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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Hart A, Schroeder H, Rose M, Vrijheid M, Kouloura E, Bordajandi LR, Riolo F, Vleminckx C. Update of the scientific opinion on tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8859. [PMID: 39010865 PMCID: PMC11247339 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and five derivatives in food. Neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity were considered as the critical effects of TBBPA in rodent studies. The available evidence indicates that the carcinogenicity of TBBPA occurs via non-genotoxic mechanisms. Taking into account the new data, the CONTAM Panel considered it appropriate to set a tolerable daily intake (TDI). Based on decreased interest in social interaction in male mice, a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 0.2 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified and selected as the reference point for the risk characterisation. Applying the default uncertainty factor of 100 for inter- and intraspecies variability, and a factor of 3 to extrapolate from the LOAEL to NOAEL, a TDI for TBBPA of 0.7 μg/kg bw per day was established. Around 2100 analytical results for TBBPA in food were used to estimate dietary exposure for the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary LB exposure to TBBPA were fish and seafood, meat and meat products and milk and dairy products. The exposure estimates to TBBPA were all below the TDI, including those estimated for breastfed and formula-fed infants. Accounting for the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the CONTAM Panel concluded with 90%-95% certainty that the current dietary exposure to TBBPA does not raise a health concern for any of the population groups considered. There were insufficient data on the toxicity of any of the TBBPA derivatives to derive reference points, or to allow a comparison with TBBPA that would support assignment to an assessment group for the purposes of combined risk assessment.
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Zhao Y, Qin X, Zhao X, Wang X, Tan H, Sun H, Yan G, Li H, Ho W, Lee SC. Polyoxometalates-doped Bi2O3–/Bi photocatalyst for highly efficient visible-light photodegradation of tetrabromobisphenol A and removal of NO. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Feiteiro J, Mariana M, Cairrão E. Health toxicity effects of brominated flame retardants: From environmental to human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117475. [PMID: 34087639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A) are brominated flame retardants widely used in variety of industrial and consumer products (e.g., automobiles, electronics, furniture, textiles and plastics) to reduce flammability. HBCD and TBBPA can also contaminate the environment, mainly water, dust, air and soil, from which human exposure occurs. This constant exposure has raised some concerns against human health. These compounds can act as endocrine disruptors, a property that gives them the ability to interfere with hormonal function and quantity, when HBCD and TBBPA bind target tissues in the body. Studies in human and animals suggest a correlation between HBCD and TBBPA exposure and adverse health outcomes, namely thyroid disorders, neurobehavior and development disorders, reproductive health, immunological, oncological and cardiovascular diseases. However, in humans these effects are still poorly understood, once only a few data evaluated the human health effects. Thus, the purpose of this review is to present the toxicity effects of HBCD and TBBPA and how these compounds affect the environment and health, resorting to data and knowledge of 255 published papers from 1979 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Feiteiro
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Melissa Mariana
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrão
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Eze CT, Michelangeli F, Otitoloju AA, Eze OO, Ibraheem O, Ogbuene EB, Ogunwole GA. Occurrence of chemical pollutants in major e-waste sites in West Africa and usefulness of cytotoxicity and induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) in determining the effects of some detected brominated flame retardants and e-waste soil-derived extracts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10832-10846. [PMID: 33099733 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of chemical pollutants in major e-waste sites in West Africa and usefulness of cytotoxicity and induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) in determining the effects of some detected brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and e-waste soil-derived extracts. Analysis of the e-waste site samples using AAS and GC-MS techniques revealed the presence of a range of toxic metals as well as persistent and toxic organic pollutants, respectively, in the vicinity of the e-waste sites. As expected, the occurrence (%) of all the detected chemical pollutants in experimental soils significantly (P < 0.05) differs from occurrence (%) in control soil. The calculated LC50 values on RBL-2H3 cells of the detected tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were 3.75 μM and 4.2 μM, respectively. Tribromophenol (TBP), dibromobiphenyl (DBB), and decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE) were remarkably less toxic on RBL-2H3 cells compared with TBBPA and HBCD as they did not reduce RBL-2H3 cell viability below 50% in the tested concentration range (0-20 μM). The study revealed that TBBPA and HBCD could induce significant RBL-2H3 cell death through caspase-dependent apoptosis. The study further shows that the cytotoxicity of some of these BFRs could increase synergistically when in mixtures and potentially activate inflammation through the stimulation of mast cell degranulation. The e-waste soil-derived extracts induced a concentration-dependent increase in EROD activity in the exposed RTG-W1 cells. Ultimately, nonpolar extracts had higher EROD-inducing potency compared with polar extracts and hence suggesting the presence in higher amounts of AhR agonists in nonpolar e-waste soil-derived extracts than polar extracts. Overall, there is urgent need for actions in order to improve the environmental quality of the e-waste sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuebuka ThankGod Eze
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
- Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria.
