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Renault T, Faury N, Morga B. Propidium monoazide PCR, a method to determine OsHV-1 undamaged capsids and to estimate virus Lethal Dose 50. Virus Res 2024; 340:199307. [PMID: 38160910 PMCID: PMC10800765 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ostreid herpes virus 1 (OsHV-1) has been classified within the Malacoherpesviridae family from the Herpesvirales order. OsHV-1 is the etiological agent of a contagious viral disease of Pacific oysters, C. gigas, affecting also other bivalve species. Mortality rates reported associated with the viral infection vary considerably between sites and countries and depend on the age of affected stocks. A variant called μVar has been reported since 2008 in Europe and other variants in Australia and in New Zealand last decade. These variants are considered as the main causative agents of mass mortality events affecting C. gigas. Presently there is no established cell line that allows for the detection of infectious OsHV-1. In this context, a technique of propidium monoazide (PMA) PCR was developed in order to quantify "undamaged" capsids. This methodology is of interest to explore the virus infectivity. Being able to quantify viral particles getting an undamaged capsid (not only an amount of viral DNA) in tissue homogenates prepared from infected oysters or in seawater samples can assist in the definition of a Lethal Dose (LD) 50 and gain information in the experiments conducted to reproduce the viral infection. The main objectives of the present study were (i) the development/optimization of a PMA PCR technique for OsHV-1 detection using the best quantity of PMA and verifying its effectiveness through heat treatment, (ii) the definition of the percentage of undamaged capsids in four different tissue homogenates prepared from infected Pacific oysters and (iii) the approach of a LD50 during experimental viral infection assays on the basis of a number of undamaged capsids. Although the developped PMA PCR technique was unable to determine OsHV-1 infectivity in viral supensions, it could greatly improve interpretation of virus positive results obtained by qPCR. This technique is not intended to replace the quantification of viral DNA by qPCR, but it does make it possible to give a form of biological meaning to the detection of this DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Renault
- Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement, Ifremer, Nantes, France.
| | - Nicole Faury
- ASIM, Adaptation Santé des Invertébrés, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- ASIM, Adaptation Santé des Invertébrés, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
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2
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Lanzarini NM, Mannarino CF, Mata RM, Saggioro EM, Moreira JC, Miagostovich MP. Quantification and molecular characterization of intact rotavirus species A (RVA) in municipal solid waste leachate. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad146. [PMID: 37429601 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Leachate comprises a solid waste decomposition product found fresh in collection trucks or as an effluent in landfills. This study aimed to assess the occurrence, concentrations, and genetic diversity of intact rotavirus species A (RVA) in solid waste leachate. METHODS AND RESULTS Leachate samples were concentrated by ultracentrifugation, treated with propidium monoazide (PMA), and exposed to LED photolysis. Treated and untread samples were extracted using the QIAamp Fast DNA Stool mini kit, and nucleic acids were screened for RVA employing a Taqman® Real-time PCR. The PMA RT-qPCR method detected RVA in eight out of nine truck samples and in 15.40% (2/13) of the landfill leachate samples. The RVA concentrations in the PMA-treated samples ranged from 4.57 × 103 to 2.15 × 107 genomic copies (GC) 100 mL-1 in truck leachate and from 7.83 × 103 to 1.42 × 104 GC 100 mL-1 in landfill samples. Six truck leachate samples were characterized as RVA VP6 genogroup I2 by partial nucleotide sequencing. CONCLUSIONS The high intact RVA detection rates and concentrations in truck leachate samples indicate potential infectivity and comprise a warning for solid waste collectors concerning hand-to-mouth contact and the splash route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Camille Ferreira Mannarino
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Marinho Mata
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Environmental Health Evaluation and Promotion Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Josino Costa Moreira
- Center for Studies on Workers' Health and Human Ecology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
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3
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Chatonnat E, Manseau-Ferland K, Jubinville E, Goulet-Beaulieu V, Jean J. Prevalence of Foodborne Viruses in Berries Harvested in Canada. Foods 2023; 12:723. [PMID: 36832797 PMCID: PMC9955551 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that the transmission of different foodborne viruses can occur either via discharge of contaminated water close to the production environment or via close contact with animal feces. Cranberries are intimately associated with water throughout their production cycle, and blueberries grow close to the ground which could lead to contact with wildlife. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of human norovirus (HuNoV GI and GII), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in two berries produced commercially in Canada. The detection of HuNoV and HAV on RTE cranberries and of HEV on wild blueberries was evaluated using the ISO method 15216-1:2017. Only 3 of 234 cranberry samples tested positive for HuNoV GI (3.6, 7.4, 5.3 genome copies/g, respectively) and all were negative for HuNoV GII and HAV. PMA pre-treatment and sequencing confirmed the absence of potential intact HuNoV GI particles on cranberries. None of the 150 blueberry samples tested positive for HEV. Overall, the prevalence of foodborne viruses in RTE cranberries and wild blueberries harvested in Canada is low, making these products relatively safe for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julie Jean
