1
|
Cao F, Li YZ, Zhang DY, Wang XY, Chen WX, Liu FH, Men YX, Gao S, Lin CQ, Zou HC, Gong TT, Wu QJ. Human papillomavirus infection and the risk of cancer at specific sites other than anogenital tract and oropharyngeal region: an umbrella review. EBioMedicine 2024; 104:105155. [PMID: 38744109 PMCID: PMC11108822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite numerous studies having evaluated the associations between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and risk of specific cancers other than anogenital tract and oropharyngeal, the findings are inconsistent and the quality of evidence has not been systematically quantified. We aimed to summarise the existing evidence as well as to evaluate the strength and credibility of these associations. METHODS We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched from inception to March 2024. Studies with systematic reviews and meta-analyses that examined associations between HPV or HPV-associated genotypes infection and specific cancers were eligible for this review. The quality of the methodology was evaluated using A Measurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews (AMSTAR). The credibility of the evidence was assessed using GRADE. The protocol was preregistered with PROSPERO (CRD42023439070). FINDINGS The umbrella review identified 31 eligible studies reporting 87 associations with meta-analytic estimates, including 1191 individual studies with 336,195 participants. Of those, 29 (93.5%) studies were rated as over moderate quality by AMSTAR. Only one association indicating HPV-18 infection associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 3.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.24-5.41) was graded as convincing evidence. There were five unique outcomes identified as highly suggestive evidence, including HPV infection increased the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 7.03, 95% CI = 3.87-12.76), oesophageal cancer (OR = 3.32, 95% CI = 2.54-4.34), oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 2.05-3.54), lung cancer (OR = 3.60, 95% CI = 2.59-5.01), and breast cancer (OR = 6.26, 95% CI = 4.35-9.00). According to GRADE, one association was classified as high, indicating that compared with the controls in normal tissues, HPV infection was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. INTERPRETATION The umbrella review synthesised up-to-date observational evidence on HPV infection with the risk of breast cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, oesophageal cancer, oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and lung cancer. Further larger prospective cohort studies are needed to verify the associations, providing public health recommendations for prevention of disease. FUNDING National Key Research and Development Program of China, Natural Science Foundation of China, Outstanding Scientific Fund of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, and 345 Talent Project of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Cao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Zi Li
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - De-Yu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Xiao Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang-Hua Liu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Men
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chun-Qing Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Hua-Chun Zou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Ting-Ting Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Qi-Jun Wu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Fertility (China Medical University), National Health Commission, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Karachalios C, Petousis S, Margioula-Siarkou C, Dinas K. Human papillomaviruses and breast cancer: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Oncol Lett 2024; 27:75. [PMID: 38192655 PMCID: PMC10773228 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the leading malignancy worldwide. The association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and BC is debatable. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of HPV DNA in malignant breast tumors. An extensive search of the PubMed and SCOPUS databases was carried out for case-control studies published between January 1, 2003 and January 7, 2023, which compared HPV DNA detection in breast tissue specimens of female patients with BC and women with absent or benign breast disorders. Once the initial title/abstract screening was completed by two independent investigators, the full texts of the included studies from that stage were reviewed by the aforementioned investigators to determine if they should be included in the present study. Data extraction was independently conducted by two investigators. A third investigator was consulted to resolve disagreements through free discussion. MedCalc was used for quantitative synthesis. The significance of association was estimated by pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated using the random-effects model. A total of 23 primary studies, including 3,243 subjects (2,027 patients and 1,216 controls), were eligible for quantitative analysis. HPV prevalence in patients with BC and controls was 21.95 and 8.96%, respectively. The prevalence of HPV differed significantly between the two groups (OR 3.83; 95% CI 2.03-7.25; P<0.01). Heterogeneity among studies was quantified using the I2 index which was 69.57% (95% CI 51.89-80.75). The risk of bias was assessed using an appropriate tool contributed by the CLARITY Group at McMaster University. Seven studies had a low risk of bias, 15 studies had a moderate risk of bias and only one study had a serious risk of bias. These results reinforce the hypothesis that HPV is involved in BC development and progression, indicating a possible role of HPV vaccination in BC prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Karachalios
- Second Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54624, Greece
| | - Stamatios Petousis
- Second Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54624, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou
- Second Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54624, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dinas
- Second Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54624, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carpenter MA, Temiz NA, Ibrahim MA, Jarvis MC, Brown MR, Argyris PP, Brown WL, Starrett GJ, Yee D, Harris RS. Mutational impact of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B in a human cell line and comparisons to breast cancer. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011043. [PMID: 38033156 PMCID: PMC10715669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A prominent source of mutation in cancer is single-stranded DNA cytosine deamination by cellular APOBEC3 enzymes, which results in signature C-to-T and C-to-G mutations in TCA and TCT motifs. Although multiple enzymes have been implicated, reports conflict and it is unclear which protein(s) are responsible. Here we report the development of a selectable system to quantify genome mutation and demonstrate its utility by comparing the mutagenic activities of three leading candidates-APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, and APOBEC3H. The human cell line, HAP1, is engineered to express the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of HSV-1, which confers sensitivity to ganciclovir. Expression of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B, but not catalytic mutant controls or APOBEC3H, triggers increased frequencies of TK mutation and similar TC-biased cytosine mutation profiles in the selectable TK reporter gene. Whole genome sequences from independent clones enabled an analysis of thousands of single base substitution mutations and extraction of local sequence preferences with APOBEC3A preferring YTCW motifs 70% of the time and APOBEC3B 50% of the time (Y = C/T; W = A/T). Signature comparisons with breast tumor whole genome sequences indicate that most malignancies manifest intermediate percentages of APOBEC3 signature mutations in YTCW motifs, mostly between 50 and 70%, suggesting that both enzymes contribute in a combinatorial manner to the overall mutation landscape. Although the vast majority of APOBEC3A- and APOBEC3B-induced single base substitution mutations occur outside of predicted chromosomal DNA hairpin structures, whole genome sequence analyses and supporting biochemical studies also indicate that both enzymes are capable of deaminating the single-stranded loop regions of DNA hairpins at elevated rates. These studies combine to help resolve a long-standing etiologic debate on the source of APOBEC3 signature mutations in cancer and indicate that future diagnostic and therapeutic efforts should focus on both APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nuri A. Temiz
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mahmoud A. Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Jarvis
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Margaret R. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Prokopios P. Argyris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - William L. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gabriel J. Starrett
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Douglas Yee
