts for the dynamic switching between metastasis and stress resistance along with cancer progression. We discuss here the possibility that BACH1-mediated promotion of cancer also brings increased sensitivity to iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis) through crosstalk of BACH1 target genes, imposing programmed vulnerability upon cancer cells. We also discuss the future directions of this field, including the dynamics and plasticity of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Hironari Nishizawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuriko Saiki
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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35
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Chang M, Wilson CJ, Karunatilleke NC, Moselhy MH, Karttunen M, Choy WY. Exploring the Conformational Landscape of the Neh4 and Neh5 Domains of Nrf2 Using Two Different Force Fields and Circular Dichroism. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3145-3156. [PMID: 33861593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-ARE transcriptional response pathway plays a critical role in protecting the cell from oxidative stresses via the upregulation of cytoprotective genes. Aberrant activation of Nrf2 in cancer cells can confer this cytoprotectivity, thereby reducing the efficacy of both chemotherapeutics and radiotherapies. Key to this antioxidant pathway is the interaction between Nrf2 and CREB binding protein (CBP), mediated by the Neh4 and Neh5 domains of Nrf2. Disruption of this interaction via small-molecule therapeutics could negate the effects of aberrant Nrf2 upregulation. Due to the disordered nature of these domains, there remains no three-dimensional structure of Neh4 or Neh5, making structure-based drug design a challenge. Here, we performed 48 μs of unbiased molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the Amber99SB*-ILDNP and CHARMM36m force fields and circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry experiments to elucidate the free-state structures of these domains; no previous data regarding their conformational landscapes exists. There are two main findings: First, we find Neh5 to be markedly more disordered than Neh4, which has nine residues in the middle of the domain showing α-helical propensity, thus pointing to Neh4 and Neh5 having different binding mechanisms. Second, the two force fields show strong differences for the glutamic acid-rich Neh5 peptide but are in reasonable agreement for Neh4, which has no glutamic acid. The CHARMM36m force field agrees more closely with the CD results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Carter J Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Nadun Chanaka Karunatilleke
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mohamed Hesham Moselhy
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Wing-Yiu Choy
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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Choi BH, Kim JM, Kwak MK. The multifaceted role of NRF2 in cancer progression and cancer stem cells maintenance. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:263-280. [PMID: 33754307 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NEF2L2; NRF2) plays crucial roles in the defense system against electrophilic or oxidative stress by upregulating an array of genes encoding antioxidant proteins, electrophile/reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxifying enzymes, and drug efflux transporters. In contrast to the protective roles in normal cells, the multifaceted role of NRF2 in tumor growth and progression, resistance to therapy and intratumoral stress, and metabolic adaptation is rapidly expanding, and the complex association of NRF2 with cancer signaling networks is being unveiled. In particular, the implication of NRF2 signaling in cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small population of tumor cells responsible for therapy resistance and tumor relapse, is emerging. Here, we described the dark side of NRF2 signaling in cancers discovered so far. A particular focus was put on the role of NRF2 in CSCs maintenance and therapy resistance, showing that low ROS levels and refractory drug response of CSCs are mediated by the activation of NRF2 signaling. A better understanding of the roles of the NRF2 pathway in CSCs will allow us to develop a novel therapeutic approach to control tumor relapse after therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hyun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Myung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kwak
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Amirinejad R, Shirvani-Farsani Z, Naghavi Gargari B, Sahraian MA, Mohammad Soltani B, Behmanesh M. Vitamin D changes expression of DNA repair genes in the patients with multiple sclerosis. Gene 2021; 781:145488. [PMID: 33588040 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) plays an essential role in demyelination and tissue injury related to pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). On the other hand, vitamin D (VD) as an antioxidant reduces oxidative stress and has been used as adjuvant therapy in autoimmune diseases. Although VD supplementation is suggested as a protective and immunomodulation factor for MS patients, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Given that VD may modulate the immune system of MS patients through the DNA repair pathway, we aimed to evaluate the effects of VD supplementation in DNA repair genes expression including OGG1, MYH, MTH1, and ITPA. Transcript levels were measured using the RT-qPCR method in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients before and after two months of VD supplementation. Furthermore, in silico analysis and correlation gene expression analysis was performed to find the biological binding sites and the effect of NRF2 on the regulation of DNA repair genes. Our data revealed that in MS patients, 2-month VD treatment significantly altered the expression of MYH, OGG1, MTH1, and NRF2 genes. A significant correlation was observed between DNA repair genes and NRF2 expression, which was confirmed by the presence of antioxidant response element (ARE) binding sites in the promoter of OGG1, MYH, and MTH1 genes. This study demonstrated that the impact of VD on MS patients may be mediated through the improvement of DNA repair system efficiency. This finding brought some new evidence for the involvement of DNA repair genes in the physiopathology of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Amirinejad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Shirvani-Farsani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Naghavi Gargari
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty Nursing and Midwifery Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohhamad Ali Sahraian
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Antioxidative Stress: Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species Production as a Cause of Radioresistance and Chemoresistance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6620306. [PMID: 33628367 PMCID: PMC7884184 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6620306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the most effective nonsurgical treatments for cancer treatment. They usually induce regulated cell death by increasing the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumour cells. However, as intracellular ROS concentration increases, many antioxidant pathways are concurrently upregulated by cancer cells to inhibit ROS production, ultimately leading to drug resistance. Understanding the mechanism of antioxidant stress in tumour cells provides a new research direction for overcoming therapeutic resistance. In this review, we address (1) how radiotherapy and chemotherapy kill tumour cells by increasing the level of ROS, (2) the mechanism by which ROS activate antioxidant pathways and the subsequent cellular mitigation of ROS in radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatments, and (3) the potential research direction for targeted treatment to overcome therapeutic resistance.
