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Šachlevičiūtė U, Gonzalez G, Kvasnicová M, Štěpánková Š, Kleizienė N, Bieliauskas A, Zatloukal M, Strnad M, Sløk FA, Kvasnica M, Šačkus A, Žukauskaitė A. Synthesis and neuroprotective activity of 3-aryl-3-azetidinyl acetic acid methyl ester derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300378. [PMID: 37797174 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
A library of 3-aryl-3-azetidinyl acetic acid methyl ester derivatives was prepared from N-Boc-3-azetidinone employing the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, rhodium(I)-catalyzed conjugate addition of arylboronic acids, and subsequent elaborations to obtain N-unprotected hydrochlorides, N-alkylated and N-acylated azetidine derivatives. The compounds were evaluated for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity, revealing several derivatives to possess AChE inhibition comparable to that of the AChE inhibitor rivastigmine. The binding mode of the AChE inhibitor donepezil and selected active compounds 26 and 27 within the active site of AChE was studied using molecular docking. Furthermore, the neuroprotective activity of the prepared compounds was evaluated in models associated with Parkinson's disease (salsolinol-induced) and aspects of Alzheimer's disease (glutamate-induced oxidative damage). Compound 28 showed the highest neuroprotective effect in both salsolinol- and glutamate-induced neurodegeneration models, and its protective effect in the glutamate model was revealed to be driven by a reduction in oxidative stress and caspase-3/7 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urtė Šachlevičiūtė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kvasnicová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Štěpánková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Neringa Kleizienė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aurimas Bieliauskas
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marek Zatloukal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Miroslav Kvasnica
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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2
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Kurnik-Łucka M, Latacz G, Bucki A, Rivera-Meza M, Khan N, Konwar J, Skowron K, Kołaczkowski M, Gil K. Neuroprotective Activity of Enantiomers of Salsolinol and N-Methyl-( R)-salsolinol: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38566-38576. [PMID: 37867702 PMCID: PMC10586258 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Salsolinol (1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol) is a close structural analogue of dopamine with an asymmetric center at the C1 position, and its presence in vivo, both in humans and rodents, has already been proven. Yet, given the fact that salsolinol colocalizes with dopamine-rich regions and was first detected in the urine of Parkinson's disease patients, its direct role in the process of neurodegeneration has been proposed. Here, we report that R and S enantiomers of salsolinol, which we purified from commercially available racemic mixture by means of high-performance liquid chromatography, exhibited neuroprotective properties (at the concentration of 50 μM) toward the human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Furthermore, within the study, we observed no toxic effect of N-methyl-(R)-salsolinol on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells up to the concentration of 750 μM, either. Additionally, our molecular docking analysis showed that enantiomers of salsolinol should exhibit a distinct ability to interact with dopamine D2 receptors. Thus, we postulate that our results highlight the need to acknowledge salsolinol as an active dopamine metabolite and to further explore the neuroregulatory role of enantiomers of salsolinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Laboratory
of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Chile, 8380494 Santiago, Chile
| | - Nadia Khan
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jahnobi Konwar
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Skowron
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
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3
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Smith E, Lewis A, Narine SS, Emery RJN. Unlocking Potentially Therapeutic Phytochemicals in Capadulla ( Doliocarpus dentatus) from Guyana Using Untargeted Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. Metabolites 2023; 13:1050. [PMID: 37887375 PMCID: PMC10608729 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Doliocarpus dentatus is thought to have a wide variety of therapeutic phytochemicals that allegedly improve libido and cure impotence. Although a few biomarkers have been identified with potential antinociceptive and cytotoxic properties, an untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach has never been undertaken to identify therapeutic biofingerprints for conditions, such as erectile dysfunction, in men. This study executes a preliminary phytochemical screening of the woody vine of two ecotypes of D. dentatus with renowned differences in therapeutic potential for erectile dysfunction. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was used to screen for flavonoids, terpenoids, and other chemical classes found to contrast between red and white ecotypes. Among the metabolite chemodiversity found in the ecotype screens, using a combination of GNPS, MS-DIAL, and SIRIUS, approximately 847 compounds were annotated at levels 2 to 4, with the majority of compounds falling under lipid and lipid-like molecules, benzenoids and phenylpropanoids, and polyketides, indicative of the contributions of the flavonoid, shikimic acid, and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. Despite the extensive annotation, we report on 138 tentative compound identifications of potentially therapeutic compounds, with 55 selected compounds at a level-2 annotation, and 22 statistically significant therapeutic biomarkers, the majority of which were polyphenols. Epicatechin methyl gallate, catechin gallate, and proanthocyanidin A2 had the greatest significant differences and were also relatively abundant among the red and white ecotypes. These putatively identified compounds reportedly act as antioxidants, neutralizing damaging free radicals, and lowering cell oxidative stress, thus aiding in potentially preventing cellular damage and promoting overall well-being, especially for treating erectile dysfunction (ED).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewart Smith
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 0G2, Canada
| | - Ainsely Lewis
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 0G2, Canada
| | - Suresh S. Narine
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 0G2, Canada
- Departments of Physics & Astronomy and Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 0G2, Canada
| | - R. J. Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 0G2, Canada
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Walsh SC, Miles JR, Broeckling CD, Rempel LA, Wright-Johnson EC, Pannier AK. Secreted metabolome of porcine blastocysts encapsulated within in vitro 3D alginate hydrogel culture systems undergoing morphological changes provides insights into specific mechanisms involved in the initiation of porcine conceptus elongation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2023; 35:375-394. [PMID: 36780705 DOI: 10.1071/rd22210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The exact mechanisms regulating the initiation of porcine conceptus elongation are not known due to the complexity of the uterine environment. AIMS To identify contributing factors for initiation of conceptus elongation in vitro , this study evaluated differential metabolite abundance within media following culture of blastocysts within unmodified alginate (ALG) or Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-modified alginate hydrogel culture systems. METHODS Blastocysts were harvested from pregnant gilts, encapsulated within ALG or RGD or as non-encapsulated control blastocysts (CONT), and cultured. At the termination of 96h culture, media were separated into blastocyst media groups: non-encapsulated control blastocysts (CONT); ALG and RGD blastocysts with no morphological change (ALG- and RGD-); ALG and RGD blastocysts with morphological changes (ALG+ and RGD+) and evaluated for non-targeted metabolomic profiling by liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) techniques and gas chromatography-(GC-MS). KEY RESULTS Analysis of variance identified 280 (LC-MS) and 1 (GC-MS) compounds that differed (P <0.05), of which 134 (LC-MS) and 1 (GC-MS) were annotated. Metabolites abundance between ALG+ vs ALG-, RGD+ vs RGD-, and RGD+ vs ALG+ were further investigated to identify potential differences in metabolic processes during the initiation of elongation. CONCLUSIONS This study identified changes in phospholipid, glycosphingolipid, lipid signalling, and amino acid metabolic processes as potential RGD-independent mechanisms of elongation and identified changes in lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingolipid secretions during RGD-mediated elongation. IMPLICATIONS These results illustrate changes in phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolic processes and secretions may act as mediators of the RGD-integrin adhesion that promotes porcine conceptus elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Walsh
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 830726, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jeremy R Miles
- USDA, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Corey D Broeckling
- Bioanalysis and Omics Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lea A Rempel
- USDA, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | | | - Angela K Pannier
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 830726, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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5
