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Wilens TE, Stone M, Lanni S, Berger A, Wilson RLH, Lydston M, Surman CB. Treating Executive Function in Youth With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Interventions. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:751-790. [PMID: 38178649 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231218925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Executive function (EF) deficits are common in youth with ADHD and pose significant functional impairments. The extent and effect of interventions addressing EF in youth with ADHD remain unclear. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review using PRISMA guidelines. Included studies were randomized controlled trials of interventions to treat EF in youth with ADHD. RESULTS Our search returned 136 studies representing 11,443 study participants. We identified six intervention categories: nonstimulant pharmacological (N = 3,576 participants), neurological (N = 1,935), psychological (N = 2,387), digital (N = 2,416), physiological (N = 680), and combination (N = 366). The bulk of the evidence supported pharmacological interventions as most effective in mitigating EF, followed by psychological and digital interventions. CONCLUSION A breadth of treatments exists for EF in youth with ADHD. Pharmacological, psychotherapeutic, and digital interventions had the most favorable, replicable outcomes. A lack of outcome standardization across studies limited treatment comparison. More data on the persistence of intervention effects are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Wilens
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mira Stone
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Amy Berger
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Craig B Surman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Robledo-Castro C, Lerma-Castaño PR, Bonilla-Santos G. Effect of Cognitive Training Programs Based on Computer Systems on Executive Functions in Children With ADHD: A Systematic Review. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1467-1487. [PMID: 37477014 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231187164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this systematic review is to synthesize the existing literature reporting the effects of computerized cognitive trainings on the executive functions of children with ADHD. METHOD A systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA statement; the primary sources used were five electronic databases (Scopus, Science Direct, Pubmed, Springer, Taylor & Francis). RESULTS 20 articles met the eligibility criteria, data on the training characteristics and the effects on executive functions were extracted, followed by an analysis of bias and the methodological quality of the studies. The results of the studies were widely heterogeneous, largely associated with the variety of training programs and the measurement instruments used. The most studied executive functions were working memory and inhibitory control. Some of the studies reported that the intervention led to significant effects on working memory and attention (N = 7), and improvements in inhibitory control (N = 5) and planning (N = 4) were also reported. At the same time, others did not report the effects of the intervention on these processes. The assessment of the quality of the evidence showed important risk biases among the reviewed studies. CONCLUSION Some training based on computer systems showed positive effects on the executive functions of working memory, attention, and inhibitory control in children with ADHD. However, other training sessions did not show significant effects. In general, the evidence shows mixed results, a high diversity of measurement instruments, and high risks of bias between the studies. Therefore, the evidence has not been consistent about the general benefits of computerized training on the executive functions of children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piedad Rocio Lerma-Castaño
- Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Fundación Universitaria María Cano, Neiva Huila, Colombia
| | - Gisella Bonilla-Santos
- Fundación Universitaria María Cano, Neiva Huila, Colombia
- Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Colombia
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Naets T, Vermeiren E, Vervoort L, Van Eyck A, Ysebaert M, Verhulst S, De Winter B, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Bruyndonckx L, Tanghe A, De Guchtenaere A, Verbeken S, Braet C. Self-control training supplementing inpatient multidisciplinary obesity treatment in children and adolescents. Behav Res Ther 2023; 167:104335. [PMID: 37327533 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Research points to self-control as a possible mechanism for facilitating health behaviour and weight loss. The dual pathway model underpins the role of strong bottom-up reactivity towards food and weak top-down executive functions in obesity. Despite flourishing lab studies on attention bias modification or inhibition trainings, relatively few focused on training both processes to improve self-control in children and adolescents in inpatient multidisciplinary obesity treatment (MOT). Being part of the WELCOME project, this study investigated the effectiveness of Brain Fitness training (using the Dot Probe and Go/No-Go) as an adjunct to inpatient MOT in 131 Belgian children and adolescents. Changes in self-control (performance-based inhibitory control and attention bias as well as self-reported eating behaviour) in the experimental group were compared to sham training. Multiple Imputation was used to handle missing data. Inhibitory control and external eating improved over time (pre/post/follow-up), but we found no evidence for a significant interaction between time and condition. Future research should pay more attention to the role of individual variability in baseline self-control, sham training, and ecological validity of self-control training to improve real-life health behaviour and treatment perspectives for children and adolescents with weight problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Naets
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eline Vermeiren
- Lab of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leentje Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Developmental Psychology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Annelies Van Eyck
- Lab of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Stijn Verhulst
- Lab of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte De Winter
- Lab of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Hoorenbeeck
- Lab of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Bruyndonckx
- Lab of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sandra Verbeken