| | | | | | - Obianuju Oluchukwu Eze
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Campus, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Omodele Ibraheem
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Emeka Bright Ogbuene
- Centre for Environmental Management and Control, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Bowen C, Childers G, Perry C, Martin N, McPherson CA, Lauten T, Santos J, Harry GJ. Mitochondrial-related effects of pentabromophenol, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triphenyl phosphate on murine BV-2 microglia cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126919. [PMID: 32402876 PMCID: PMC8439439 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The predominant reliance on bromated flame retardants (BFRs) is diminishing with expanded use of alternative organophosphate flame retardants. However, exposure related issues for susceptible populations, the developing, infirmed, or aged, remain given environmental persistence and home-environment detection. In this regard, reports of flame retardant (FR)-related effects on the innate immune system suggest process by which a spectrum of adverse health effects could manifest across the life-span. As representative of the nervous system innate immune system, the current study examined changes in microglia following exposure to representative FRs, pentabromophenol (PBP), tetrabromobisphenol A (2,2',6,6',-tetrabromo-4,4'-isopropylidine diphenol; TBBPA) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP). Following 18hr exposure of murine BV-2 cells, at dose levels resulting in ≥80% viability (10 and 40 μM), limited alterations in pro-inflammatory responses were observed however, changes were observed in mitochondrial respiration. Basal respiration was altered by PBP; ATP-linked respiration by PBP and TBBPA, and maximum respiration by all three FRs. Basal glycolytic rate was altered by PBP and TBBPA and compensatory glycolysis by all three. Phagocytosis was decreased for PBP and TBBPA. NLRP3 inflammasome activation was assessed using BV-2-ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) reporter cells to visualize aggregate formation. PBP, showed a direct stimulation of aggregate formation and properties as a NLRP3 inflammasome secondary trigger. TBBPA showed indications of possible secondary triggering activity while no changes were seen with TPP. Thus, the data suggests an effect of all three FRs on mitochondria metabolism yet, different functional outcomes including, phagocytic capability and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Negin Martin
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Zhang X, Chen Y, Shang Q, Guo Y. Copper doping and organic sensitization enhance photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide: Efficient degradation of phenol and tetrabromobisphenol A. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:137144. [PMID: 32059292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel photocatalyst (Cu-TiO2@HQ) had been synthesized by combining Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with 8-Hydroxyquinoline (HQ) via hydrothermal method. The photocatalytic activities of Cu-TiO2@HQ were investigated by using phenol and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) as target pollutants, respectively. The results indicated that the degradation efficiencies of phenol and TBBPA by Cu-TiO2@HQ were 99.2% (in 30 min) and 99.4% (in 10 min) under visible light irradiation. Both of them were much better than that of pure TiO2 (8.63% in 30 min) and Cu-TiO2 (14.74% in 30 min). When phenol or TBBPA were degraded together with the reduction of Cr (VI), the reaction rate of each pollutant was significantly increased, and the cyclic stability of photocatalyst Cu-TiO2@HQ was greatly improved. Based on the spectroscopic and photoelectric characteristic analysis we found that in the mixture of phenol-Cr (VI) or TBBPA-Cr (VI) both photo-generated electrons and holes can be consumed simultaneously, thus preventing their recombination. The possible degradation products of phenol and TBBPA including its degradation path way were also analyzed by high resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yunning Chen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qingkun Shang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yingna Guo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Huang M, Zhong Y, Lin L, Liang B, Liu J, Jiang J, Hu M, Huang Y, Lin X, Lu L, Bian Z, Zhong W, Wu J, Zheng J, Rong W, Zhang Y, Jiang L, Wu J, Zhang X, Yang X, Hu Q, Huang Z. 1,2-Dichloroethane induces cerebellum granular cell apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2020; 322:87-97. [PMID: 31935479 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) is a widely used chlorinated organic toxicant, but little is known about the cerebellar dysfunction induced by excessive exposure to it. To uncover 1,2-DCE-induced neurotoxicity in cerebellar granular cells (CGCs), and to investigate the underlying mechanisms, we explored this, both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings showed significant cell viability inhibition in human CGCs (HCGCs) treated with 1,2-DCE. Flow cytometry and mitochondrial membrane potential analyses discovered an increase in apoptotic-mediated cell death in HCGCs after 1,2-DCE treatment. This HCGC apoptosis was involved in the increases of protein expression in Cytochrome c, Caspase-3, Bad, Bim, transformation related protein 53, Caspase-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and Survivin. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blot confirmed the increases in Cytochrome c, Caspase-3, cleaved Caspase-3, and Bad in HCGCs after 1,2-DCE treatment. Bax inhibitor peptide V5 rescued 1,2-DCE-induced HCGC apoptosis. Furthermore, 80 CD-1 male mice were exposed to 1,2-DCE by inhalation at 0, 100, 350, and 700 mg/m3 for 6 h/day for 4 weeks. An open field test found abnormal neurobehavioral changes in the mice exposed to 1,2-DCE. Histopathological examination showed significantly shrunken and hypereosinophilic cytoplasm with nuclear pyknosis in mouse CGCs from the 700 mg/m3 1,2-DCE group. TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay verified significant increases in apoptotic positive cells in the mouse CGCs after 1,2-DCE exposure. We confirmed the increases in the expressions of Cytochrome c, Caspase-3, cleaved Caspase-3 and Bad in the mice exposed to 1,2-DCE. These findings suggest that 1,2-DCE exposure can induce CGC apoptosis and cerebellar dysfunction, at least in part, through mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqi Huang
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yizhou Zhong
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Boxuan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junying Jiang
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Manjiang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuji Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lvliang Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ziwei Bian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenyu Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiejiao Wu
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiewei Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Weifeng Rong
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liang Jiang
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jieling Wu
- Department of Healthcare, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xingfen Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qiansheng Hu
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Zhenlie Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Liang S, Liang S, Zhou H, Yin N, Faiola F. Typical halogenated flame retardants affect human neural stem cell gene expression during proliferation and differentiation via glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta and T3 signaling. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109498. [PMID: 31377521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
2',2',4,4'-tetrabromo diphenyl ether (BDE-47), one of the most abundant congeners of commercial pentaBDE utilized as flame retardants, has been phased out of production due to its potential neural toxicity and endocrine disrupting activities, and yet still present in the environment. Several alternatives to BDE-47, including tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), are presently employed without restrictions and their potential toxic effects on human neural development are still unclear. In this study, we utilized a human neural stem cell (hNSC)-based system to evaluate the potential developmental neurotoxic effects of the above-mentioned five chemicals, at environment and human exposure relevant concentrations. We found that those compounds slightly altered the expression of hNSC identity markers (SOX2, SOX3 and NES), without impairing cell viability or proliferation, in part by either modulating glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) signaling (TBBPS, TCBPA and BDE-47), and slightly disturbing the NOTCH pathway (TBBPA, TBBPS and TCBPA). Moreover, the five chemicals seemed to alter hNSC differentiation by perturbing triiodothyronine (T3) cellular signaling. Thus, our findings suggest that the five compounds, especially TBBPS, TCBPA, and BDE-47, may affect hNSC self-renewal and differentiation abilities and potentially elicit neural developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengxian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Yu Y, Yu Z, Chen H, Han Y, Xiang M, Chen X, Ma R, Wang Z. Tetrabromobisphenol A: Disposition, kinetics and toxicity in animals and humans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:909-917. [PMID: 31351299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a nonregulated brominated flame retardant with a high production volume, and it is applied in a wide variety of consumer products. TBBPA is ubiquitous in abiotic matrices, wildlife and humans around the world. This paper critically reviews the published scientific data concerning the disposition, metabolism or kinetics and toxicity of TBBPA in animals and humans. TBBPA is rapidly absorbed and widely distributed among tissues, and is excreted primarily in the feces. In rats, TBBPA and its metabolites have limited systemic