- Food Science Department, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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4
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Yang L, Long Y, Li Q, Song W, Huang Y, Liang G, Yu D, Zhou M, Xu G, Chen Y, Huang C, Tang X. Detection of suid herpesvirus 1 infectivity in pigs by propidium monoazide-qPCR. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:975726. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.975726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, there is no effective experimental method for detecting whether the suid herpesvirus 1 (SHV-1) detected in pigs is infectious. Although the technique of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has significantly improved the detection rate and accuracy of the disease, it does not differentiate between infective and non-infective status of the virus. Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a dye that can be combined with DNA molecules. The decomposition of PMA produces an azene compound covalently crosslinked with DNA molecules, thereby inhibiting PCR amplification of DNA. In this study, the combination of PMA and qPCR was used to determine the infectivity of SHV-1. We optimized the method from the selection of primers, the working concentration of PMA, and the method of inactivation using UV or heat inactivation. We found that when specific primer 1 was used and a PMA working concentration was 50–100 μM, heat inactivation was able to distinguish whether SHV-1 was infectious or not. We also showed that UV prevented the virus from replicating, it did not destroy the capsid of the virus, and therefore, PMA cannot enter the virus and bind to the nucleic acid of the virus. Consequently, there is no way to identify the infectivity of the virus using UV inactivation. The study showed that the method was stable and the detection rate reached 96%. In conclusion, this method exhibited strong specificity and high sensitivity and can identify the infectivity of SHV-1. This method has practical significance for clinical virus isolation and the effects of disinfection of farms.
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Zeng D, Qian B, Li Y, Zong K, Peng W, Liao K, Yu X, Sun J, Lv X, Ding L, Wang M, Zhou T, Jiang Y, Li J, Xue F, Wu X, Dai J. Prospects for the application of infectious virus detection technology based on propidium monoazide in African swine fever management. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1025758. [PMID: 36246220 PMCID: PMC9563241 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a hemorrhagic and often fatal disease occurring in domestic pigs and wild boars. ASF can potentially greatly impact the global trade of pigs and pork products and threaten global food security. Outbreaks of ASF must be notified to the World Organization for Animal Health. In this study, we analyzed the feasibility of applying propidium monoazide (PMA) pretreatment-based infectious virus detection technology to ASF prevention and control and investigated the prospects of applying this technology for epidemic monitoring, disinfection effect evaluation, and drug development. PMA as a nucleic acid dye can enter damaged cells and undergo irreversible covalent crosslinking with nucleic acid under halogen light to prevent its amplification. Although this technology has been widely used for the rapid detection of viable bacteria, its application in viruses is rare. Therefore, we analyzed the theoretical feasibility of applying this technology to the African swine fever virus (ASFV) in terms of gene and cell composition. Rapid infectious ASFV detection technology based on PMA pretreatment would greatly enhance all aspects of ASF prevention and control, such as epidemic monitoring, disinfection treatment, and drug development. The introduction of this technology will also greatly improve the ability to prevent and control ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Zeng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
| | - Bingxu Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
- Technology Center of Hefei Customs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zong
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
- Technology Center of Hefei Customs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Hefei, China
| | - Wanqing Peng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Liao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
- Technology Center of Hefei Customs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Hefei, China
| | | | - Xiaying Lv
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
| | - Liu Ding
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
| | - Manman Wang
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
| | | | - Yuan Jiang
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center of Nanjing Customs, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinming Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Xue,