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Reuben S. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zong C, Zhang Z, Gao L, He J, Wang Y, Li Q, Liu X, Yang J, Chen D, Huang R, Zheng G, Jin X, Wei W, Jia R, Shen J. APOBEC3B coordinates R-loop to promote replication stress and sensitize cancer cells to ATR/Chk1 inhibitors. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:348. [PMID: 37270643 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The cytidine deaminase, Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit 3B (APOBEC3B, herein termed A3B), is a critical mutation driver that induces genomic instability in cancer by catalyzing cytosine-to-thymine (C-to-T) conversion and promoting replication stress (RS). However, the detailed function of A3B in RS is not fully determined and it is not known whether the mechanism of A3B action can be exploited for cancer therapy. Here, we conducted an immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) study and identified A3B to be a novel binding component of R-loops, which are RNA:DNA hybrid structures. Mechanistically, overexpression of A3B exacerbated RS by promoting R-loop formation and altering the distribution of R-loops in the genome. This was rescued by the R-loop gatekeeper, Ribonuclease H1 (RNASEH1, herein termed RNH1). In addition, a high level of A3B conferred sensitivity to ATR/Chk1 inhibitors (ATRi/Chk1i) in melanoma cells, which was dependent on R-loop status. Together, our results provide novel insights into the mechanistic link between A3B and R-loops in the promotion of RS in cancer. This will inform the development of markers to predict the response of patients to ATRi/Chk1i.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Li Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guopei Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoliang Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wu Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roelofs PA, Timmermans MAM, Stefanovska B, den Boestert MA, van den Borne AWM, Balcioglu HE, Trapman AM, Harris RS, Martens JWM, Span PN. Aberrant APOBEC3B Expression in Breast Cancer Is Linked to Proliferation and Cell Cycle Phase. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081185. [PMID: 37190094 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3B (A3B) is aberrantly overexpressed in a subset of breast cancers, where it associates with advanced disease, poor prognosis, and treatment resistance, yet the causes of A3B dysregulation in breast cancer remain unclear. Here, A3B mRNA and protein expression levels were quantified in different cell lines and breast tumors and related to cell cycle markers using RT-qPCR and multiplex immunofluorescence imaging. The inducibility of A3B expression during the cell cycle was additionally addressed after cell cycle synchronization with multiple methods. First, we found that A3B protein levels within cell lines and tumors are heterogeneous and associate strongly with the proliferation marker Cyclin B1 characteristic of the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Second, in multiple breast cancer cell lines with high A3B, expression levels were observed to oscillate throughout the cell cycle and again associate with Cyclin B1. Third, induction of A3B expression is potently repressed throughout G0/early G1, likely by RB/E2F pathway effector proteins. Fourth, in cells with low A3B, induction of A3B through the PKC/ncNF-κB pathway occurs predominantly in actively proliferating cells and is largely absent in cells arrested in G0. Altogether, these results support a model in which dysregulated A3B overexpression in breast cancer is the cumulative result of proliferation-associated relief from repression with concomitant pathway activation during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A Roelofs
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mieke A M Timmermans
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bojana Stefanovska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Myrthe A den Boestert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amber W M van den Borne
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hayri E Balcioglu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita M Trapman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - John W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Butler K, Banday AR. APOBEC3-mediated mutagenesis in cancer: causes, clinical significance and therapeutic potential. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:31. [PMID: 36978147 PMCID: PMC10044795 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptides (APOBECs) are cytosine deaminases involved in innate and adaptive immunity. However, some APOBEC family members can also deaminate host genomes to generate oncogenic mutations. The resulting mutations, primarily signatures 2 and 13, occur in many tumor types and are among the most common mutational signatures in cancer. This review summarizes the current evidence implicating APOBEC3s as major mutators and outlines the exogenous and endogenous triggers of APOBEC3 expression and mutational activity. The review also discusses how APOBEC3-mediated mutagenesis impacts tumor evolution through both mutagenic and non-mutagenic pathways, including by inducing driver mutations and modulating the tumor immune microenvironment. Moving from molecular biology to clinical outcomes, the review concludes by summarizing the divergent prognostic significance of APOBEC3s across cancer types and their therapeutic potential in the current and future clinical landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Butler
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - A Rouf Banday
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Argyris PP, Naumann J, Jarvis MC, Wilkinson PE, Ho DP, Islam MN, Bhattacharyya I, Gopalakrishnan R, Li F, Koutlas IG, Giubellino A, Harris RS. Primary mucosal melanomas of the head and neck are characterised by overexpression of the DNA mutating enzyme APOBEC3B. Histopathology 2023; 82:608-621. [PMID: 36416305 PMCID: PMC10107945 DOI: 10.1111/his.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Primary head/neck mucosal melanomas (MMs) are rare and exhibit aggressive biologic behaviour and elevated mutational loads. The molecular mechanisms responsible for high genomic instability observed in head/neck MMs remain elusive. The DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B (A3B) constitutes a major endogenous source of mutation in human cancer. A3B-related mutations are identified through C-to-T/-G base substitutions in 5'-TCA/T motifs. Herein, we present immunohistochemical and genomic data supportive of a role for A3B in head/neck MMs. METHODS AND RESULTS A3B protein levels were assessed in oral (n = 13) and sinonasal (n = 13) melanomas, and oral melanocytic nevi (n = 13) by immunohistochemistry using a custom rabbit α-A3B mAb (5210-87-13). Heterogeneous, selective-to-diffuse, nuclear only, A3B immunopositivity was observed in 12 of 13 (92.3%) oral melanomas (H-score range = 9-72, median = 40) and 8 of 13 (62%) sinonasal melanomas (H-score range = 1-110, median = 24). Two cases negative for A3B showed prominent cytoplasmic staining consistent with A3G. A3B protein levels were significantly higher in oral and sinonasal MMs than intraoral melanocytic nevi (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0022, respectively), which were A3B-negative (H-score range = 1-8, median = 4). A3B levels, however, did not differ significantly between oral and sinonasal tumours (P > 0.99). NGS performed in 10 sinonasal MMs revealed missense NRAS mutations in 50% of the studied cases and one each KIT and HRAS mutations. Publicly available whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data disclosed that the number of C-to-T mutations and APOBEC3 enrichment score were markedly elevated in head/neck MMs (n = 2). CONCLUSION The above data strongly indicate a possible role for the mutagenic enzyme A3B in head/neck melanomagenesis, but not benign melanocytic neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prokopios P Argyris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiophysicsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Masonic Cancer CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Institute for Molecular VirologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Center for Genome EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial PathologySchool of Dentistry, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Jordan Naumann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiophysicsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Masonic Cancer CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Institute for Molecular VirologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Center for Genome EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Matthew C Jarvis
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiophysicsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Masonic Cancer CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Institute for Molecular VirologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Center for Genome EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Peter E Wilkinson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of Dentistry, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Dan P Ho
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of Dentistry, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Mohammed N Islam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic SciencesUniversity of Florida College of DentistryGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic SciencesUniversity of Florida College of DentistryGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Rajaram Gopalakrishnan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial PathologySchool of Dentistry, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Faqian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMedical School, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Ioannis G Koutlas
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial PathologySchool of Dentistry, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Alessio Giubellino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMedical School, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiophysicsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Masonic Cancer CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Institute for Molecular VirologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Center for Genome EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
