Synthesis and Stability of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Advances in functionalization and conjugation mechanisms of dendrimers with iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles

Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are crucial in various areas due to their unique magnetic properties. However, their practical use is often limited by instability and aggregation in aqueous solutions. This review explores the advanced technique of dendrimer functionalization to enhance MNP stability and expand their application potential. Dendrimers, with their symmetric and highly branched structure, effectively stabilize MNPs and provide tailored functional sites for specific applications. We summarize key synthetic modifications, focusing on the impacts of dendrimer size, surface chemistry, and the balance of chemical (e.g., coordination, anchoring) and physical (e.g., electrostatic, hydrophobic) interactions on nanocomposite properties. Current challenges such as dendrimer toxicity, control over dendrimer distribution on MNPs, and the need for biocompatibility are discussed, alongside potential solutions involving advanced characterization techniques. This review highlights significant opportunities in environmental, biomedical, and water treatment applications, stressing the necessity for ongoing research to fully leverage dendrimer-functionalized MNPs. Insights offered here aim to guide further development and application of these promising nanocomposites.

Enzyme immobilization with nanomaterials for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: Challenges and future Perspectives

Enzyme immobilization has emerged as a prodigious strategy in the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) promising enhanced efficacy and stability of the enzymes. Further, enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) facilitates the easy recovery and reuse of biocatalysts. This results in the development of a nanobiocatalytic system, that serves as an eco-friendly and inexpensive LCB deconstruction approach. This review provides an overview of nanomaterials used for immobilization with special emphasis on the nanomaterial-enzyme interactions and strategies of immobilization. After the succinct outline of the immobilization procedures and supporting materials, a comprehensive assessment of the catalysis enabled by nanomaterial-immobilized biocatalysts for the conversion and degradation of lignocellulosic biomasses is provided by gathering state-of-the-art examples. The challenges and future directions associated with this technique providing a potential solution in the present article. Insight on the recent advancements in the process of nanomaterial-based immobilization for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass has also been highlighted in the article.

Synthesis of chitosan-based grafting magnetic flocculants for flocculation of kaolin suspensions

A series of novel chitosan-based magnetic flocculants FS@CTS-P(AM-DMC) was prepared by molecular structure control. The characterization results showed that FS@CTS-P(AM-DMC) had a uniform size of about 21.46 nm, featuring a typical core-shell structure, and the average coating layer thickness of CTS-P(AM-DMC) was about 5.03 nm. FS@CTS-P(AM-DMC) exhibited excellent flocculation performance for kaolin suspension, achieved 92.54% turbidity removal efficiency under dosage of 150 mg/L, pH 7.0, even at high turbidity (2000 NTU) with a removal efficiency of 96.96%. The flocculation mechanism was revealed to be dominated by charge neutralization under acidic and neutral conditions, while adsorption and bridging effects play an important role in alkaline environments. The properties of magnetic aggregates during flocculation, breakage, and regeneration were studied at different pH levels and dosages. In the process of magnetophoretic, magnetic particles collide and adsorb with kaolin particles continuously due to magnetic and electrostatic attraction, transform into magnetic chain clusters, and then further form three-dimensional network magnetic aggregates that can capture free kaolin particles and other chain clusters. Particle image velocimetry confirmed the formation of eddy current of magnetic flocs and experienced three stages: acceleration, stabilization, and deceleration.

Nanohybrid Based on (Mn, Zn) Ferrite Nanoparticles Functionalized With Chitosan and Sodium Alginate for Loading of Curcumin Against Human Breast Cancer Cells

This study reports on the synthesis of Mn1 - xZnxFe2O4 (Mn, Zn ferrite) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as drug delivery carriers for effective therapeutic outcomes. The MNPs were prepared using the coprecipitation method, and their magnetic properties were investigated based on their composition. Among the compositions tested, Mn0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 MNPs exhibited superparamagnetic properties with a saturation magnetization moment of 34.6 emu/g at room temperature (25°C). To enhance the water solubility of curcumin (Cur), known for its hydrophobic nature, it was successfully loaded onto alginate (Alg)/chitosan (Chit)@Mn0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs). The nanocomposite was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) which revealed a particle size of approximately 20 nm. The crystalline structure of the NPs was analyzed using X-ray diffraction, while Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray, and map analysis techniques were employed for further characterization. In terms of drug release, there was an initial burst release of Cur (around 18%) within the first hour, followed by a slower release (approximately 61%) over the next 36 h. The anti-tumor properties of the Cur-loaded NPs were evaluated using the Methyl Thiazol Tetrazolium (MTT) assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The MTT assay confirmed a higher cytotoxic effect of Cur-loaded Alg/Chit@Mn0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 NPs on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line compared to free Cur, highlighting the significance of incorporating Cur into nano-sized carrier systems.