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Bauer EE, Reed CH, Lyte M, Clark PJ. An evaluation of the rat intestinal monoamine biogeography days following exposure to acute stress. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1021985. [PMID: 36582358 PMCID: PMC9792511 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1021985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced abnormalities in gut monoamine levels (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) have been linked to gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, as well as the worsening of symptoms in GI disorders. However, the influence of stress on changes across the entire intestinal monoamine biogeography has not been well-characterized, especially in the days following stress exposure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to comprehensively assess changes to monoamine neurochemical signatures across the entire rat intestinal tract days after exposure to an acute stressor. To the end, adult male F344 rats were subjected to an episode of unpredictable tail shocks (acute stress) or left undisturbed. Forty-eight hours later rats were euthanized either following a 12 h period of fasting or 30 min of food access to evaluate neurochemical profiles during the peri- and early postprandial periods. Monoamine-related neurochemicals were measured via UHPLC in regions of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, proximal colon, distal colon), cecal contents, fecal contents, and liver. The results suggest a relatively wide-spread increase in measures of serotonin activity across intestinal regions can be observed 48 h after exposure to acute stress, however some evidence was found supporting localized differences in serotonin metabolization. Moreover, acute stress exposure reduced catecholamine-related neurochemical concentrations most notably in the ileum, and to a lesser extent in the cecal contents. Next, stress-related fecal serotonin concentrations were consistent with intestinal profiles. However, fecal dopamine was elevated in association with stress, which did not parallel findings in any other intestinal area. Finally, stress exposure and the food access period together only had minor effects on intestinal monoamine profiles. Taken together, these data suggest nuanced differences in monoaminergic profiles exist across intestinal regions the days following exposure to an acute stressor, highlighting the importance of assessments that consider the entire intestinal tract biogeography when investigating stress-related biological outcomes that may be relevant to GI pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella E. Bauer
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Carter H. Reed
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Peter J. Clark
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Wang Y, Wu S, Li Q, Lang W, Li W, Jiang X, Wan Z, Sun H, Wang H. Salsolinol Induces Parkinson's Disease Through Activating NLRP3-Dependent Pyroptosis and the Neuroprotective Effect of Acteoside. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1948-1962. [PMID: 36454451 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous neurotoxin 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroiso-quinoline (Salsolinol, SAL) is a dopamine metabolite that is toxic to dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo, and is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the molecular mechanism by which SAL induces neurotoxicity in PD remains challenging for future investigations. This study found that SAL induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and mice. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were used to detect differentially expressed genes in SAL-treated SH-SY5Y cells. We found that NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)-dependent pyroptosis was enriched by SAL, which was validated by in vitro and in vivo SAL models. Further, NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes (ASC, NLRP3, active caspase 1, IL-1β, and IL-18) were increased at the mRNA and protein level. Acteoside mitigates SAL-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-related pyroptosis in in vitro and in vivo PD models. In summary, the present study suggests for the first time that NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of SAL-induced PD, and acteoside mitigates SAL-induced pyroptosis-dependent neurotoxicity in in vitro and in vivo PD models. The present results demonstrated a new mechanism whereby SAL mediates neurotoxicity by activating NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis, further highlighting SAL-induced pyroptosis-dependent neurotoxicity as a potential therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024005, China
| | - Weihong Lang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024005, China
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Chifeng University Health Science Center, Chifeng, 024005, China
| | - Zhirong Wan
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huiyan Sun
- Chifeng University Health Science Center, Chifeng, 024000, China.
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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7
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Kurnik-Łucka M, Latacz G, Goryl J, Aleksandrovych V, Gil K. Salsolinol Protects SH-SY5Y Cells Against MPP + Damage and Increases Enteric S100-Immunoreactivity in Wistar Rats. Neurochem Res 2022; 48:1347-1359. [PMID: 36449199 PMCID: PMC10066146 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03835-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A dopamine derivative, 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, known as salsolinol (SAL), has increasingly gained attention since its first detection in the urine of Parkinson's disease patients treated with levodopa, and has been proposed as a possible neurotoxic contributor to the disease. Yet, so far, the neurobiological role of SAL remains unclear. Thus, the main aims of our study were to compare the neurotoxic potential of SAL with MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion) in vitro, and to examine intestinal and metabolic alterations following intraperitoneal SAL administration in vivo. In vitro, SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line was monitored following MPP+ and SAL treatment. In vivo, Wistar rats were subjected to SAL administration by either osmotic intraperitoneal mini-pumps or a single intraperitoneal injection, and after two weeks, biochemical and morphological parameters were assessed. SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP+ (1000 μM) and SAL (50 µM) showed increase in cell viability and fluorescence intensity in comparison with the cells treated with MPP+ alone. In vivo, we predominantly observed decreased collagen content in the submucosal layer, decreased neuronal density with comparable ganglionic area in the jejunal myenteric plexus, and increased glial S100 expression in both enteric plexuses, yet with no obvious signs of inflammation. Besides, glucose and triglycerides levels were lower after single SAL-treatment (200 mg/kg), and low- to high-density lipoprotein (LDL/HDL) ratio and aspartate to alanine aminotransferases (AST/ALT) ratio levels were higher after continuous SAL-treatment (200 mg/kg in total over 2 weeks). Low doses of SAL were non-toxic and exhibited pronounced neuroprotective properties against MPP+ in SH-SY5Y cell line, which supports the use of SAL as a reference compound for in vitro studies. In vivo results give insight into our understanding of gastrointestinal remodeling following intraperitoneal SAL administration, and might represent morphological correlates of a microglial-related enteric neurodegeneration and dopaminergic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Goryl
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow, Poland
| | - Veronika Aleksandrovych
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Krakow, Poland
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8
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Stereoselectivity in the Membrane Transport of Phenylethylamine Derivatives by Human Monoamine Transporters and Organic Cation Transporters 1, 2, and 3. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101507. [PMID: 36291716 PMCID: PMC9599461 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereoselectivity is well known and very pronounced in drug metabolism and receptor binding. However, much less is known about stereoselectivity in drug membrane transport. Here, we characterized the stereoselective cell uptake of chiral phenylethylamine derivatives by human monoamine transporters (NET, DAT, and SERT) and organic cation transporters (OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3). Stereoselectivity differed extensively between closely related transporters. High-affinity monoamine transporters (MATs) showed up to 2.4-fold stereoselective uptake of norepinephrine and epinephrine as well as of numerous analogs. While NET and DAT preferentially transported (S)-norepinephrine, SERT preferred the (R)-enantiomer. In contrast, NET and DAT showed higher transport for (R)-epinephrine and SERT for (S)-epinephrine. Generally, MAT stereoselectivity was lower than expected from their high affinity to several catecholamines and from the high stereoselectivity of some inhibitors used as antidepressants. Additionally, the OCTs differed strongly in their stereoselectivity. While OCT1 showed almost no stereoselective uptake, OCT2 was characterized by a roughly 2-fold preference for most (R)-enantiomers of the phenylethylamines. In contrast, OCT3 transported norphenylephrine and phenylephrine with 3.9-fold and 3.3-fold preference for their (R)-enantiomers, respectively, while the para-hydroxylated octopamine and synephrine showed no stereoselective OCT3 transport. Altogether, our data demonstrate that stereoselectivity is highly transporter-to-substrate specific and highly diverse even between homologous transporters.