High APOBEC3B mRNA Expression Is Associated with Human Papillomavirus Type 18 Infection in Cervical Cancer. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122653. [PMID: 36560657 PMCID: PMC9784603 DOI: 10.3390/v14122653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOBEC3 (A3) proteins are cytidine deaminases that exhibit the ability to insert mutations in DNA and/or RNA sequences. APOBEC3B (A3B) has been evidenced as a DNA mutagen with consistent high expression in several cancer types. Data concerning the A3B influence on HPV infection and cervical cancer are limited and controversial. We investigated the role of A3B expression levels in cervical cancer in affected women positive for infection by different HPV types. Tumor biopsies from cancerous uterine cervix were collected from 216 women registered at Hospital do Câncer II of Instituto Nacional de Câncer, and infecting HPV was typed. A3B expression levels were quantified from RNA samples extracted from cervical biopsies using real-time quantitative PCR. Median A3B expression levels were higher among HPV18+ samples when compared to HPV16+ counterparts and were also increased compared to samples positive for other HPV types. In squamous cell carcinoma, HPV18+ samples also showed increased median A3B expression when compared to HPV Alpha-9 species or only to HPV16+ samples. Our findings suggest that A3B expression is differentially upregulated in cervical cancer samples infected with HPV18. A3B could be potentially used as a biomarker for HPV infection and as a prognostic tool for clinical outcomes in the context of cervical cancer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wei Z, Gan J, Feng X, Zhang M, Chen Z, Zhao H, Du Y. APOBEC3B is overexpressed in cervical cancer and promotes the proliferation of cervical cancer cells through apoptosis, cell cycle, and p53 pathway. Front Oncol 2022; 12:864889. [PMID: 36249021 PMCID: PMC9556651 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.864889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective APOBEC3B (A3B), a member of the APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases, has been gradually regarded as a key cancerous regulator. However, its expression and mechanism in cervical cancer (CC) have not been fully elucidated. This study was to investigate its expression pattern and potential mechanism on the cell cycle, as well as HPV oncogenes in CC. Methods Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression (GEO) were used to indicate the mRNA expression pattern of A3B in cervical cancer. Western blot assay was used to detect A3B levels in SiHa and Hela cell lines. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to explore A3B protein abundance and sublocation in cervical cancer as well as normal cervical tissues. Based on the Protein atlas (www.proteinatlas.org), A3B expression in the SiHa cell line is lower than in the HeLa cell line. Therefore, the SiHa cell line was used for A3B gene overexpression experiments while the HeLa cell line was used for knockdown experiments. Flow cytometry analysis was used to detect cell apoptosis. Biological function and cancer-related pathways of A3B were conducted using bioinformatics analysis. Results A3B mRNA was significantly overexpressed in cervical cancer in TCGA-cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), GSE67522, and GSE7803. A3B was more highly expressed in cervical cancers than in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and normal controls. A3B expression was found to be progressively activated during cervical cancer development. IHC results showed that A3B was significantly higher in cervical cancer tissues than in normal cervical tissues. A3B plasmid-mediated overexpression experiments and A3B siRNA-mediated knockdown experiments showed that A3B significantly promotes cell proliferation, migration, cell cycle, and chemoresistance in cervical cancer cells by the p53 pathway. GO and KEGG analyses showed that A3B expression was strikingly associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune-associated pathways. Conclusions Taken together, our study implies that A3B promotes cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle and inhibits cancer cell apoptosis through the p53-mediated signaling pathway. Moreover, A3B could also contribute to chemoresistance in cervical cancer cells. It may be a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for chemoresistant cervical cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Gan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixian Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Du, ; Hongbo Zhao,
| | - Yan Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Du, ; Hongbo Zhao,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Purrahman D, Avarvand AY, Paradowska-Gorycka A, Saki N, Karimpourian H, Jodat H, Mahmoudian-Sani MR. Association of human papillomavirus with breast cancer: a new perspective on an old debate. Future Oncol 2022; 18:2483-2494. [PMID: 35695559 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common cancer in the female population. Despite remarkable progress in the treatment of this cancer, its exact etiology is still unknown. Since the first evidence of an association between breast cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) was provided in 1992, numerous studies have explored this subject but have reached contradictory results. In this review, the authors examine the existing evidence and hypotheses regarding the pathways whereby HPV infection can reach breast cells and the mediators linking HPV oncoproteins to breast cancer pathogenesis. Furthermore, the authors discuss contradictory findings regarding the association of HPV with breast cancer. Showing the link between HPV infection and increased genomic instability, reduced apoptosis, immune system dysfunction and progression of metastasis, the reviewed findings highlight the importance of active presence or history of HPV infection as a prognostic factor for breast tumor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryush Purrahman
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Arshid Yousefi Avarvand
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Agnieszka Paradowska-Gorycka
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Karimpourian
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Jodat
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Talluri S, Samur MK, Buon L, Kumar S, Potluri LB, Shi J, Prabhala RH, Shammas MA, Munshi NC. Dysregulated APOBEC3G causes DNA damage and promotes genomic instability in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:166. [PMID: 34625538 PMCID: PMC8501035 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by significant genomic instability. Recently, a causal role for the AID/APOBEC deaminases in inducing somatic mutations in myeloma has been reported. We have identified APOBEC/AID as a prominent mutational signature at diagnosis with further increase at relapse in MM. In this study, we identified upregulation of several members of APOBEC3 family (A3A, A3B, A3C, and A3G) with A3G, as one of the most expressed APOBECs. We investigated the role of APOBEC3G in MM and observed that A3G expression and APOBEC deaminase activity is elevated in myeloma cell lines and patient samples. Loss-of and gain-of function studies demonstrated that APOBEC3G significantly contributes to increase in DNA damage (abasic sites and DNA breaks) in MM cells. Evaluation of the impact on genome stability, using SNP arrays and whole genome sequencing, indicated that elevated APOBEC3G contributes to ongoing acquisition of both the copy number and mutational changes in MM cells over time. Elevated APOBEC3G also contributed to increased homologous recombination activity, a mechanism that can utilize increased DNA breaks to mediate genomic rearrangements in cancer cells. These data identify APOBEC3G as a novel gene impacting genomic evolution and underlying mechanisms in MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Talluri
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | | | - Leutz Buon
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Lakshmi B Potluri
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Jialan Shi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Rao H Prabhala
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Masood A Shammas
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mao Y, Lv M, Zhang Y, Nie G, Cui J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Cao W, Liu X, Wang X, Wang H. APOBEC3B expression and its prognostic potential in breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3205-3214. [PMID: 32256817 PMCID: PMC7074638 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit 3B (APOBEC3B) mRNA expression is associated with the poor prognosis of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. However, the clinical relevance of APOBEC3B protein expression in patients with breast cancer remains unclear. The present study evaluated the association of APOBEC3B protein expression with clinicopathological features, as well as survival outcomes of patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, the association between APOBEC3B protein expression and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was investigated. APOBEC3B protein expression in 120 patients with breast cancer was evaluated via immunohistochemistry, using a constructed tumor microarray, and TILs were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The relevance of APOBEC3B mRNA expression in breast cancer was assessed using a Kaplan-Meier Plotter online tool, as well as the Tumor Immune Estimation Response and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases. The present study assessed APOBEC3B expression in 116 patients with breast cancer and demonstrated that protein expression was significantly associated with ER and progesterone receptor expression, as well as different subtypes of breast cancer. Notably, APOEBC3B protein expression was significantly associated with TILs. Overall, high expression levels of APOBEC3B protein and high levels of TILs were indicative of longer disease-free survival rate. High APOBEC3B mRNA expression was associated with poor relapse-free survival rate, overall survival rate and distant metastasis-free survival rate in patients with breast cancer, particularly for the Luminal A subtype. APOBEC3B mRNA expression was also indicated to be associated with the immune status of patients with breast cancer. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrated that APOBEC3B mRNA and protein expression levels presented different prognostic values in the survival of patients with breast cancer. However, both APOBEC3B mRNA and protein expression levels were associated with TILs in breast cancer. Therefore, APOBEC3B may be a prognostic biomarker for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mao
