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Tenchov R, Sasso JM, Zhou QA. Polyglutamine (PolyQ) Diseases: Navigating the Landscape of Neurodegeneration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2665-2694. [PMID: 38996083 PMCID: PMC11311141 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders caused by expanded cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats encoding proteins with abnormally expanded polyglutamine tract. A total of nine polyQ disorders have been identified, including Huntington's disease, six spinocerebellar ataxias, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). The diseases of this class are each considered rare, yet polyQ diseases constitute the largest group of monogenic neurodegenerative disorders. While each subtype of polyQ diseases has its own causative gene, certain pathologic molecular attributes have been implicated in virtually all of the polyQ diseases, including protein aggregation, proteolytic cleavage, neuronal dysfunction, transcription dysregulation, autophagy impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Although animal models of polyQ disease are available helping to understand their pathogenesis and access disease-modifying therapies, there is neither a cure nor prevention for these diseases, with only symptomatic treatments available. In this paper, we analyze data from the CAS Content Collection to summarize the research progress in the class of polyQ diseases. We examine the publication landscape in the area in effort to provide insights into current knowledge advances and developments. We review the most discussed concepts and assess the strategies to combat these diseases. Finally, we inspect clinical applications of products against polyQ diseases with their development pipelines. The objective of this review is to provide a broad overview of the evolving landscape of current knowledge regarding the class of polyQ diseases, to outline challenges, and evaluate growth opportunities to further efforts in combating the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS, a division of the American
Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Janet M. Sasso
- CAS, a division of the American
Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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2
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Grassini A, Cermelli A, Roveta F, Zotta M, Lesca A, Marcinnò A, Ferrandes F, Piella E, Boschi S, Lombardo C, Brusco A, Gallone S, Rubino E, Bruni A, Rainero I. Cognitive dysfunction, social behavior disorder, cerebellar ataxia, and atypical brain FDG-PET presentation in spinocerebellar ataxia 17: a case report. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:2877-2880. [PMID: 38494459 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinocerebellar ataxia 17 (SCA17) is a rare autosomal dominant form of inherited ataxia, caused by heterozygous trinucleotide repeat expansions encoding glutamine in the TATA box-binding protein (TBP) gene. CASE DESCRIPTION We describe the clinical history, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging findings of a 42-year-old patient who presented for medical attention showing prevalent behavioral and cognitive problems along with progressively worsening gait disturbances. The patient's family history indicated the presence of SCA17 in the maternal lineage. Genetic analysis confirmed a heterozygous 52-CAG pathological expansion repeat in TBP (normal interval, 25-40 CAG. Brain 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) showed bilateral hypometabolism in the sensorimotor cortex, with a slight predominance on the right, as well as in the striatal nuclei and thalamic hypermetabolism, a finding similar to what is observed in Huntington's disease. The patient also underwent neuropsychological evaluation, which revealed mild cognitive impairment and difficulties in social interaction and understanding other's emotions (Faux Pas Test and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test). CONCLUSION Our report emphasizes the importance of considering SCA17 as a possible diagnosis in patients with a prevalent progressive cognitive and behavioral disorders, even with a pattern of FDG-PET hypometabolism not primarily indicative of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Grassini
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, "Rita Levi Montalcini", Memory Clinic, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Aurora Cermelli
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, "Rita Levi Montalcini", Memory Clinic, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Fausto Roveta
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, "Rita Levi Montalcini", Memory Clinic, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Zotta
- Nuclear Medicine, Città Della Salute E Della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Adriana Lesca
- Nuclear Medicine, Città Della Salute E Della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcinnò
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, "Rita Levi Montalcini", Memory Clinic, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Ferrandes
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, "Rita Levi Montalcini", Memory Clinic, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Piella
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, "Rita Levi Montalcini", Memory Clinic, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Boschi
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, "Rita Levi Montalcini", Memory Clinic, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Lombardo
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, "Rita Levi Montalcini", Memory Clinic, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Città Della Salute E Della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Città Della Salute E Della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gallone
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Città Della Salute E Della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Rubino
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, "Rita Levi Montalcini", Memory Clinic, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Città Della Salute E Della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Amalia Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, Department of Primary Care, ASP Catanzaro, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, "Rita Levi Montalcini", Memory Clinic, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Città Della Salute E Della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
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3
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Lee HI, Kwon E, Oh E, Jeong SH. Antisaccades in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 17 With Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Hyperintensities Without Hot-Cross-Bun Sign. J Clin Neurol 2024; 20:342-344. [PMID: 38713080 PMCID: PMC11076195 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2023.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hak-In Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eunjin Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eungseok Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seong-Hae Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
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4
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Banazadeh M, Abiri A, Poortaheri MM, Asnaashari L, Langarizadeh MA, Forootanfar H. Unexplored power of CRISPR-Cas9 in neuroscience, a multi-OMICs review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130413. [PMID: 38408576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The neuroscience and neurobiology of gene editing to enhance learning and memory is of paramount interest to the scientific community. The advancements of CRISPR system have created avenues to treat neurological disorders by means of versatile modalities varying from expression to suppression of genes and proteins. Neurodegenerative disorders have also been attributed to non-canonical DNA secondary structures by affecting neuron activity through controlling gene expression, nucleosome shape, transcription, translation, replication, and recombination. Changing DNA regulatory elements which could contribute to the fate and function of neurons are thoroughly discussed in this review. This study presents the ability of CRISPR system to boost learning power and memory, treat or cure genetically-based neurological disorders, and alleviate psychiatric diseases by altering the activity and the irritability of the neurons at the synaptic cleft through DNA manipulation, and also, epigenetic modifications using Cas9. We explore and examine how each different OMIC techniques can come useful when altering DNA sequences. Such insight into the underlying relationship between OMICs and cellular behaviors leads us to better neurological and psychiatric therapeutics by intelligently designing and utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Banazadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ardavan Abiri
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Lida Asnaashari
- Student Research Committee, Kerman Universiy of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Langarizadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Forootanfar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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5
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Pilotto F, Del Bondio A, Puccio H. Hereditary Ataxias: From Bench to Clinic, Where Do We Stand? Cells 2024; 13:319. [PMID: 38391932 PMCID: PMC10886822 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias are a wide heterogeneous group of movement disorders. Within this broad umbrella of diseases, there are both genetics and sporadic forms. The clinical presentation of these conditions can exhibit a diverse range of symptoms across different age groups, spanning from pure cerebellar manifestations to sensory ataxia and multisystemic diseases. Over the last few decades, advancements in our understanding of genetics and molecular pathophysiology related to both dominant and recessive ataxias have propelled the field forward, paving the way for innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing and arresting the progression of these diseases. Nevertheless, the rarity of certain forms of ataxia continues to pose challenges, leading to limited insights into the etiology of the disease and the identification of target pathways. Additionally, the lack of suitable models hampers efforts to comprehensively understand the molecular foundations of disease's pathophysiology and test novel therapeutic interventions. In the following review, we describe the epidemiology, symptomatology, and pathological progression of hereditary ataxia, including both the prevalent and less common forms of these diseases. Furthermore, we illustrate the diverse molecular pathways and therapeutic approaches currently undergoing investigation in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. Finally, we address the existing and anticipated challenges within this field, encompassing both basic research and clinical endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pilotto
- Institut Neuromyogène, Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, Inserm U1315, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 UMR5261, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Del Bondio
- Institut Neuromyogène, Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, Inserm U1315, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 UMR5261, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Puccio
- Institut Neuromyogène, Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, Inserm U1315, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 UMR5261, 69008 Lyon, France
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6