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Xue,
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Rapid Quantification of Infectious Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Watermelon Tissues by PMA Coupled with RT-qPCR. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092046. [PMID: 36146852 PMCID: PMC9506375 DOI: 10.3390/v14092046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) belongs to the Tobamovirus genus and is an important quarantine virus of cucurbit crops. Seedborne transmission is one of the principal modes for CGMMV spread, and effective early detection is helpful to prevent the occurrence of the disease. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is a sensitive and rapid method for detecting CGMMV nucleic acids, but it cannot distinguish between infectious and noninfectious viruses. In the present work, a propidium monoazide (PMA) assisted RT-qPCR method (PMA-RT-qPCR) was developed to rapidly distinguish infectious and inactive CGMMV. PMA is a photoactive dye that can selectively react with viral RNA released or inside inactive CGMMV virions but not viral RNA inside active virions. The formation of PMA-RNA conjugates prevents PCR amplification, leaving only infectious virions to be amplified. The primer pair cp3-1F/cp3-1R was designed based on the coat protein (cp) gene for specific amplification of CGMMV RNA by RT-qPCR. The detection limit of the RT-qPCR assay was 1.57 × 102 copies·μL−1. PMA at 120 μmol·L−1 was suitable for the selective quantification of infectious CGMMV virions. Under optimal conditions, RT-qPCR detection of heat-inactivated CGMMV resulted in Ct value differences larger than 16 between PMA-treated and non-PMA-treated groups, while Ct differences less than 0.23 were observed in the detection of infectious CGMMV. For naturally contaminated watermelon leaf, fruit and seedlot samples, infectious CGMMV were quantified in 13 out of the 22 samples, with infestation levels of 102~105 copies·g−1. Application of this assay enabled the selective detection of infectious CGMMV and facilitated the monitoring of the viral pathogen in watermelon seeds and tissues, which could be useful for avoiding the potential risks of primary inoculum sources.
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Canh VD, Liu M, Sangsanont J, Katayama H. Capsid integrity detection of pathogenic viruses in waters: Recent progress and potential future applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154258. [PMID: 35248642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic human viruses are a major public health concern. To control the potential risk of viral infection through contaminated waters, a rapid, reliable tool to assess the infectivity of pathogenic viruses is required. Recently, an advanced approach (i.e., capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR) was developed to discriminate intact viruses (potentially infectious) from inactivated viruses. In this approach, samples were pretreated with capsid integrity reagents (e.g., monoazide dyes or metal compounds) before (RT -)qPCR. These reagents can only penetrate inactivated viruses with compromised capsids to bind to viral genomes and prevent their amplification, but they cannot enter viruses with intact capsids. Therefore, only viral genomes of intact viruses were amplified or detected by (RT-)qPCR after capsid integrity treatment. In this study, we reviewed recent progress in the development and application of capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR to assess the potential infectivity of viruses (including non-enveloped and enveloped viruses with different genome structures [RNA and DNA]) in water. The efficiency of capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR has been shown to depend on various factors, such as conditions of integrity reagent treatment, types of viruses, environmental matrices, and the capsid structure of viruses after disinfection treatments (e.g., UV, heat, and chlorine). For the application of capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR in real-world samples, the use of suitable virus concentration methods and process controls is important to control the efficiency of capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR. In addition, potential future applications of capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR for determining the mechanism of disinfection treatment on viral structure (e.g., capsid or genome) and a combination of capsid integrity treatment and next-generation sequencing (NGS) (capsid integrity NGS) for monitoring the community of intact pathogenic viruses in water are also discussed. This review provides essential information on the application of capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR as an efficient tool for monitoring the presence of pathogenic viruses with intact capsids in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Duc Canh
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jatuwat Sangsanont