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Meng Lv
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yuzi Zhang
- 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Gang Nie
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Jian Cui
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Cao
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim YS, Sun DS, Yoon JS, Ko YH, Won HS, Kim JS. Clinical implications of APOBEC3A and 3B expression in patients with breast cancer. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230261. [PMID: 32176735 PMCID: PMC7075570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to evaluate the expression of APOBEC3A (A3A), 3B (A3B) mRNA, and germline APOBEC3A/B deletion polymorphism in patients with breast cancers and to investigate the correlation between their expressions and clinicopathological characteristics. Methods RNA and DNA samples were extracted from 138 breast cancer tissues and adjacent normal breast tissues. The levels of A3A and A3B mRNA transcripts were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Insertion and deletion PCR assays were performed to detect the A3B deletion allele. The serum concentrations of soluble programmed death-ligand 1 (sPD-L1) and interferon gamma were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results A3B mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in triple-negative breast cancers compared to hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancers. Older age of the patient and high ki-67 expression were associated with increased expression levels of A3A and A3B mRNA. Advanced tumor stage, presence of lymph node involvement, and high histological grade were associated with increased expression levels of A3A mRNA. The APOBEC3A/B deletion allele was found in 77 (55.8%) patients. TP53 and PIK3CA mutations were detected in 62 (44.9%) and 31 (22.5%) patients, respectively. The presence of a PIK3CA mutation was associated with lower A3A mRNA expression levels. There was a weak positive relationship between A3A mRNA expression levels and serum sPD-L1 levels. Conclusions There was a difference in A3B mRNA expression levels according to breast cancer subtypes, and high levels of A3A and A3B mRNA expressions were associated with an aggressive phenotype. There was a high incidence of APOBEC3A/B deletion allele. Further studies are needed to identify the clinical significance of APOBEC in Asian patients with breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-seok Kim
- Department of Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Der Sheng Sun
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-sook Yoon
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ho Ko
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Won
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JSK); (HSW)
| | - Jeong Soo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JSK); (HSW)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brown WL, Law EK, Argyris PP, Carpenter MA, Levin-Klein R, Ranum AN, Molan AM, Forster CL, Anderson BD, Lackey L, Harris RS. A Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody against the Antiviral and Cancer Genomic DNA Mutating Enzyme APOBEC3B. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8030047. [PMID: 31544853 PMCID: PMC6783943 DOI: 10.3390/antib8030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B (A3B) is normally an antiviral factor in the innate immune response. However, A3B has been implicated in cancer mutagenesis, particularly in solid tumors of the bladder, breast, cervix, head/neck, and lung. Here, we report data on the generation and characterization of a rabbit monoclonal antibody (mAb) for human A3B. One mAb, 5210-87-13, demonstrates utility in multiple applications, including ELISA, immunoblot, immunofluorescence microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. In head-to-head tests with commercial reagents, 5210-87-13 was the only rabbit monoclonal suitable for detecting native A3B and for immunohistochemical quantification of A3B in tumor tissues. This novel mAb has the potential to enable a wide range of fundamental and clinical studies on A3B in human biology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emily K Law
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Prokopios P Argyris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael A Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rena Levin-Klein
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alison N Ranum
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amy M Molan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Colleen L Forster
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brett D Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lela Lackey
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McCann JL, Klein MM, Leland EM, Law EK, Brown WL, Salamango DJ, Harris RS. The DNA deaminase APOBEC3B interacts with the cell-cycle protein CDK4 and disrupts CDK4-mediated nuclear import of Cyclin D1. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12099-12111. [PMID: 31217276 PMCID: PMC6690700 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit-like protein 3B (APOBEC3B or A3B), as other APOBEC3 members, is a single-stranded (ss)DNA cytosine deaminase with antiviral activity. A3B is also overexpressed in multiple tumor types, such as carcinomas of the bladder, cervix, lung, head/neck, and breast. A3B generates both dispersed and clustered C-to-T and C-to-G mutations in intrinsically preferred trinucleotide motifs (TCA/TCG/TCT). A3B-catalyzed mutations are likely to promote tumor evolution and cancer progression and, as such, are associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, little is known about cellular processes that regulate A3B. Here, we used a proteomics approach involving affinity purification coupled to MS with human 293T cells to identify cellular proteins that interact with A3B. This approach revealed a specific interaction with cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). We validated and mapped this interaction by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Functional studies and immunofluorescence microscopy experiments in multiple cell lines revealed that A3B is not a substrate for CDK4-Cyclin D1 phosphorylation nor is its deaminase activity modulated. Instead, we found that A3B is capable of disrupting the CDK4-dependent nuclear import of Cyclin D1. We propose that this interaction may favor a more potent antiviral response and simultaneously facilitate cancer mutagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L McCann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Madeline M Klein
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Evelyn M Leland
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Emily K Law
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - William L Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Daniel J Salamango
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
APOBEC3B Gene Expression in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and Synchronous Invasive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081062. [PMID: 31357602 PMCID: PMC6721358 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanism of the progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), a non-obligate precursor of invasive breast cancer (IBC), has yet to be elucidated. In IBC, Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Enzyme, Catalytic Polypeptide-Like 3B (APOBEC3B) is upregulated in a substantial proportion of cases and is associated with higher mutational load and poor prognosis. However, APOBEC3B expression has never been studied in DCIS. We performed mRNA expression analysis of APOBEC3B in synchronous DCIS and IBC and surrounding normal cells. RNA was obtained from 53 patients. The tumors were categorized based on estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic, alpha polypeptide (PIK3CA) mutation status. APOBEC3B mRNA levels were measured by RT-qPCR. The expression levels of paired DCIS and adjacent IBC were compared, including subgroup analyses. The normal cells expressed the lowest levels of APOBEC3B. No differences in expression were found between DCIS and IBC. Subgroup analysis showed that APOBEC3B was the highest in the ER subgroups of DCIS and IBC. While there was no difference in APOBEC3B between wild-type versus mutated PIK3CA DCIS, APOBEC3B was higher in wild-type versus PIK3CA-mutated IBC. In summary, our data show that APOBEC3B is already upregulated in DCIS. This suggests that APOBEC3B could already play a role in early carcinogenesis. Since APOBEC3B is a gain-of-function mutagenic enzyme, patients could benefit from the therapeutic targeting of APOBEC3B in the early non-invasive stage of breast cancer.