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Seritan AL. Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Psychotic Symptoms in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Narrative Review. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2023; 36:435-460. [PMID: 36941085 PMCID: PMC10578041 DOI: 10.1177/08919887231164357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Background: Approximately 15% of older adults may experience psychotic phenomena. Primary psychiatric disorders that manifest with psychosis (delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thought or behavior) account for less than half. Up to 60% of late-life psychotic symptoms are due to systemic medical or neurological conditions, particularly neurodegenerative diseases. A thorough medical workup including laboratory tests, additional procedures if indicated, and neuroimaging studies is recommended. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding the epidemiology and phenomenology of psychotic symptoms encountered as part of the neurodegenerative disease continuum (including prodromal and manifest stages). Results: Prodromes are constellations of symptoms that precede the onset of overt neurodegenerative syndromes. Prodromal psychotic features, particularly delusions, have been associated with an increased likelihood of receiving a neurodegenerative disease diagnosis within several years. Prompt prodrome recognition is crucial for early intervention. The management of psychosis associated with neurodegenerative diseases includes behavioral and somatic strategies, although evidence is scarce and mostly limited to case reports, case series, or expert consensus guidelines, with few randomized controlled trials. Conclusion: The complexity of psychotic manifestations warrants management by interprofessional teams that provide coordinated, integrated care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea L. Seritan
- University of California, San Francisco Department of Psychiatry and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, CA, USA
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7
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Lee SU, Kim JS, Yoo D, Kim A, Kim HJ, Choi JY, Park JY, Jeong SH, Kim JM, Park KW. Ocular Motor Findings Aid in Differentiation of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 17 from Huntington's Disease. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:1-13. [PMID: 34993890 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17) from Huntington's disease (HD) is often challenging since they share the clinical features of chorea, parkinsonism, and dystonia. The ocular motor findings remain to be elucidated in SCA17, and may help differentiating SCA17 from HD. We retrospectively compared the ocular motor findings of 11 patients with SCA17 with those of 10 patients with HD. In SCA17, abnormal ocular motor findings included impaired smooth pursuit (9/11, 82%), dysmetric saccades (9/11, 82%), central positional nystagmus (CPN, 7/11, 64%), abnormal head-impulse tests (4/11, 36%), and horizontal gaze-evoked nystagmus (GEN, 3/11, 27%). Among these, CPN was more frequently observed in SCA17 than in HD (7/11 (64%) vs. 0/10 (0%), p = 0.004) while saccadic slowing was more frequently observed in HD than in SCA17 (8/10 (80%) vs. 2/11 (18%), p = 0.009). Of six patients with follow-up evaluation, five later developed bilateral saccadic hypermetria (n = 4), GEN (n = 1), CPN (n = 1), bilaterally abnormal smooth pursuit (n = 1), and hyperactive head-impulse responses (n = 1) along with a clinical decline. Ocular motor abnormalities can be utilized as a diagnostic marker for differentiation of SCA17 from HD as well as a surrogate marker for clinical decline in SCA17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Uk Lee
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea. .,Clinical Neuroscience Center, Dizziness Center, and Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dallah Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea.,Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Gangdong-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Aryun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kim
- Research Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yoon Choi
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Neuroscience Center, Dizziness Center, and Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Park
- Deparment of Neurology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hae Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Neuroscience Center, Dizziness Center, and Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Woo Park
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Cabeza-Ruiz R, Velázquez-Pérez L, Pérez-Rodríguez R, Reetz K. ConvNets for automatic detection of polyglutamine SCAs from brain MRIs: state of the art applications. Med Biol Eng Comput 2023; 61:1-24. [PMID: 36385616 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias (polyQ SCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases, clinically and genetically heterogeneous, characterized by loss of balance and motor coordination due to dysfunction of the cerebellum and its connections. The diagnosis of each type of polyQ SCA, alongside with genetic tests, includes medical images analysis, and its automation may help specialists to distinguish between each type. Convolutional neural networks (ConvNets or CNNs) have been recently used for medical image processing, with outstanding results. In this work, we present the main clinical and imaging features of polyglutamine SCAs, and the basics of CNNs. Finally, we review studies that have used this approach to automatically process brain medical images and may be applied to SCAs detection. We conclude by discussing the possible limitations and opportunities of using ConvNets for SCAs diagnose in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Velázquez-Pérez
- Cuban Academy of Sciences, La Habana, Cuba
- Center for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias, Holguín, Cuba
| | - Roberto Pérez-Rodríguez
- CAD/CAM Study Center, University of Holguín, Holguín, Cuba
- Cuban Academy of Sciences, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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9
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de Oliveira DS, Pedroso JL, Barsottini O, Tomaselli PJ, Marques Júnior W, Vale TC. Small-Expanded Allele Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 17 Leading to Broad Movement Disorder Phenotype in a Brazilian Patient. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:1151-1153. [PMID: 34738227 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sabino de Oliveira
- Neurology Service, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Avenida Catulo Breviglieri s/n, Bairro Santa Catarina, Juiz de Fora, MG, CEP 36036-110, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedroso
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Orlando Barsottini
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro José Tomaselli
- Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- International Center for Genomic Medicine in Neuromuscular Diseases, Sheffield, UK
| | - Wilson Marques Júnior
- Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- International Center for Genomic Medicine in Neuromuscular Diseases, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thiago Cardoso Vale
- Neurology Service, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Avenida Catulo Breviglieri s/n, Bairro Santa Catarina, Juiz de Fora, MG, CEP 36036-110, Brazil.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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10
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Mutation analysis of the TATA box-binding protein (TBP) gene in Russian patients with spinocerebellar ataxia and Huntington disease-like phenotype. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 222:107473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Weber JJ, Anger SC, Pereira Sena P, Incebacak Eltemur RD, Huridou C, Fath F, Gross C, Casadei N, Riess O, Nguyen HP. Calpains as novel players in the molecular pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 17. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:262. [PMID: 35482253 PMCID: PMC9050766 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine-encoding trinucleotide repeat expansion in the gene of transcription factor TATA box-binding protein (TBP). While its underlying pathomechanism is elusive, polyglutamine-expanded TBP fragments of unknown origin mediate the mutant protein’s toxicity. Calcium-dependent calpain proteases are protagonists in neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we demonstrate that calpains cleave TBP, and emerging C-terminal fragments mislocalize to the cytoplasm. SCA17 cell and rat models exhibited calpain overactivation, leading to excessive fragmentation and depletion of neuronal proteins in vivo. Transcriptome analysis of SCA17 cells revealed synaptogenesis and calcium signaling perturbations, indicating the potential cause of elevated calpain activity. Pharmacological or genetic calpain inhibition reduced TBP cleavage and aggregation, consequently improving cell viability. Our work underlines the general significance of calpains and their activating pathways in neurodegenerative disorders and presents these proteases as novel players in the molecular pathogenesis of SCA17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonasz Jeremiasz Weber
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Cari Anger
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Priscila Pereira Sena
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Cellular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rana Dilara Incebacak Eltemur
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chrisovalantou Huridou
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Fath
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caspar Gross
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,NGS Competence Center Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,NGS Competence Center Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,NGS Competence Center Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
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Sharma P, Sonakar AK, Tyagi N, Suroliya V, Kumar M, Kutum R, Asokchandran V, Ambawat S, Shamim U, Anand A, Ahmad I, Shakya S, Uppili B, Mathur A, Parveen S, Jain S, Singh J, Seth M, Zahra S, Joshi A, Goel D, Sahni S, Kamai A, Wadhwa S, Murali A, Saifi S, Chowdhury D, Pandey S, Anand KS, Narasimhan RL, Laskar S, Kushwaha S, Kumar M, Shaji CV, Srivastava MVP, Srivastava AK, Faruq M. Genetics of Ataxias in Indian Population: A Collative Insight from a Common Genetic Screening Tool. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:2100078. [PMID: 36618024 PMCID: PMC9744545 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias (CAs) represent a group of autosomal dominant and recessive neurodegenerative disorders affecting cerebellum with or without spinal cord. Overall, CAs have preponderance for tandem nucleotide repeat expansions as an etiological factor (10 TREs explain nearly 30-40% of ataxia cohort globally). The experience of 10 years of common genetic ataxia subtypes for ≈5600 patients' referrals (Pan-India) received at a single center is shared herein. Frequencies (in %, n) of SCA types and FRDA in the sample cohort are observed as follows: SCA12 (8.6%, 490); SCA2 (8.5%, 482); SCA1 (4.8%, 272); SCA3 (2%, 113); SCA7 (0.5%, 28); SCA6 (0.1%, 05); SCA17 (0.1%, 05), and FRDA (2.2%, 127). A significant amount of variability in TRE lengths at each locus is observed, we noted presence of biallelic expansion, co-occurrence of SCA-subtypes, and the presence of premutable normal alleles. The frequency of mutated GAA-FRDA allele in healthy controls is 1/158 (0.63%), thus an expected FRDA prevalence of 1:100 000 persons. The data of this study are relevant not only for clinical decision making but also for guidance in direction of genetic investigations, transancestral comparison of genotypes, and lastly provide insight for policy decision for the consideration of SCAs under rare disease category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | | | - Nishu Tyagi
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Varun Suroliya
- Neurology DepartmentNeuroscience CentreNew Delhi110029India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Rintu Kutum
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Vivekananda Asokchandran
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Sakshi Ambawat
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Uzma Shamim
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Avni Anand
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Ishtaq Ahmad
- Neurology DepartmentNeuroscience CentreNew Delhi110029India
| | - Sunil Shakya