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9
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Yamada M, Hirose Y, Lin B, Fumimoto M, Nunomura K, Natchanun S, Takahashi N, Ohki Y, Sako M, Murai K, Harada K, Arai M, Suzuki S, Nakamura T, Haruta J, Arisawa M. Design, Synthesis, and Monoamine Oxidase B Selective Inhibitory Activity of N-Arylated Heliamine Analogues. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1582-1590. [PMID: 36262392 PMCID: PMC9575162 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) metabolizes monoamines such as dopamine regarding neural transmission and controls its level in the mammalian's brain. When MAO-B metabolizes dopamine abnormally, normal neurotransmission does not occur, and central nervous system disorders such as Parkinson's disease may develop. Although several MAO inhibitors have been developed, most of them have no selectivity between monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and MAO-B, or they work irreversibly against the enzyme. This report describes the first case of screening of N-arylated heliamine derivatives to develop novel MAO-B selective inhibitors that can be synthesized concisely by microwave-assisted Pd nanoparticle-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig amination. We discovered that the derivatives 4h, 4i, and 4j display inhibitory activity against MAO-B with IC50 values of 1.55, 13.5, and 5.08 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makito Yamada
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Hirose
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio
University, Shibakoen 1-5-30, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Bangzhong Lin
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Megumi Fumimoto
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nunomura
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Naoyuki Takahashi
- Tokyo
Rikakikai Co. Ltd (Brand: EYELA), TN Koishikawa Bldg, 1-15-17 Koishikawa Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0002, Japan
| | - Yuuta Ohki
- Tokyo
Rikakikai Co. Ltd (Brand: EYELA), TN Koishikawa Bldg, 1-15-17 Koishikawa Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0002, Japan
| | - Makoto Sako
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenichi Murai
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Harada
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Arai
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sayo Suzuki
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio
University, Shibakoen 1-5-30, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio
University, Shibakoen 1-5-30, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Junichi Haruta
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Arisawa
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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10
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Lyte JM, Martinez DA, Robinson K, Donoghue AM, Daniels KM, Lyte M. A neurochemical biogeography of the broiler chicken intestinal tract. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101671. [PMID: 35066383 PMCID: PMC8783147 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of neurochemical-based interkingdom signaling and its impact on host-microbe interaction is called microbial endocrinology. Neurochemicals play a recognized role in determining bacterial colonization and interaction with the gut epithelium. While much attention has been devoted to the determination of neurochemical concentrations in the mammalian gut to better understand tissue and region-specific microbial endocrinology-based mechanisms of host-microbe interaction, little is known regarding the biogeography of neurochemicals in the avian gut. Greater resolution of avian gut neurochemical concentrations is needed especially as recent microbial endocrinology-based investigations into bacterial foodborne pathogen colonization of the chicken gut have demonstrated neurochemicals to affect Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp. in vivo and in vitro. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentrations of stress-related neurochemicals in the tissue and luminal content of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon of the broiler intestinal tract, and to investigate if this biogeography changes with age of the bird. While all neurochemicals measured were detected in the intestinal tract, many displayed differences in regional concentrations. Whereas the catecholamine norepinephrine was detected in each region of the intestinal tract, epinephrine was present only in the cecum and colon. Likewise, dopamine, and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were found in the greatest quantities in the cecum and colon. Serotonin and histamine were identified in each gut region. Region-specific age-related changes were observed (P < 0.05) for serotonin, its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid as well as for histamine. Several neurochemicals, including norepinephrine, were found in the contents of each gut region. Epinephrine was not detected in the gut content of any region. Salsolinol, a microbial-produced neuroactive compound was detected in the gut content but not in tissue. Together, our data establish a neurochemical biogeography of the broiler chicken intestinal tract. By providing researchers with a region-by-region map of in vivo gut neurochemical concentrations of a modern broiler chicken breed, this neurochemical map is expected to inform future investigations that seek to utilize avian enteric neurochemistry.
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11
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Carving the senescent phenotype by the chemical reactivity of catecholamines: An integrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101570. [PMID: 35051644 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecules damaged by covalent modifications produced by chemically reactive metabolites accumulate in the slowly renewable components of living bodies and compromise their functions. Among such metabolites, catecholamines (CA) are unique, compared with the ubiquitous oxygen, ROS, glucose and methylglyoxal, in that their high chemical reactivity is confined to a limited set of cell types, including the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons and their direct targets, which suffer from CA propensities for autoxidation yielding toxic quinones, and for Pictet-Spengler reactions with carbonyl-containing compounds, which yield mitochondrial toxins. The functions progressively compromised because of that include motor performance, cognition, reward-driven behaviors, emotional tuning, and the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. The phenotypic manifestations of the resulting disorders culminate in such conditions as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, hypertension, sarcopenia, and menopause. The reasons to suspect that CA play some special role in aging accumulated since early 1970-ies. Published reviews address the role of CA hazardousness in the development of specific aging-associated diseases. The present integrative review explores how the bizarre discrepancy between CA hazardousness and biological importance could have emerged in evolution, how much does the chemical reactivity of CA contribute to the senescent phenotype in mammals, and what can be done with it.