Collapse
|
17
|
Balci FL, Uras C, Feldman SM. Is human papillomavirus associated with breast cancer or papilloma presenting with pathologic nipple discharge? Cancer Treat Res Commun 2019; 19:100122. [PMID: 30785026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2019.100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are little data on the presence or interaction of human papillomavirus (HPV) in intraductal papilloma or Breast cancer (BC) presenting with pathologic nipple discharge (PND). The study aimed to determine whether the HPV-genotypes are identifiable in papilloma or carcinoma of the breast by real-time PCR with broad-spectrum genotyping. METHODS Formalin-fixed-paraffin-blocks obtained from the patients who were suffering from PND and underwent ductoscopic papilloma extraction (n = 27) or segmental/total mastectomy for cancer diagnosis (n = 18). HPV-DNAs were identified by PCR with broad-spectrum genotyping. Mc Nemar test was used to compare cancer-involved cases to normal-adjacent tissue concerning HPV positivity. Chi-Square test was used to analyze the association for receptor status in HPV positive cancer-involved cases. RESULTS The mean age (±SD) was 49 ± 16 in papilloma and 52 ± 14 in BC patients, respectively. We found high prevalence of HPV in papilloma and carcinoma: 29.6% (n = 8) and 44.4% (n = 8), respectively. The most common type identified in breast lesions was HPV-11, and the others were HPV- 6, -11, -39, and -82. Cancer-involved samples were more contaminated by HPV in comparison to normal-adjacent tissues (p = 0.016). In HPV positive cancer-involved cases, hormone receptors were found to be more positive than HER2-Neu (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that HPV might be a causative agent for the development of papilloma and carcinoma of the breast in some cases presenting with PND. HPV positive breast cancers are more likely to be hormone positive. Further studies needed for validation regarding the integration of HPV-DNAs into the human genome that causes BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Levent Balci
- Department of General Surgery, Bahcesehir University Faculty of Medicine, Medical Park Hospitals, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Cihan Uras
- Department of General Surgery, Acibadem Research Institute of Senology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sheldon Marc Feldman
- Breast Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shimizu A, Fujimori H, Minakawa Y, Matsuno Y, Hyodo M, Murakami Y, Yoshioka KI. Onset of deaminase APOBEC3B induction in response to DNA double-strand breaks. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 16:115-121. [PMID: 30417129 PMCID: PMC6216020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deamination of 5-methyl cytosine is a major cause of cancer-driver mutations in inflammation-associated cancers. The deaminase APOBEC3B is expressed in these cancers and causes mutations under replication stress; however, the mechanisms by which APOBEC3B mediates deamination and its association with genomic disorders are still unclear. Here, we show that APOBEC3B is stabilized to induce deamination reaction in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), resulting in the formation of long-lasting DSBs. Uracil, the major deamination product, is subsequently targeted by base excision repair (BER) through uracil-DNA glycosylase 2 (UNG2); hence late-onset DSBs arise as by-products of BER. The frequency of these delayed DSBs was increased by treatment of cells with a PARP inhibitor, and was suppressed following knock-down of UNG2. The late-onset DSBs were induced in an ATR-dependent manner. Those secondary DSBs were persistent, unlike DSBs directly caused by γ-ray irradiation. Overall, these results suggest that the deaminase APOBEC3B is induced in response to DSBs, leading to long-lasting DSB formation in addition to mutagenic 5me-C>T transition induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Shimizu
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Haruka Fujimori
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
- Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-1-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yusuke Minakawa
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
- Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-1-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuno
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Mai Hyodo
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
- Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-1-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Murakami
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
- Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-1-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yoshioka
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fujiki Y, Yamamoto Y, Sueta A, Yamamoto-Ibusuki M, Goto-Yamaguchi L, Tomiguchi M, Takeshita T, Iwase H. APOBEC3B gene expression as a novel predictive factor for pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30513-30526. [PMID: 30093965 PMCID: PMC6078135 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3B (APOBEC3B) is a gene editing enzyme with cytidine deaminase activity and high expression of its mRNA in breast tumors have been shown to be associated with progressive cases and poor prognosis. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between the expression of APOBEC3B and the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) using pretreatment biopsy tissue, and examined whether the expression of APOBEC3B influenced chemotherapy efficacy. Methods We retrospectively selected a total of 274 patients with primary breast cancer who received NAC in more than 4 courses and underwent surgery at our institute. We assessed the expression of APOBEC3B mRNA using pretreatment biopsy specimens of NAC by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and examined the relationship between APOBEC3B mRNA expression and sensitivity to chemotherapy using pathological complete response (pCR) as an indicator. Further, we assessed the prognostic value of APOBEC3B in the patients receiving NAC. Results APOBEC3B mRNA expression levels were successfully assessed in 173 (63.1%) of the 274 specimens. The total pCR rate was 36.4% (n = 63). An association between APOBEC3B expression levels and pCR was observed (Wilcoxon test, P ≤ 0.0001). The patients were divided into two groups, low (n = 66) and high (n = 107), according to the APOBEC3B expression levels, using the cut-off value calculated by the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve for pCR. The rate of pCR was significantly higher among the patients in the high group than among those in the low group (47.7% vs 18.2%, P ≤ 0.0001). High APOBEC3B expression was significantly associated with high nuclear grade (P = 0.0078), high Ki-67 labeling index (P = 0.0087), estrogen receptor (ER) negativity (P ≤ 0.0001) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negativity (P = 0.032). Tumor size (P = 0.011), ER (P ≤ 0.0001), HER2 (P = 0.0013) and APOBEC3B expression (P = 0.037) were independent predictive factors for pCR in multivariate analysis. However, there was no association between APOBEC3B expression and prognosis. Conclusions Our study showed that APOBEC3B mRNA expression correlated with sensitivity to NAC in breast cancer patients. In contrast to previous studies, APOBEC3B mRNA expression was not associated with breast cancer prognosis in patients receiving NAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Fujiki
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamamoto
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Aiko Sueta
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Yamamoto-Ibusuki
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Therapy for Breast Cancer, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Lisa Goto-Yamaguchi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Mai Tomiguchi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeshita
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iwase
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Salamango DJ, McCann JL, Demir Ö, Brown WL, Amaro RE, Harris RS. APOBEC3B Nuclear Localization Requires Two Distinct N-Terminal Domain Surfaces. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2695-2708. [PMID: 29787764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The APOBEC3 family of cytosine deaminases catalyzes the conversion of cytosines-to-uracils in single-stranded DNA. Traditionally, these enzymes are associated with antiviral immunity and restriction of DNA-based pathogens. However, a role for these enzymes in tumor evolution and metastatic disease has also become evident. The primary APOBEC3 candidate in cancer mutagenesis is APOBEC3B (A3B) for three reasons: (1) A3B mRNA is upregulated in several different cancers, (2) A3B expression and mutational loads correlate with poor clinical outcomes, and (3) A3B is the only family member known to be constitutively nuclear. Previous studies have mapped non-canonical A3B nuclear localization determinants to a single surface-exposed patch within the N-terminal domain (NTD). Here, we show that A3B has an additional, distinct, surface-exposed NTD region that contributes to nuclear localization. Disruption of residues within the first 30 amino acids of A3B (import surface 1) or loop 5/α-helix 3 (import surface 2) completely abolish nuclear localization. These import determinants also graft into NTDs of related family members and mediate re-localization from cell-wide-to-nucleus or cytoplasm-to-nucleus. These findings demonstrate that both sets of residues are required for non-canonical A3B nuclear localization and describe unique surfaces that may serve as novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Salamango