- Neurology DepartmentNeuroscience CentreNew Delhi110029India
| | - Bharathram Uppili
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Aradhana Mathur
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Shaista Parveen
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Shweta Jain
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Jyotsna Singh
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Neurology DepartmentNeuroscience CentreNew Delhi110029India
| | - Malika Seth
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Sana Zahra
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Aditi Joshi
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Divya Goel
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Shweta Sahni
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Asangla Kamai
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Saruchi Wadhwa
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Aparna Murali
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Sheeba Saifi
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | | | - Sanjay Pandey
- Department of NeurologyGB Pant HospitalDelhi110002India
| | - Kuljeet Singh Anand
- Department of NeurologyPost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchDr. Ram Manohar Lohia HospitalNew Delhi110001India
| | | | | | - Suman Kushwaha
- Department of NeurologyInstitute of Human Behaviour and Allied SciencesDelhi110095India
| | | | | | | | | | - Mohammed Faruq
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
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13
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Borbolla-Jiménez FV, Del Prado-Audelo ML, Cisneros B, Caballero-Florán IH, Leyva-Gómez G, Magaña JJ. New Perspectives of Gene Therapy on Polyglutamine Spinocerebellar Ataxias: From Molecular Targets to Novel Nanovectors. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1018. [PMID: 34371710 PMCID: PMC8309146 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven of the most frequent spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are caused by a pathological expansion of a cytosine, adenine and guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat located in exonic regions of unrelated genes, which in turn leads to the synthesis of polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins. PolyQ proteins are prone to aggregate and form intracellular inclusions, which alter diverse cellular pathways, including transcriptional regulation, protein clearance, calcium homeostasis and apoptosis, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. At present, treatment for SCAs is limited to symptomatic intervention, and there is no therapeutic approach to prevent or reverse disease progression. This review provides a compilation of the experimental advances obtained in cell-based and animal models toward the development of gene therapy strategies against polyQ SCAs, providing a discussion of their potential application in clinical trials. In the second part, we describe the promising potential of nanotechnology developments to treat polyQ SCA diseases. We describe, in detail, how the design of nanoparticle (NP) systems with different physicochemical and functionalization characteristics has been approached, in order to determine their ability to evade the immune system response and to enhance brain delivery of molecular tools. In the final part of this review, the imminent application of NP-based strategies in clinical trials for the treatment of polyQ SCA diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola V. Borbolla-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico;
- Programa de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Del Prado-Audelo
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 14380, Mexico;
| | - Bulmaro Cisneros
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico;
| | - Isaac H. Caballero-Florán
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
- Departamento de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Jonathan J. Magaña
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico;
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 14380, Mexico;
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14
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Kim M, Ahn JH, Mun JK, Choi EH, Kim JS, Youn J, Cho JW. Extracerebellar Signs and Symptoms in 117 Korean Patients with Early-Stage Spinocerebellar Ataxia. J Clin Neurol 2021; 17:242-248. [PMID: 33835745 PMCID: PMC8053557 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2021.17.2.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are the most common form of hereditary ataxias. Extracerebellar signs have been well described and are helpful in differentiating the SCA subtypes. However, there are few reports on the early-stage extracerebellar signs in various SCA subtypes. This study explored the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of early-stage SCAs in the Korean population. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of genetically confirmed SCA patients with a disease duration of <5 years. Data on baseline characteristics, extracerebellar signs, and initial MRI findings were organized based on SCA subtypes. Results This study included 117 SCA patients with a median age at onset of 40.6 years. The family history was positive in 71.8% of the patients, and the median disease duration and the score on the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia at the initial visit were 2.6 years and 5.0, respectively. SCA3 was the most prevalent subtype, and oculomotor abnormalities were the most frequent extracerebellar signs in early-stage SCAs. Saccadic slowing was characteristic of SCA2 and SCA7, and gaze-evoked nystagmus was prominent in SCA6. Parkinsonism was relatively frequent in SCA8 and SCA3. Decreased visual acuity was specific for SCA7. Dementia was not an early manifestation of SCAs. Brain MRI revealed a pattern of pontocerebellar atrophy in SCA2 and SCA7, while SCA6 demonstrated only cerebellar cortical atrophy. Conclusions SCA patients exhibited diverse extracerebellar signs even in the early stage. Specific extracerebellar signs were characteristic of specific subtypes, which could facilitate differential diagnoses of early-stage SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyeong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jong Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Kyu Mun
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hyeok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Sun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Youn
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Whan Cho
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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15
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Choi KE, Yoo SW, Kim JS. Very late-onset sporadic spinocerebellar ataxia type 17. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 122:1107-1109. [PMID: 33772453 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Eun Choi
- Department of Neurology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Seok Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Donaldson J, Powell S, Rickards N, Holmans P, Jones L. What is the Pathogenic CAG Expansion Length in Huntington's Disease? J Huntingtons Dis 2021; 10:175-202. [PMID: 33579866 PMCID: PMC7990448 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-200445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) (OMIM 143100) is caused by an expanded CAG repeat tract in the HTT gene. The inherited CAG length is known to expand further in somatic and germline cells in HD subjects. Age at onset of the disease is inversely correlated with the inherited CAG length, but is further modulated by a series of genetic modifiers which are most likely to act on the CAG repeat in HTT that permit it to further expand. Longer repeats are more prone to expansions, and this expansion is age dependent and tissue-specific. Given that the inherited tract expands through life and most subjects develop disease in mid-life, this implies that in cells that degenerate, the CAG length is likely to be longer than the inherited length. These findings suggest two thresholds- the inherited CAG length which permits further expansion, and the intracellular pathogenic threshold, above which cells become dysfunctional and die. This two-step mechanism has been previously proposed and modelled mathematically to give an intracellular pathogenic threshold at a tract length of 115 CAG (95% confidence intervals 70- 165 CAG). Empirically, the intracellular pathogenic threshold is difficult to determine. Clues from studies of people and models of HD, and from other diseases caused by expanded repeat tracts, place this threshold between 60- 100 CAG, most likely towards the upper part of that range. We assess this evidence and discuss how the intracellular pathogenic threshold in manifest disease might be better determined. Knowing the cellular pathogenic threshold would be informative for both understanding the mechanism in HD and deploying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Donaldson
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sophie Powell
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nadia Rickards
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lesley Jones
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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17
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I D, Proskokova T, Sikora N, Abramycheva N, Illarioshkin S. Spinocerebellar ataxia 17: full phenotype in a 42 CAG/CAA-repeats carrier. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:100-105. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121121100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Jih KY, Lin KP, Tsai PC, Soong BW, Liao YC, Lee YC. Investigating TBP CAG/CAA trinucleotide repeat expansions in a Taiwanese cohort with ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2020; 22:442-447. [PMID: 33377399 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2020.1867182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate-length CAG repeats in ATXN2 have been well recognized as a genetic risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the role of similar trinucleotide repeat expansions in the TATA-box binding protein gene (TBP), another disease-associated gene for inherited ataxia, in ALS remains elusive. To assess the association between TBP trinucleotide repeat expansions and ALS, we investigated the repeat lengths in 325 unrelated ALS patients and 1500 controls in the Taiwanese population. The most common size of repeats in the patients and controls were both 36. The repeat lengths ranged from 29 to 46 repeats in the ALS patients and 27 to 43 repeats in the controls. Two ALS patients carried a TBP allele with a repeat number equal or greater than 44 (44 and 46). The patient with the 46 trinucleotide repeats also had a C9ORF72 GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion. The odds ratio of an individual carrying the CAG/CAA repeats ≥ 44 to have ALS is 23.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.11-484.24; p = 0.04). Our findings suggest that intermediate-length CAG/CAA repeat expansions in TBP may associate with ALS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Yang Jih
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kon-Ping Lin
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Wen Soong
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Liao
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Abstract
Background: Movement disorders are often a prominent part of the phenotype of many neurologic rare diseases. In order to promote awareness and diagnosis of these rare diseases, the International Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders Society Rare Movement Disorders Study Group provides updates on rare movement disorders. Methods: In this narrative review, we discuss the differential diagnosis of the rare disorders that can cause chorea. Results: Although the most common causes of chorea are hereditary, it is critical to identify acquired or symptomatic choreas since these are potentially treatable conditions. Disorders of metabolism and mitochondrial cytopathies can also be associated with chorea. Discussion: The present review discusses clues to the diagnosis of chorea of various etiologies. Authors propose algorithms to help the clinician in the diagnosis of these rare disorders.
