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Nesterowicz M, Żendzian-Piotrowska M, Ładny JR, Zalewska A, Maciejczyk M. Antiglycoxidative properties of amantadine – a systematic review and comprehensive in vitro study. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:138-155. [PMID: 36325591 PMCID: PMC9639497 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2137161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An important drug used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease is amantadine. We are the first to perform a comprehensive study based on various glycation and oxidation factors, determining the impact of amantadine on protein glycoxidation. Sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose) and aldehydes (glyoxal, methylglyoxal) were used as glycation agents, and chloramine T was used as an oxidant. Glycoxidation biomarkers in albumin treated with amantadine were generally not different from the control group (glycation/oxidation factors), indicating that the drug did not affect oxidation and glycation processes. Molecular docking analysis did not reveal strong binding sites of amantadine on the bovine serum albumin structure. Although amantadine poorly scavenged hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide, it had significantly lower antioxidant and antiglycation effect than all protein oxidation and glycation inhibitors. In some cases, amantadine even demonstrated glycoxidant, proglycation, and prooxidant properties. In summary, amantadine exhibited weak antioxidant properties and a lack of antiglycation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Nesterowicz
- Students’ Scientific Club “Biochemistry of Civilization Diseases” at the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy Robert Ładny
- 1st Department of General Surgery and Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Independent Laboratory of Experimental Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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Shafiei-Irannejad V, Abbaszadeh S, Janssen PML, Soraya H. Memantine and its benefits for cancer, cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174455. [PMID: 34461125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Memantine is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that was initially indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. It is now also considered for a variety of other pathologies in which activation of NMDA receptors apparently contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of disease. In addition to the central nervous system (CNS), NMDA receptors can be found in non-neuronal cells and tissues that recently have become an interesting research focus. Some studies have shown that glutamate signaling plays a role in cell transformation and cancer progression. In addition, these receptors may play a role in cardiovascular disorders. In this review, we focus on the most recent findings for memantine with respect to its pharmacological effects in a range of diseases, including inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neuropathy, as well as retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Shafiei-Irannejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Samin Abbaszadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hamid Soraya
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Jafari A, Ghasemnejad-Berenji H, Nemati M, Pashapour S, Sadeghpour S, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. Beneficial effects of memantine on ischemia/reperfusion injury following torsion/detorsion induced testicular damage in rats: Improvement in histological and biochemical parameters. J Pediatr Urol 2021; 17:441.e1-441.e7. [PMID: 33992528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Testicular torsion is a common urologic emergency and one of the causes of infertility in males. Hence, prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent testicular damages. It has been reported that memantine, a drug for Alzheimer's disease has anti-oxidative role against cerebral ischemic stroke and cardiac ischemia reperfusion. OBJECTIVE In this experimental study, the effects of memantine on a testicular torsion injury in adolescent rat testis after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) were evaluated. STUDY DESIGN Thirty-six adolescent rats were divided into three groups with 12 rats per group including sham-operated, T/D (torsion/detorsion) + vehicle, and T/D + memantine (10 mg/kg). Testicular torsion was induced for 2 h by rotating right testis 7200 in the clockwise direction. In treated group 30 min before detorsion, a single intraperitoneal dose of memantine was administered. After 4 h of reperfusion, orchiectomy was conducted and Histopathological and biochemical evaluations of testicular tissue samples were performed. RESULTS The malondialdehyde level in the T/D group was significantly greater than in the sham operated group. Moreover, the testicular malondialdehyde values in the T/D + memantine group were significantly lower than in the T/D group. Also, significant decreases occurred in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the T/D group compared with sham operated group. These values were significantly greater in the memantine group than in the T/D group. Furthermore, after induction of T/D, histopathological evaluations also revealed severe testicular damages which were improved by memantine administration. DISCUSSION Memantine prevented increases in oxidative stress markers and reductions of antioxidants during I/R injury in the current study. Subsequently the histologic injury was reduced in rats treated with memantine. The antioxidant characteristics of memantine and its protective effects have been shown in our study. CONCLUSION These results suggest that administration of memantine before detorsion prevents I/R cellular damage in testicular torsion. This drug probably acts through reduction of reactive oxygen species and support antioxidant enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jafari
