1
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Sheng H, Li H, Zeng H, Zhang B, Lu Y, Liu X, Xu Z, Zhang J, Zhang L. Heterogeneity and tumoral origin of medulloblastoma in the single-cell era. Oncogene 2024; 43:839-850. [PMID: 38355808 PMCID: PMC10942862 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is one of the most common malignant pediatric brain tumors derived from posterior fossa. The current treatment includes maximal safe surgical resection, radiotherapy, whole cranio-spinal radiation and adjuvant with chemotherapy. However, it can only limitedly prolong the survival time with severe side effects and relapse. Defining the intratumoral heterogeneity, cellular origin and identifying the interaction network within tumor microenvironment are helpful for understanding the mechanisms of medulloblastoma tumorigenesis and relapse. Due to technological limitations, the mechanisms of cellular heterogeneity and tumor origin have not been fully understood. Recently, the emergence of single-cell technology has provided a powerful tool for achieving the goal of understanding the mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Several studies have demonstrated the intratumoral heterogeneity and tumor origin for each subtype of medulloblastoma utilizing the single-cell RNA-seq, which has not been uncovered before using conventional technologies. In this review, we present an overview of the current progress in understanding of cellular heterogeneity and tumor origin of medulloblastoma and discuss novel findings in the age of single-cell technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sheng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Haotai Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Han Zeng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhongwen Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Yang F, Zhao Z, Zhang D, Xiong Y, Dong X, Wang Y, Yang M, Pan T, Liu C, Liu K, Lin Y, Liu Y, Tu Q, Dang Y, Xia M, Mi D, Zhou W, Xu Z. Single-cell multi-omics analysis of lineage development and spatial organization in the human fetal cerebellum. Cell Discov 2024; 10:22. [PMID: 38409116 PMCID: PMC10897198 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cerebellum encompasses numerous neurons, exhibiting a distinct developmental paradigm from cerebrum. Here we conducted scRNA-seq, scATAC-seq and spatial transcriptomic analyses of fetal samples from gestational week (GW) 13 to 18 to explore the emergence of cellular diversity and developmental programs in the developing human cerebellum. We identified transitory granule cell progenitors that are conserved across species. Special patterns in both granule cells and Purkinje cells were dissected multidimensionally. Species-specific gene expression patterns of cerebellar lobes were characterized and we found that PARM1 exhibited inconsistent distribution in human and mouse granule cells. A novel cluster of potential neuroepithelium at the rhombic lip was identified. We also resolved various subtypes of Purkinje cells and unipolar brush cells and revealed gene regulatory networks controlling their diversification. Therefore, our study offers a valuable multi-omics landscape of human fetal cerebellum and advances our understanding of development and spatial organization of human cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinran Dong
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Chuanyu Liu
- BGI-Beijing, Beijing, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaiyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yashan Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Da Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Hariani HN, Algstam AB, Candler CT, Witteveen IF, Sidhu JK, Balmer TS. A system of feed-forward cerebellar circuits that extend and diversify sensory signaling. eLife 2024; 12:RP88321. [PMID: 38270517 PMCID: PMC10945699 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sensory signals are processed by the cerebellum to coordinate movements. Numerous cerebellar functions are thought to require the maintenance of a sensory representation that extends beyond the input signal. Granule cells receive sensory input, but they do not prolong the signal and are thus unlikely to maintain a sensory representation for much longer than the inputs themselves. Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are excitatory interneurons that project to granule cells and transform sensory input into prolonged increases or decreases in firing, depending on their ON or OFF UBC subtype. Further extension and diversification of the input signal could be produced by UBCs that project to one another, but whether this circuitry exists is unclear. Here we test whether UBCs innervate one another and explore how these small networks of UBCs could transform spiking patterns. We characterized two transgenic mouse lines electrophysiologically and immunohistochemically to confirm that they label ON and OFF UBC subtypes and crossed them together, revealing that ON and OFF UBCs innervate one another. A Brainbow reporter was used to label UBCs of the same ON or OFF subtype with different fluorescent proteins, which showed that UBCs innervate their own subtypes as well. Computational models predict that these feed-forward networks of UBCs extend the length of bursts or pauses and introduce delays-transformations that may be necessary for cerebellar functions from modulation of eye movements to adaptive learning across time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh N Hariani
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - A Brynn Algstam
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
- Barrett Honors College, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Christian T Candler
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | | | - Jasmeen K Sidhu
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Timothy S Balmer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