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20
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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 48: last but not least. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2423-2432. [PMID: 32342324 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biallelic mutations in STUB1, which encodes the E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP, were originally described in association with SCAR16, a rare autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia, so far reported in 16 kindreds. In the last 2 years, a new form of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA48), associated with heterozygous mutations in the same gene, has been described in 12 kindreds with autosomal dominant inheritance. METHODS We reviewed molecular and clinical findings of both SCAR16 and SCA48 described patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION SCAR16 is characterized by early onset spastic ataxia and a wide disease spectrum, including cognitive dysfunction, hyperkinetic disorders, epilepsy, peripheral neuropathy, and hypogonadism. SCA48 is an adult-onset syndrome characterized by ataxia and cognitive-psychiatric features, variably associated with chorea, parkinsonism, dystonia, and urinary symptoms. SCA48, the last dominant ataxia to be described, could emerge as the most frequent among the SCAs due to conventional mutations. The overlap of several clinical signs between SCAR16 and SCA48 indicates the presence of a continuous clinical spectrum among recessively and dominantly inherited mutations of STUB1. Different kinds of mutations, scattered over the three gene domains, have been found in both disorders. Their pathogenesis and the relationship between SCA48 and SCAR16 remain to be clarified.
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21
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Rosini F, Pretegiani E, Battisti C, Dotti MT, Federico A, Rufa A. Eye movement changes in autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:1719-1734. [PMID: 32130555 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oculomotor abnormalities are common findings in spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), a clinically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Usually, cerebellar impairment accounts for most of the eye movement changes encountered; as the disease progresses, the involvement of extracerebellar structures typically seen in later stages may modify the oculomotor progression. However, ocular movement changes are rarely specific. In this regard, some important exceptions include the prominent slowing of horizontal eye movements in SCA2 and, to a lesser extent, in SCA3, SCA4, and SCA28, or the executive deficit in SCA2 and SCA17. Here, we report the eye movement abnormalities and neurological pictures of SCAs through a review of the literature. Genetic and neuropathological/neuroimaging aspects are also briefly discussed. Overall, the findings reported indicate that oculomotor analysis could be of help in differential diagnosis among SCAs and contribute to clarify the role of brain structures, particularly the cerebellum, in oculomotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rosini
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, Eye Tracking& Visual Application Lab EVALAB, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pretegiani
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, Eye Tracking& Visual Application Lab EVALAB, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Battisti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Dotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Federico
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rufa
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, Eye Tracking& Visual Application Lab EVALAB, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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22
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Volovikov EA, Davidenko AV, Lagarkova MA. Molecular Mechanisms of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279542002012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Interferon mediated neuroinflammation in polyglutamine disease is not caused by RNA toxicity. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:3. [PMID: 31919387 PMCID: PMC6952400 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine diseases are neurodegenerative diseases that occur due to the expansion of CAG repeat regions in coding sequences of genes. Previously, we have shown the formation of large protein aggregates along with activation of the interferon pathway leading to apoptosis in a cellular model of SCA17. Here, we corroborate our previous results in a tetracycline-inducible model of SCA17. Interferon gamma and lambda were upregulated in 59Q-TBP expressing cells as compared to 16Q-TBP expressing cells. Besides interferon-stimulated genes, the SCA17 model and Huntington's mice brain samples showed upregulation of RNA sensors. However, in this improved model interferon pathway activation and apoptosis preceded the formation of large polyglutamine aggregates, suggesting a role for CAG repeat RNA or soluble protein aggregates. A polyglutamine minus mutant of TBP, expressing polyCAG mRNA, was created by site directed mutagenesis of 10 potential start codons. Neither this long CAG embedded mRNA nor short polyCAG RNA could induce interferon pathway genes or cause apoptosis. polyQ-TBP induced the expression of canonical RNA sensors but the downstream transcription factor, IRF3, showed a muted response. We found that expanded CAG repeat RNA is not sufficient to account for the neuronal apoptosis. Neuronal cells sense expanded CAG repeats embedded in messenger RNAs of protein-coding genes. However, polyglutamine containing protein is responsible for the interferon-mediated neuroinflammation and cell death seen in polyglutamine disease. Thus, we delineate the inflammatory role of CAG repeats in the mRNA from the resulting polyglutamine tract in the protein. Embedded in messenger RNAs of protein-coding regions, the cell senses CAG repeat expansion and induces the expression of RNA sensors and interferon-stimulated genes.