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hojat Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Reproductive Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Nemati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sarvin Pashapour
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sonia Sadeghpour
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Said ES, Ahmed RM, Mohammed RA, Morsi EM, Elmahdi MH, Elsayed HS, Mahmoud RH, Nadwa EH. Ameliorating effect of melatonin on mercuric chloride-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07485. [PMID: 34307937 PMCID: PMC8287146 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury is a highly toxic metal. It induces its toxicity via production of reactive oxygen species. Brain tissues are more susceptible to oxidative damage. Melatonin and its metabolites are free radical scavengers. The aim of this work is to elucidate the neuroprotective effect of melatonin on mercuric chloride-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Fifty male albino rats were used and divided into five groups. Group I acts as normal control. Group II (LD HgCl2) received mercuric chloride at a dose of 2 mg/kg. Group III (HD HgCl2) received HgCl2 at a dose of 4 mg/kg. Rats in group IV (LD HgCl2 +MLT) received HgCl2 2 mg/kg + Melatonin 5 mg/kg. Rats in group V (HD HgCl2+MLT) received HgCl2 4 mg/kg + Melatonin5 mg/kg. This study revealed that mercuric chloride decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and increased malondialdehyde levels. Toxicity of mercuric chloride lead to upregulation of the gene expression level vascular endothelial growth factor. HgCl2 induced fragmentation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, ballooning of Golgi apparatus, nuclear and cytoplasmic degeneration of pyramidal neurones of rat cerebral cortex. This neuronal damage caused by HgCl2 was significantly improved by melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman S. Said
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Radwa M. Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | - Rehab A. Mohammed
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | - Enas M. Morsi
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | | | - Hassan S. Elsayed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | - Rania H. Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | - Eman H. Nadwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Lv X, Li Q, Mao S, Qin L, Dong P. The protective effects of memantine against inflammation and impairment of endothelial tube formation induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21469-21480. [PMID: 33174867 PMCID: PMC7695423 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability. The dysregulation of cardiac endothelial cells plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of AMI. In the present study, we investigated the potential of memantine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, to mitigate the effects of ischemia-reperfusion injury in the peripheral vasculature using human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVECs). Previous studies have identified anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of memantine, but the effects of memantine on angiogenesis and microtubule formation have not been fully elucidated. Our findings indicate that pretreatment with memantine significantly reduced the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, which are both serum markers if AMI severity. We also demonstrate that memantine could prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress by rescuing mitochondrial membrane potential and reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX-4). Importantly, memantine also promoted the expression of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) antioxidant signaling pathway. Importantly, memantine pretreatment improved cell viability and prevented the decrease in microtubule formation induced by OGD/R. Through a phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition experiment, we determined that the PI3K/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway is essential for the effects of memantine on angiogenesis. Together, our findings suggest a potential role for memantine in the prevention and treatment of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Limin Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Peikang Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
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The Role of Cardiac N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Heart Conditioning-Effects on Heart Function and Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071065. [PMID: 32708792 PMCID: PMC7408261 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As well as the most known role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the nervous system, there is a plethora of evidence that NMDARs are also present in the cardiovascular system where they participate in various physiological processes, as well as pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of preconditioning and postconditioning of isolated rat heart with NMDAR agonists and antagonists on heart function and release of oxidative stress biomarkers. The hearts of male Wistar albino rats were subjected to global ischemia for 20 min, followed by 30 min of reperfusion, using the Langendorff technique, and cardiodynamic parameters were determined during the subsequent preconditioning with the NMDAR agonists glutamate (100 µmol/L) and (RS)-(Tetrazol-5-yl)glycine (5 μmol/L) and the NMDAR antagonists memantine (100 μmol/L) and MK-801 (30 μmol/L). In the postconditioning group, the hearts were perfused with the same dose of drugs during the first 3 min of reperfusion. The oxidative stress biomarkers were determined spectrophotometrically in samples of coronary venous effluent. The NMDAR antagonists, especially MK-801, applied in postconditioning had a marked antioxidative effect with a most pronounced protective effect. The results from this study suggest that NMDARs could be a potential therapeutic target in the prevention and treatment of ischemic and reperfusion injury of the heart.