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Water Science and Technology for Sustainable Environmental Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Quantification of infectious Human mastadenovirus in environmental matrices using PMAxx-qPCR. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1465-1471. [PMID: 35666431 PMCID: PMC9168632 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular methodologies providing data on viral concentration and infectivity have been successfully used in environmental virology, supporting quantitative risk assessment studies. The present study aimed to assess human mastadenovirus (HAdV) intact particles using a derivative of propidium monoazide associated with qPCR (PMAxx-qPCR) in aquatic matrices. Initially, different concentrations of PMAxx were evaluated to establish an optimal protocol for treating different naturally contaminated matrices, using 10 min incubation in the dark at 200 rpm at room temperature and 15 min of photoactivation in the PMA-Lite™ LED photolysis device. There was no significant reduction in the quantification of infectious HAdV with increasing concentration of PMAxx used (20 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM), except for sewage samples. In this matrix, a reduction of 5.01 log of genomic copies (GC)/L was observed from the concentration of 50 μM and revealed 100% HAdV particles with damaged capsids. On the other hand, the mean reduction of 0.51 log in stool samples using the same concentration mentioned above demonstrated 83% of damaged particles eliminated in the stool. Following, 50 μM PMAxx-qPCR protocol revealed a log reduction of 0.91, 0.67, and 1.05 in other samples of raw sewage, brackish, and seawater where HAdV concentration reached 1.47 × 104, 6.81 × 102, and 2.33 × 102 GC/L, respectively. Fifty micrometers of PMAxx protocol helped screen intact viruses from different matrices, including sea and brackish water.
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Lanzarini NM, Federigi I, Marinho Mata R, Neves Borges MD, Mendes Saggioro E, Cioni L, Verani M, Carducci A, Costa Moreira J, Ferreira Mannarino C, Pereira Miagostovich M. Human adenovirus in municipal solid waste leachate and quantitative risk assessment of gastrointestinal illness to waste collectors. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 138:308-317. [PMID: 34922305 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leachate is a variable effluent from waste management systems generated during waste collection and on landfills. Twenty-two leachate samples from waste collection trucks and a landfill were collected from March to December 2019 in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and were analyzed for Human Adenovirus (HAdV), bacterial indicators and physico-chemical parameters. For viral analysis, samples were concentrated by ultracentrifugation and processed for molecular analysis using QIAamp Fast DNA Stool mini kit® for DNA extraction followed by nested-PCR and qPCR/PMA-qPCR TaqMan® system. HAdV was detected by nested-PCR in 100% (9/9) and 83.33% (12/13) of the truck and landfill leachate samples, respectively. Viral concentrations ranged from 8.31 × 101 to 6.68 × 107 genomic copies per 100 ml by qPCR and PMA-qPCR. HAdV species A, B, C, and F were characterized using nucleotide sequencing. HAdV were isolated in A549 culture cells in 100% (9/9) and 46.2% (6/13) from truck and landfill leachate samples, respectively. Regardless of the detection methods, HAdV concentration was predicted by the quantity of total suspended solids. A quantitative microbial risk assessment was performed to measure the probability of gastrointestinal (GI) illness attributable to inadvertent oral ingestion of truck leachate, revealing the higher probability of disease for the direct splashing into the oral cavity (58%) than for the gloved hand-to-mouth (33%). In a scenario where waste collectors do not wear gloves as protective personal equipment, the risk increases to 67%. This is the first study revealing infectious HAdV in solid waste leachate and indicates a potential health risk for waste collectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Rafaela Marinho Mata
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Denise Neves Borges
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Josino Costa Moreira
- Center for Studies on Workers' Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camille Ferreira Mannarino
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Leifels M, Cheng D, Sozzi E, Shoults DC, Wuertz S, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications - A systematic review. WATER RESEARCH X 2021; 11:100080. [PMID: 33490943 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.08.20095364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009-2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200 μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25 °C) for 5-120 min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500-800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20 min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Leifels
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Dan Cheng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Emanuele Sozzi
- Gilling's School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David C Shoults
- Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTU, Singapore
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
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Leifels M, Cheng D, Sozzi E, Shoults DC, Wuertz S, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications - A systematic review. WATER RESEARCH X 2021; 11:100080. [PMID: 33490943 PMCID: PMC7811166 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009-2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200 μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25 °C) for 5-120 min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500-800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20 min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Leifels
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Corresponding author.