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24
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Buijsen RAM, Toonen LJA, Gardiner SL, van Roon-Mom WMC. Genetics, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Progress in Polyglutamine Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:263-286. [PMID: 30607747 PMCID: PMC6554265 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-00696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by degeneration of the cerebellum and its connections. All ADCAs have progressive ataxia as their main clinical feature, frequently accompanied by dysarthria and oculomotor deficits. The most common spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are 6 polyglutamine (polyQ) SCAs. These diseases are all caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the coding region of a gene. Currently, no curative treatment is available for any of the polyQ SCAs, but increasing knowledge on the genetics and the pathological mechanisms of these polyQ SCAs has provided promising therapeutic targets to potentially slow disease progression. Potential treatments can be divided into pharmacological and gene therapies that target the toxic downstream effects, gene therapies that target the polyQ SCA genes, and stem cell replacement therapies. Here, we will provide a review on the genetics, mechanisms, and therapeutic progress in polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A M Buijsen
- Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Lodewijk J A Toonen
- Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah L Gardiner
- Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Nethisinghe S, Lim WN, Ging H, Zeitlberger A, Abeti R, Pemble S, Sweeney MG, Labrum R, Cervera C, Houlden H, Rosser E, Limousin P, Kennedy A, Lunn MP, Bhatia KP, Wood NW, Hardy J, Polke JM, Veneziano L, Brusco A, Davis MB, Giunti P. Complexity of the Genetics and Clinical Presentation of Spinocerebellar Ataxia 17. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:429. [PMID: 30532692 PMCID: PMC6265347 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17) is a rare autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the TATA-box binding protein gene (TBP). The disease has a varied age at onset and clinical presentation. It is distinct from other SCAs for its association with dementia, psychiatric symptoms, and some patients presenting with chorea. For this reason, it is also called Huntington’s disease-like 4 (HDL-4). Here we examine the distribution of SCA17 allele repeat sizes in a United Kingdom-based cohort with ataxia and find that fully penetrant pathogenic alleles are very rare (5 in 1,316 chromosomes; 0.38%). Phenotype-genotype correlation was performed on 30 individuals and the repeat structure of their TBP genes was examined. We found a negative linear correlation between total CAG repeat length and age at disease onset and, unlike SCA1, there was no correlation between the longest contiguous CAG tract and age at disease onset. We were unable to identify any particular phenotypic trait that segregated with particular CAG/CAA repeat tract structures or repeat lengths. One individual within the cohort was homozygous for variable penetrance range SCA17 alleles. This patient had a similar age at onset to heterozygotes with the same repeat sizes, but also presented with a rapidly progressive dementia. A pair of monozygotic twins within the cohort presented 3 years apart with the sibling with the earlier onset having a more severe phenotype with dementia and chorea in addition to the ataxia observed in their twin. This appears to be a case of variable expressivity, possibly influenced by other environmental or epigenetic factors. Finally, there was an asymptomatic father with a severely affected child with an age at onset in their twenties. Despite this, they share the same expanded allele repeat sizes and sequences, which would suggest that there is marked difference in the penetrance of this 51-repeat allele. We therefore propose that the variable penetrance range extend from 48 repeats to incorporate this allele. This study shows that there is variability in the presentation and penetrance of the SCA17 phenotype and highlights the complexity of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suran Nethisinghe
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei N Lim
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Ging
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Zeitlberger
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosella Abeti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Pemble
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary G Sweeney
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn Labrum
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charisse Cervera
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Rosser
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angus Kennedy
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Lunn
- Department of Neuroimmunology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,The Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - James M Polke
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Liana Veneziano
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale - National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Mary B Davis
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Giunti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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Steinacker P, Barschke P, Otto M. Biomarkers for diseases with TDP-43 pathology. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 97:43-59. [PMID: 30399416 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that aggregated transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) is the major component of pathological ubiquitinated inclusions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) caused seminal progress in the unveiling of the genetic bases and molecular characteristics of these now so-called TDP-43 proteinopathies. Substantial increase in the knowledge of clinic-pathological coherencies, especially for FTLD variants, could be made in the last decade, but also revealed a considerable complexity of TDP-43 pathology and often a poor correlation of clinical and molecular disease characteristics. To date, an underlying TDP-43 pathology can be predicted only for patients with mutations in the genes C9orf72 and GRN, but is dependent on neuropathological verification in patients without family history, which represent the majority of cases. As etiology-specific therapies for neurodegenerative proteinopathies are emerging, methods to forecast TDP-43 pathology at patients' lifetime are highly required. Here, we review the current status of research pursued to identify specific indicators to predict or exclude TDP-43 pathology in the ALS-FTLD spectrum disorders and findings on candidates for prognosis and monitoring of disease progression in TDP-43 proteinopathies with a focus on TDP-43 with its pathological forms, neurochemical and imaging biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peggy Barschke
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Abstract
Chorea is a symptom of a broad array of genetic, structural, and metabolic disorders. While chorea can result from systemic illness and damage to diverse brain structures, injury to the basal ganglia, especially the putamen or globus pallidus, appears to be a uniting features of these diverse neuropathologies. The timing of onset, rate of progression, and the associated neurological or systemic symptoms can often narrow the differential diagnosis to a few disorders. Recognizing the correct etiology for childhood chorea is critical, as numerous disorders in this category are potentially curable, or are remediable, with early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio M de Gusmao
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jeff L Waugh
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
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Turk KW, Flanagan ME, Josephson S, Keene CD, Jayadev S, Bird TD. Psychosis in Spinocerebellar Ataxias: a Case Series and Study of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in Substantia Nigra. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:143-151. [PMID: 28887803 PMCID: PMC5843512 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias are a genetically heterogeneous group of degenerative diseases typically characterized by progressive ataxia and to various degrees, neuropathy, amyotrophy, and ocular abnormalities. There is increasing evidence for non-motor manifestations associated with cerebellar syndromes including cognitive and psychiatric features. We studied a retrospective clinical case series of eight subjects with spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) 2, 3, 7, and 17, all displaying features of psychosis, and also measured tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) staining of the substantia nigra (SN) at autopsy, among four of the subjects. We hypothesized that increased dopamine production in the SN may underlie the pathophysiology of psychosis in SCAs, given evidence of increased dopamine production in the SN in schizophrenia, as measured by TH staining. We analyzed differences in TH staining between the SCA psychosis cohort (n = 4), a heterogeneous ataxic cohort without psychosis (n = 22), and non-diseased age- and sex-matched control group (n = 12). SCA subjects with psychosis did not differ significantly in TH staining versus ataxic cases without psychosis. There was, however, increased TH staining in the ataxic cohort with and without psychosis (n = 26), compared to non-diseased controls (n = 12). Psychotic features were similar across subjects, with the presence of delusions, paranoia, and auditory hallucinations. Our findings are preliminary because of small numbers of subjects and variable neuropathology; however, they suggest that psychosis is a clinical feature of SCAs and may be under-recognized. While the underlying pathophysiology remains to be fully established, it may be related to extra-cerebellar pathology, including a possible propensity for increased dopamine activity in the SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Turk
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain Campus, 150 S. Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret E Flanagan
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Josephson
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, USA
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Spinocerebellar ataxia 17: full phenotype in a 41 CAG/CAA repeats carrier. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2018; 5:7. [PMID: 29564144 PMCID: PMC5852964 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-018-0086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia 17 (SCA17) is one of the most heterogeneous forms of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias with a large clinical spectrum which can mimic other movement disorders such as Huntington disease (HD), dystonia and parkinsonism. SCA17 is caused by an expansion of CAG/CAA repeat in the Tata binding protein (TBP) gene. Normal alleles contain 25 to 40 CAG/CAA repeats, alleles with 50 or greater CAG/CAA repeats are pathological with full penetrance. Alleles with 43 to 49 CAG/CAA repeats were also reported and their penetrance is estimated between 50 and 80%. Recently few symptomatic individuals having 41 and 42 repeats were reported but it is still unclear whether CAG/CAA repeats of 41 or 42 are low penetrance disease-causing alleles. Thus, phenotypic variability like the disease course in subject with SCA17 locus restricted expansions remains to be fully understood. Case presentation The patients was a 63-year-old woman who, at 54 years, showed personality changes and increased frequency of falls. At 55 years of age neuropsychological tests showed executive attention and visuospatial deficit. At the age of 59 the patient developed dysarthria and a progressive cognitive deficit. The neurological examination showed moderate gait ataxia, dysdiadochokinesia and dysmetria, dysphagia, dysarthria and abnormal saccadic pursuit, severe axial asynergy during postural changes, choreiform dyskinesias. Molecular analysis of the TBP gene demonstrated an allele with 41 repeat suggesting that 41 CAG/CCG TBP repeats could be an allele associated with the full clinical spectrum of SCA17. Conclusions The described case with the other similar cases described in the literature suggests that 41 CAG/CAA trinucleotides should be considered as critical threshold in SCA17. We suggest that SCA17 diagnosis should be suspected in patients presenting with movement disorders associated with other neurodegenerative signs and symptoms.
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Toyoshima Y, Takahashi H. Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 17 (SCA17). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1049:219-231. [PMID: 29427105 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In 1999, a polyglutamine expansion was identified in the transcription factor TATA-binding protein (TBP) in a patient with ataxia with negative family history. Subsequently, CAG/CAA repeat expansions in the TBP gene were identified in families with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), establishing this repeat expansion as the underlying mutation in SCA type 17 (SCA17). There are several characteristic differences between SCA17 and other polyglutamine diseases. First, SCA17 shows a complex and variable clinical phenotype, in some cases overlapping that of Huntington's disease. Second, compared to the other SCA subtypes caused by expanded trinucleotide repeats, anticipation in SCA17 kindreds is rare because of the characteristic structure of the TBP gene. And thirdly, SCA17 patients often have diagnostic problems that may arise from non-penetrance. Because the gap between normal and abnormal repeat numbers is very narrow, it is difficult to determine a cutoff value for pathologic CAG repeat number in SCA17. Herein, we review the clinical, genetic and pathologic features of SCA17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Toyoshima
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
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The CAG-polyglutamine repeat diseases: a clinical, molecular, genetic, and pathophysiologic nosology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 147:143-170. [PMID: 29325609 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63233-3.00011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the genome, unstable tandem nucleotide repeats can expand to cause a variety of neurologic disorders. Expansion of a CAG triplet repeat within a coding exon gives rise to an elongated polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the resultant protein product, and accounts for a unique category of neurodegenerative disorders, known as the CAG-polyglutamine repeat diseases. The nine members of the CAG-polyglutamine disease family include spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), Huntington disease, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy, and six spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 17). All CAG-polyglutamine diseases are dominantly inherited, with the exception of SBMA, which is X-linked, and many CAG-polyglutamine diseases display anticipation, which is defined as increasing disease severity in successive generations of an affected kindred. Despite widespread expression of the different polyQ-expanded disease proteins throughout the body, each CAG-polyglutamine disease strikes a particular subset of neurons, although the mechanism for this cell-type selectivity remains poorly understood. While the different genes implicated in these disorders display amino acid homology only in the repeat tract domain, certain pathologic molecular processes have been implicated in almost all of the CAG-polyglutamine repeat diseases, including protein aggregation, proteolytic cleavage, transcription dysregulation, autophagy impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we highlight the clinical and molecular genetic features of each distinct disorder, and then discuss common themes in CAG-polyglutamine disease pathogenesis, closing with emerging advances in therapy development.