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jennifer L McCann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Özlem Demir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, La Jolla 92093, CA, USA
| | - William L Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rommie E Amaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, La Jolla 92093, CA, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shi K, Demir Ö, Carpenter MA, Wagner J, Kurahashi K, Harris RS, Amaro RE, Aihara H. Conformational Switch Regulates the DNA Cytosine Deaminase Activity of Human APOBEC3B. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17415. [PMID: 29234087 PMCID: PMC5727031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The APOBEC3B (A3B) single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) cytosine deaminase has important roles in innate immunity but is also a major endogenous source of mutations in cancer. Previous structural studies showed that the C-terminal catalytic domain of human A3B has a tightly closed active site, and rearrangement of the surrounding loops is required for binding to substrate ssDNA. Here we report structures of the A3B catalytic domain in a new crystal form that show alternative, yet still closed, conformations of active site loops. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations support the dynamic behavior of active site loops and recapitulate the distinct modes of interactions that maintain a closed active site. Replacing segments of A3B loop 1 to mimic the more potent cytoplasmic deaminase APOBEC3A leads to elevated ssDNA deaminase activity, likely by facilitating opening of the active site. These data collectively suggest that conformational equilibrium of the A3B active site loops, skewed toward being closed, controls enzymatic activity by regulating binding to ssDNA substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Özlem Demir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael A Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Jeff Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kayo Kurahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Rommie E Amaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA. .,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA. .,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Klonowska K, Kluzniak W, Rusak B, Jakubowska A, Ratajska M, Krawczynska N, Vasilevska D, Czubak K, Wojciechowska M, Cybulski C, Lubinski J, Kozlowski P. The 30 kb deletion in the APOBEC3 cluster decreases APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B expression and creates a transcriptionally active hybrid gene but does not associate with breast cancer in the European population. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76357-76374. [PMID: 29100317 PMCID: PMC5652711 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3B, in addition to other members of the APOBEC3 gene family, has recently been intensively studied due to its identification as a gene whose activation in cancer is responsible for a specific pattern of massively occurring somatic mutations. It was recently shown that a common large deletion in the APOBEC3 cluster (the APOBEC3B deletion) may increase the risk of breast cancer. However, conflicting evidence regarding this association was also reported. In the first step of our study, using different approaches, including an in-house designed multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay, we analyzed the structure of the deletion and showed that although the breakpoints are located in highly homologous regions, which may generate recurrent occurrence of similar but not identical deletions, there is no sign of deletion heterogeneity. This knowledge allowed us to distinguish transcripts of all affected genes, including the highly homologous canonical APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B, and the hybrid APOBEC3A/APOBEC3B gene. We unambiguously confirmed the presence of the hybrid transcript and showed that the APOBEC3B deletion negatively correlates with APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B expression and positively correlates with APOBEC3A/APOBEC3B expression, whose mRNA level is >10-fold and >1500-fold lower than the level of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B, respectively. In the next step, we performed a large-scale association study in three different cohorts (2972 cases and 3682 controls) and showed no association of the deletion with breast cancer, familial breast cancer or ovarian cancer. Further, we conducted a meta-analysis that confirmed the lack of the association of the deletion with breast cancer in non-Asian populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Klonowska
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kluzniak
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bogna Rusak
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ratajska
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Natalia Krawczynska
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Danuta Vasilevska
- Department of Gynecology, Centre of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karol Czubak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marzena Wojciechowska
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zou J, Wang C, Ma X, Wang E, Peng G. APOBEC3B, a molecular driver of mutagenesis in human cancers. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:29. [PMID: 28572915 PMCID: PMC5450379 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cancers results in large part from the accumulation of multiple mutations. The progression of premalignant cells is an evolutionary process in which mutations provide the fundamental driving force for genetic diversity. The increased mutation rate in premalignant cells allows selection for increased proliferation and survival and ultimately leads to invasion, metastasis, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular determinants of the mutational processes. Recent genome-wide sequencing data showed that apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3B (APOBEC3B) is a key molecular driver inducing mutations in multiple human cancers. APOBEC3B, a DNA cytosine deaminase, is overexpressed in a wide spectrum of human cancers. Its overexpression and aberrant activation lead to unexpected clusters of mutations in the majority of cancers. This phenomenon of clustered mutations, termed kataegis (from the Greek word for showers), forms unique mutation signatures. In this review, we will discuss the biological function of APOBEC3B, its tumorigenic role in promoting mutational processes in cancer development and the clinical potential to develop novel therapeutics by targeting APOBEC3B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xiangyi Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Edward Wang
- OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, 800 Chesapeake Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063 USA
| | - Guang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sieuwerts AM, Schrijver WAME, Dalm SU, de Weerd V, Moelans CB, ter Hoeve N, van Diest PJ, Martens JWM, van Deurzen CHM. Progressive APOBEC3B mRNA expression in distant breast cancer metastases. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171343. [PMID: 28141868 PMCID: PMC5283735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background APOBEC3B was recently identified as a gain-of-function enzymatic source of mutagenesis, which may offer novel therapeutic options with molecules that specifically target this enzyme. In primary breast cancer, APOBEC3B mRNA is deregulated in a substantial proportion of cases and its expression is associated with poor prognosis. However, its expression in breast cancer metastases, which are the main causes of breast cancer-related death, remained to be elucidated. Patients and methods RNA was isolated from 55 primary breast cancers and paired metastases, including regional lymph node (N = 20) and distant metastases (N = 35). APOBEC3B mRNA levels were measured by RT-qPCR. Expression levels of the primary tumors and corresponding metastases were compared, including subgroup analysis by estrogen receptor (ER/ESR1) status. Results Overall, APOBEC3B mRNA levels of distant metastases were significantly higher as compared to the corresponding primary breast tumor (P = 0.0015), an effect that was not seen for loco-regional lymph node metastases (P = 0.23). Subgroup analysis by ER-status showed that increased APOBEC3B levels in distant metastases were restricted to metastases arising from ER-positive primary breast cancers (P = 0.002). However, regarding ER-negative primary tumors, only loco-regional lymph node metastases showed increased APOBEC3B expression when compared to the corresponding primary tumor (P = 0.028). Conclusion APOBEC3B mRNA levels are significantly higher in breast cancer metastases as compared to the corresponding ER-positive primary tumors. This suggests a potential role for APOBEC3B in luminal breast cancer progression, and consequently, a promising role for anti-APOBEC3B therapies in advanced stages of this frequent form of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anieta M. Sieuwerts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Simone U. Dalm