bioavailability. TBBPA has been detected in human milk in the general population. It is available to both the developing fetus and the nursing pups following maternal exposure. It has been suggested that TBBPA causes acute toxicity, endocrine disruptor activity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity in animals. Cell-based assays have shown that TBBPA can induce reactive oxygen species in a concentration-dependent manner, and it promotes the production of inflammatory factors such as TNF α, IL-6, and IL-8. Cells exposed to high levels of TBBPA exhibit seriously injured mitochondria and a dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This review will enhance the understanding of the potential risks of TBBPA exposure to ecological and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Ziling Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yajing Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xichao Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ruixue Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhengdong Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
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Diamandakis D, Zieminska E, Siwiec M, Tokarski K, Salinska E, Lenart J, Hess G, Lazarewicz JW. Tetrabromobisphenol A-induced depolarization of rat cerebellar granule cells: ex vivo and in vitro studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:64-73. [PMID: 30769291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is toxic to cultured brain neurons, and glutamate receptors partially mediate this effect; consequently, the depolarizing effect of TBBPA on neurons is to be expected, but it is yet to be actually demonstrated. The aim of this study was to detect TBBPA-evoked depolarization and identify the underlying mechanisms. The plasma membrane potential of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGC) in cerebellar slices or in primary cultures was measured using whole-cell current clamp recordings, or the fluorescent probe oxonol VI, respectively. The contribution of NMDA and AMPA receptors, voltage-gated sodium channels and intracellular calcium mobilization was tested using their selective antagonists or inhibitors. Direct interactions of TBBPA with NMDARs were tested by measuring the specific binding of radiolabeled NMDAR ligands to isolated rat cortical membrane fraction. TBBPA (25 μM) strongly depolarized CGC in cerebellar slices, and at ≥ 7.5 μM concentration-dependently depolarized primary CGC cultures. Depolarization of the primary CGC by 25 μM TBBPA was partly reduced when MK-801 was applied alone or in combination with either TTX or CNQX, or where bastadin 12 was applied in combination with ryanodine, whereas depolarization was completely prevented when MK-801, CNQX and TTX where combined. TBBPA had no effect on the specific binding of NMDAR radio-ligands to isolated cortical membranes. These results demonstrate the depolarizing effect of TBBPA on CGC, which is mainly mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors, while voltage-gated sodium channels are also involved. We found no evidence for the direct activation of NMDARs by TBBPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Diamandakis
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Zieminska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Salinska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Lenart
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Hess
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jerzy W Lazarewicz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Chen Z, Yin H, Peng H, Lu G, Liu Z, Dang Z. Identification of novel pathways for biotransformation of tetrabromobisphenol A by Phanerochaete chrysosporium, combined with mechanism analysis at proteome level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:1352-1361. [PMID: 31096345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) removal by Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) was conducted. Under optimal conditions (pH 5, inoculum size of 5% (v/v), initial glucose concentration of 5 g/L, TBBPA concentration of 5 mg/L), >97% of initial TBBPA was removed after 3 days. The TBBPA metabolites, tetrabromobisphenol A glycoside, tribromobisphenol A glycoside and monohydroxylated tetrabromobisphenol A, were identified for the first time by fungi transformation as being produced by glycosylation and oxidative hydroxylation, respectively. Proteome analysis showed that P. chrysosporium significantly upregulated cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, glutathione S-transferases, UDP-glucosyltransferase, O‑methyltransferase and other oxidoreductases for TBBPA oxidative hydroxylation, reductive debromination, glycosylation, O‑methylation and oxidative cleavage for detoxification. Data from cytotoxicity tests with human hepatocellular liver carcinoma (HepG2) confirmed that TBBPA toxicity was effectively decreased by P. chrysosporium treatment. Bioaugmentation with P. chrysosporium significantly improved the removal efficiency of TBBPA in water microcosms to 63.1% within 12 h. This study suggests that P. chrysosporium might be suitable for the removal of TBBPA from contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