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Chang J, Yang B, Zhou Y, Yin C, Liu T, Qian H, Xing G, Wang S, Li F, Zhang Y, Chen D, Aschner M, Lu R. Acute Methylmercury Exposure and the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Signaling Pathway under Normoxic Conditions in the Rat Brain and Astrocytes in Vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:127006. [PMID: 31850806 PMCID: PMC6957278 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, methylmercury (MeHg) induces toxic effects in the nervous system, one of its main targets. However, the exact mechanisms of its neurotoxicity have not been fully elucidated. Hypoxia-inducible factor- 1 α (HIF- 1 α ), a transcription factor, plays a crucial role in adaptive and cytoprotective responses in cells and is involved in cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, erythropoiesis, and other physiological activities. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the role of HIF- 1 α in response to acute MeHg exposure in rat brain and primary cultured astrocytes to improve understanding of the mechanisms of MeHg-induced neurotoxicity and the development of effective neuroprotective strategies. METHODS Primary rat astrocytes were treated with MeHg (0 - 10 μ M ) for 0.5 h . Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were assessed with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed to assess the level of oxidative stress using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence. HIF- 1 α , and its downstream proteins, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), erythropoietin (EPO), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) were analyzed by means of Western blotting. Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of HIF- 1 α mRNA. Pretreatment with protein synthesis inhibitor (CHX), proteasome inhibitor (MG132), or proline hydroxylase inhibitor (DHB) were applied to explore the possible mechanisms of HIF- 1 α inhibition by MeHg. To investigate the role of HIF- 1 α in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity, cobalt chloride (CoC l 2 ), 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2), small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection and adenovirus overexpression were used. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and vitamin E (Trolox) were used to investigate the putative role of oxidative stress in MeHg-induced alterations in HIF- 1 α levels. The expression of HIF- 1 α and related downstream proteins was detected in adult rat brain exposed to MeHg (0 - 10 mg / kg ) for 0.5 h in vivo. RESULTS MeHg caused lower cell proliferation and higher cytotoxicity in primary rat astrocytes in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In comparison with the control cells, exposure to 10 μ M MeHg for 0.5 h significantly inhibited the expression of astrocytic HIF- 1 α , and the downstream genes GLUT-1, EPO, and VEGF-A (p < 0.05 ), in the absence of a significant decrease in HIF- 1 α mRNA levels. When protein synthesis was inhibited by CHX, MeHg promoted the degradation rate of HIF- 1 α . MG132 and DHB significantly blocked the MeHg-induced decrease in HIF- 1 α expression (p < 0.05 ). Overexpression of HIF- 1 α significantly attenuated the decline in MeHg-induced cell proliferation, whereas the inhibition of HIF- 1 α significantly increased the decline in cell proliferation (p < 0.05 ). NAC and Trolox, two established antioxidants, reversed the MeHg-induced decline in HIF- 1 α protein levels and the decrease in cell proliferation (p < 0.05 ). MeHg suppressed the expression of HIF- 1 α and related downstream target proteins in adult rat brain. DISCUSSION MeHg induced a significant reduction in HIF- 1 α protein by activating proline hydroxylase (PHD) and the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in primary rat astrocytes. Additionally, ROS scavenging by antioxidants played a neuroprotective role via increasing HIF- 1 α expression in response to MeHg toxicity. Moreover, we established that up-regulation of HIF- 1 α might serve to mitigate the acute toxicity of MeHg in astrocytes, affording a novel therapeutic target for future exploration. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5139.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bobo Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Changsheng Yin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hai Qian
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangwei Xing
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Suhua Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Center for Experimental Research, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
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Valis M, Herman D, Vanova N, Masopust J, Vysata O, Hort J, Pavelek Z, Klimova B, Kuca K, Misik J, Zdarova Karasova J. The Concentration of Memantine in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Its Consequence to Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:943. [PMID: 31555132 PMCID: PMC6722429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Memantine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist utilized as a palliative cure for Alzheimer’s disease. This is the second study examining the memantine concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. The previously published study enrolled six patients, and three of them were theoretically in a steady state. In our study, we enrolled 22 patients who regularly used a standard therapeutic dose of memantine (20 mg/day, oral administration) before the sample collection. Patients were divided into four groups, according to the time of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid collection: 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after memantine administration. The cerebrospinal fluid samples were also assessed for selected oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde, 3-nitrotyrosine, glutathione, non-protein thiols, and non-protein disulfides). The plasma/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ratio for all time intervals were within the range of 45.89% (6 h) to 55.60% (18 h), which corresponds with previously published findings in most patients. The other aim of our study was to deduce whether the achieved “real” memantine concentration in the central compartment was sufficient to block NMDA receptors. The IC50 value of memantine as an NMDA antagonist is in micromolar range; the lowest limit is 112 ng/ml (GluN2C), and this value was achieved only in three cases. The memantine cerebrospinal fluid concentration did not reach one quarter of the IC50 value in five cases (one patient was excluded for noncompliance); therefore, the potency of memantine as a therapeutic effect in patients may be questionable. However, it appears that memantine therapy positively affected the levels of some oxidative stress parameters, especially non-protein thiols and 3-nitrotyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - David Herman
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Nela Vanova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czechia
| | - Jiri Masopust
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Oldrich Vysata
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Jakub Hort
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Zbysek Pavelek
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Blanka Klimova
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Jan Misik
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
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Kim GA, Gan’shina TS, Kurza EV, Kurdyumov IN, Maslennikov DV, Mirzoian RS. New cerebrovascular agent with hypotensive activity. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.5.35392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In cerebrovascular disorders, special attention is paid to a hypertensive cerebrovascular crisis, which combines a vascular injury of the brain and hypertension. The paper studies the cerebrovascular properties of the calcium channel blocker of S-Amlodipine nicotinate antihypertensive agent.
Materials and methods: Tests were performed on 96 nonlinear male rats, measuring local blood flow in the cerebral cortex in 36 awake animals, using a laser Doppler flowmeter. Cerebral circulation was recorded in the animals when modeling ischemic and hemorrhagic brain injuries.