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12
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Holbrook OT, Molligoda B, Bushell KN, Gobrogge KL. Behavioral consequences of the downstream products of ethanol metabolism involved in alcohol use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104501. [PMID: 34942269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Research concerning Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) has previously focused primarily on either the behavioral or chemical consequences experienced following ethanol intake, but these areas of research have rarely been considered in tandem. Compared with other drugs of abuse, ethanol has been shown to have a unique metabolic pathway once it enters the body, which leads to the formation of downstream metabolites which can go on to form biologically active products. These metabolites can mediate a variety of behavioral responses that are commonly observed with AUD, such as ethanol intake, reinforcement, and vulnerability to relapse. The following review considers the preclinical and chemical research implicating these downstream products in AUD and proposes a chemobehavioral model of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto T Holbrook
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA.
| | - Brandon Molligoda
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA.
| | - Kristen N Bushell
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA
| | - Kyle L Gobrogge
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA
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13
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Cao Y, Li B, Ismail N, Smith K, Li T, Dai R, Deng Y. Neurotoxicity and Underlying Mechanisms of Endogenous Neurotoxins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12805. [PMID: 34884606 PMCID: PMC8657695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous neurotoxins are important factors leading to neurodegenerative diseases. In the 1980s, the discovery that 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) contributes to Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms led to new research investigations on neurotoxins. An abnormal metabolism of endogenous substances, such as condensation of bioamines with endogenous aldehydes, dopamine (DA) oxidation, and kynurenine pathway, can produce endogenous neurotoxins. Neurotoxins may damage the nervous system by inhibiting mitochondrial activity, increasing oxidative stress, increasing neuroinflammation, and up-regulating proteins related to cell death. This paper reviews the biological synthesis of various known endogenous neurotoxins and their toxic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Bo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.D.)
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nafissa Ismail
- Neuroimmunology, Stress and Endocrinology (NISE) Lab, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (N.I.); (K.S.)
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kevin Smith
- Neuroimmunology, Stress and Endocrinology (NISE) Lab, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (N.I.); (K.S.)
| | - Tianmei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.D.)
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongji Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yulin Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.D.)
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14
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He F, Zhang T, Xue K, Fang Z, Jiang G, Huang S, Li K, Gu Z, Shi H, Zhang Z, Zhu H, Lin L, Li J, Xiao F, Shan H, Yan R, Li X, Yan Z. Fecal multi-omics analysis reveals diverse molecular alterations of gut ecosystem in COVID-19 patients. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1180:338881. [PMID: 34538334 PMCID: PMC8310733 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gut ecosystem has profound effects on host physiology and health. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were frequently observed in patients with COVID-19. Compared with other organs, gut antiviral response can result in more complicated immune responses because of the interactions between the gut microbiota and host immunity. However, there are still large knowledge gaps in the impact of COVID-19 on gut molecular profiles and commensal microbiome, hindering our comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the treatment of COVID-19. We performed longitudinal stool multi-omics profiling to systemically investigate the molecular phenomics alterations of gut ecosystem in COVID-19. Gut proteomes of COVID-19 were characterized by disturbed immune, proteolysis and redox homeostasis. The expression and glycosylation of proteins involved in neutrophil degranulation and migration were suppressed, while those of proteases were upregulated. The variable domains of Ig heavy chains were downregulated and the overall glycosylation of IgA heavy chain constant regions, IgGFc-binding protein, and J chain were suppressed with glycan-specific variations. There was a reduction of beneficial gut bacteria and an enrichment of bacteria derived deleterious metabolites potentially associated with multiple types of diseases (such as ethyl glucuronide). The reduction of Ig heave chain variable domains may contribute to the increase of some Bacteroidetes species. Many bacteria ceramide lipids with a C17-sphingoid based were downregulated in COVID-19. In many cases, the gut phenome did not restore two months after symptom onset. Our study indicates widely disturbed gut molecular profiles which may play a role in the development of symptoms in COVID-19. Our findings also emphasis the need for ongoing investigation of the long-term gut molecular and microbial alterations during COVID-19 recovery process. Considering the gut ecosystem as a potential target could offer a valuable approach in managing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang He
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Kewen Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Zhaoxiong Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Guanmin Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Siwen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Kexue Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Honggang Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Zhenyi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Huijin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Hong Shan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Ru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao,Corresponding author
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China,Corresponding author
| | - Zhixiang Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China,Corresponding author
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15
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Chen Z, Rasheed M, Deng Y. The epigenetic mechanisms involved in mitochondrial dysfunction: Implication for Parkinson's disease. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13012. [PMID: 34414627 PMCID: PMC9048811 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the crucial factors involved in PD’s pathogenicity, which emerges from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These factors cause differential molecular expression in neurons, such as varied transcriptional regulation of genes, elevated oxidative stress, α‐synuclein aggregation and endogenous neurotoxins release, which induces epigenetic modifications and triggers energy crisis by damaging mitochondria of the dopaminergic neurons (DN). So far, these events establish a complicated relationship with underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial anomalies in PD, which has remained unclear for years and made PD diagnosis and treatment extremely difficult. Therefore, in this review, we endeavored to discuss the complex association of epigenetic modifications and other associated vital factors in mitochondrial dysfunction. We propose a hypothesis that describes a vicious cycle in which mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress act as a hub for regulating DA neuron's fate in PD. Oxidative stress triggers the release of endogenous neurotoxins (CTIQs) that lead to mitochondrial dysfunction along with abnormal α‐synuclein aggregation and epigenetic modifications. These disturbances further intensify oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, amplifying the synthesis of CTIQs and works vice versa. This vicious cycle may result in the degeneration of DN to hallmark Parkinsonism. Furthermore, we have also highlighted various endogenous compounds and epigenetic marks (neurotoxic and neuroprotective), which may help for devising future diagnostic biomarkers and target specific drugs using novel PD management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Chen
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Madiha Rasheed
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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16
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Bauer EE, Shoeman A, Buhr TJ, Daniels KM, Lyte M, Clark PJ. Voluntary binge-patterned alcohol drinking and sex-specific influences on monoamine-related neurochemical signatures in the mouse gut and brain. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:996-1012. [PMID: 33704774 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered monoamine (i.e., serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) activity following episodes of alcohol abuse plays key roles not only in the motivation to ingest ethanol, but also physiological dysfunction related to its misuse. Although monoamine activity is essential for physiological processes that require coordinated communication across the gut-brain axis (GBA), relatively little is known about how alcohol misuse may affect monoamine levels across the GBA. Therefore, we evaluated monoamine activity across the mouse gut and brain following episodes of binge-patterned ethanol drinking. METHODS Monoamine and select metabolite neurochemical concentrations were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography in gut and brain regions of female and male C57BL/6J mice following "Drinking in the Dark" (DID), a binge-patterned ethanol ingestion paradigm. RESULTS First, we found that alcohol access had an overall small effect on gut monoamine-related neurochemical concentrations, primarily influencing dopamine activity. Second, neurochemical patterns between the small intestine and the striatum were correlated, adding to recent evidence of modulatory activity between these areas. Third, although alcohol access robustly influenced activity in brain areas in the mesolimbic dopamine system, binge exposure also influenced monoaminergic activity in the hypothalamic region. Finally, sex differences were observed in the concentrations of neurochemicals within the gut, which was particularly pronounced in the small intestine. CONCLUSION Together, these data provide insights into the influence of alcohol abuse and biological sex on monoamine-related neurochemical changes across the GBA, which could have important implications for GBA function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella E Bauer