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Yin N, Liang S, Liang S, Yang R, Hu B, Qin Z, Liu A, Faiola F. TBBPA and Its Alternatives Disturb the Early Stages of Neural Development by Interfering with the NOTCH and WNT Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5459-5468. [PMID: 29608295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), as well as its alternatives Tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS) and Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), are widely used halogenated flame retardants. Their high detection rates in human breast milk and umbilical cord serum have raised wide concerns about their adverse effects on human fetal development. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity and neural developmental toxicity of TBBPA, TBBPS, and TCBPA with a mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) system, at human body fluid and environmental relevant doses. All the three compounds showed similar trends in their cytotoxic effects. However, while TBBPA and TBBPS stimulated ESC neural differentiation, TCBPA significantly inhibited neurogenesis. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that, as far as the NOTCH (positive regulator) and WNT (negative regulator) pathways were concerned, TBBPA only partially and slightly disturbed them, whereas TBBPS significantly inhibited the WNT pathway, and TCBPA down-regulated the expression of NOTCH effectors but increased the WNT signaling, actions which both inhibited neural specification. In conclusion, our findings suggest that TBBPS and TCBPA may not be safe alternatives to TBBPA, and their toxicity need to be comprehensively evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Shaojun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Shengxian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Renjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Bowen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Zhanfen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Biomass Energy and Bioprocess Technology , Chinese Academy of Science , Qingdao 266101 , China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
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Mughal BB, Fini JB, Demeneix BA. Thyroid-disrupting chemicals and brain development: an update. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R160-R186. [PMID: 29572405 PMCID: PMC5890081 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent findings on the main categories of thyroid hormone-disrupting chemicals and their effects on brain development. We draw mostly on epidemiological and experimental data published in the last decade. For each chemical class considered, we deal with not only the thyroid hormone-disrupting effects but also briefly mention the main mechanisms by which the same chemicals could modify estrogen and/or androgen signalling, thereby exacerbating adverse effects on endocrine-dependent developmental programmes. Further, we emphasize recent data showing how maternal thyroid hormone signalling during early pregnancy affects not only offspring IQ, but also neurodevelopmental disease risk. These recent findings add to established knowledge on the crucial importance of iodine and thyroid hormone for optimal brain development. We propose that prenatal exposure to mixtures of thyroid hormone-disrupting chemicals provides a plausible biological mechanism contributing to current increases in the incidence of neurodevelopmental disease and IQ loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal B Mughal
- CNRS/UMR7221Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- CNRS/UMR7221Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- CNRS/UMR7221Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
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Lenart J, Zieminska E, Diamandakis D, Lazarewicz JW. Altered expression of genes involved in programmed cell death in primary cultured rat cerebellar granule cells acutely challenged with tetrabromobisphenol A. Neurotoxicology 2017; 63:126-136. [PMID: 28970181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGC) and the RT2 Profiler PCR array were used to examine the effect of acutely applied brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) on the expression of 84 genes related to the main modes of programmed cell death. CGC, at the 7th day of culture, were exposed to 10 or 25μM TBBPA for 30min. Then, 3, 6, and 24h later, the viability of the cells was examined by the staining with propidium iodide (PI) or using the calcein/ethidium homodimer (CA/ET) live/dead kit, and RNA was extracted for the evaluation of gene expression by RT-PCR. At 3, 6 and 24h after the treatment, the number of viable neurons decreased, according to the PI staining method, to 75%, 58% and 41%, respectively, and with the CA/ET method to 65%, 58% and 28%, respectively. In CGC analyzed 3h after the treatment with 25μM TBBPA or 6h after 10μM TBBPA, the only change in the gene expression was a reduction in the expression of Tnf, which is associated with autophagy and may activate some pro-apoptotic proteins. Six hours after 25μM TBBPA, only 2 