| | - Dan Cheng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Emanuele Sozzi
- Gilling's School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David C. Shoults
- Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTU, Singapore
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
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Puente H, Randazzo W, Falcó I, Carvajal A, Sánchez G. Rapid Selective Detection of Potentially Infectious Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Coronavirus Exposed to Heat Treatments Using Viability RT-qPCR. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1911. [PMID: 32973701 PMCID: PMC7472829 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) cause severe respiratory, enteric, and systemic infections in a wide range of hosts, including humans and animals. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the Coronaviridae family, is the etiological agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), a highly contagious intestinal disease affecting pigs of all ages. In this study, we optimized a viability real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for the selective detection of infectious and heat-inactivated PEDV. PEMAX™, EMA™, and PMAxx™ photoactivable dyes along with PtCl4 and CDDP platinum compounds were screened as viability markers using two RT-qPCR assays: firstly, on PEDV purified RNA, and secondly on infectious and thermally inactivated virus suspensions. Furthermore, PMAxx™ pretreatment matched the thermal inactivation pattern obtained by cell culture better than other viability markers. Finally, we further optimized the pretreatment by coupling viability markers with Triton X-100 in inoculated serum resulting in a better estimation of PEDV infectivity than RT-qPCR alone. Our study has provided a rapid analytical tool based on viability RT-qPCR to infer PEDV infectivity with potential application for feed and feed ingredients monitoring in swine industry. This development would allow for greater accuracy in epidemiological surveys and outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Puente
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Walter Randazzo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Falcó
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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13
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Shaheen MNF, Elmahdy EM, Chawla-Sarkar M. Quantitative PCR-based identification of enteric viruses contaminating fresh produce and surface water used for irrigation in Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:21619-21628. [PMID: 31129895 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fresh produce irrigated with surface water that may contain pathogens such as enteric viruses can lead to outbreaks of foodborne viral illnesses. In the current study, we performed real-time PCR (qPCR) to monitor the presence of enteric viruses such as human adenoviruses (HAdVs), hepatitis A virus (HAV), rotavirus group A (RVA), and norovirus GI (NoV GI) in surface water and fresh produce that were grown using this surface water in Egypt. Samples were collected on four occasions from different sites located in the Delta and in Greater Cairo, Egypt. Of the 32 water samples and 128 fresh produce samples, 27/32 (84.3%) and 99/128 (77.3%), respectively, were positive for at least one virus. HAdV (30/32) with a mean viral load = 1.5 × 107 genome copies/L (GC/L) was the most commonly detected virus in water, followed by RVA (16/32, with a mean viral load = 2.7 × 105 GC/L), HAV (11/32, with a mean viral load = 1.2 × 104 GC /L), and NoV GI (10/32, with a mean viral load = 3.5 × 103 GC/L). Additionally, HAdV (71/128, with a mean viral load = 9.8 × 105 GC/g) was also the most commonly detected virus in the fresh produce, followed by NoV GI (43/128, with a mean viral load = 4.5 × 103 GC/g), HAV (33/128, with a mean viral load = 6.4 × 103 GC/g), and RVA (25/128, with a mean viral load = 1.5 × 104 GC/g). Our results indicate that fresh produce may be contaminated with a wide range of enteric viruses, and these viruses may originate from virus-contaminated irrigation water. Moreover, this fresh produce may serve as a potential vector for the transmission of viral foodborne illnesses. These findings are important for future risk assessment analysis related to water/foodborne viruses. Graphical abstract . Please provide caption for Graphical AbstractGraphical abstract showing sample collection and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Elmahdy M Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Scheme-XM, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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14