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Allyse Shoeman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Trevor J Buhr
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Karrie M Daniels
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Peter J Clark
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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17
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Kim S, Jang EY, Song SH, Kim JS, Ryu IS, Jeong CH, Lee S. Brain Microdialysis Coupled to LC-MS/MS Revealed That CVT-10216, a Selective Inhibitor of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2, Alters the Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects of Methamphetamine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1552-1562. [PMID: 33871963 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA), a potent central nervous system stimulant, mainly affects the brain dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems. Monoamine oxidase, catechol-O-methyltransferase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) are important enzymes in the metabolism of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT); however, the role of ALDH2 in MA addiction remains unclear. This study focused on the real-time changes in DA, 5-HT, and their metabolites, including 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic aldehyde and salsolinol, which are metabolites directly related to ALDH2, to examine the effects of the inhibition of ALDH2 on hyperlocomotion induced by MA. Locomotor activity was evaluated in rats after administration of MA and/or CVT-10216 (a selective ALDH2 inhibitor). Moreover, the simultaneous quantification of DA, 5-HT, and their metabolites in brain microdialysates of the rats was performed using a derivatization-assisted LC-MS/MS method after full validation. The validation results proved the method to be selective, sensitive, accurate, and precise, with acceptable linearity within calibration ranges. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 10 or 20 mg/kg of CVT-10216 significantly decreased MA-induced hyperlocomotion (1 mg/kg, i.p.). The analytical results of rat brain microdialysates demonstrated that the administration of CVT-10216 significantly downregulated DA levels, which were increased upon exposure to MA. Moreover, the increase in 3-methoxytyramine levels following coadministration of CVT-10216 and MA could play a potential role in antagonizing the hyperlocomotion induced by MA. All of these findings suggest that the inhibition of ALDH2 protects against MA-induced hyperlocomotion and has therapeutic potential in MA addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungju Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daegeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Song
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sun Kim
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daegeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - In Soo Ryu
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daegeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
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18
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Lyte JM, Keane J, Eckenberger J, Anthony N, Shrestha S, Marasini D, Daniels KM, Caputi V, Donoghue AM, Lyte M. Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as a novel model to study the relationship between the avian microbiome and microbial endocrinology-based host-microbe interactions. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:38. [PMID: 33531080 PMCID: PMC7856774 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial endocrinology, which is the study of neuroendocrine-based interkingdom signaling, provides a causal mechanistic framework for understanding the bi-directional crosstalk between the host and microbiome, especially as regards the effect of stress on health and disease. The importance of the cecal microbiome in avian health is well-recognized, yet little is understood regarding the mechanisms underpinning the avian host-microbiome relationship. Neuroendocrine plasticity of avian tissues that are focal points of host-microbiome interaction, such as the gut and lung, has likewise received limited attention. Avian in vivo models that enable the study of the neuroendocrine dynamic between host and microbiome are needed. As such, we utilized Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) that diverge in corticosterone response to stress to examine the relationship between stress-related neurochemical concentrations at sites of host-microbe interaction, such as the gut, and the cecal microbiome. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that birds which contrast in corticosterone response to stress show profound separation in cecal microbial community structure as well as exhibit differences in tissue neurochemical concentrations and structural morphologies of the gut. Changes in neurochemicals known to be affected by the microbiome were also identified in tissues outside of the gut, suggesting a potential relationship in birds between the cecal microbiome and overall avian physiology. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides the first evidence that the structure of the avian cecal microbial community is shaped by selection pressure on the bird for neuroendocrine response to stress. Identification of unique region-dependent neurochemical changes in the intestinal tract following stress highlights environmental stressors as potential drivers of microbial endocrinology-based mechanisms of avian host-microbiome dialogue. Together, these results demonstrate that tissue neurochemical concentrations in the avian gut may be related to the cecal microbiome and reveal the Japanese quail as a novel avian model in which to further examine the mechanisms underpinning these relationships. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Lyte
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - James Keane
- Department of Computer Science, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Julia Eckenberger
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Anthony
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Sandip Shrestha
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Daya Marasini
- Weems Design Studio Inc., Suwanee, Georgia, USA/ Contractor to Centers for Disease control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Karrie M. Daniels
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | | | - Annie M. Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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Gonzalez G, Hodoň J, Kazakova A, D'Acunto CW, Kaňovský P, Urban M, Strnad M. Novel pentacyclic triterpenes exhibiting strong neuroprotective activity in SH-SY5Y cells in salsolinol- and glutamate-induced neurodegeneration models. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113168. [PMID: 33508480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel triterpene derivatives were prepared and evaluated in salsolinol (SAL)- and glutamate (Glu)-induced models of neurodegeneration in neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells. Among the tested compounds, betulin triazole 4 bearing a tetraacetyl-β-d-glucose substituent showed a highly potent neuroprotective effect. Further studies revealed that removal of tetraacetyl-β-d-glucose part (free triazole derivative 10) resulted in strong neuroprotection in the SAL model at 1 μM, but this derivative suffered from cytotoxicity at higher concentrations. Both compounds modulated oxidative stress and caspase-3,7 activity, but 10 showed a superior effect comparable to the Ac-DEVD-CHO inhibitor. Interestingly, while both 4 and 10 outperformed the positive controls in blocking mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, only 4 demonstrated potent restoration of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in the model. Derivatives 4 and 10 also showed neuroprotection in the Glu model, with 10 exhibiting the strongest oxidative stress reducing effect among the tested compounds, while the neuroprotective activity of 4 was probably due recovery of the MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and the Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, CZ-775 20, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hodoň
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kazakova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Cosimo Walter D'Acunto
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and the Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kaňovský
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, CZ-775 20, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Urban
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Hnevotinska 5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and the Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, CZ-775 20, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Gonzalez G, Grúz J, D’Acunto CW, Kaňovský P, Strnad M. Cytokinin Plant Hormones Have Neuroprotective Activity in In Vitro Models of Parkinson's Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:E361. [PMID: 33445611 PMCID: PMC7827283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are adenine-based phytohormones that regulate key processes in plants, such as cell division and differentiation, root and shoot growth, apical dominance, branching, and seed germination. In preliminary studies, they have also shown protective activities against human neurodegenerative diseases. To extend knowledge of the protection (protective activity) they offer, we investigated activities of natural cytokinins against salsolinol (SAL)-induced toxicity (a Parkinson's disease model) and glutamate (Glu)-induced death of neuron-like dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. We found that kinetin-3-glucoside, cis-zeatin riboside, and N6-isopentenyladenosine were active in the SAL-induced PD model. In addition, trans-, cis-zeatin, and kinetin along with the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) and the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin 1 (NEC-1) significantly reduced cell death rates in the Glu-induced model. Lactate dehydrogenase assays revealed that the cytokinins provided lower neuroprotective activity than DFO and NEC-1. Moreover, they reduced apoptotic caspase-3/7 activities less strongly than DFO. However, the cytokinins had very similar effects to DFO and NEC-1 on superoxide radical production. Overall, they showed protective activity in the SAL-induced model of parkinsonian neuronal cell death and Glu-induced model of oxidative damage mainly by reduction of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (G.G.); (J.G.); (C.W.D.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, CZ-775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiří Grúz
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (G.G.); (J.G.); (C.W.D.)