Results and discussion: S-Amlodipine nicotinate (0.1 mg/kg i/v) shows a pronounced cerebrovascular activity in the models of ischemic and hemorrhagic injuries of the brain. In terms of the vasodilating effect in ischemic brain injury, the drug is comparable to mexidol, nimodipine, picamilon, but is superior to nimodipine and picamilon in terms of duration of action, and in the model of hemorrhagic stroke, S-Amlodipine nicotinate is superior to nimodipine and is comparable to picamilon and mexidol. The analysis of the mechanism of action of the agent revealed the participation of GABA A-receptors in the implementation of cerebrovascular properties of the agent.
Conclusion: Significant cerebrovascular activity of S-Amlodipine nicotinate (0.1 mg/kg i/v) antihypertensive agent was revealed. The presence of GABAergic mechanism on cerebral blood flow in the agent action along with blockade of slow calcium channels ensures its high efficacy in treatment of both ischemic and hemorrhagic brain injuries.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The objective of this article is to highlight the potential role of the galantamine-memantine combination as a novel antioxidant treatment for schizophrenia. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to the well-known mechanisms of action of galantamine and memantine, these medications also have antioxidant activity. Furthermore, an interplay exists between oxidative stress, inflammation (redox-inflammatory hypothesis), and kynurenine pathway metabolites. Also, there is an interaction between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Oxidative stress may be associated with positive, cognitive, and negative symptoms and impairments in white matter integrity in schizophrenia. The antipsychotic-galantamine-memantine combination may provide a novel strategy in schizophrenia to treat positive, cognitive, and negative symptoms. SUMMARY A "single antioxidant" may be inadequate to counteract the complex cascade of oxidative stress. The galantamine-memantine combination as "double antioxidants" is promising. Hence, randomized controlled trials are warranted with the antipsychotic-galantamine-memantine combination with oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers in schizophrenia.
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Okada M, Fukuyama K, Kawano Y, Shiroyama T, Ueda Y. Memantine protects thalamocortical hyper-glutamatergic transmission induced by NMDA receptor antagonism via activation of system xc<sup/>. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00457. [PMID: 30631447 PMCID: PMC6323135 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)/glutamate receptor (NMDAR) signaling have been considered central to the cognitive impairments of schizophrenia; however, an NMDAR antagonist memantine (MEM) improves cognitive impairments of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. These mechanisms of paradoxical clinical effects of NMDAR antagonists remain unclear. To explore the mechanisms by which MK801 and MEM affect thalamocortical transmission, we determined interactions between local administrations of MK801, MEM, system xc- (Sxc), and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) on extracellular glutamate and GABA levels in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MDTN) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using dual-probe microdialysis with ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. Effects of MK801 and MEM on Sxc activity were also determined using primary cultured astrocytes. Sxc activity was enhanced by MEM, but was unaffected by MK801. MK801 enhanced thalamocortical glutamatergic transmission by GABAergic disinhibition in the MDTN. In the MDTN and the mPFC, MEM weakly increased glutamate release by activating Sxc, whereas MEM inhibited thalamocortical glutamatergic transmission. Paradoxical effects of MEM were induced following secondary activation of inhibitory II-mGluR and III-mGluR by exporting glutamate from astroglial Sxc. The present results suggest that the effects of therapeutically relevant concentrations of MEM on thalamocortical glutamatergic transmission are predominantly caused by activation of Sxc rather than inhibition of NMDAR. These demonstrations suggest that the combination between reduced NMDAR and activated Sxc contribute to the neuroprotective effects of MEM. Furthermore, activation of Sxc may compensate for the cognitive impairments that are induced by hyperactivation of thalamocortical glutamatergic transmission following activation of Sxc/II-mGluR in the MDTN and Sxc/II-mGluR/III-mGluR in the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Okada
- Department of NeuropsychiatryDivision of NeuroscienceGraduate School of MedicineMie UniversityTsuMieJapan
| | - Kouji Fukuyama
- Department of NeuropsychiatryDivision of NeuroscienceGraduate School of MedicineMie UniversityTsuMieJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawano
- Department of NeuropsychiatryDivision of NeuroscienceGraduate School of MedicineMie UniversityTsuMieJapan
| | - Takashi Shiroyama
- Department of NeuropsychiatryDivision of NeuroscienceGraduate School of MedicineMie UniversityTsuMieJapan
| | - Yuto Ueda
- Department of NeuropsychiatryDivision of NeuroscienceGraduate School of MedicineMie UniversityTsuMieJapan