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4
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Hariani HN, Algstam AB, Candler CT, Witteveen IF, Sidhu JK, Balmer TS. A system of feed-forward cerebellar circuits that extend and diversify sensory signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.11.536335. [PMID: 37090638 PMCID: PMC10120650 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.11.536335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Sensory signals are processed by the cerebellum to coordinate movements. Numerous cerebellar functions are thought to require the maintenance of a sensory representation that extends beyond the input signal. Granule cells receive sensory input, but they do not prolong the signal and are thus unlikely to maintain a sensory representation for much longer than the inputs themselves. Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are excitatory interneurons that project to granule cells and transform sensory input into prolonged increases or decreases in firing, depending on their ON or OFF UBC subtype. Further extension and diversification of the input signal could be produced by UBCs that project to one another, but whether this circuitry exists is unclear. Here we test whether UBCs innervate one another and explore how these small networks of UBCs could transform spiking patterns. We characterized two transgenic mouse lines electrophysiologically and immunohistochemically to confirm that they label ON and OFF UBC subtypes and crossed them together, revealing that ON and OFF UBCs innervate one another. A Brainbow reporter was used to label UBCs of the same ON or OFF subtype with different fluorescent proteins, which showed that UBCs innervate their own subtypes as well. Computational models predict that these feed-forward networks of UBCs extend the length of bursts or pauses and introduce delays-transformations that may be necessary for cerebellar functions from modulation of eye movements to adaptive learning across time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh N. Hariani
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287
| | - A. Brynn Algstam
- Barrett Honors College
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287
| | - Christian T. Candler
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287
| | | | - Jasmeen K. Sidhu
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287
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5
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Huson V, Newman L, Regehr WG. A Continuum of Response Properties across the Population of Unipolar Brush Cells in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6035-6045. [PMID: 37507229 PMCID: PMC10451148 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0873-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) in the cerebellum and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) perform temporal transformations by converting brief mossy fiber bursts into long-lasting responses. In the cerebellar UBC population, mixing inhibition with graded mGluR1-dependent excitation leads to a continuum of temporal responses. In the DCN, it has been thought that mGluR1 contributes little to mossy fiber responses and that there are distinct excitatory and inhibitory UBC subtypes. Here, we investigate UBC response properties using noninvasive cell-attached recordings in the DCN of mice of either sex. We find a continuum of responses to mossy fiber bursts ranging from 100 ms excitation to initial inhibition followed by several seconds of excitation to inhibition lasting for hundreds of milliseconds. Pharmacological interrogation reveals excitatory responses are primarily mediated by mGluR1 Thus, UBCs in both the DCN and cerebellum rely on mGluR1 and have a continuum of response durations. The continuum of responses in the DCN may allow more flexible and efficient temporal processing than can be achieved with distinct excitatory and inhibitory populations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT UBCs are specialized excitatory interneurons in cerebellar-like structures that greatly prolong the temporal responses of mossy fiber inputs. They are thought to help cancel out self-generated signals. In the DCN, the prevailing view was that there are two distinct ON and OFF subtypes of UBCs. Here, we show that instead the UBC population has a continuum of response properties. Many cells show suppression and excitation consecutively, and the response durations vary considerably. mGluR1s are crucial in generating a continuum of responses. To understand how UBCs contribute to temporal processing, it is essential to consider the continuous variations of UBC responses, which have advantages over just having opposing ON/OFF subtypes of UBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Huson
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Leannah Newman
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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6