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Identification of Dominant Transcripts in Oxidative Stress Response by a Full-Length Transcriptome Analysis. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:MCB.00472-20. [PMID: 33168698 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00472-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our body responds to environmental stress by changing the expression levels of a series of cytoprotective enzymes/proteins through multilayered regulatory mechanisms, including the KEAP1-NRF2 system. While NRF2 upregulates the expression of many cytoprotective genes, there are fundamental limitations in short-read RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), resulting in confusion regarding interpreting the effectiveness of cytoprotective gene induction at the transcript level. To precisely delineate isoform usage in the stress response, we conducted independent full-length transcriptome profiling (isoform sequencing; Iso-Seq) analyses of lymphoblastoid cells from three volunteers under normal and electrophilic stress-induced conditions. We first determined the first exon usage in KEAP1 and NFE2L2 (encoding NRF2) and found the presence of transcript diversity. We then examined changes in isoform usage of NRF2 target genes under stress conditions and identified a few isoforms dominantly expressed in the majority of NRF2 target genes. The expression levels of isoforms determined by Iso-Seq analyses showed striking differences from those determined by short-read RNA-Seq; the latter could be misleading concerning the abundance of transcripts. These results support that transcript usage is tightly regulated to produce functional proteins under electrophilic stress. Our present study strongly argues that there are important benefits that can be achieved by long-read transcriptome sequencing.
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Fabrizio FP, Sparaneo A, Muscarella LA. NRF2 Regulation by Noncoding RNAs in Cancers: The Present Knowledge and the Way Forward. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123621. [PMID: 33287295 PMCID: PMC7761714 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The NRF2 pathway represents one of the most intriguing pathways that promotes chemo- and radioresistance of neoplastic cells. Increasing findings suggest that the NRF2 signaling can be modulated by multiple epigenetic factors such as noncoding RNAs, which influence a large number of oncogenic mechanisms, both at transcriptional and at post-transcriptional levels. As a consequence, the identification and characterization of specific noncoding RNAs as biomarkers related to oxidative stress may help to clarify the relationship between them and NRF2 signaling in the tumor context, in terms of positive and negative modulation, also referring to their intersection with other NRF2 crosstalking pathways. In this review, we summarize the recent updates on NRF2 network regulation by noncoding RNAs in tumors, thus paving the way toward the potential translational role of these small RNAs as key tumor biomarkers of neoplastic processes. Abstract Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is the key transcription factor triggered by oxidative stress that moves in cells of the antioxidant response element (ARE)-antioxidant gene network against reactive oxygen species (ROS) cellular damage. In tumors, the NRF2 pathway represents one of the most intriguing pathways that promotes chemo- and radioresistance of neoplastic cells and its activity is regulated by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms; some of these being poorly investigated in cancer. The noncoding RNA (ncRNA) network is governed by microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and modulates a variety of cellular mechanisms linked to cancer onset and progression, both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In recent years, the scientific findings about the effects of ncRNA landscape variations on NRF2 machines are rapidly increasing and need to be continuously updated. Here, we review the latest knowledge about the link between NRF2 and ncRNA networks in cancer, thus focusing on their potential translational significance as key tumor biomarkers.