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Santana LNDS, Bittencourt LO, Nascimento PC, Fernandes RM, Teixeira FB, Fernandes LMP, Freitas Silva MC, Nogueira LS, Amado LL, Crespo-Lopez ME, Maia CDSF, Lima RR. Low doses of methylmercury exposure during adulthood in rats display oxidative stress, neurodegeneration in the motor cortex and lead to impairment of motor skills. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 51:19-27. [PMID: 30466930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the vast distribution among tissues, the central nervous system (CNS) represents the main target of methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of MeHg exposure on the CNS at equivalent doses to human environmental exposure. In our study, we evaluated the motor cortex, an important area of motor control, in adult rats chronically exposed to MeHg in a concentration equivalent to those found in fish-eating populations exposed to mercury (Hg). The parameters evaluated were total Hg accumulation, oxidative stress, tissue damage, and behavioral assessment in functional actions that involved this cortical region. Our results show in exposed animals a significantly greater level of Hg in the motor cortex; increase of nitrite levels and lipid peroxidation, associated with decreased antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals; reduction of neuronal and astrocyte density; and poor coordination and motor learning impairment. Our data showed that chronic exposure at low doses to MeHg is capable of promoting damages to the motor cortex of adult animals, with changes in oxidative biochemistry misbalance, neurodegeneration, and motor function impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Nazaré da Silva Santana
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Priscila Cunha Nascimento
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rafael Monteiro Fernandes
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Francisco Bruno Teixeira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Luanna Melo Pereira Fernandes
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcia Cristina Freitas Silva
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Lygia Sega Nogueira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Lílian Lund Amado
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Environmental Toxicants: Epigenetics as an Underlying Mechanism. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:7526592. [PMID: 28567415 PMCID: PMC5439185 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7526592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders, especially autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), calls for more research into the identification of etiologic and risk factors. The Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesizes that the environment during fetal and childhood development affects the risk for many chronic diseases in later stages of life, including neurodevelopmental disorders. Epigenetics, a term describing mechanisms that cause changes in the chromosome state without affecting DNA sequences, is suggested to be the underlying mechanism, according to the DOHaD hypothesis. Moreover, many neurodevelopmental disorders are also related to epigenetic abnormalities. Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to prenatal environmental toxicants is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition, there is also evidence that environmental toxicants can result in epigenetic alterations, notably DNA methylation. In this review, we first focus on the relationship between neurodevelopmental disorders and environmental toxicants, in particular maternal smoking, plastic-derived chemicals (bisphenol A and phthalates), persistent organic pollutants, and heavy metals. We then review studies showing the epigenetic effects of those environmental factors in humans that may affect normal neurodevelopment.
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Engin AB, Engin ED, Golokhvast K, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis AM. Glutamate‑mediated effects of caffeine and interferon‑γ on mercury-induced toxicity. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1215-1223. [PMID: 28350110 PMCID: PMC5403307 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms mediating mercury‑induced neurotoxicity are not yet completely understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the severity of MeHg‑ and HgCl2‑mediated cytotoxicity to SH‑SY5Y human dopaminergic neurons can be attenuated by regulating glutamate‑mediated signal‑transmission through caffeine and interferon‑γ (IFN‑γ). The SH‑SY5Y cells were exposed to 1, 2 and 5 µM of either MeHgCl2 or HgCl2 in the presence or absence of L‑glutamine. To examine the effect of adenosine receptor antagonist, the cells were treated with 10 and 20 µM caffeine. The total mitochondrial metabolic activity and oxidative stress intensity coefficient were determined in the 1 ng/ml IFN‑γ‑ and glutamate‑stimulated SH‑SY5Y cells. Following exposure to mercury, the concentration‑dependent decrease in mitochondrial metabolic activity inversely correlated with oxidative stress intensity. MeHg was more toxic than HgCl2. Mercury‑induced neuronal death was dependent on glutamate‑mediated excitotoxicity. Caffeine reduced the mercury‑induced oxidative stress in glutamine-containing medium. IFN‑γ treatment decreased cell viability and increased oxidative stress in glutamine‑free medium, despite caffeine supplementation. Although caffeine exerted a protective effect against MeHg-induced toxicity with glutamate transmission, under co‑stimulation with glutamine and IFN‑γ, caffeine decreased the MeHg‑induced average oxidative stress only by half. Thereby, our data indicate that the IFN‑γ stimulation of mercury‑exposed dopaminergic neurons in neuroinflammatory diseases may diminish the neuroprotective effects of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey
| | | | - Kirill Golokhvast
- Scientific Educational Center of Nanotechnology, Far Eastern Federal University, Engineering School, Vladivostok 690950, Russia
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