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Ranjbar H, Soti M, Razavinasab M, Kohlmeier KA, Shabani M. The neglected role of endocannabinoid actions at TRPC channels in ataxia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104860. [PMID: 36087758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are highly expressed in cells of the cerebellum including in the dendrites and somas of Purkinje cells (PCs). Their endogenous activation promotes influx of Ca2+ and Na+, resulting in depolarization. TRP channels can be activated by endogenous endocannabinoids (eCBs) and activity of TRP channels has been shown to modulate GABA and glutamate transmission. Ataxia is caused by disruption of multiple intracellular pathways which often involve changes in Ca2+ homeostasis that can result in neural cellular dysfunction and cell death. Based on available literature, alteration of transmission of eCBs would be expected to change activity of cerebellar TRP channels. Antagonists of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) including enzymes which break eCBs down have been shown to result in reductions in postsynaptic excitatory activity mediated by TRPC channels. Further, TRPC channel antagonists could modulate both pre and postsynaptically-mediated glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission, resulting in reductions in cell death due to excitotoxicity and dysfunctions caused by abnormal inhibitory signaling. Accordingly, TRP channels, and in particular the TRPC channel, represent a potential therapeutic target for management of ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Ranjbar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Monavareh Soti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moazamehosadat Razavinasab
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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7
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Abstract
The cerebellar cortex is an important system for relating neural circuits and learning. Its promise reflects the longstanding idea that it contains simple, repeated circuit modules with only a few cell types and a single plasticity mechanism that mediates learning according to classical Marr-Albus models. However, emerging data have revealed surprising diversity in neuron types, synaptic connections, and plasticity mechanisms, both locally and regionally within the cerebellar cortex. In light of these findings, it is not surprising that attempts to generate a holistic model of cerebellar learning across different behaviors have not been successful. While the cerebellum remains an ideal system for linking neuronal function with behavior, it is necessary to update the cerebellar circuit framework to achieve its great promise. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of cerebellar-cortical cell types, synaptic connections, signaling mechanisms, and forms of plasticity that enrich cerebellar processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Court Hull
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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8
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Canton-Josh JE, Qin J, Salvo J, Kozorovitskiy Y. Dopaminergic regulation of vestibulo-cerebellar circuits through unipolar brush cells. eLife 2022; 11:e76912. [PMID: 35476632 PMCID: PMC9106328 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While multiple monoamines modulate cerebellar output, the mechanistic details of dopaminergic signaling in the cerebellum remain poorly understood. We show that dopamine type 1 receptors (Drd1) are expressed in unipolar brush cells (UBCs) of the mouse cerebellar vermis. Drd1 activation increases UBC firing rate and post-synaptic NMDAR -mediated currents. Using anatomical tracing and in situ hybridization, we test three hypotheses about the source of cerebellar dopamine. We exclude midbrain dopaminergic nuclei and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive Purkinje (Pkj) cells as potential sources, supporting the possibility of dopaminergic co-release from locus coeruleus (LC) axons. Using an optical dopamine sensor GRABDA2h, electrical stimulation, and optogenetic activation of LC fibers in the acute slice, we find evidence for monoamine release onto Drd1-expressing UBCs. Altogether, we propose that the LC regulates cerebellar cortex activity by co-releasing dopamine onto UBCs to modulate their response to cerebellar inputs. Pkj cells directly inhibit these Drd1-positive UBCs, forming a dopamine-sensitive recurrent vestibulo-cerebellar circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Qin
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Joseph Salvo
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
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9
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Guo C, Rudolph S, Neuwirth ME, Regehr WG. Purkinje cell outputs selectively inhibit a subset of unipolar brush cells in the input layer of the cerebellar cortex. eLife 2021; 10:e68802. [PMID: 34369877 PMCID: PMC8352585 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circuitry of the cerebellar cortex is regionally and functionally specialized. Unipolar brush cells (UBCs), and Purkinje cell (PC) synapses made by axon collaterals in the granular layer, are both enriched in areas that control balance and eye movement. Here, we find a link between these specializations in mice: PCs preferentially inhibit metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1)-expressing UBCs that respond to mossy fiber (MF) inputs with long lasting increases in firing, but PCs do not inhibit mGluR1-lacking UBCs. PCs inhibit about 29% of mGluR1-expressing UBCs by activating GABAA receptors (GABAARs) and inhibit almost all mGluR1-expressing UBCs by activating GABAB receptors (GABABRs). PC to UBC synapses allow PC output to regulate the input layer of the cerebellar cortex in diverse ways. Based on optogenetic studies and a small number of paired recordings, GABAAR-mediated feedback is fast and unreliable. GABABR-mediated inhibition is slower and is sufficiently large to strongly influence the input-output transformations of mGluR1-expressing UBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Stephanie Rudolph
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Morgan E Neuwirth
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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10