Emerging trends in nanomaterial design for the development of point-of-care platforms and practical applications

Nanomaterials and nanotechnology offer promising opportunities in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics and therapeutics due to their unique physical and chemical properties. POC platforms aim to provide rapid and portable diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities at the site of patient care, offering cost-effective solutions. Incorporating nanomaterials with distinct optical, electrical, and magnetic properties can revolutionize the POC industry, significantly enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of diagnostic and theragnostic devices. By leveraging nanoparticles and nanofibers in POC devices, nanomaterials have the potential to improve the accuracy and speed of diagnostic tests, making them more practical for POC settings. Technological advancements, such as smartphone integration, imagery instruments, and attachments, complement and expand the application scope of POCs, reducing invasiveness by enabling analysis of various matrices like saliva and breath. These integrated testing platforms facilitate procedures without compromising diagnosis quality. This review provides a summary of recent trends in POC technologies utilizing nanomaterials and nanotechnologies for analyzing disease biomarkers. It highlights advances in device development, nanomaterial design, and their applications in POC. Additionally, complementary tools used in POC and nanomaterials are discussed, followed by critical analysis of challenges and future directions for these technologies.

Photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment: properties and applications in nanoparticles

Most of the treatment strategies for tumors and other disorders is photodynamic therapy (PDT). For several years, increasing the efficiency of nanostructured treatment devices, including light therapy, has been considered in different treatment methods. Light Dynamics The use of nanomaterial in this method's production and progress. The use of nanoparticles as carriers is a promising accomplishment, since all the criteria for an ideal photodynamic therapy agent can be given with these nanomaterials. The kinds of nanoparticles that have recently been used in photodynamic therapy are mentioned in this article. Latest advancements are being explored in the use of inorganic nanoparticles and biodegradable polymer-based nanomaterial as carriers of photosynthetic agents. Photosynthetic nanoparticles, self-propagating nanoparticles, and conversion nanoparticles are among the successful photodynamic therapy nanoparticles addressed in this report.

A novel green synthesized magnetic biochar from white tea residue for the removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution: Regeneration and sorption mechanism

A novel biochar-based magnetic nanocomposite (GSMB) was prepared from white tea waste via green synthesis method. The sorption properties and regeneration of GSMB were studied using Pb(II) and Cd(II) to better understand its ability in heavy metal recovery. The adsorption kinetics data were modelled using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models, while Pb(II) and Cd(II) isotherms were modelled with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. Results showed that Pb(II) adsorption was well described by pseudo-second order while the Elovich model best described the Cd(II) adsorption trend, indicating the sorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) onto GSMB were dominated by chemisoprtion than physisorption. Langmuir model gave the best fit to Pb(II) sorption, and the Cd(II) adsorption was well described by Temkin model. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II) and Cd(II) onto GSMB were 81.6 mg/g and 38.6 mg/g, respectively. Scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive x-ray, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses revealed that iron oxides played a key role during adsorption process and the adsorption mechanisms include surface electrostatic attraction and surface complexation for both metals. Among the five regenerating agents studied, 0.1 M EDTA-2Na was favoured for the desorption of Pb(II) onto GMSB. The findings from the regeneration studies revealed ∼54% of Pb(II) adsorption capacity was remained after three sorption-desorption cycles implying the adsorbent could potentially be further reused.

Biocompatibility of magnetic nanoparticles synthesized through green routed with a focus on hematological and histological analysis

The interaction of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) with blood cells and tissues is essential from the perspectives of biocompatibility and the production of novel drug delivery systems. In the present study, biosynthesized-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (bio-Fe₃O₄ NPs) were prepared and bio-modified using Daphne mucronata Royle leaf extracts. The physicochemical properties of bio-Fe₃O₄ NPs were determined using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses. According to the SEM analysis, the bio-Fe₃O₄ NPs are spherical-shaped with a size range of 10-30 nm. Antibacterial effects of bio-Fe₃O₄ NPs against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 bacteria were measured by minimum inhibition/bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC tests). Result showed that the bio-Fe₃O₄ NPs (300 ppm) revealed highest antibacterial effect on S. aureus ATCC 43300. Also, bio-Fe₃O₄ NPs have different cell viability in the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF). The interaction of bio-Fe₃O₄ NPs with blood cells and the complete blood count (CBC) factor illustrated that the morphology of blood cells and platelet clumping did not influence by nanoparticles. Furthermore, histological analysis of the liver, spleen, and kidney did not show any abnormality upon exposure to 100 mg kg^-1 bio-Fe₃O₄ NPs treated samples. Hence, the biosynthesized Fe₃O₄ NPs are a good candidate for applications in medical fields.