genes were over-expressed, a pro-apoptotic Tnfrsf10b and Irgm, which is related to autophagy, and the genes that were suppressed included the anti-apoptotic gene Xiap, the necrosis-related Commd4, pro-apoptotic Abl1, 5 genes involved in autophagy (App, Atg3, Mapk8, Pten, and Snca) and 2 genes that participate in two metabolic pathways: Atp6v1g2 (pro-apoptotic and necrosis) and Tnf (pro-apoptotic, autophagy). Autophagy-related Snca and Tnf remained under-expressed 24h after treatment with 25μM TBBPA, which was accompanied by the over-expression of the pro-apoptotic Casp6, the anti-apoptotic Birc3, 2 genes related to autophagy (Htt and Irgm) and 2 genes (Fas and Tp53) that are involved in both apoptosis (pro-apoptotic) and autophagy. These results show a complex pattern of TBBPA-evoked changes in the expression of the genes involved in the programmed neuronal death, indicating no induction of programmed necrosis, an early suppression of the autophagy and anti-apoptotic genes, followed by a delayed activation of genes associated with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Lenart
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Zieminska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Diamandakis
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Lazarewicz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Zieminska E, Ruszczynska A, Lazarewicz JW. Tetrabromobisphenol A disturbs zinc homeostasis in cultured cerebellar granule cells: A dual role in neurotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:363-375. [PMID: 28919410 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) has recognized neurotoxic properties mediated by intracellular Ca2+ imbalance and oxidative stress. Although these factors are known to trigger the release of Zn2+ from intracellular stores, the effects of TBBPA on Zn2+ homeostasis in neurons and the role of Zn2+in TBBPA neurotoxicity have not yet been studied. Therefore, we investigated zinc transients in primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells and assessed their involvement in TBBPA neurotoxicity. The results demonstrate that TBBPA releases Zn2+ from the intracellular stores and increases its intracellular concentration, followed by Zn2+ displacement from the cells. TBBPA-evoked Zn2+ transients are partially mediated by Ca2+ and ROS. Application of TPEN, Zn2+ chelator, potentiates TBBPA- and glutamate-induced 45Ca uptake, enhances TBBPA-induced ROS production and potentiates decreases in the ΔΨm in cells treated with 25 μM TBBPA, revealing the potential neuroprotective capacity of endogenous Zn2+. However, the administration of TPEN does not aggravate TBBPA neurotoxicity, and even slightly decreases neuronal death induced by 25 μM TBBPA. In summary, it was shown for the first time that TBBPA interferes with the cellular Zn2+ homeostasis in neuronal cultures, and we revealed complex roles for endogenous Zn2+ in cytoprotection and TBBPA toxicity in cultured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Zieminska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Ruszczynska
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Lazarewicz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Wilkaniec A, Gąssowska M, Czapski GA, Cieślik M, Sulkowski G, Adamczyk A. P2X7 receptor-pannexin 1 interaction mediates extracellular alpha-synuclein-induced ATP release in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:347-361. [PMID: 28516276 PMCID: PMC5563296 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of alpha-synuclein (ASN), the main component of protein deposits (Lewy bodies), were observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. These alterations include increase in the levels of soluble ASN oligomers in the extracellular space. Numerous works have identified several mechanisms of their toxicity, including stimulation of the microglial P2X7 receptor leading to oxidative stress. While the significant role of purinergic signaling—particularly, P2 family receptors—in neurodegenerative disorders is well known, the interaction of extracellular soluble ASN with neuronal purinergic receptors is yet to be studied. Therefore, in this study, we have investigated the effect of ASN on P2 purinergic receptors and ATP-dependent signaling. We used neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line and rat synaptoneurosomes treated with exogenous soluble ASN. The experiments were performed using spectrofluorometric, radiochemical, and immunochemical methods. We found the following: (i) ASN-induced intracellular free calcium mobilization in neuronal cells and nerve endings depends on the activation of purinergic P2X7 receptors; (ii) activation of P2X7 receptors leads to pannexin 1 recruitment to form an active complex responsible for ATP release; and (iii) ASN greatly decreases the activity of extracellular ecto-ATPase responsible for ATP degradation. Thus, it is concluded that purinergic receptors might be putative pharmacological targets in the molecular mechanism of extracellular ASN toxicity. Interference with P2X7 signaling seems to be a promising strategy for the prevention or therapy of PD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gąssowska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz A Czapski