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Kaas L, Ogorzaly L, Lecellier G, Berteaux-Lecellier V, Cauchie HM, Langlet J. Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in French Polynesian Wastewaters, Environmental Waters and Giant Clams. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:52-64. [PMID: 30426392 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lack of wastewater treatment efficiency causes receiving seawaters and bivalve molluscan shellfish to become contaminated, which can lead to public health issues. Six wastewater samples, five seawater samples and three batches of giant clams from Tahiti (French Polynesia) were investigated for the presence of enteric viruses, but also if present, for the diversity, infectivity and integrity of human adenoviruses (HAdV). Enteroviruses (EV), sapoviruses (SaV) and human polyomaviruses (HPyV) were detected in all wastewater samples. In decreasing frequency, noroviruses (NoV) GII and HAdV, rotaviruses (RoV), astroviruses (AsV), NoV GI and finally hepatitis E viruses (HEV) were also observed. Nine types of infectious HAdV were identified. HPyV and EV were found in 80% of seawater samples, NoV GII in 60%, HAdV and SaV in 40% and AsV and RoV in 20%. NoV GI and HEV were not detected in seawater. Intact and infectious HAdV-41 were detected in one of the two seawater samples that gave a positive qPCR result. Hepatitis A viruses were never detected in any water types. Analysis of transcriptomic data from giant clams revealed homologues of fucosyltransferases (FUT genes) involved in ligand biosynthesis that strongly bind to certain NoV strains, supporting the giant clams ability to bioaccumulate NoV. This was confirmed by the presence of NoV GII in one of the three batches of giant clams placed in a contaminated marine area. Overall, all sample types were positive for at least one type of virus, some of which were infectious and therefore likely to cause public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Kaas
- Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO BOX 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Leslie Ogorzaly
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Gaël Lecellier
- PSL CRIOBE USR3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Labex CORAIL, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
- Département de Biologie, Université de Paris Saclay UVSQ, 45 Ave des Etats-Unis, 78000, Versailles, France
- UMR250/9220 ENTROPIE IRD-CNRS-UR, Labex CORAIL, Promenade Roger-Laroque, Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia, France
| | - Véronique Berteaux-Lecellier
- PSL CRIOBE USR3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Labex CORAIL, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
- UMR250/9220 ENTROPIE IRD-CNRS-UR, Labex CORAIL, Promenade Roger-Laroque, Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia, France
| | - Henry-Michel Cauchie
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jérémie Langlet
- Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO BOX 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand.
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Rousseau A, Villena I, Dumètre A, Escotte-Binet S, Favennec L, Dubey JP, Aubert D, La Carbona S. Evaluation of propidium monoazide–based qPCR to detect viable oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:999-1010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Gerba CP, Betancourt WQ, Kitajima M, Rock CM. Reducing uncertainty in estimating virus reduction by advanced water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 133:282-288. [PMID: 29407709 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of wastewater for potable reuse requires the reduction of enteric viruses to levels that pose no significant risk to human health. Advanced water treatment trains (e.g., chemical clarification, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, advanced oxidation) have been developed to provide reductions of viruses to differing levels of regulatory control depending upon the levels of human exposure and associated health risks. Importance in any assessment is information on the concentration and types of viruses in the untreated wastewater, as well as the degree of removal by each treatment process. However, it is critical that the uncertainty associated with virus concentration and removal or inactivation by wastewater treatment be understood to improve these estimates and identifying research needs. We reviewed the critically literature to assess to identify uncertainty in these estimates. Biological diversity within families and genera of viruses (e.g. enteroviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, reoviruses, noroviruses) and specific virus types (e.g. serotypes or genotypes) creates the greatest uncertainty. These aspects affect the methods for detection and quantification of viruses and anticipated removal efficiency by treatment processes. Approaches to reduce uncertainty may include; 1) inclusion of a virus indicator for assessing efficiency of virus concentration and detection by molecular methods for each sample, 2) use of viruses most resistant to individual treatment processes (e.g. adenoviruses for UV light disinfection and reoviruses for chlorination), 3) data on ratio of virion or genome copies to infectivity in untreated wastewater, and 4) assessment of virus removal at field scale treatment systems to verify laboratory and pilot plant data for virus removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Gerba
- University of Arizona, Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA.