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vanja de Weerd
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy B. Moelans
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie ter Hoeve
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John W. M. Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tokunaga E, Yamashita N, Tanaka K, Inoue Y, Akiyoshi S, Saeki H, Oki E, Kitao H, Maehara Y. Expression of APOBEC3B mRNA in Primary Breast Cancer of Japanese Women. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168090. [PMID: 27977754 PMCID: PMC5158016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3B (APOBEC3B) as a source of mutations in various malignancies. APOBEC3B is overexpressed in several human cancer types, including breast cancer. In this study, we analyzed APOBEC3B mRNA expression in 305 primary breast cancers of Japanese women using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and investigated the relationships between the APOBEC3B mRNA expression and clinicopathological characteristics, prognosis, and TP53 mutations. The expression of APOBEC3B mRNA was detected in 277 tumors and not detected in 28 tumors. High APOBEC3B mRNA expression was significantly correlated with ER- and PR-negativity, high grade and high Ki67 index. The APOBEC3B mRNA expression was highest in the triple-negative and lowest in the hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative subtypes. The TP53 gene was more frequently mutated in the tumors with high APOBEC3B mRNA expression. High APOBEC3B mRNA expression was significantly associated with poor recurrence-free survival in all cases and the ER-positive cases. These findings were almost consistent with the previous reports from the Western countries. In conclusion, high APOBEC3B mRNA expression was related to the aggressive phenotypes of breast cancer, high frequency of TP53 mutation and poor prognosis, especially in ER-positive tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Tokunaga
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Nami Yamashita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Tanaka
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuka Inoue
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayuri Akiyoshi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitao
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lawson JS, Glenn WK, Whitaker NJ. Human Papilloma Viruses and Breast Cancer - Assessment of Causality. Front Oncol 2016; 6:207. [PMID: 27747193 PMCID: PMC5040724 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High risk human papilloma viruses (HPVs) may have a causal role in some breast cancers. Case-control studies, conducted in many different countries, consistently indicate that HPVs are more frequently present in breast cancers as compared to benign breast and normal breast controls (odds ratio 4.02). The assessment of causality of HPVs in breast cancer is difficult because (i) the HPV viral load is extremely low, (ii) HPV infections are common but HPV associated breast cancers are uncommon, and (iii) HPV infections may precede the development of breast and other cancers by years or even decades. Further, HPV oncogenesis can be indirect. Despite these difficulties, the emergence of new evidence has made the assessment of HPV causality, in breast cancer, a practical proposition. With one exception, the evidence meets all the conventional criteria for a causal role of HPVs in breast cancer. The exception is "specificity." HPVs are ubiquitous, which is the exact opposite of specificity. An additional reservation is that the prevalence of breast cancer is not increased in immunocompromised patients as is the case with respect to HPV-associated cervical cancer. This indicates that HPVs may have an indirect causal influence in breast cancer. Based on the overall evidence, high-risk HPVs may have a causal role in some breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy K Glenn
- School of BABS, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Starrett GJ, Luengas EM, McCann JL, Ebrahimi D, Temiz NA, Love RP, Feng Y, Adolph MB, Chelico L, Law EK, Carpenter MA, Harris RS. The DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3H haplotype I likely contributes to breast and lung cancer mutagenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12918. [PMID: 27650891 PMCID: PMC5036005 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosine mutations within TCA/T motifs are common in cancer. A likely cause is the DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B (A3B). However, A3B-null breast tumours still have this mutational bias. Here we show that APOBEC3H haplotype I (A3H-I) provides a likely solution to this paradox. A3B-null tumours with this mutational bias have at least one copy of A3H-I despite little genetic linkage between these genes. Although deemed inactive previously, A3H-I has robust activity in biochemical and cellular assays, similar to A3H-II after compensation for lower protein expression levels. Gly105 in A3H-I (versus Arg105 in A3H-II) results in lower protein expression levels and increased nuclear localization, providing a mechanism for accessing genomic DNA. A3H-I also associates with clonal TCA/T-biased mutations in lung adenocarcinoma suggesting this enzyme makes broader contributions to cancer mutagenesis. These studies combine to suggest that A3B and A3H-I, together, explain the bulk of ‘APOBEC signature' mutations in cancer. The APOBEC family of enzymes are cytidine deaminases with APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B thought to contribute to DNA damage signatures detected in cancer genomes. Here, the authors demonstrate an unappreciated role for APOBEC3H haplotype I in the generation of DNA damage in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Starrett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Luengas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Jennifer L McCann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Diako Ebrahimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Nuri A Temiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Robin P Love
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Yuqing Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Madison B Adolph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Linda Chelico
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Emily K Law
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Michael A Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Maruyama W, Shirakawa K, Matsui H, Matsumoto T, Yamazaki H, Sarca AD, Kazuma Y, Kobayashi M, Shindo K, Takaori-Kondo A. Classical NF-κB pathway is responsible for APOBEC3B expression in cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1466-71. [PMID: 27577680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
APOBEC3B (A3B) is a DNA cytosine deaminase and catalyzes cytosine deamination, resulting in mutations in genomic DNA. A3B is aberrantly expressed in a variety of cancers and considered to be a source of genomic mutations that contribute to cancer progression and metastasis. However, the mechanisms through which A3B expression is dysregulated in cancer cells are not fully elucidated. Here we report that the classical NF-κB pathway plays a crucial role in the transcriptional regulation of A3B in various cancer cells, including lymphoid malignancies. PMA, a strong activator of PKC, induces A3B at both mRNA and protein levels in cancer cell lines, and specific inhibitors of both PKC and IKK downregulate A3B expression. Using luciferase reporter and EMSA assays, we identify 3 NF-κΒ binding sites in the A3B promoter and reveal that NF-κB p65/p50 and p65/c-Rel heterodimers are important for A3B transcription. These results suggest that the classical NF-κB pathway is responsible for activation of A3B mRNA expression and further imply that inhibition of PKC and IKK might augment cancer treatment by reducing cancer progression and metastasis through downregulation of A3B expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Maruyama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kotaro Shirakawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsui
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Matsumoto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamazaki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Anamaria D Sarca
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuma
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shindo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akifumi Takaori-Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu J, Sieuwerts AM, Look MP, van der Vlugt-Daane M, Meijer-van Gelder ME, Foekens JA, Hollestelle A, Martens JWM. The 29.5 kb APOBEC3B Deletion Polymorphism Is Not Associated with Clinical Outcome of Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161731. [PMID: 27552096 PMCID: PMC4995039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased APOBEC3B mRNA levels are associated with a hypermutator phenotype and poor prognosis in ER-positive breast cancer patients. In addition, a 29.5 kb deletion polymorphism of APOBEC3B, resulting in an APOBEC3A-B hybrid transcript, has been associated with an increased breast cancer risk and the hypermutator phenotype. Here we evaluated whether the APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism also associates with clinical outcome of breast cancer. Copy number analysis was performed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in primary tumors of 1,756 Dutch breast cancer patients. The APOBEC3B deletion was found in 187 patients of whom 16 carried a two-copy deletion and 171 carried a one-copy deletion. The prognostic value of the APOBEC3B deletion for the natural course of the disease was evaluated among 1,076 lymph-node negative (LNN) patients who did not receive adjuvant systemic treatment. No association was found between APOBEC3B copy number values and the length of metastasis-free survival (MFS; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.90–1.11, P = 0.96). Subgroup analysis by ER status also did not reveal an association between APOBEC3B copy number values and the length of MFS. The predictive value of the APOBEC3B deletion was assessed among 329 ER-positive breast cancer patients who received tamoxifen as the first-line therapy for recurrent disease and 226 breast cancer patients who received first-line chemotherapy for recurrent disease. No association between APOBEC3B copy number values and the overall response rate (ORR) to either tamoxifen (odds ratio (OR) = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.69–1.13, P = 0.31) or chemotherapy (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.71–1.33, P = 0.87) was found. Thus, in contrast to APOBEC3B mRNA levels, the APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism has neither a prognostic nor a predictive value for breast cancer patients. Although a correlation exists between APOBEC3B copy number and mRNA expression, it is relatively weak. This suggests that other mechanisms exist that may affect and therefore determine the prognostic value of APOBEC3B mRNA levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anieta M. Sieuwerts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maxime P. Look
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle van der Vlugt-Daane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion E. Meijer-van Gelder
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John A. Foekens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antoinette Hollestelle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - John W. M. Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Leonard B, Starrett GJ, Maurer MJ, Oberg AL, Van Bockstal M, Van Dorpe J, De Wever O, Helleman J, Sieuwerts AM, Berns EMJJ, Martens JWM, Anderson BD, Brown WL, Kalli KR, Kaufmann SH, Harris RS. APOBEC3G Expression Correlates with T-Cell Infiltration and Improved Clinical Outcomes in High-grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4746-55. [PMID: 27016308 PMCID: PMC5026552 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE APOBEC3 DNA cytosine deaminase family members normally defend against viruses and transposons. However, deregulated APOBEC3 activity causes mutations in cancer. Because of broad expression profiles and varying mixtures of normal and cancer cells in tumors, including immune cell infiltration, it is difficult to determine where different APOBEC3s are expressed. Here, we ask whether correlations exist between APOBEC3 expression and T-cell infiltration in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), and assess whether these correlations have prognostic value. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Transcripts for APOBEC3G, APOBEC3B, and the T-cell markers, CD3D, CD4, CD8A, GZMB, PRF1, and RNF128 were quantified by RT-qPCR for a cohort of 354 HGSOC patients. Expression values were correlated with each other and clinical parameters. Two additional cohorts were used to extend HGSOC clinical results. Immunoimaging was used to colocalize APOBEC3G and the T-cell marker CD3. TCGA data extended expression analyses to additional cancer types. RESULTS A surprising positive correlation was found for expression of APOBEC3G and several T cell genes in HGSOC. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent imaging showed protein colocalization in tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes. High APOBEC3G expression correlated with improved outcomes in multiple HGSOC cohorts. TCGA data analyses revealed that expression of APOBEC3D and APOBEC3H also correlates with CD3D across multiple cancer types. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify APOBEC3G as a new candidate biomarker for tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and favorable prognoses for HGSOC. Our data also highlight the complexity of the tumor environment with respect to differential APOBEC family gene expression in both tumor and surrounding normal cell types. Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4746-55. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Leonard
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Gabriel J Starrett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Matthew J Maurer
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anieta M Sieuwerts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Els M J J Berns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brett D Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William L Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kimberly R Kalli
- Women's Cancer Program, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang Y, Delahanty R, Guo X, Zheng W, Long J. Integrative genomic analysis reveals functional diversification of APOBEC gene family in breast cancer. Hum Genomics 2015; 9:34. [PMID: 26682542 PMCID: PMC4684623 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-015-0056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human APOBEC protein family plays critical but distinct roles in host defense. Recent studies revealed that APOBECs mediate C-to-T mutagenesis in multiple cancers, including breast cancer. It is still unclear whether APOBEC gene family shows functional diversification involved in cancer mutagenesis. Results We performed an integrated analysis to characterize the functional diversification of APOBEC gene family associated with breast cancer mutagenesis relative to estrogen receptor (ER) status. Among the APOBEC family, we found that both APOBEC3B and APOBEC3C mRNA levels were significantly higher in estrogen receptor negative (ER−) subtype compared with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) subtype (P < 2.2 × 10−16 and P < 3.1 × 10−5, respectively). Epigenomic data further reflected the distinct chromatin states of APOBEC3B and APOBEC3C relative to ER status. Notably, we observed the significantly positive correlation between the APOBEC3B-mediated mutagenesis and APOBEC3B expression levels in ER+ cancers but not in ER− cancers. In contrast, we discovered the negative correlation of APOBEC3C mRNA levels with base-substitution mutations in ER− tumors. Meanwhile, we observed that breast cancers in carriers of germline deletion of APOBEC3B gene harbor similar mutation patterns, but higher mutation rates in the TCW motif (W corresponds to A or T) than cancers in non-carriers, indicating additional factors may also induce carcinogenic mutagenesis. Conclusions These results suggest that functional potential of APOBEC3B and APOBEC3C involved in cancer mutagenesis is associated with ER status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40246-015-0056-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 37203, USA. .,Present address: HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, 35806, USA.
| | - Ryan Delahanty
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 37203, USA.
| | - Xingyi Guo
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 37203, USA.
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 37203, USA.
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 37203, USA.
| |
Collapse
|