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Amin SN, El-Aidi AA, Zickri MB, Rashed LA, Hassan SS. Hepatoprotective effect of blocking N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in male albino rats exposed to acute and repeated restraint stress. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:721-731. [PMID: 28317386 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress affects many organs in addition to the brain, including the liver. We assessed the effects on the liver of blocking N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors with memantine in acute and repeated restraint stress. Forty-two male albino rats were divided into 7 groups; control, acute restraint stress (ARS), ARS + memantine, repeated restraint stress, repeated restraint + memantine, and positive control groups. We measured serum iron, zinc, alanine transferase and aspartame transferase, hepatic malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, metallothionein content, zinc transporter ZRT/IRT-like protein 14 mRNA expression, and hepcidin expression. We conducted a histopathological evaluation via histological staining and immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein and synaptophysin expression, both of which are markers of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. Both ARS and repeated stress increased markers of hepatic cell injury, oxidative stress, and HSC activation. Blocking NMDA with memantine provided a hepatoprotective effect in acute and repeated restraint stress and decreased hepatic cell injury, oxidative stress, and HSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Nasr Amin
- a Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Maha Baligh Zickri
- c Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Ahmed Rashed
- d Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif Sabry Hassan
- e Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,f California University of Science and Medicine, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Education, Colton, CA, USA
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Liu W, Xu Z, Li H, Guo M, Yang T, Feng S, Xu B, Deng Y. Protective effects of curcumin against mercury-induced hepatic injuries in rats, involvement of oxidative stress antagonism, and Nrf2-ARE pathway activation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:949-966. [PMID: 27837179 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116677355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) represents a ubiquitous environmental heavy metal that could lead to severe toxic effects in a variety of organs usually at a low level. The present study focused on the liver oxidative stress, one of the most important roles playing in Hg hepatotoxicity, by evaluation of different concentrations of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) administration. Moreover, the protective potential of curcumin against Hg hepatotoxic effects was also investigated. Eighty-four rats were randomly divided into six groups for a three-days experiment: control, dimethyl sulfoxide control, HgCl2 treatment (0.6, 1.2, and 2.4 mg kg-1 day-1), and curcumin pretreatment (100 mg kg-1 day-1) groups. Exposure of HgCl2 resulted in acute dose-dependent hepatotoxic effects. Administration of 2.4 mg kg-1 HgCl2 significantly elevated total Hg, nonprotein sulfhydryl, reactive oxygen species formation, malondialdehyde, apoptosis levels, serum lactate dehydrogenase, and alanine transaminase activities, with an impairment of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the liver. Moreover, HgCl2 treatment activated nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2-antioxidant response element (Nrf2-ARE) signaling pathway in further investigation, with a significant upregulation of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1, and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy subunit expression, relative to control. Pretreatment with curcumin obviously prevented HgCl2-induced liver oxidative stress, which may be due to its free radical scavenging or Nrf2-ARE pathway-inducing properties. Taking together these data suggest that curcumin counteracts HgCl2 hepatotoxicity through antagonizing liver oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liu
- Department of environmental health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Xu
- Department of environmental health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - H Li
- Department of environmental health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - M Guo
- Department of environmental health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - T Yang
- Department of environmental health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - S Feng
- Department of environmental health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - B Xu
- Department of environmental health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of environmental health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Memantine, a Low-Affinity NMDA Receptor Antagonist, Protects against Methylmercury-Induced Cytotoxicity of Rat Primary Cultured Cortical Neurons, Involvement of Ca2+ Dyshomeostasis Antagonism, and Indirect Antioxidation Effects. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5034-5050. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Unzeta M, Esteban G, Bolea I, Fogel WA, Ramsay RR, Youdim MBH, Tipton KF, Marco-Contelles J. Multi-Target Directed Donepezil-Like Ligands for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:205. [PMID: 27252617 PMCID: PMC4879129 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS ASS234 is a MTDL compound containing a moiety from Donepezil and the propargyl group from the PF 9601N, a potent and selective MAO B inhibitor. This compound is the most advanced anti-Alzheimer agent for preclinical studies identified in our laboratory.Derived from ASS234 both multipotent donepezil-indolyl (MTDL-1) and donepezil-pyridyl hybrids (MTDL-2) were designed and evaluated as inhibitors of AChE/BuChE and both MAO isoforms. MTDL-2 showed more high affinity toward the four enzymes than MTDL-1.MTDL-3 and MTDL-4, were designed containing the N-benzylpiperidinium moiety from Donepezil, a metal- chelating 8-hydroxyquinoline group and linked to a N-propargyl core and they were pharmacologically evaluated.The presence of the cyano group in MTDL-3, enhanced binding to AChE, BuChE and MAO A. It showed antioxidant behavior and it was able to strongly complex Cu(II), Zn(II) and Fe(III).MTDL-4 showed higher affinity toward AChE, BuChE.MTDL-3 exhibited good brain penetration capacity (ADMET) and less toxicity than Donepezil. Memory deficits in scopolamine-lesioned animals were restored by MTDL-3.MTDL-3 particularly emerged as a ligand showing remarkable potential benefits for its use in AD therapy. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of adult onset dementia, is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss, decline in language skills, and other cognitive impairments. Although its etiology is not completely known, several factors including deficits of acetylcholine, β-amyloid deposits, τ-protein phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are considered to play significant roles in the pathophysiology of this disease. For a long time, AD patients have been treated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil (Aricept®) but with limited therapeutic success. This might be due to the complex multifactorial nature of AD, a fact that has prompted the design of new Multi-Target-Directed Ligands (MTDL) based on the "one molecule, multiple targets" paradigm. Thus, in this context, different series of novel multifunctional molecules with antioxidant, anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, and metal-chelating properties able to interact with multiple enzymes of therapeutic interest in AD pathology including acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and monoamine oxidases A and B have been designed and assessed biologically. This review describes the multiple targets, the design rationale and an in-house MTDL library, bearing the N-benzylpiperidine motif present in donepezil, linked to different heterocyclic ring systems (indole, pyridine, or 8-hydroxyquinoline) with special emphasis on compound ASS234, an N-propargylindole derivative. The description of the in vitro biological properties of the compounds and discussion of the corresponding structure-activity-relationships allows us to highlight new issues for the identification of more efficient MTDL for use in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Unzeta
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Esteban
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Irene Bolea
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Wieslawa A. Fogel
- Department of Hormone Biochemistry, Medical University of LodzLodz, Poland
| | - Rona R. Ramsay
- Biomolecular Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St AndrewsSt. Andrews, UK
| | - Moussa B. H. Youdim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Eve Topf and National Parkinson Foundation Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases ResearchHaifa, Israel
| | - Keith F. Tipton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry, Spanish National Research CouncilMadrid, Spain
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Effects of colistin on amino acid neurotransmitters and blood-brain barrier in the mouse brain. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 55:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Yang T, Xu Z, Liu W, Xu B, Deng Y. Protective effects of Alpha-lipoic acid on MeHg-induced oxidative damage and intracellular Ca2+dyshomeostasis in primary cultured neurons. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:542-56. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2016.1152362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ayyathan DM, Chandrasekaran R, Thiagarajan K. Neuroprotective effect of Tagara, an Ayurvedic drug against methyl mercury induced oxidative stress using rat brain mitochondrial fractions. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:268. [PMID: 26264039 PMCID: PMC4533944 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methyl mercury (MeHg), an important environmental toxicant is implicated in neurological disorders such as Hunter-Russell syndrome and Autism. Therefore, the present work is in search of new drugs that can alleviate MeHg toxicity. In this connection, Tagara, an ayurvedic drug is used for assessing its neuro protective effect against MeHg toxicity. METHODS In the present study, we assessed the phytochemical contents of Tagara by colorimetric and HPLC analyses. The neuroprotective effect of Tagara on MeHg induced neurotoxicity was measured in terms of viability by MTT assay and oxidative stress in terms of catalase activity, glutathione and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels. Further, the chelating effect of Tagara towards MeHg was performed to identify the molecular mechanism. Statistical analysis was done by statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. RESULTS The results demonstrated that Tagara contains significant amounts of phenols and flavonoids. Also, HPLC analysis of Tagara revealed the presence of essential oils such as hydroxyvalerenic and valerenic acids. Our results demonstrated that exposure of rat brain mitochondrial fractions to MeHg resulted in a dose dependent death in MTT assay and IC50 value was found to be 10 μM. However, a 250 μg dose of Tagara effectively prevented MeHg induced mitochondrial damage. The oxidative stress caused by MeHg results in elevated levels of reactive oxygen species as evidenced by elevated TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) levels and diminished catalase enzyme activity and glutathione content. However, Tagara at 250 μg concentration offsets these alterations caused by MeHg. Further, Tagara also diminished GSH oxidation caused by MeHg, confirming its chelating effect, one of the molecular mechanisms that triggers protection against oxidative damage. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that MeHg induced toxicity is predominantly mediated through oxidative stress mechanism and the propensity of Tagara to abolish such reactions. Hence, we propose that Tagara with a source of potential neuroprotectants may be a useful approach to alleviate MeHg associated neurotoxicity.