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sulkowski
- Department of Neurochemistry, Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Zieminska E, Lenart J, Diamandakis D, Lazarewicz JW. The Role of Ca 2+ Imbalance in the Induction of Acute Oxidative Stress and Cytotoxicity in Cultured Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells Challenged with Tetrabromobisphenol A. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:777-787. [PMID: 27718046 PMCID: PMC5357503 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGC) we examined the role of calcium transients induced by tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in triggering oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. CGC were exposed for 30 min to 10 or 25 µM TBBPA. Changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and in the potential of mitochondria (∆Ψm) were measured fluorometrically during the exposure. The intracellular glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity were determined after the incubation; cell viability was evaluated 24 h later. TBBPA concentration-dependently increased [Ca2+]i and ROS production, and reduced GSH content, catalase activity, ∆Ψm and neuronal viability. The combination of NMDA and ryanodine receptor antagonists, MK-801 and bastadin 12 with ryanodine, respectively, prevented Ca2+ transients and partially reduced cytotoxicity induced by TBBPA at both concentrations. The antagonists also completely inhibited oxidative stress and depolarization of mitochondria evoked by 10 µM TBBPA, whereas these effects were only partially reduced in the 25 µM TBBPA treatment. Free radical scavengers prevented TBBPA-induced development of oxidative stress and improved CGC viability without having any effect on the rises in Ca2+ and drop in ∆Ψm. The co-administration of scavengers with NMDA and ryanodine receptor antagonists provided almost complete neuroprotection. These results indicate that Ca2+ imbalance and oxidative stress both mediate acute toxicity of TBBPA in CGC. At 10 µM TBBPA Ca2+ imbalance is a primary event, inducing oxidative stress, depolarization of mitochondria and cytotoxicity, whilst at a concentration of 25 µM TBBPA an additional Ca2+-independent portion of oxidative stress and cytotoxicity emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Zieminska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Lenart
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Diamandakis
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Lazarewicz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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18
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Zieminska E, Lenart J, Lazarewicz JW. Select putative neurodevelopmental toxins modify SNAP-25 expression in primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells. Toxicology 2016; 370:86-93. [PMID: 27693314 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A presynaptic protein SNAP-25 belonging to SNARE complex which is instrumental in intracellular vesicular trafficking and exocytosis, has been implicated in hyperactivity and cognitive abilities in some neuropsychiatric disorders. The unclear etiology of the behavior disrupting neurodevelopmental disabilities in addition to genetic causes most likely involves environmental factors. The aim of this in vitro study was to test if various suspected developmental neurotoxins can alter SNAP-25 mRNA and protein expression in neurons. Real-time PCR and Western blotting analyses were used to assess SNAP-25 mRNA and protein levels in primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). The test substances: tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), thimerosal (TH), silver nanoparticles (NAg), valproic acid (VPA) and thalidomide (THAL), were administered to CGC cultures at subtoxic concentrations for 24h. The results demonstrated that SNAP-25 mRNA levels were increased by 49 and 66% by TBBPA and THAL, respectively, whereas VPA and NAg reduced these levels to 48 and 64% of the control, respectively. The SNAP-25 protein content in CGCs was increased by 79% by TBBPA, 25% by THAL and 21% by NAg; VPA and TH reduced these levels to 73 and 69% of the control, respectively. The variety of changes in SNAP-25 expression on mRNA and protein level suggests the diversity of the mechanism of action of the test substances. This initial study provided no data on concentration-effect relations and on functional changes in CGCs. However it is the first to demonstrate the effect of different compounds that are suspected of causing neurodevelopmental disabilities on SNAP-25 expression. These results suggest that this protein may be a common target for not only inherited but also environmental modifications linked to behavioral deficits in neurodevelopmental disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Zieminska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Lenart
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jerzy W Lazarewicz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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