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Balmer TS, Borges-Merjane C, Trussell LO. Incomplete removal of extracellular glutamate controls synaptic transmission and integration at a cerebellar synapse. eLife 2021; 10:e63819. [PMID: 33616036 PMCID: PMC7935485 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses of glutamatergic mossy fibers (MFs) onto cerebellar unipolar brush cells (UBCs) generate slow excitatory (ON) or inhibitory (OFF) postsynaptic responses dependent on the complement of glutamate receptors expressed on the UBC's large dendritic brush. Using mouse brain slice recording and computational modeling of synaptic transmission, we found that substantial glutamate is maintained in the UBC synaptic cleft, sufficient to modify spontaneous firing in OFF UBCs and tonically desensitize AMPARs of ON UBCs. The source of this ambient glutamate was spontaneous, spike-independent exocytosis from the MF terminal, and its level was dependent on activity of glutamate transporters EAAT1-2. Increasing levels of ambient glutamate shifted the polarity of evoked synaptic responses in ON UBCs and altered the phase of responses to in vivo-like synaptic activity. Unlike classical fast synapses, receptors at the UBC synapse are virtually always exposed to a significant level of glutamate, which varies in a graded manner during transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Balmer
- Vollum Institute and Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Carolina Borges-Merjane
- Vollum Institute and Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Laurence O Trussell
- Vollum Institute and Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
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11
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Kreko-Pierce T, Boiko N, Harbidge DG, Marcus DC, Stockand JD, Pugh JR. Cerebellar Ataxia Caused by Type II Unipolar Brush Cell Dysfunction in the Asic5 Knockout Mouse. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2168. [PMID: 32034189 PMCID: PMC7005805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are excitatory granular layer interneurons in the vestibulocerebellum. Here we assessed motor coordination and balance to investigate if deletion of acid-sensing ion channel 5 (Asic5), which is richly expressed in type II UBCs, is sufficient to cause ataxia. The possible cellular mechanism underpinning ataxia in this global Asic5 knockout model was elaborated using brain slice electrophysiology. Asic5 deletion impaired motor performance and decreased intrinsic UBC excitability, reducing spontaneous action potential firing by slowing maximum depolarization rate. Reduced intrinsic excitability in UBCs was partially compensated by suppression of the magnitude and duration of delayed hyperpolarizing K+ currents triggered by glutamate. Glutamate typically stimulates burst firing subsequent to this hyperpolarization in normal type II UBCs. Burst firing frequency was elevated in knockout type II UBCs because it was initiated from a more depolarized potential compared to normal cells. Findings indicate that Asic5 is important for type II UBC activity and that loss of Asic5 contributes to impaired movement, likely, at least in part, due to altered temporal processing of vestibular input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabita Kreko-Pierce
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78299, USA
| | - Nina Boiko
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78299, USA
| | - Donald G Harbidge
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Daniel C Marcus
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - James D Stockand
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78299, USA.
| | - Jason R Pugh
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78299, USA
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12
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Vladoiu MC, El-Hamamy I, Donovan LK, Farooq H, Holgado BL, Sundaravadanam Y, Ramaswamy V, Hendrikse LD, Kumar S, Mack SC, Lee JJY, Fong V, Juraschka K, Przelicki D, Michealraj A, Skowron P, Luu B, Suzuki H, Morrissy AS, Cavalli FMG, Garzia L, Daniels C, Wu X, Qazi MA, Singh SK, Chan JA, Marra MA, Malkin D, Dirks P, Heisler L, Pugh T, Ng K, Notta F, Thompson EM, Kleinman CL, Joyner AL, Jabado N, Stein L, Taylor MD. Childhood cerebellar tumours mirror conserved fetal transcriptional programs. Nature 2019; 572:67-73. [PMID: 31043743 PMCID: PMC6675628 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Study of the origin and development of cerebellar tumours has been hampered by the complexity and heterogeneity of cerebellar cells that change over the course of development. Here we use single-cell transcriptomics to study more than 60,000 cells from the developing mouse cerebellum and show that different molecular subgroups of childhood cerebellar tumours mirror the transcription of cells from distinct, temporally restricted cerebellar lineages. The Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastoma subgroup transcriptionally mirrors the granule cell hierarchy as expected, while group 3 medulloblastoma resembles Nestin+ stem cells, group 4 medulloblastoma resembles unipolar brush cells, and PFA/PFB ependymoma and cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma resemble the prenatal gliogenic progenitor cells. Furthermore, single-cell transcriptomics of human childhood cerebellar tumours demonstrates that many bulk tumours contain a mixed population of cells with divergent differentiation. Our data highlight cerebellar tumours as a disorder of early brain development and provide a proximate explanation for the peak incidence of cerebellar tumours in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Vladoiu
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ibrahim El-Hamamy
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura K Donovan
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hamza Farooq
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Borja L Holgado
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yogi Sundaravadanam
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liam D Hendrikse
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Brain Tumor Program, Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John J Y Lee