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Yuntao F, Chenjia G, Panpan Z, Wenjun Z, Suhua W, Guangwei X, Haifeng S, Jian L, Wanxin P, Yun F, Cai J, Aschner M, Rongzhu L. Role of autophagy in methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity in rat primary astrocytes. Arch Toxicol 2014; 90:333-45. [PMID: 25488884 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process in which cytoplasmic proteins and organelles are degraded and recycled for reuse. There are numerous reports on the role of autophagy in cell growth and death; however, the role of autophagy in methylmercury (MeHg)-induced neurotoxicity has yet to be identified. We studied the role of autophagy in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity in astrocytes. MeHg reduced astrocytic viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and induced apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine or chloroquine, as well as the silencing of the autophagy-related protein 5, increased MeHg-induced cytotoxicity and the ratio of apoptotic astrocytes. Conversely, rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, along with as N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a precursor of reduced glutathione, decreased MeHg-induced toxicity and the ratio of apoptotic astrocytes. These results indicated that MeHg-induced neurotoxicity was reduced, at least in part, through the activation of autophagy. Accordingly, modulation of autophagy may offer a new avenue for attenuating MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuntao
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo Chenjia
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhang Panpan
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhao Wenjun
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wang Suhua
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Guangwei
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shi Haifeng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Jian
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Wanxin
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550-1106, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Lu Rongzhu
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Wang F, Liang W, Lei C, Kinden R, Sang H, Xie Y, Huang Y, Qu Y, Xiong L. Combination of HBO and Memantine in Focal Cerebral Ischemia: Is There a Synergistic Effect? Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1458-1466. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Karki P, Smith K, Johnson J, Aschner M, Lee E. Role of transcription factor yin yang 1 in manganese-induced reduction of astrocytic glutamate transporters: Putative mechanism for manganese-induced neurotoxicity. Neurochem Int 2014; 88:53-9. [PMID: 25128239 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant non-neuronal glial cells in the brain. Once relegated to a mere supportive role for neurons, contemporary dogmas ascribe multiple active roles for these cells in central nervous system (CNS) function, including maintenance of optimal glutamate levels in synapses. Regulation of glutamate levels in the synaptic cleft is crucial for preventing excitotoxic neuronal injury. Glutamate levels are regulated predominantly by two astrocytic glutamate transporters, glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST). Indeed, the dysregulation of these transporters has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as manganism, which is caused by overexposure to the trace metal, manganese (Mn). Although Mn is an essential trace element, its excessive accumulation in the brain as a result of chronic occupational or environmental exposures induces a neurological disorder referred to as manganism, which shares common pathological features with Parkinsonism. Mn decreases the expression and function of both GLAST and GLT-1. Astrocytes are commonly targeted by Mn, and thus reduction in astrocytic glutamate transporter function represents a critical mechanism of Mn-induced neurotoxicity. In this review, we will discuss the role of astrocytic glutamate transporters in neurodegenerative diseases and Mn-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Karki
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, United States
| | - Keisha Smith
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, United States
| | - James Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, United States.
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Liu W, Xu Z, Yang T, Deng Y, Xu B, Feng S, Li Y. The protective role of tea polyphenols against methylmercury-induced neurotoxic effects in rat cerebral cortex via inhibition of oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:849-63. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.916039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zheng H, Fridkin M, Youdim M. From single target to multitarget/network therapeutics in Alzheimer's therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:113-35. [PMID: 24463342 PMCID: PMC3942689 DOI: 10.3390/ph7020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain network dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves many proteins (enzymes), processes and pathways, which overlap and influence one another in AD pathogenesis. This complexity challenges the dominant paradigm in drug discovery or a single-target drug for a single mechanism. Although this paradigm has achieved considerable success in some particular diseases, it has failed to provide effective approaches to AD therapy. Network medicines may offer alternative hope for effective treatment of AD and other complex diseases. In contrast to the single-target drug approach, network medicines employ a holistic approach to restore network dysfunction by simultaneously targeting key components in disease networks. In this paper, we explore several drugs either in the clinic or under development for AD therapy in term of their design strategies, diverse mechanisms of action and disease-modifying potential. These drugs act as multi-target ligands and may serve as leads for further development as network medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Intra-cellular Therapies Inc. 3960 Broadway, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Mati Fridkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Moussa Youdim
- Abital Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Tel Aviv 6789141, Israel.
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Gubandru M, Margina D, Tsitsimpikou C, Goutzourelas N, Tsarouhas K, Ilie M, Tsatsakis AM, Kouretas D. Alzheimer's disease treated patients showed different patterns for oxidative stress and inflammation markers. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 61:209-14. [PMID: 23871825 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia accounting for 60-80% of the reported cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of certain parameters of oxidative stress and markers of endothelial dysfunction in the blood of 21 AD patients under standard treatment compared with 10 controls, in an attempt to elucidate the contribution of AD to the total oxidative stress status of the patients. Results indicate that IL-6, TNF-α, ADMA and homocysteine levels were significantly elevated in AD patients. Protein carbonyls levels were higher in AD group, while glutathione reductase and total antioxidant capacity were lower, depicting decreased defense ability against reactive oxygen species. Besides, a higher level of advanced glycation end-products was observed in AD patients. Depending on the treatment received, a distinct inflammatory and oxidative stress profile was observed: in Rivastigmine-treated group, IL6 levels were 47% lower than the average value of the remaining AD patients; homocysteine and glutathione reductase were statistically unchanged in the Rivastigmine and Donepezil-Memantine, respectively Donepezil group. Although the study is based on a limited population, the results could constitute the basis for further studies regarding the effect of medication and diet on AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana Gubandru
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
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