| | - Cosimo Walter D’Acunto
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (G.G.); (J.G.); (C.W.D.)
| | - Petr Kaňovský
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, CZ-775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (G.G.); (J.G.); (C.W.D.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, CZ-775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
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21
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Carmo-Gonçalves P, Romão L, Follmer C. In Vitro Protective Action of Monomeric and Fibrillar α-Synuclein on Neuronal Cells Exposed to the Dopaminergic Toxins Salsolinol and DOPAL. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3541-3548. [PMID: 33080132 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (aSyn) is believed to be mechanistically linked to the degeneration of dopamine (DA)-producing neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this respect, one crucial question that yet remains unsolved is whether aSyn aggregation is associated with either a gain- or loss-of-function of the protein in neuronal cells. Herein, we investigated the effect of monomeric versus fibrillar aSyn on mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in primary cultures challenged with the neurotoxic catechols: salsolinol (SALSO; 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL). aSyn monomer protected cells against either SALSO- or DOPAL-induced toxicity via inhibition of caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. While fibrillar aSyn failed in attenuating SALSO neurotoxicity, it increased the viability of DOPAL-treated cells, which was apparently not associated with the inhibition of caspase-3 cleavage. The fact that DOPAL-derived aSyn adducts exhibit lower toxicity compared with DOPAL itself raises the question of whether the generation of these adducts could be part of or a collateral effect of aSyn-mediated protection in neurons exposed to DOPAL. Overall, our work provides important evidence on the impact of the fibrillation of aSyn on its protective role in neuronal cells exposed to the toxic catechols SALSO and DOPAL.
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22
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Getachew B, Csoka AB, Bhatti A, Copeland RL, Tizabi Y. Butyrate Protects Against Salsolinol-Induced Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells: Implication for Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:596-602. [PMID: 32572814 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is associated with the destruction of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the formation of Lewy bodies in basal ganglia. Risk factors for PD include aging, as well as environmental and genetic factors. Recent converging reports suggest a role for the gut microbiome and epigenetic factors in the onset and/or progression of PD. Of particular relevance and potential therapeutic targets in this regard are histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes that are involved in chromatin remodeling. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (FA) produced in the gut and presumably acting via several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including FA3 receptors (FA3Rs), is a well-known HDAC inhibitor that plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the gut-brain axis. Recently, its significance in regulation of some critical brain functions and usefulness in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD has been suggested. In this study we sought to determine whether butyrate may have protective effects against salsolionl (SALS)-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. SALS, an endogenous product of aldehyde and dopamine condensation, may be selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons. SH-SY5Y cells, derived from human neuroblastoma cells, are used as a model of these neurons. Exposure of SH-SY5Y cells for 24 h to 400 μM SALS resulted in approximately 60% cell death, which was concentration-dependently prevented by butyrate. The effects of butyrate in turn were significantly attenuated by beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB), a selective FA3R antagonist. Moreover, a selective FA3R agonist (AR 420626) also provided protective effects against SALS, which was totally blocked by BHB. These findings provide further support that butyrate or an agonist of FA3R may be of therapeutic potential in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Antonei B Csoka
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amna Bhatti
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert L Copeland
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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23
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Vázquez-Manjarrez N, Ulaszewska M, Garcia-Aloy M, Mattivi F, Praticò G, Dragsted LO, Manach C. Biomarkers of intake for tropical fruits. GENES AND NUTRITION 2020; 15:11. [PMID: 32560627 PMCID: PMC7304196 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-020-00670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of fruit and vegetable is a key component of a healthy and sustainable diet. However, their accurate dietary assessment remains a challenge. Due to errors in self-reporting methods, the available dietary information is usually biased. Biomarkers of intake constitute objective tools to better reflect the usual or recent consumption of different foods, including fruits and vegetables. Partners of The Food Biomarker Alliance (FoodBall) Project have undertaken the task of reviewing the available literature on putative biomarkers of tropical fruit intake. The identified candidate biomarkers were subject to validation evaluation using eight biological and chemical criteria. This publication presents the current knowledge on intake biomarkers for 17 tropical fruits including banana, mango, and avocado as the most widely consumed ones. Candidate biomarkers were found only for banana, avocado, and watermelon. An array of banana-derived metabolites has been reported in human biofluids, among which 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid, dopamine sulfate, methoxyeugenol glucuronide, salsolinol sulfate, 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-sulfate, and other catecholamine metabolites. Their validation is still at an early stage, with insufficient data on dose-response relationship. Perseitol and mannoheptulose have recently been reported as candidate biomarkers for avocado intake, while the amino acid citrulline has been associated with watermelon intake. Additionally, the examination of food composition data revealed some highly specific phytochemicals, which metabolites after absorption may be further studied as putative BFI for one or several tropical fruits. To make the field move forward, untargeted metabolomics, as a data-driven explorative approach, will have to be applied in both intervention and observational studies to discover putative BFIs, while their full validation and the establishment of dose-response calibration curves will require quantification methods at a later stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vázquez-Manjarrez
- Human Nutrition Unit, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Dirección de Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Ulaszewska
- Research and Innovation Centre Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - M Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Mattivi
- Research and Innovation Centre Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - G Praticò
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L O Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Manach
- Human Nutrition Unit, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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24