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Ging-Jehli NR, Kraemer HC, Eugene Arnold L, Roley-Roberts ME, deBeus R. Cognitive markers for efficacy of neurofeedback for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - personalized medicine using computational psychiatry in a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2023; 45:118-131. [PMID: 37157126 PMCID: PMC10515439 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2206637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploring whether cognitive components (identified by baseline cognitive testing and computational modeling) moderate clinical outcome of neurofeedback (NF) for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD 142 children (aged 7-10) with ADHD were randomly assigned to either NF (n = 84) or control treatment (n = 58) in a double-blind clinical trial (NCT02251743). The NF group received live, self-controlled downtraining of electroencephalographic theta/beta ratio power. The control group received identical-appearing reinforcement from prerecorded electroencephalograms from other children. 133 (78 NF, 55 control) children had cognitive processing measured at baseline with the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA2-CPT) and were included in this analysis. A diffusion decision model applied to the IVA2-CPT data quantified two latent cognitive components deficient in ADHD: drift rate and drift bias, indexing efficiency and context sensitivity of cognitive processes involving information integration. We explored whether these cognitive components moderated the improvement in parent- and teacher-rated inattention symptoms from baseline to treatment end (primary clinical outcome). RESULTS Baseline cognitive components reflecting information integration (drift rate, drift bias) moderated the improvement in inattention due to NF vs. control treatment (p = 0.006). Specifically, those with either the most or least severe deficits in these components showed more improvement in parent- and teacher-rated inattention when assigned to NF (Cohen's d = 0.59) than when assigned to control (Cohen's d = -0.21). CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment cognitive testing with computational modeling identified children who benefitted more from neurofeedback than control treatment for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja R. Ging-Jehli
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological
Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Helena C. Kraemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Cupertino, CA 95014, USA
| | - L. Eugene Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio
State University; Nisonger Center UCEDD, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Roger deBeus
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at
Asheville, Asheville, NC 28801, USA
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Dekkers TJ, van der Oord S. Editorial Perspective: When to start de-implementation of interventions: the case of cognitive training for children with ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022. [PMID: 36583264 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tycho J Dekkers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Accare Child Study Center, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van der Oord
- KU Leuven, Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
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Robledo-Castro C, Castillo-Ossa LF, Corchado JM. Artificial Cognitive Systems Applied in Executive Function Stimulation and Rehabilitation Programs: A Systematic Review. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022; 48:2399-2427. [PMID: 36185593 PMCID: PMC9516512 DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a systematic review of studies on cognitive training programs based on artificial cognitive systems and digital technologies and their effect on executive functions. The aim has been to identify which populations have been studied, the characteristics of the implemented programs, the types of implemented cognitive systems and digital technologies, the evaluated executive functions, and the key findings of these studies. The review has been carried out following the PRISMA protocol; five databases have been selected from which 1889 records were extracted. The articles were filtered following established criteria, to give a final selection of 264 articles that have been used for the purposes of this study in the analysis phase. The findings showed that the most studied populations were school-age children and the elderly. The most studied executive functions were working memory and attentional processes, followed by inhibitory control and processing speed. Many programs were commercial, customizable, gamified, and based on classic tasks. Some more recent initiatives have begun to incorporate user-machine interfaces, robotics, and virtual reality, although studies on their effects remain scarce. The studies recognize multiple benefits of computerized neuropsychological stimulation and rehabilitation programs for executive functions in different age groups, but there is a lack of studies in specific population sectors and with more rigorous research designs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13369-022-07292-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Robledo-Castro
- Currículo, Universidad y Sociedad Research Group, Universidad del Tolima, Calle 42 1-02, 730006299 Ibagué, Colombia
- Ingeniería del Software Research Group, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Antigua Estación del Ferrocarril, 170001 Manizales, Colombia
| | - Luis F. Castillo-Ossa
- Ingeniería del Software Research Group, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Antigua Estación del Ferrocarril, 170001 Manizales, Colombia
- Inteligencia Artificial Research Group, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 26-10, 170002 Manizales, Colombia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Indutrial, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Campus La Nubia, 170001 Manizales, Colombia
| | - Juan M. Corchado
- BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Air Institute, IoT Digital Innovation Hub, 37188 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Electronics, Information and Communication, Osaka Institute of Technology, 535-8585 Osaka, Japan
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Wong TY, Chang YT, Wang MY, Chang YH. The effectiveness of child-centered play therapy for executive functions in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022:13591045221128399. [PMID: 36125333 DOI: 10.1177/13591045221128399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Child-centered play therapy (CCPT) is a practical and recommended non-medication intervention for children with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but the mechanism in between is unclear. AIM This study proposed to examine the effectiveness of CCPT on neuropsychological deficits and behavioral symptoms in ADHD. METHODS Participants with ADHD diagnosis were referred from senior child and adolescent psychiatrists, and typical developmental children (TD) were recruited from community as a control group. All participants' executive functions were evaluated using Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. First of all, the participants were evaluated using Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) by their parents. The ADHD participants were assigned into CCPT (ADHDc) and waitlist (ADHDw) group; and the ADHDc group then received CCPT weekly for 12 sessions, while the ADHDw continuously received their regular treatment (i.e., medication treatment or other alternative treatments) as usual. RESULTS Total 52 participants were recruited (17 with ADHD and 35 typically developed children, TD). The results showed that overall the ADHD groups had worse neuropsychological performance and more behavioural disturbance than did the TD (ps < .05). After receiving the CCPT, the results showed that the ADHDc group had significant improvement in the cognitive flexibility (p < .05); while the ADHDw group had no changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Yan Wong