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Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common cause of dementia following Alzheimer's disease (AD). Between 20 and 50% of cases are familial. Mutations in MAPT, GRN and C9orf72 are found in 60% of familial FTD cases. C9orf72 mutations are the most common and account for 25%. Rarer mutations (<5%) occur in other genes such as VPC, CHMP2B, TARDP, FUS, ITM2B, TBK1 and TBP. The diagnosis is often challenging due to symptom overlap with AD and other conditions. We review the genetics, clinical presentations, neuroimaging, neuropathology, animal studies and therapeutic trials in FTD. We describe clinical scenarios including the original family with the tau stem loop mutation (+14) and also the recently discovered 'missing tau' mutation +15 that 'closed the loop' in 2015.
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Cui Y, Yang S, Li XJ, Li S. Genetically modified rodent models of SCA17. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1540-1547. [PMID: 27859490 PMCID: PMC5508981 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17) is a type of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) characterized by variable manifestations, including cerebellar ataxia, dementia, and psychiatric symptoms. Since the identification of a CAG repeat expansion in the TATA-box binding protein (TBP) gene in a patient with ataxia in 1999 and then verification of this expansion in patients with SCA17 in 2001, several SCA17 rodent models, including both knock-in and transgenic models in mice and rats, have been established to explore the phenotypic features and pathogenesis of SCA17. These animal models revealed different pathological changes and phenotypes that are associated with the expression of mutant TBP protein and the CAG repeat lengths. It is important to understand how mutant TBP can cause differential pathological events in SCA17 animal models. In this review, we summarize and compare these animal models for the nature of transgenes and their expression as well as phenotypical features. We also discuss potential directions for future studies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Su Yang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Shihua Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Large normal-range TBP and ATXN7 CAG repeat lengths are associated with increased lifetime risk of depression. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1143. [PMID: 28585930 PMCID: PMC5534943 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent and debilitating psychiatric disorders worldwide. Recently, we showed that both relatively short and relatively long cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats in the huntingtin gene (HTT) are associated with an increased risk of lifetime depression. However, to what extent the variations in CAG repeat length in the other eight polyglutamine disease-associated genes (PDAGs) are associated with depression is still unknown. We determined the CAG repeat sizes of ATXN1, ATXN2, ATXN3, CACNA1A, ATXN7, TBP, ATN1 and AR in two well-characterized Dutch cohorts-the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety and the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons-including 2165 depressed and 1058 non-depressed individuals-aged 18-93 years. The association between PDAG CAG repeat size and the risk for depression was assessed via binary logistic regression. We found that the odds ratio (OR) for lifetime depression was significantly higher for individuals with >10, compared with subjects with ≤10, CAG repeats in both ATXN7 alleles (OR=1.90, confidence interval (CI) 1.26-2.85). For TBP we found a similar association: A CAG repeat length exceeding the median in both alleles was associated with an increased risk for lifetime depression (OR=1.33, CI 1.00-1.76). In conclusion, we observed that carriers of either ATXN7 or TBP alleles with relatively large CAG repeat sizes in both alleles had a substantially increased risk of lifetime depression. Our findings provide critical evidence for the notion that repeat polymorphisms can act as complex genetic modifiers of depression.
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Malek N, Newman EJ. Hereditary chorea - what else to consider when the Huntington's disease genetics test is negative? Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 135:25-33. [PMID: 27150574 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chorea, cognitive, behavioural and psychiatric disturbance occur in varying combinations in Huntington's disease (HD). This is often easy to recognise particularly in the presence of an autosomal dominant history. Whilst HD may be the most common aetiology of such a presentation, several HD phenocopies should be considered if genetic testing for HD is negative. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Database from January 1, 1946 up to January 1, 2016, combining the search terms: 'chorea', 'Huntington's disease', 'HDL' and 'phenocopies'. HD phenocopies frequently display additional movement disorders such as myoclonus, dystonia, parkinsonism and tics. Here, we discuss the phenotypes, and investigations of HD-like disorders where the combination of progressive chorea and cognitive impairment is obvious, but HD gene test result is negative. Conditions presenting with sudden onset chorea such as vascular, infectious and autoimmune causes are not the primary focus of our discussion, but we will make a passing reference to these as some of these conditions are potentially treatable. Hereditary forms of chorea are a heterogeneous group of conditions and this number is increasing. While most of these conditions are not curable, molecular genetic testing has enabled many of these disorders to be distinguished from HD. Getting a precise diagnosis may enable patients and their families to better understand the nature of their condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Malek
- Department of Neurology; Institute of Neurosciences; Queen Elizabeth University Hospital; Glasgow UK
| | - E. J. Newman
- Department of Neurology; Institute of Neurosciences; Queen Elizabeth University Hospital; Glasgow UK
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Anderson DG, Walker RH, Connor M, Carr J, Margolis RL, Krause A. A Systematic Review of the Huntington Disease-Like 2 Phenotype. J Huntingtons Dis 2017; 6:37-46. [PMID: 28339400 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-160232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington Disease-like 2 (HDL2) is a neurodegenerative disorder similar to Huntington Disease (HD) in its clinical phenotype, genetic characteristics, neuropathology and longitudinal progression. Proposed specific differences include an exclusive African ancestry, lack of eye movement abnormalities, increased Parkinsonism, and acanthocytes in HDL2. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the similarities and differences between HD and HDL2 by establishing the clinical phenotype of HDL2 with the published cases. METHODS A literature review of all clinically described cases of HDL2 until the end of 2016 was performed and a descriptive analysis was carried out. RESULTS Sixty-nine new cases were described between 2001 and 2016. All cases had likely African ancestry, and most were found in South Africa and the USA. Many features were found to be similar to HD, including a strong negative correlation between repeat length and age of onset. Chorea was noted in 48/57 cases (84%). Dementia was reported in 74% patients, and Parkinsonism in 37%. Psychiatric features were reported in 44 out of 47 cases. Patients with chorea had lower expanded repeat lengths compared to patients without chorea. Eye movements were described in 19 cases, 8 were abnormal. Acanthocytes were detected in 4 of the 13 patients tested. Nineteen out of 20 MRIs were reported as abnormal with findings similar to HD. CONCLUSION This review clarifies some aspects of the HDL2 phenotype and highlights others which require further investigation. Features that are unique to HDL2 have been documented in a minority of subjects and require prospective validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Anderson
- The University of the Witwatersrand Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Neurology, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service & School of Pathology, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ruth H Walker
- Department of Neurology, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Myles Connor
- NHS Borders, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Department of Neurology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Russell L Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service & School of Pathology, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Sanchez-Contreras M, Cardozo-Pelaez F. Age-related length variability of polymorphic CAG repeats. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 49:26-32. [PMID: 27865706 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Somatic instability of CAG repeats has been associated with the clinical progression of CAG repeat diseases. Aging and DNA repair processes influence the somatic stability of CAG repeat in disease and in mouse models. However, most of the studies have focused on genetically engineered transgenic repeats and little is known about the stability of naturally polymorphic CAG repeats. To study whether age and/or DNA repair activity have an effect on the somatic stability of CAG repeats, we analyzed variations of the length of naturally polymorphic CAG repeats in the striatum of young and aged WT and ogg1 KO mice. Some multiple and long polymorphic CAG repeats were observed to have variable length in the striatum of aged mice. Interestingly, a low level of repeat variability was detected in the CAG repeat located in tbp, the only mouse polymorphic CAG repeat that is associated with a trinucleotide disease in humans, in the striatum of aged mice and not in young mice. We propose that age may have an effect on the somatic stability of polymorphic CAG repeats and that such an effect depends on intrinsic CAG repeat characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sanchez-Contreras
- Department of Neuroscience, Birdsall Building, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, 32224 Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs Building 280, University of Montana, 59812 Missoula, MT, USA.
| | - Fernando Cardozo-Pelaez
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, 59812 Missoula, MT, USA; Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, University of Montana, 59812 Missoula, MT, USA.