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vernon Fong
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Juraschka
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Przelicki
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antony Michealraj
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patryk Skowron
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Betty Luu
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Sorana Morrissy
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Florence M G Cavalli
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Livia Garzia
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig Daniels
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaochong Wu
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maleeha A Qazi
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Dirks
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Heisler
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor Pugh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Ng
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faiyaz Notta
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric M Thompson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nada Jabado
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Lincoln Stein
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Surgery and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Leto K, Arancillo M, Becker EBE, Buffo A, Chiang C, Ding B, Dobyns WB, Dusart I, Haldipur P, Hatten ME, Hoshino M, Joyner AL, Kano M, Kilpatrick DL, Koibuchi N, Marino S, Martinez S, Millen KJ, Millner TO, Miyata T, Parmigiani E, Schilling K, Sekerková G, Sillitoe RV, Sotelo C, Uesaka N, Wefers A, Wingate RJT, Hawkes R. Consensus Paper: Cerebellar Development. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 15:789-828. [PMID: 26439486 PMCID: PMC4846577 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian cerebellum is orchestrated by both cell-autonomous programs and inductive environmental influences. Here, we describe the main processes of cerebellar ontogenesis, highlighting the neurogenic strategies used by developing progenitors, the genetic programs involved in cell fate specification, the progressive changes of structural organization, and some of the better-known abnormalities associated with developmental disorders of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Baojin Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daniel L Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Department Human Anatomy, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Millner
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Elena Parmigiani
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Karl Schilling
- Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Anatomisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Constantino Sotelo
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Université de Paris 06, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Naofumi Uesaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Annika Wefers
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard J T Wingate
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4NI, AB, Canada
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14
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Zampini V, Liu JK, Diana MA, Maldonado PP, Brunel N, Dieudonné S. Mechanisms and functional roles of glutamatergic synapse diversity in a cerebellar circuit. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27642013 PMCID: PMC5074806 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic currents display a large degree of heterogeneity of their temporal characteristics, but the functional role of such heterogeneities remains unknown. We investigated in rat cerebellar slices synaptic currents in Unipolar Brush Cells (UBCs), which generate intrinsic mossy fibers relaying vestibular inputs to the cerebellar cortex. We show that UBCs respond to sinusoidal modulations of their sensory input with heterogeneous amplitudes and phase shifts. Experiments and modeling indicate that this variability results both from the kinetics of synaptic glutamate transients and from the diversity of postsynaptic receptors. While phase inversion is produced by an mGluR2-activated outward conductance in OFF-UBCs, the phase delay of ON UBCs is caused by a late rebound current resulting from AMPAR recovery from desensitization. Granular layer network modeling indicates that phase dispersion of UBC responses generates diverse phase coding in the granule cell population, allowing climbing-fiber-driven Purkinje cell learning at arbitrary phases of the vestibular input. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15872.001 Whether walking, riding a bicycle or simply standing still, we continually adjust our posture in small ways to prevent ourselves from falling. Our sense of balance depends on a set of structures inside the inner ear called the vestibular system. These structures detect movements of the head and relay this information to the brain in the form of electrical signals. A brain area called the vestibulo-cerebellum then combines these signals with sensory input from the eyes and muscles, before sending out further signals to trigger any adjustments necessary for balance. One of the main cell types within the vestibulo-cerebellum is the unipolar brush cell (or UBC for short). UBCs pass on signals to another type of neuron called Purkinje cells, which support the learning of motor skills such as adjusting posture. Zampini, Liu et al. set out to test the idea that UBCs transform inputs from the vestibular system into a format that makes it easier for cerebellar Purkinje cells to drive this kind of learning. First, recordings from slices of rodent brain revealed that UBCs respond in highly variable ways to vestibular input, with both the size and timing of responses varying between cells. This is because vestibular signals trigger the release of a chemical messenger called glutamate onto UBCs, but UBCs possess a variety of different types of glutamate receptors. Vestibular input therefore activates distinct signaling cascades from one UBC to the next. According to a computer model, this variability in UBC responses ensures that a subset of UBCs will always be active at any point during vestibular input. This in turn means that Purkinje cells can fire at any stage of a movement, which boosts the learning of motor skills. The next steps will be to test this hypothesis using mutant mice that lack specific receptor subtypes in UBCs or UBCs completely. A further challenge for the future will be to build a computer model of the vestibulo-cerebellar system that includes all of its component cell types. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15872.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Zampini
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Jian K Liu
- Neurosciences Federation, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco A Diana
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Paloma P Maldonado
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Brunel
- Neurosciences Federation, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Department of Statistics and Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
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15
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Hensbroek RA, Ruigrok TJH, van Beugen BJ, Maruta J, Simpson JI. Visuo-vestibular information processing by unipolar brush cells in the rabbit flocculus. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:578-83. [PMID: 26280650 PMCID: PMC4612327 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The unipolar brush cell (UBC) is a glutamatergic granular layer interneuron that is predominantly located in the vestibulocerebellum and parts of the vermis. In rat and rabbit, we previously found using juxtacellular labeling combined with spontaneous activity recording that cells with highly regular spontaneous activity belong to the UBC category. Making use of this signature, we recorded from floccular UBCs in both anesthetized and awake rabbits while delivering visuo-vestibular stimulation by using sigmoidal rotation of the whole animal. In the anesthetized rabbit, the activity of the presumed UBC units displayed a wide variety of modulation profiles that could be related to aspects of head velocity or acceleration. These modulation profiles could also be found in the awake rabbit where, in addition, they could also carry an eye position signal. Furthermore, units in the awake rabbit could demonstrate rather long response latencies of up to 0.5 s. We suggest that the UBCs recorded in this study mostly belong to the type I UBC category (calretinin-positive) and that they can play diverse roles in floccular visuo-vestibular information processing, such as transformation of velocity-related signals to acceleration-related signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hensbroek
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Medical School, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Tom J H Ruigrok
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | | | - Jun Maruta
- Brain Trauma Foundation, 1 Broadway, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | - John I Simpson
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Medical School, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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16
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Commentary on "E. Mugnaini and A. Floris, the unipolar brush cell: a neglected neuron of the mammalian cerebellar cortex. J Comp Neurol, 339:174-180, 1994". THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:484-6. [PMID: 25822473 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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α-Synuclein expression in the mouse cerebellum is restricted to VGluT1 excitatory terminals and is enriched in unipolar brush cells. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:516-27. [PMID: 25917213 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein has a crucial role in synaptic vesicle release and synaptic membrane recycling. Although its general expression pattern has been described in the cerebellum, the precise cerebellar structures where α-synuclein is localized are poorly understood. To address this question, we used α-synuclein immunohistochemistry in adult mice cerebellar sections. We found that α-synuclein labels glutamatergic but not glycinergic and GABAergic synaptic terminals in the molecular and granule cell layers. α-Synuclein was preferentially expressed in parallel and mossy fiber synaptic terminals that also express vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1), while it was not detected in VGluT2-positive climbing fibers. α-Synuclein was particularly enriched in lobules IX and X, a region known to contain a high density of unipolar brush cells (UBCs). To elucidate whether the α-synuclein-positive mossy fibers belong to UBCs, we double-labeled cerebellar sections with antibodies to α-synuclein and UBC-type-specific markers (calretinin for type I and metabotropic glutamate receptor 1α (mGluR1α) for type II UBCs) and took advantage of organotypic cerebellar cultures (in which all mossy fibers are UBC axons) and moonwalker mice (in which almost all UBCs are ablated) and found that both type I and type II UBCs express α-synuclein. In moonwalker mutant cerebella, the α-synuclein/VGluT1 immunolabeling showed a dramatic decrease in the vestibulocerebellum that correlated with the absence of UBC. α-Synuclein appears to be an excellent marker for intrinsic mossy fibers of the VGluT1 subset in conjunction with UBCs of both subtypes.