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,38020DA-MING Ophthalmology Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Chang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,38026School of Post Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yu Wang
- 38026Department of Psychiatry, China-Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsuan Chang
- 38026Institute of Gerontology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,38026Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University; Tainan, Taiwan.,38026Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,38026Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Rodrigo-Yanguas M, González-Tardón C, Bella-Fernández M, Blasco-Fontecilla H. Serious Video Games: Angels or Demons in Patients With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? A Quasi-Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:798480. [PMID: 35573357 PMCID: PMC9091561 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.798480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To carry out a quasi-systematic review of the use of serious video games for health as a cognitive rehabilitative tool in patients diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. METHOD A quasi-systematic review of serious video games used as an evaluative and rehabilitative tool in patients with ADHD was conducted. It included behavioral patterns in the use of video games and addiction problems in this population. For its elaboration the PRISMA GUIDES were followed. The search was carried out in three PubMed databases, MEDLINE, and PsycInfo using the keywords: [game OR serious game OR computer game) AND (psychotherapy OR rehabilitation OR intervention OR mental disorders) AND (adhd)], [(adhd) AND (Video game addiction)]. All articles written in English, Spanish, or Portuguese from January 1970 to June 2021 were included: those in which reference was made to the use of video games and/or new technologies as a therapeutic and evaluative tool in children and adults diagnosed with ADHD, as well as those that referred to behavioral and clinical patterns in the use of video games. RESULTS We found 605 articles of which 128 were reviewed (44 observational studies, 26 quasi-experimental studies, 26 experimental studies, 8 systematic reviews, 9 narrative texts, 6 case reports, 7 pilot studies, 8 systematic reviews, and 2 meta-analyses). Serious video games can be used to ameliorate ADHD symptoms while improving adherence to treatment. Some serious video games show high accuracy properties assessing ADHD features. CONCLUSION Serious video games for health are increasingly being used as a cognitive rehabilitation tool in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION [www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42021247784].
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodrigo-Yanguas
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Puerta de Hierro Health Research Institute-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)-Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marcos Bella-Fernández
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Puerta de Hierro Health Research Institute-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)-Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychology, Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Puerta de Hierro Health Research Institute-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)-Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Consulting Asistencial Sociosanitario SL, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Technological advancement has led to the development of novel treatment approaches for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review aims to review recent studies which employ the use of technology to treat ADHD, with particular focus on studies published during a 1-year period from February 2019 to February 2020. RECENT FINDINGS Most recent studies involved children aged 12 years and below. Interventions included cognitive training through games, neurofeedback and a combination of several approaches. More novel approaches included trigeminal nerve stimulation and brain-computer interface, and studies had utilized technology such as X-box Kinect and eye tracker. There was a shift towards delivering intervention at home and in school, enabled by technology. The study outcomes were variable and mainly included executive functioning measures and clinical ratings. These interventions were generally safe with few reported adverse events. SUMMARY Technology has enabled interventions to be delivered outside of the clinic setting and presented an opportunity for increased access to care and early intervention. Better quality studies are needed to inform on the efficacy of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Guan Lim
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
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The influence of metacognitive training on the improvement of working memory in children with ADHD. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/cpp-2019-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to check whether the memory will be strengthened after three months of metacognitive training using such mnemonic techniques as Mind Maps and Sketchnoting in children diagnosed with ADHD. According to the most recent, the Fifth Edition of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, working memory plays a key role both in the symptoms of ADHD and in secondary problems such as: learning disorders, professional or social difficulties.
Method: 45 schoolchildren took part in the experimental study (M=1,42; SD = 10,41;). .Each child had a diagnosed psychomotor overexcitability and attention disorders. The participants were randomly qualified into three groups: the first group was tested for the effect of Mind Maps; the second group, for the effect of Sketchnoting while the third group was assigned the role of a control group. All of the groups were administered The Deferred Naming Test before and after the training. This assessment method belongs to the PU-1 Set of Diagnostic Tests.
Results: The working memory improved in each of the three groups. The smallest number of errors were made by the children in the group with Mind Maps, while the biggest number of errors were made by the children in the control group.
Conclusion: Mind Maps can be an important complement to other forms of therapeutic treatment for children with ADHD diagnosis. Regular use of this tool in education or therapy strengthens the memory. The improvement of this executive function can be substantial in learning to write and read (memorization of the correct shapes of letters), remembering and recalling from memory the rules agreed with the child or better time orientation.
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