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Regulation of Nrf2/ARE Pathway by Dietary Flavonoids: A Friend or Foe for Cancer Management? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100973. [PMID: 33050575 PMCID: PMC7600646 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway is an important cell signaling mechanism in maintaining redox homeostasis in humans. The role of dietary flavonoids in activating Nrf2/ARE in relation to cancer chemoprevention or cancer promotion is not well established. Here we summarize the dual effects of flavonoids in cancer chemoprevention and cancer promotion with respect to the regulation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway, while underlying the possible cellular mechanisms. Luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, myricetin, rutin, naringenin, epicatechin, and genistein activate the Nrf2/ARE pathway in both normal and cancer cells. The hormetic effect of flavonoids has been observed due to their antioxidant or prooxidant activity, depending on the concentrations. Reported in vitro and in vivo investigations suggest that the activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway by either endogenous or exogenous stimuli under normal physiological conditions contributes to redox homeostasis, which may provide a mechanism for cancer chemoprevention. However, some flavonoids, such as luteolin, apigenin, myricetin, quercetin, naringenin, epicatechin, genistein, and daidzein, at low concentrations (1.5 to 20 µM) facilitate cancer cell growth and proliferation in vitro. Paradoxically, some flavonoids, including luteolin, apigenin, and chrysin, inhibit the Nrf2/ARE pathway in vitro. Therefore, even though flavonoids play a major role in cancer chemoprevention, due to their possible inducement of cancer cell growth, the effects of dietary flavonoids on cancer pathophysiology in patients or appropriate experimental animal models should be investigated systematically.
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42
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Stucki D, Stahl W. Carbon monoxide – beyond toxicity? Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:251-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cuadrado A, Pajares M, Benito C, Jiménez-Villegas J, Escoll M, Fernández-Ginés R, Garcia Yagüe AJ, Lastra D, Manda G, Rojo AI, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Can Activation of NRF2 Be a Strategy against COVID-19? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:598-610. [PMID: 32711925 PMCID: PMC7359808 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is largely the result of a dysregulated host response, followed by damage to alveolar cells and lung fibrosis. Exacerbated proinflammatory cytokines release (cytokine storm) and loss of T lymphocytes (leukopenia) characterize the most aggressive presentation. We propose that a multifaceted anti-inflammatory strategy based on pharmacological activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2) can be deployed against the virus. The strategy provides robust cytoprotection by restoring redox and protein homeostasis, promoting resolution of inflammation, and facilitating repair. NRF2 activators such as sulforaphane and bardoxolone methyl are already in clinical trials. The safety and efficacy information of these modulators in humans, together with their well-documented cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical models, highlight the potential of this armamentarium for deployment to the battlefield against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cuadrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Marta Pajares
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Benito
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Jiménez-Villegas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maribel Escoll
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Fernández-Ginés
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel J Garcia Yagüe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Lastra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Manda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana I Rojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Fischhuber K, Matzinger M, Heiss EH. AMPK Enhances Transcription of Selected Nrf2 Target Genes via Negative Regulation of Bach1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:628. [PMID: 32760724 PMCID: PMC7372114 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) are main players in the cellular adaptive response to metabolic and oxidative/xenobiotic stress, respectively. AMPK does not only balance the rate of fuel catabolism versus anabolism but also emerges as regulator of gene expression. We here examined the influence of AMPK on Nrf2-dependent gene transcription and the potential interplay of the two cellular stress hubs. Using gene expression analyses in wt and AMPKα1 -/- or Nrf2 -/- mouse embryonal fibroblasts, we could show that AMPK only affected a portion of the entire of Nrf2-dependent transcriptome upon exposure to the Nrf2 activator sulforaphane (Sfn). Focusing on selected genes with positive regulation by Nrf2 and either positive or no further regulation by AMPK, we revealed that altered Nrf2 levels could not account for the distinct extent of transactivation of certain Nrf2 targets in wt and AMPK -/- cells (assessed by immunoblot). FAIRE-qPCR largely excluded distinct chromatin accessibility of selected Nrf2-responsive antioxidant response elements (ARE) within the regulatory gene regions in wt and AMPK-/- cells. However, expression analyses and ChIP-qPCR showed that in AMPK-/- cells, levels of BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1), a competitor of Nrf2 for ARE sites with predominant repressor function, were higher, and Bach1 also bound to a greater relative extent to the examined ARE sites when compared to Nrf2. The negative influence of AMPK on Bach1 was confirmed by pharmacological and genetic approaches and occurred at the level of mRNA synthesis. Overall, the observed AMPK-mediated boost in transactivation of a subset of Nrf2 target genes involves downregulation of Bach1 and subsequent favored binding of activating Nrf2 over repressing Bach1 to the examined ARE sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Matzinger
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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45
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Kolb H, Kempf K, Martin S. Health Effects of Coffee: Mechanism Unraveled? Nutrients 2020; 12:E1842. [PMID: 32575704 PMCID: PMC7353358 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of habitual coffee consumption with a lower risk of diseases, like type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, certain cancer types, or with reduced all-cause mortality, has been confirmed in prospective cohort studies in many regions of the world. The molecular mechanism is still unresolved. The radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity of coffee constituents is too weak to account for such effects. We argue here that coffee as a plant food has similar beneficial properties to many vegetables and fruits. Recent studies have identified a health promoting mechanism common to coffee, vegetables and fruits, i.e., the activation of an adaptive cellular response characterized by the upregulation of proteins involved in cell protection, notably antioxidant, detoxifying and repair enzymes. Key to this response is the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2) system by phenolic phytochemicals, which induces the expression of cell defense genes. Coffee plays a dominant role in that regard because it is the major dietary source of phenolic acids and polyphenols in the developed world. A possible supportive action may be the modulation of the gut microbiota by non-digested prebiotic constituents of coffee, but the available data are still scarce. We conclude that coffee employs similar pathways of promoting health as assumed for other vegetables and fruits. Coffee beans may be viewed as healthy vegetable food and a main supplier of dietary phenolic phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Kolb
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (H.K.); (S.M.)