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18
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Editorial on the honorary cerebellum issue for the retirement of Enrico Mugnaini. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:487-90. [PMID: 26450590 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are glutamatergic interneurons prominently present in the granular layer of the vestibulocerebellum. UBCs engage in extensive synaptic contact with a single presynaptic mossy fiber and signal to downstream granule cells through an elaborate network of mossy fiber-like axons. Ultrastructural examinations and electrophysiological recordings in organotypic slice cultures have indicated that UBCs target not only granule cells but also other UBCs, thus forming chains of two or perhaps more interconnected UBCs. In this report, we show recordings of spontaneous and evoked (di)synaptic events in granule cells and UBCs in fresh cerebellar slices from juvenile mice (5–7 weeks). The patterns of arrival of synaptic events were consistent with the presence of a presynaptic UBC, and recordings from UBCs displayed spontaneous protracted synaptic events characteristic of UBC excitatory synaptic transmission. These results highlight that chains of UBCs could further extend the temporal range of delayed and protracted signaling in the cerebellar cortical network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn van Dorp
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, NL-3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Takayasu Y, Shino M, Nikkuni O, Yoshida Y, Furuya N, Chikamatsu K. Oxygen-glucose deprivation increases firing of unipolar brush cells and enhances spontaneous EPSCs in Purkinje cells in the vestibulo-cerebellum. Neurosci Res 2015; 106:1-11. [PMID: 26535811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are excitatory interneurons in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, which are predominantly distributed in the vestibulo-cerebellar region. The unique firing properties and synaptic connections of UBCs may underlie lobular heterogeneity of excitability in the granular layer and the susceptibility to ischemia-induced excitotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the effects of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) on the firing properties of UBCs and granule cells and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) of Purkinje cells using whole-cell recordings. Short-term OGD induced increases in spontaneous firing of UBCs by causing membrane depolarization via the activation of NMDA receptors. UBC firing indirectly affected Purkinje cells by altering parallel fiber inputs of a subset granule cells, resulting in a marked increase in sEPSCs in Purkinje cells in vestibulo-cerebellar lobules IX-X, but not in lobules IV-VI, which have fewer UBCs. Similarly, the frequency and amplitude of sEPSCs in Purkinje cells were significantly greater in lobules IX-X than in IV-VI, even in control conditions. These results reveal that UBCs play key roles in regulating local excitability in the granular layer, resulting in lobular heterogeneity in the susceptibility to ischemic insult in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Takayasu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Masato Shino
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Nikkuni
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yukari Yoshida
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Furuya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chikamatsu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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21
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Borges-Merjane C, Trussell LO. ON and OFF unipolar brush cells transform multisensory inputs to the auditory system. Neuron 2015; 85:1029-42. [PMID: 25741727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) and vestibular cerebellar cortex receive glutamatergic mossy fiber input on an elaborate brush-like dendrite. Two subtypes of UBC have been established based on immunohistochemical markers and physiological profiles, but the relation of these subtypes to the response to mossy fiber input is not clear. We examined the synaptic physiology of auditory UBCs in mouse brain slices, identifying two response profiles, and correlated each with a specific UBC subtype. One subtype had a striking biphasic excitatory response mediated by AMPAR and mGluR1α. The second was mGluR1α negative and was dominated by a strongly inhibitory outward K(+) current. These two subtypes upregulated or downregulated spontaneous firing, respectively. By analogy to the retina, we propose that UBCs comprise ON and OFF cells with respect to their response to glutamatergic input and may therefore provide distinct parallel processing of multisensory input to their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Borges-Merjane
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Vollum Institute and Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Laurence O Trussell
- Vollum Institute and Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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22
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The expression pattern of a Cav3-Kv4 complex differentially regulates spike output in cerebellar granule cells. J Neurosci 2014; 34:8800-12. [PMID: 24966380 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0981-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum receives sensory information by mossy fiber input from a multitude of sources that require differential signal processing. A compartmentalization of function begins with the segregation of mossy fibers across 10 distinct lobules over the rostrocaudal axis, with tactile receptor afferents prevalent in anterior lobules and vestibular input in caudal lobules. However, it is unclear how these unique signals might be differentially processed at the circuit level across the cerebellum. As granule cells receive mossy fiber input, they represent a key stage at which postsynaptic mechanisms could influence signal processing. Granule cells express an A-type current mediated by Kv4 potassium channels that modify the latency and frequency of spike output. The current study examined the potential for a Cav3 calcium-Kv4 channel complex to regulate the response of granule cells to mossy fiber input in lobules 2 and 9 of the rat cerebellum. Similar A-type currents were recorded in both regions, but the Cav3 calcium current was expressed at a substantially higher density in lobule 9 cells, acting to increase A-type current availability through its influence on Kv4 voltage for inactivation. The difference in excitability imparted by Cav3-Kv4 interactions proves to allow lobule 2 granule cells to respond more effectively to tactile stimulus-like burst input and lobule 9 cells to slow shifts in input frequency characteristic of vestibular input. The expression pattern of Cav3 channels and its control of Kv4 availability thus provides a novel means of processing widely different forms of sensory input across cerebellar lobules.