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- University of Arizona, Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA.
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Channah M Rock
- University of Arizona, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, Maricopa Agricultural Center, 37860, W. Smith-Enke Road, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA.
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17
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Randazzo W, Piqueras J, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Improving efficiency of viability-qPCR for selective detection of infectious HAV in food and water samples. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:958-964. [PMID: 28649706 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To improve the efficacy of intercalating dyes to distinguishing between infectious and inactivated hepatitis A virus (HAV) in food. METHODS AND RESULTS Different intercalating dyes were evaluated for the discrimination between infectious and thermally inactivated HAV suspensions combining with the RT-qPCR proposed in the ISO 15216. Among them, PMAxx was the best dye in removing the RT-qPCR signal from inactivated HAV. Applied to lettuce and spinach, PMAxx-Triton pretreatment resulted in complete removal of the RT-qPCR signal from inactivated HAV. Likewise, this study demonstrates that this pretreatment is suitable for the discrimination of inactivated HAV in shellfish without further sample dilution. In mussels and oysters, the developed viability RT-qPCR method reduced the signal of inactivated HAV between 1·7 and 2·2 logs at high inoculation level, and signal was completely removed at low inoculation level. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the use of PMAxx is an important improvement to assess HAV infectivity by RT-qPCR. It was shown that PMAxx-Triton pretreatment is suitable for the analysis of infectious HAV in complex food samples such as vegetables and shellfish. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The PMAxx-Triton pretreatment can be easily incorporated to the ISO norm for infectious virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Randazzo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Piqueras
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Institute for Clinical Research of the Hospital Clínico Universitario (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - R Aznar
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - G Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Vitosh-Sillman S, Loy JD, Brodersen B, Kelling C, Eskridge K, Millmier Schmidt A. Effectiveness of composting as a biosecure disposal method for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)-infected pig carcasses. Porcine Health Manag 2017; 3:22. [PMID: 29209511 PMCID: PMC5704383 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-017-0068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enteric disease of swine that has emerged as a worldwide threat to swine herd health and production. Substantial research has been conducted to assess viability of the virus on surfaces of vehicles and equipment, in feed and water, and on production building surfaces, but little is known about the persistence in PEDV-infected carcasses and effective disposal methods thereof. This study was conducted to quantify the persistence of PEDV RNA via quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) at various time-temperature combinations and in infected piglet carcasses subjected to composting. Although this method does not distinguish between infectious and noninfectious virus, it is a rapid and sensitive test to evaluate materials for evidence of virus genome. Results In the first study, PEDV was suspended in cell culture media at 1 × 105 TCID50 per sample (1 mL sample size) and subjected to various time and temperature combinations in triplicate including temperatures of 37, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70 °C and exposure times of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 14 days. At all temperatures, viral RNA copies declined over time, with the decline most marked and rapid at 65 and 70 °C. Detectable RNA did persist throughout the trial in all but the most extreme condition, where two of three samples incubated at 70 °C yielded undetectable viral RNA after 14 days. In the second study, PEDV-infected piglet carcasses were subjected to two cycles of composting lasting 36 and 37 days, respectively, for a total compost time of 73 days. Composting was performed in triplicate windrow sections housed inside biosecure, climate-controlled rooms using insulated bins designed to represent a continuous windrow compost pile. Temperatures reached 35–57 °C for 26 days of cycle 1 and 35–45 °C for 3 days of cycle 2. Samples consisting of carbon material with or without decomposed tissue as available per sample site collected at ten locations throughout the cross-section of each windrow section following the primary and secondary compost cycles yielded no detectable viral RNA. Conclusions Composting appears to be an effective disposal method for PEDV-infected piglet carcasses under the conditions examined. The combination of time and high temperature of the compost cycle effectively degraded viral RNA in cell culture media that should provide optimum stability. Complex compost material matrices collected from windrow sections yielded undetectable PEDV RNA by qRT-PCR after one 36-day compost cycle despite incomplete decomposition of soft tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vitosh-Sillman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Fair Street and East Campus Loop, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - John Dustin Loy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Fair Street and East Campus Loop, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Bruce Brodersen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Fair Street and East Campus Loop, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Clayton Kelling