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Wilson DF, Matschinsky FM. Ethanol metabolism: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Med Hypotheses 2020; 140:109638. [PMID: 32113062 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the world, ethanol is both an important commercial commodity and a source of major medical and social problems. Ethanol readily passes through biological membranes and distributes throughout the body. It is oxidized, first to acetaldehyde and then to acetate, and finally by the citric acid cycle in virtually all tissues. The oxidation of ethanol is irreversible and unregulated, making the rate dependent only on local concentration and enzyme activity. This unregulated input of reducing equivalents increases reduction of both cytoplasmic and intramitochondrial NAD and, through the latter, cellular energy state {[ATP]/([ADP][Pi])}. In brain, this increase in energy state stimulates dopaminergic neural activity signalling reward and a sense of well being, while suppressing glutamatergic neural activity signalling anxiety and unease. These positive responses to ethanol ingestion are important to social alcohol consumption. Importantly, decreased free [AMP] decreases AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) activity, an important regulator of cellular energy metabolism. Oxidation of substrates used for energy metabolism in the absence of ethanol is down regulated to accommodate the input from ethanol. In liver, chronic ethanol metabolism results in fatty liver and general metabolic dysfunction. In brain, transport of other oxidizable metabolites through the blood-brain barrier and the enzymes for their oxidation are both down regulated. For exposures of short duration, ethanol induced regulatory changes are rapid and reversible, recovering completely when the concentrations of ethanol and acetate fall again. Longer periods of ethanol exposure and associated chronic suppression of AMPK activity activates regulatory mechanisms, including gene expression, that operate over longer time scales, both in onset and reversal. If chronic alcohol consumption is abruptly ended, metabolism is no longer able to respond rapidly enough to compensate. Glutamatergic neural activity adapts to chronic dysregulation of glutamate metabolism and suppression of glutamatergic neural activity by increasing excitatory and decreasing inhibitory amino acid receptors. A point is reached (ethanol dependence) where withdrawal of ethanol results in significant metabolic energy depletion in neurons and other brain cells as well as hyperexcitation of the glutamatergic system. The extent and regional specificity of energy depletion in the brain, combined with hyperactivity of the glutamatergic neuronal system, largely determines the severity of withdrawal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Franz M Matschinsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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25
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Roddan R, Ward JM, Keep NH, Hailes HC. Pictet-Spenglerases in alkaloid biosynthesis: Future applications in biocatalysis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 55:69-76. [PMID: 31978651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pictet-Spenglerases provide a key role in the biosynthesis of many biologically active alkaloids. There is increasing use of these biocatalysts as an alternative to traditional organic synthetic methods as they provide stereoselective and regioselective control under mild conditions. Products from these enzymes also contain privileged drug scaffolds (such as tetrahydroisoquinoline or β-carboline moieties), so there is interest in the characterization and use of these enzymes as versatile biocatalysts to synthesize analogs of the corresponding natural products for drug discovery. This review discusses all known Pictet-Spenglerase enzymes and their applications as biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Roddan
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 8HX, UK; Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nicholas H Keep
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 8HX, UK
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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26
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Zaki RM, Kamal El-Dean AM, Radwan SM, Sayed ASA. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Piperidinyl Tetrahydrothieno[2,3- c]isoquinolines and Related Heterocycles. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:252-264. [PMID: 31956772 PMCID: PMC6964266 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of 1-amino-2-substituted-5-piperidinyl-6,7,8,9-tertahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinolines (4a-e) was synthesized upon treatment of 4-cyano-1-piperidinyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinline-3(2H)-thione (2) with α-halo carbonyl compounds such as chloroacetone, ethyl chloroacetate, 2-bromoacetophenone, chloroacetamide, and chloroacetanilide. Construction the pyrrolyl ring associated with the thienotetrahydroisoquinoline moiety was achieved by treatment of compounds 4a, b with 2,5-dimethoxytertahydrofuran in acetic acid. 1-Pyrrolyl-2-substituted-thieno[2,3-c]isoquinolines 5a and 5b which in turn were used as multipurpose precursors for synthesis of other new heterocycles. Assignments of the chemical structures of the respectively synthesized thienotetrahydroisoquinolines and their derivatives were established on the bases of elemental and spectral techniques (Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy). Furthermore, certain compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity which revealed promising activities against various pathogenic strains of bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remon M. Zaki
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | | | - Shaban M. Radwan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Asmaa S. A. Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
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27
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Kurnik-Łucka M, Latacz G, Martyniak A, Bugajski A, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Gil K. Salsolinol-neurotoxic or Neuroprotective? Neurotox Res 2019; 37:286-297. [PMID: 31732870 PMCID: PMC6989573 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Salsolinol (6,7-dihydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline), widely available in many edibles, is considered to alter the function of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system and thus, multiple hypotheses on its either physiological and/or pathophysiological role have emerged. The aim of our work was to revisit its potentially neurotoxic and/or neuroprotective role through a series of both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Salsolinol in the concentration range 10-250 μM did not show any significant release of lactate dehydrogenase from necrotic SH-SY5Y cells and was able in the concentration of 50 and 100 μM to rescue SH-SY5Y cells from death induced by H2O2. Its neuroprotective effect against neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine was also determined. Salsolinol was found to decrease significantly the reactive oxygen species level in SH-SY5Y cells treated by 500 μM H2O2 and the caspase activity induced by 300 μM of H2O2 or 100 μM of 6-hydroxydopamine. Serum levels of TNFα and CRP of salsolinol-treated rats were not significantly different from control animals. Both TNFα and CRP served as indirect markers of neurotoxicity and/or neuroprotection. Although the neurotoxic properties of salsolinol have numerously been emphasized, its neuroprotective properties should not be neglected and need greater consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adrian Martyniak
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bugajski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
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28
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Vázquez-Manjarrez N, Weinert CH, Ulaszewska MM, Mack CI, Micheau P, Pétéra M, Durand S, Pujos-Guillot E, Egert B, Mattivi F, Bub A, Dragsted LO, Kulling SE, Manach C. Discovery and Validation of Banana Intake Biomarkers Using Untargeted Metabolomics in Human Intervention and Cross-sectional Studies. J Nutr 2019; 149:1701-1713. [PMID: 31240312 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Banana is one of the most widely consumed fruits in the world. However, information regarding its health effects is scarce. Biomarkers of banana intake would allow a more accurate assessment of its consumption in nutrition studies. OBJECTIVES Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, we aimed to identify the banana-derived metabolites present in urine after consumption, including new candidate biomarkers of banana intake. METHODS A randomized controlled study with a crossover design was performed on 12 healthy subjects (6 men, 6 women, mean ± SD age: 30.0 ± 4.9 y; mean ± SD BMI: 22.5 ± 2.3 kg/m2). Subjects underwent 2 dietary interventions: 1) 250 mL control drink (Fresubin 2 kcal fiber, neutral flavor; Fresenius Kabi), and 2) 240 g banana + 150 mL control drink. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected and analyzed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight MS and 2-dimensional GC-MS. The discovered biomarkers were confirmed in a cross-sectional study [KarMeN (Karlsruhe Metabolomics and Nutrition study)] in which 78 subjects (mean BMI: 22.8; mean age: 47 y) were selected reflecting high intake (126-378 g/d), low intake (47.3-94.5 g/d), and nonconsumption of banana. The confirmed biomarkers were examined singly or in combinations, for established criteria of validation for biomarkers of food intake. RESULTS We identified 33 potentially bioactive banana metabolites, of which 5 metabolites, methoxyeugenol glucuronide (MEUG-GLUC), dopamine sulfate (DOP-S), salsolinol sulfate, xanthurenic acid, and 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline sulfate, were confirmed as candidate intake biomarkers. We demonstrated that the combination of MEUG-GLUC and DOP-S performed best in predicting banana intake in high (AUCtest = 0.92) and low (AUCtest = 0.87) consumers. The new biomarkers met key criteria establishing their current applicability in nutrition and health research for assessing the occurrence of banana intake. CONCLUSIONS Our metabolomics study in healthy men and women revealed new putative bioactive metabolites of banana and a combined biomarker of intake. These findings will help to better decipher the health effects of banana in future focused studies. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03581955 and with the Ethical Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects Sud-Est 6 as CPP AU 1251, IDRCB 2016-A0013-48; the KarMeN study was registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00004890). Details about the study can be obtained from https://www.drks.de.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vázquez-Manjarrez