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Boiko N, Kucher V, Wang B, Stockand JD. Restrictive expression of acid-sensing ion channel 5 (asic5) in unipolar brush cells of the vestibulocerebellum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91326. [PMID: 24663811 PMCID: PMC3963869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (Asic) are ligand-gated ion channels in the Degenerin/Epithelial Na+ channel (Deg/ENaC) family. Asic proteins are richly expressed in mammalian neurons. Mammals express five Asic genes: Asic1-5. The gene product of Asic5 is an orphan member of the family about which little is known. To investigate Asic5 expression, we created an Asic5 reporter mouse. We find that Asic5 is chiefly expressed in the brain in the cerebellum, specifically in the ventral uvula and nodulus of the vestibulocerebellum. Here, Asic5 is restrictively expressed in a subset of interneurons in the granular layer. The locale, distinctive shape and immunohistochemical properties of these Asic5-expressing interneurons identify them as unipolar brush cells (UBC). Asic5 is richly expressed in a subset of UBCs that also express the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1α (mGluR1α) but not those that express calretinin. Results from single cell RT-PCR and electrophysiological examination of these cells are consistent with this identity. Such observations are consistent with Asic5 playing a key role in the physiology of UBCs and in the function of the vestibulocerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Boiko
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Volodymyr Kucher
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - James D. Stockand
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Early onset of ataxia in moonwalker mice is accompanied by complete ablation of type II unipolar brush cells and Purkinje cell dysfunction. J Neurosci 2014; 33:19689-94. [PMID: 24336732 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2294-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential "canonical" cation channels (TRPC) are involved in many cellular activities, including neuronal synaptic transmission. These channels couple lipid metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and electrophysiological properties as they are calcium permeable and activated through the phospholipase C pathway and by diacylglycerol. The TRPC3 subunit is abundantly expressed in Purkinje cells (PCs), where it mediates slow metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic responses. Recently, it has been shown that heterozygous moonwalker mice, which are a model of cerebellar ataxia, carry a dominant gain-of-function mutation (T635A) in the TRPC3 gene. This mutation leads to PC loss and dysmorphism, which have been suggested to cause the ataxia. However, the ataxic phenotype is present from a very early stage (before weaning), whereas PC loss does not appear until several months of age. Here we show that another class of cerebellar neurons, the type II unipolar brush cells (UBCs), express functional TRPC3 channels; intriguingly, these cells are ablated in moonwalker mice by 1 month of age. Additionally, we show that in moonwalker mice, intrinsic excitability of PCs is altered as early as 3 weeks after birth. We suggest that this altered excitability and the TRPC3-mediated loss of type II UBCs may both contribute to the ataxic phenotype of these mice and that different calcium handling in PCs and type II UBCs may account for the dramatic differences in sensitivity to the moonwalker mutation between these cell types.
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Sekerková G, Watanabe M, Martina M, Mugnaini E. Differential distribution of phospholipase C beta isoforms and diaglycerol kinase-beta in rodents cerebella corroborates the division of unipolar brush cells into two major subtypes. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:719-49. [PMID: 23503970 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sublineage diversification of specific neural cell classes occurs in complex as well as simply organized regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems; the significance of the phenomenon, however, remains insufficiently understood. The unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are glutamatergic cerebellar interneurons that occur at high density in vestibulocerebellum. As they are classified into subsets that differ in chemical phenotypes, intrinsic properties, and lobular distribution, they represent a valuable neuronal model to study subclass diversification. In this study, we show that cerebellar UBCs of adult rats and mice form two subclasses-type I and type II UBCs-defined by somatodendritic expression of calretinin (CR), mGluR1α, phospholipases PLCβ1 and PLCβ4, and diacylglycerol kinase-beta (DGKβ). We demonstrate that PLCβ1 is associated only with the CR(+) type I UBCs, while PLCβ4 and DGKβ are exclusively present in mGluR1α(+) type II UBCs. Notably, all PLCβ4(+) UBCs, representing about 2/3 of entire UBC population, also express mGluR1α. Furthermore, our data show that the sum of CR(+) type I UBCs and mGluR1α(+) type II UBCs accounts for the entire UBC class identified with Tbr2 immunolabeling. The two UBC subtypes also show a very different albeit somehow overlapping topographical distribution as illustrated by detailed cerebellar maps in this study. Our data not only complement and extend the previous knowledge on the diversity and subclass specificity of the chemical phenotypes within the UBC population, but also provide a new angle to the understanding of the signaling networks in type I and type II UBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 5-465 Searle bldg. 320 E. Superior str, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA,
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