- West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kempf
- West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Martin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (H.K.); (S.M.)
- West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591 Duesseldorf, Germany
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Ong AJ, Saeidi S, Chi NHK, Kim SJ, Kim DH, Kim SH, Park SA, Cha YN, Na HK, Surh YJ. The positive feedback loop between Nrf2 and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase stimulates proliferation and clonogenicity of human hepatoma cells. Free Radic Res 2020; 54:906-917. [PMID: 32336239 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1761547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies report that nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) facilitates tumor progression through metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the oncogenic functions of Nrf2 is not yet well understood. Some of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) enzymes are considered to play a role in the cancer progression. The present study was intended to explore the potential role of phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), one of the PPP enzymes, in the proliferation and migration of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Genetic ablation of Nrf2 attenuated the expression of PGD at both transcriptional and translational levels. Notably, Nrf2 regulates the transcription of PGD through direct binding to the antioxidant response element in its promoter region. Nrf2 overexpression in HepG2 cells led to increased proliferation, survival, and migration, and these events were suppressed by silencing PGD. Interestingly, knockdown of the gene encoding this enzyme not only attenuated the proliferation and clonogenicity of HepG2 cells but also downregulated the expression of Nrf2. Thus, there seems to exist a positive feedback loop between Nrf2 and PGD which is exploited by hepatoma cells for their proliferation and survival. Treatment of HepG2 cells with ribulose-5-phosphate, a catalytic product of PGD, gave rise to a concentration-dependent upregulation of Nrf2. Collectively, the current study shows that Nrf2 promotes hepatoma cell growth and progression, partly through induction of PGD transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Jessica Ong
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soma Saeidi
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ngo Hoang Kieu Chi
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sin-Aye Park
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Nam Cha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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47
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Angeloni C, Gatti M, Prata C, Hrelia S, Maraldi T. Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Counteracting Oxidative Stress-Related Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093299. [PMID: 32392722 PMCID: PMC7246730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases include a variety of pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and so forth, which share many common characteristics such as oxidative stress, glycation, abnormal protein deposition, inflammation, and progressive neuronal loss. The last century has witnessed significant research to identify mechanisms and risk factors contributing to the complex etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as genetic, vascular/metabolic, and lifestyle-related factors, which often co-occur and interact with each other. Apart from several environmental or genetic factors, in recent years, much evidence hints that impairment in redox homeostasis is a common mechanism in different neurological diseases. However, from a pharmacological perspective, oxidative stress is a difficult target, and antioxidants, the only strategy used so far, have been ineffective or even provoked side effects. In this review, we report an analysis of the recent literature on the role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases as well as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, retinal ganglion cells, and ataxia. Moreover, the contribution of stem cells has been widely explored, looking at their potential in neuronal differentiation and reporting findings on their application in fighting oxidative stress in different neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the exposure to mesenchymal stem cells or their secretome can be considered as a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance antioxidant capacity and neurotrophin expression while inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, which are common aspects of neurodegenerative pathologies. Further studies are needed to identify a tailored approach for each neurodegenerative disease in order to design more effective stem cell therapeutic strategies to prevent a broad range of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Angeloni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Martina Gatti
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Cecilia Prata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (T.M.)
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