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Yang S, Li XJ, Li S. Molecular mechanisms underlying Spinocerebellar Ataxia 17 (SCA17) pathogenesis. Rare Dis 2016; 4:e1223580. [PMID: 28032013 PMCID: PMC5154381 DOI: 10.1080/21675511.2016.1223580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia 17 (SCA17) belongs to the family of 9 genetically inherited, late-onset neurodegenerative diseases, which are caused by polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in different proteins. In SCA17, the polyQ expansion occurs in the TATA box binding protein (TBP), which functions as a general transcription factor. Patients with SCA17 suffer from a broad array of motor and non-motor defects, and their life expectancy is normally within 20 y after the initial appearance of symptoms. Currently there is no effective treatment, but remarkable efforts have been devoted to tackle this devastating disorder. In this review, we will summarize our current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of SCA17, with a primary focus on transcriptional dysregulations. We believe that impaired transcriptional activities caused by mutant TBP with polyQ expansion is a major form of toxicity contributing to SCA17 pathogenesis, and rectifying the altered level of downstream transcripts represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of SCA17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shihua Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kyriakou EI, van der Kieft JG, de Heer RC, Spink A, Nguyen HP, Homberg JR, van der Harst JE. Automated quantitative analysis to assess motor function in different rat models of impaired coordination and ataxia. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 268:171-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Shin JH, Park H, Ehm GH, Lee WW, Yun JY, Kim YE, Lee JY, Kim HJ, Kim JM, Jeon BS, Park SS. The Pathogenic Role of Low Range Repeats in SCA17. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135275. [PMID: 26267067 PMCID: PMC4534202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SCA17 is an autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia with expansion of the CAG/CAA trinucleotide repeats in the TATA-binding protein (TBP) gene. SCA17 can have various clinical presentations including parkinsonism, ataxia, chorea and dystonia. SCA17 is diagnosed by detecting the expanded CAG repeats in the TBP gene; however, in the literature, pathologic repeat numbers as low as 41 overlap with normal repeat numbers. METHODS The subjects in this study included patients with involuntary movement disorders such as cerebellar ataxia, parkinsonism, chorea and dystonia who visited Seoul National University Hospital between Jan. 2006 and Apr. 2014 and were screened for SCA17. Those who were diagnosed with other genetic diseases or nondegenerative diseases were excluded. DNA from healthy subjects who did not have a family history of parkinsonism, ataxia, psychiatric symptoms, chorea or dystonia served as the control. In total, 5242 chromosomes from 2099 patients and 522 normal controls were analyzed. RESULTS The total number of patients included in the analysis was 2099 (parkinsonism, 1706; ataxia, 345; chorea, 37; and dystonia, 11). In the normal control, up to 44 repeats were found. In the 44 repeat group, there were 7 (0.3%) patients and 1 (0.2%) normal control. In 43 repeat group, there were 8 (0.4%) patients and 2 (0.4%) normal controls. In the 42 repeat group, there were 16 (0.8%) patients and 3 (0.6%) normal controls. In 41 repeat group, there were 48 (2.3%) patients and 8 (1.5%) normal controls. Considering the overlaps and non-significant differences in allelic frequencies between the patients and the normal controls with low-expansions, we could not determine a definitive cutoff value for the pathologic CAG repeat number of SCA17. CONCLUSION Because the statistical analysis between the normal controls and patients with low range expansions failed to show any differences so far, we must consider that clinical cases with low range expansions could be idiopathic movement disorders showing coincidental CAG/CAA expansions. Thus, we need to reconsider the pathologic role of low range expansions (41-42). Long term follow up and comprehensive investigations using autopsy and imaging studies in patients and controls with low range expansions are necessary to determine the cutoff value for the pathologic CAG repeat number of SCA17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Shin
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan Hee Ehm
- Department of Neurology, Myongi Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Yun
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Seok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Sung-Sup Park
- Department of Laboratory medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
DNA repair normally protects the genome against mutations that threaten genome integrity and thus cell viability. However, growing evidence suggests that in the case of the Repeat Expansion Diseases, disorders that result from an increase in the size of a disease-specific microsatellite, the disease-causing mutation is actually the result of aberrant DNA repair. A variety of proteins from different DNA repair pathways have thus far been implicated in this process. This review will summarize recent findings from patients and from mouse models of these diseases that shed light on how these pathways may interact to cause repeat expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Zhao
- Section on Genomic Structure and Function Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA
| | - Karen Usdin
- Section on Genomic Structure and Function Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA.
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Fan HC, Ho LI, Chi CS, Chen SJ, Peng GS, Chan TM, Lin SZ, Harn HJ. Polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases: genetics to treatments. Cell Transplant 2015; 23:441-58. [PMID: 24816443 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by expanded cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats encoding a long polyQ tract in the respective proteins. To date, a total of nine polyQ disorders have been described: six spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) types 1, 2, 6, 7, 17; Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3); Huntington's disease (HD); dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA); and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, X-linked 1 (SMAX1/SBMA). PolyQ diseases are characterized by the pathological expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeat in the translated region of unrelated genes. The translated polyQ is aggregated in the degenerated neurons leading to the dysfunction and degeneration of specific neuronal subpopulations. Although animal models of polyQ disease for understanding human pathology and accessing disease-modifying therapies in neurodegenerative diseases are available, there is neither a cure nor prevention for these diseases, and only symptomatic treatments for polyQ diseases currently exist. Long-term pharmacological treatment is so far disappointing, probably due to unwanted complications and decreasing drug efficacy. Cellular transplantation of stem cells may provide promising therapeutic avenues for restoration of the functions of degenerative and/or damaged neurons in polyQ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Subramony S, Moscovich M, Ashizawa T. Genetics and Clinical Features of Inherited Ataxias. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
Heredoataxias are a group of genetic disorders with a cerebellar syndrome as the leading clinical manifestation. The current classification distinguishes heredoataxias according to the trait of inheritance into autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and maternally inherited heredoataxias. The autosomal dominant heredoataxias are separated into spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA1-8, 10-15, 17-23, 25-30, and dentato-rubro-pallido-luysian atrophy), episodic ataxias (EA1-7), and autosomal dominant mitochondrial heredoataxias (Leigh syndrome, MIRAS, ADOAD, and AD-CPEO). The autosomal recessive ataxias are separated into Friedreich ataxia, ataxia due to vitamin E deficiency, ataxia due to Abeta-lipoproteinemia, Refsum disease, late-onset Tay-Sachs disease, cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis, spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy, ataxia telangiectasia, ataxia telangiectasia-like disorder, ataxia with oculomotor apraxia 1 and 2, spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay, Cayman ataxia, Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome, and autosomal recessive mitochondrial ataxias (AR-CPEO, SANDO, SCAE, AHS, IOSCA, MEMSA, LBSL CoQ-deficiency, PDC-deficiency). Only two of the heredoataxias, fragile X/tremor/ataxia syndrome, and XLSA/A are transmitted via an X-linked trait. Maternally inherited heredoataxias are due to point mutations in genes encoding for tRNAs, rRNAs, respiratory chain subunits or single large scale deletions/duplications of the mitochondrial DNA and include MELAS, MERRF, KSS, PS, MILS, NARP, and non-syndromic mitochondrial disorders. Treatment of heredoataxias is symptomatic and supportive and may have a beneficial effect in single patients.**Please see page 424 for abbreviation list.