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoph H Weinert
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maria M Ulaszewska
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Carina I Mack
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pierre Micheau
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mélanie Pétéra
- Human Nutrition Unit, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme MetaboHUB, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stephanie Durand
- Human Nutrition Unit, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme MetaboHUB, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Estelle Pujos-Guillot
- Human Nutrition Unit, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme MetaboHUB, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Björn Egert
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Centre of Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Achim Bub
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudine Manach
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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29
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Santos SF, de Oliveira HL, Yamada ES, Neves BC, Pereira A. The Gut and Parkinson's Disease-A Bidirectional Pathway. Front Neurol 2019; 10:574. [PMID: 31214110 PMCID: PMC6558190 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans evolved a symbiotic relationship with their gut microbiome, a complex microbial community composed of bacteria, archaea, protists, and viruses, including bacteriophages. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a gateway for the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut, mostly through the vagus nerve (VN). Environmental exposure plays a pivotal role in both the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome and may contribute to susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuropathological hallmark of PD is the widespread appearance of alpha-synuclein aggregates in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the ENS. Many studies suggest that gut toxins can induce the formation of α-syn aggregates in the ENS, which may then be transmitted in a prion-like manner to the CNS through the VN. PD is strongly associated with aging and its negative effects on homeostatic mechanisms protecting from inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein malfunction. In this mini-review, we revisit some landmark discoveries in the field of Parkinson's research and focus on the gut-brain axis. In the process, we highlight evidence showing gut-associated dysbiosis and related microbial-derived components as important players and risk factors for PD. Therefore, the gut microbiome emerges as a potential target for protective measures aiming to prevent PD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Fonseca Santos
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Hadassa Loth de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Sumi Yamada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Bianca Cruz Neves
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pereira
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Peana AT, Bassareo V, Acquas E. Not Just from Ethanol. Tetrahydroisoquinolinic (TIQ) Derivatives: from Neurotoxicity to Neuroprotection. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:653-668. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Villageliú DN, Borts DJ, Lyte M. Production of the Neurotoxin Salsolinol by a Gut-Associated Bacterium and Its Modulation by Alcohol. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3092. [PMID: 30619171 PMCID: PMC6305307 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilizing a simulated gastrointestinal medium which approximates physiological conditions within the mammalian GI tract, experiments aimed at isolating and identifying unique microbial metabolites were conducted. These efforts led to the finding that Escherichia coli, a common member of the gut microbiota, is capable of producing significant quantities of salsolinol. Salsolinol is a neuroactive compound which has been investigated as a potential contributor to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). However the origin of salsolinol within the body has remained highly contested. We herein report the first demonstration that salsolinol can be made in vitro in response to microbial activity. We detail the isolation and identification of salsolinol produced by E. coli, which is capable of producing salsolinol in the presence of dopamine with production enhanced in the presence of alcohol. That this discovery was found in a medium that approximates gut conditions suggests that microbial salsolinol production could exist in the gut. This discovery lays the ground work for follow up in vivo investigations to explore whether salsolinol production is a mechanism by which the microbiota may influence the host. As salsolinol has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD, this work may be relevant, for example, to investigators who have suggested that the development of PD may have a gut origin. This report suggests, but does not establish, an alternative microbiota-based mechanism to explain how the gut may play a critical role in the development of PD as well other conditions involving altered neuronal function due to salsolinol-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Villageliú
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - David J Borts
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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In vitro neurotoxicity of salsolinol is attenuated by the presynaptic protein α-synuclein. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2835-2845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Chen X, Zheng X, Ali S, Guo M, Zhong R, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Qing H, Deng Y. Isolation and Sequencing of Salsolinol Synthase, an Enzyme Catalyzing Salsolinol Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1388-1398. [PMID: 29602279 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salsolinol (1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline), a derivate of dopamine, is suspected to be the most probable neurotoxin in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Numerous hypotheses regarding its pathophysiological roles have been raised, especially related to Parkinson's disease and alcohol addiction. In the mammalian brain, salsolinol may be enzymatically synthesized by salsolinol synthase from dopamine and acetaldehyde. However, the direct evidence of its biosynthesis was still missing. In this study, we purified salsolinol synthase from rat brain by a systematical procedure involving acid precipitation, ultrafiltration, and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. The molecular weight of salsolinol synthase determined by MALDI-TOF MS is 8622.29 Da, comprising 77 amino acids (MQIFVKTLTG KTITLEVEPS DTIKNVKAKI QDKEGIPPDQ QRLIFAGKQL EDGRTLSDYN IQKKSTLHLV LRLRVDY). Homology analysis showed that the enzyme is a ubiquitin-like protein, with a difference of four amino acids, which suggests it is a novel protein. After it was overexpressed in eukaryotic cells, the production of salsolinol was significantly increased as compared with control, confirming the catalytic function of this enzyme. To our knowledge, it is the first systematic purification and sequencing of salsolinol synthase. Together, this work reveals a formerly anonymous protein and urges further exploration of its possible prognostic value and implications in Parkinson's disease and other related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechai Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaotong Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Sakhawat Ali
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Minjun Guo
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
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Protective effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide against neurotoxic agents. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:185-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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