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Fair Street and East Campus Loop, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Kent Eskridge
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Amy Millmier Schmidt
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering and Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
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19
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Quijada NM, Fongaro G, Barardi CRM, Hernández M, Rodríguez-Lázaro D. Propidium Monoazide Integrated with qPCR Enables the Detection and Enumeration of Infectious Enteric RNA and DNA Viruses in Clam and Fermented Sausages. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2008. [PMID: 28018329 PMCID: PMC5156952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase of foodborne viral outbreaks highlights the need for a rapid and sensitive method for the prediction of viral infectivity in food samples. This study assesses the use of propidium monoazide (PMA) coupled with real-time PCR methods (RT-qPCR or qPCR for RNA or DNA viruses, respectively) in the determination of viral infectivity in complex animal-related food matrices. Clam and Spanish fermented sausage (“chorizo”) samples were spiked with infectious and heat-inactivated human adenovirus-2 (HAdV-2) and mengovirus (vMC0). PMA-qPCR/RT-qPCR discriminated infective virus particles, with significant reductions (>2.7 log10 or 99.7%). Additionally, infectious HAdV-2 and vMC0 were quantified by plaque assay (in plaque forming units, PFU), and compared with those in virus genomes copies (GCs) quantified by PMA-qPCR/RT-qPCR. A consistent correlation (R2 > 0.92) was showed between PFU and GCs along serial 10-fold dilutions in both DNA and RNA virus and in both food matrices. This study shows the use of PMA coupled to qPCR/RT-qPCR as a promising alternative for prediction of viral infectivity in food samples in comparison to more expensive and time-consuming methods and for those viruses that are not able to grow under available cell culture techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso M Quijada
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León Valladolid, Spain
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Célia R M Barardi
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marta Hernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y LeónValladolid, Spain; Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y Forestal, Tecnología de los Alimentos, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de ValladolidPalencia, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Universidad de Burgos Burgos, Spain
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20
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Rames E, Roiko A, Stratton H, Macdonald J. Technical aspects of using human adenovirus as a viral water quality indicator. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 96:308-26. [PMID: 27065054 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite dramatic improvements in water treatment technologies in developed countries, waterborne viruses are still associated with many of cases of illness each year. These illnesses include gastroenteritis, meningitis, encephalitis, and respiratory infections. Importantly, outbreaks of viral disease from waters deemed compliant from bacterial indicator testing still occur, which highlights the need to monitor the virological quality of water. Human adenoviruses are often used as a viral indicator of water quality (faecal contamination), as this pathogen has high UV-resistance and is prevalent in untreated domestic wastewater all year round, unlike enteroviruses and noroviruses that are often only detected in certain seasons. Standard methods for recovering and measuring adenovirus numbers in water are lacking, and there are many variations in published methods. Since viral numbers are likely under-estimated when optimal methods are not used, a comprehensive review of these methods is both timely and important. This review critically evaluates how estimates of adenovirus numbers in water are impacted by technical manipulations, such as during adenovirus concentration and detection (including culturing and polymerase-chain reaction). An understanding of the implications of these issues is fundamental to obtaining reliable estimation of adenovirus numbers in water. Reliable estimation of HAdV numbers is critical to enable improved monitoring of the efficacy of water treatment processes, accurate quantitative microbial risk assessment, and to ensure microbiological safety of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rames
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Anne Roiko
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia; Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Drive, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Helen Stratton
- Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Drive, Queensland, 4222, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Joanne Macdonald
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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