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Dorboz I, Coutelier M, Bertrand AT, Caberg JH, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Lainé J, Stevanin G, Bonne G, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Servais L. Severe dystonia, cerebellar atrophy, and cardiomyopathy likely caused by a missense mutation in TOR1AIP1. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:174. [PMID: 25425325 PMCID: PMC4302636 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dystonia, cerebellar atrophy, and cardiomyopathy constitute a rare association. METHODS We used homozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing to determine the mutation, western blot and immunolabelling on cultured fibroblasts to demonstrate the lower expression and the mislocalization of the protein. RESULTS We report on a boy born from consanguineous healthy parents, who presented at three years of age with rapidly progressing dystonia, progressive cerebellar atrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. We identified regions of homozygosity and performed whole exome sequencing that revealed a homozygous missense mutation in TOR1AIP1. The mutation, absent in controls, results in a change of a highly conserved glutamic acid to alanine. TOR1AIP1 encodes lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1), a transmembrane protein ubiquitously expressed in the inner nuclear membrane. LAP1 interacts with torsinA, the protein mutated in DYT1-dystonia. In vitro studies in fibroblasts of the patient revealed reduced expression of LAP1 and its mislocalization and aggregation in the endoplasmic reticulum as underlying pathogenic mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The pathogenic role of TOR1AIP1 mutation is supported by a) the involvement of a highly conserved amino acid, b) the absence of the mutation in controls, c) the functional interaction of LAP1 with torsinA, and d) mislocalization of LAP1 in patient cells. Of note, cardiomyopathy has been reported in LAP1-null mice and in patients with the TOR1AIP1 nonsense mutation. Other cases will help delineate the clinical spectrum of LAP1-related mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Dorboz
- Inserm U1141, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU PROTECT, Paris, F-75019, France.
| | - Marie Coutelier
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France. .,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, 75013, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Duve, UCL, 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Anne T Bertrand
- Inserm, U974, Paris, F-75013, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UM 76; CNRS, UMR 7215; Institut de Myologie, Paris, F-75013, France.
| | | | | | - Jeanne Lainé
- Inserm, U974, Paris, F-75013, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UM 76; CNRS, UMR 7215; Institut de Myologie, Paris, F-75013, France. .,Département de Physiologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75013, France.
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France. .,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, 75013, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Gisèle Bonne
- Inserm, U974, Paris, F-75013, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UM 76; CNRS, UMR 7215; Institut de Myologie, Paris, F-75013, France. .,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, U.F. Cardiogénétique et Myogénétique, Service de Biochimie Métabolique, Paris, F-75013, France.
| | - Odile Boespflug-Tanguy
- Inserm U1141, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU PROTECT, Paris, F-75019, France. .,Service de neurologie pédiatrique et des maladies métaboliques, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019, Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Servais
- Service de neurologie pédiatrique et des maladies métaboliques, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019, Paris, France. .,Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires, Hôpital de La Citadelle, 4000, Liège, Belgium. .,Institut de Myologie, Bâtiment Babinski, Hôpital de La Pitié Salpêtrière, 48/83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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From mild ataxia to huntington disease phenocopy: the multiple faces of spinocerebellar ataxia 17. Case Rep Neurol Med 2014; 2014:643289. [PMID: 25349749 PMCID: PMC4202309 DOI: 10.1155/2014/643289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Spinocerebellar ataxia 17 (SCA 17) is a rare autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) caused by a CAG/CAA expansion in the TBP gene, reported from a limited number of countries. It is a very heterogeneous ADCA characterized by ataxia, cognitive decline, psychiatric symptoms, and involuntary movements, with some patients presenting with Huntington disease (HD) phenocopies. The SCA 17 expansion is stable during parent-child transmission and intrafamilial phenotypic homogeneity has been reported. However, significant phenotypic variability within families has also been observed. Report of the Family. We presently report a Greek family with a pathological expansion of 54 repeats at the SCA 17 locus that displayed remarkable phenotypic variability. Among 3 affected members, one presented with HD phenocopy; one with progressive ataxia, dementia, chorea, dystonia, and seizures, and one with mild slowly progressive ataxia with minor cognitive and affective symptoms. Conclusions. This is the first family with SCA 17 identified in Greece and highlights the multiple faces of this rare disorder, even within the same family.
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Hsu TC, Wang CK, Yang CY, Lee LC, Hsieh-Li HM, Ro LS, Chen CM, Lee-Chen GJ, Su MT. Deactivation of TBP contributes to SCA17 pathogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6878-93. [PMID: 25104854 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17) is an autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia caused by the expansion of polyglutamine (polyQ) within the TATA box-binding protein (TBP). Previous studies have shown that polyQ-expanded TBP forms neurotoxic aggregates and alters downstream genes. However, how expanded polyQ tracts affect the function of TBP and the link between dysfunctional TBP and SCA17 is not clearly understood. In this study, we generated novel Drosophila models for SCA17 that recapitulate pathological features such as aggregate formation, mobility defects and premature death. In addition to forming neurotoxic aggregates, we determined that polyQ-expanded TBP reduces its own intrinsic DNA-binding and transcription abilities. Dysfunctional TBP also disrupts normal TBP function. Furthermore, heterozygous dTbp amorph mutant flies exhibited SCA17-like phenotypes and flies expressing polyQ-expanded TBP exhibited enhanced retinal degeneration, suggesting that loss of TBP function may contribute to SCA17 pathogenesis. We further determined that the downregulation of TBP activity enhances retinal degeneration in SCA3 and Huntington's disease fly models, indicating that the deactivation of TBP is likely to play a common role in polyQ-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kuang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 35664, Taiwan and
| | - Chun-Yen Yang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Mei Hsieh-Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Long-Sun Ro
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Jen Lee-Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsan Su
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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Mehanna R, Itin I. From normal gait to loss of ambulation in 6 months: a novel presentation of SCA17. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 12:568-71. [PMID: 23475385 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias are a group of rare and heterogeneous autosomal dominant disorders characterized by progressive ataxia and other features. Spinocerebellar ataxia 17 (SCA17) is one of the 32 subtypes described to date and is secondary to CAG/CAA repeat expansion in the gene coding for the TATA-box binding protein (TBP). SCA17 is clinically heterogeneous and typically presents with slowly evolving ataxia, dysarthria, dementia, depression, and other movement disorders such as chorea. More than 41 CAG/CAA repeats are considered diagnostic of SCA17, with more than 49 being associated with full penetrance. We report one patient presenting with isolated rapidly evolving ataxia who was found to have 44 CAG/CAA repeats in the TBP gene. This suggests that, while SCA17 typically slowly progresses over years, its repertoire of presentations should be expanded to include rapidly progressive isolated ataxia resembling paraneoplastic disorders or prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mehanna
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue/U20, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The differential diagnosis of chorea syndromes may be complex and includes various genetic disorders such as Huntington's disease and mimicking disorders called Huntington's disease-like (HDL) phenotypes. To familiarize clinicians with these (in some cases very rare) conditions we will summarize the main characteristics. RECENT FINDINGS HDL disorders are rare and account for about 1% of cases presenting with a Huntington's disease phenotype. They share overlapping clinical features, so making the diagnosis purely on clinical grounds may be challenging, however presence of certain characteristics may be a clue (e.g. prominent orofacial involvement in neuroferritinopathy etc.), Information of ethnic descent will also guide genetic work-up [HDL2 in Black Africans; dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) in Japanese etc.], Huntington's disease, the classical HDL disorders (except HDL3) and DRPLA are repeat disorders with anticipation effect and age-dependent phenotype in some, but genetic underpinnings may be more complicated in the other chorea syndromes. SUMMARY With advances in genetics more and more rare diseases are disentangled, allowing molecular diagnoses in a growing number of choreic patients. Hopefully, with better understanding of their pathophysiology we are moving towards mechanistic therapies.
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