Application of nano-antibiotics in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, nanotechnology provides an excellent opportunity to treat drug-resistant microbial infections. Numerous antibiotics have been used to inhibit the growth and kill of microbes, but the development of resistance and the emergence of side effects have severely limited the use of these agents. Due to the development of the nanotechnology, nanoparticles are widely used as antimicrobials. Silver and chitosan nanoparticles have antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial properties, and many studies confirm the antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles. Nowadays, the use of nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases has developed due to less side effects and also the help of these particles in effective drug delivery to the target tissue. Liposomes are also used as carriers of drug delivery, genes, and modeling of cell membranes in both animals and humans. The ability of these liposomes to encapsulate large amounts of drugs, minimize unwanted side effects, high effectiveness and low toxicity has attracted the interest of researchers. This review article examines recent efforts by researchers to identify and treat infectious diseases using antimicrobial nanoparticles and drug nano-carriers.

Antimicrobial finishing of textiles using nanomaterials

Metals, such as copper and silver, can be extremely toxic to bacteria at exceptionally low concentrations. Because of this biocidal activity, metals have been widely used as antimicrobial agents in a multitude of applications related with agriculture, healthcare, and the industry in general. A large number of microorganisms live in the human environment. if the balance of these creatures in nature is disturbed, the health of the individual and society will be threatened due to the production and emission of unpleasant odors and the reduction of health standards. The presence of microorganisms on textiles can cause adverse effects such as discoloration or staining on textiles, decomposition of fibrous materials, reduced strength, and eventually decay of textiles. Most fibers and polymers do not show resistance to the effects of microbes and by providing growth factors for microorganisms such as the right temperature and humidity, nutrients from sweat and fat from skin glands, dead skin cells as well as materials used in the stage of finishing the textiles causes the rapid growth and spread of various microbes. With the advent of nanotechnology, various industries and human daily life underwent changes. In recent years, increasing research on nanoparticles has led to the production of textiles with greater efficiency and added value. These modified textiles prevent the spread of unpleasant odors, the spread, and transmission of diseases. This article reviews the basics and principles of antimicrobial tetiles, as well as a brief overview of antimicrobial materials and nanostructures with antimicrobial properties.

Myocardial Cell Preservation from Potential Cardiotoxic Drugs: The Role of Nanotechnologies

Cardiotoxic therapies, whether chemotherapeutic or antibiotic, represent a burden for patients who may need to interrupt life-saving treatment because of serious complications. Cardiotoxicity is a broad term, spanning from forms of heart failure induction, particularly left ventricular systolic dysfunction, to induction of arrhythmias. Nanotechnologies emerged decades ago. They offer the possibility to modify the profiles of potentially toxic drugs and to abolish off-target side effects thanks to more favorable pharmacokinetics and dynamics. This relatively modern science encompasses nanocarriers (e.g., liposomes, niosomes, and dendrimers) and other delivery systems applicable to real-life clinical settings. We here review selected applications of nanotechnology to the fields of pharmacology and cardio-oncology. Heart tissue-sparing co-administration of nanocarriers bound to chemotherapeutics (such as anthracyclines and platinum agents) are discussed based on recent studies. Nanotechnology applications supporting the administration of potentially cardiotoxic oncological target therapies, antibiotics (especially macrolides and fluoroquinolones), or neuroactive agents are also summarized. The future of nanotechnologies includes studies to improve therapeutic safety and to encompass a broader range of pharmacological agents. The field merits investments and research, as testified by its exponential growth.

Pharmaceutical Coating and Its Different Approaches, a Review

Coating the solid dosage form, such as tablets, is considered common, but it is a critical process that provides different characteristics to tablets. It increases the value of solid dosage form, administered orally, and thus meets diverse clinical requirements. As tablet coating is a process driven by technology, it relies on advancements in coating techniques, equipment used for the coating process, evaluation of coated tablets, and coated material used. Although different techniques were employed for coating purposes, which may be based on the use of solvents or solvent-free, each of the methods used has its advantages and disadvantages, and the techniques need continued modification too. During the process of film coating, several inter-and intra-batch uniformity of coated material on the tablets is considered a critical point that ensures the worth of the final product, particularly for those drugs that contain an active medicament in the coating layer. Meanwhile, computational modeling and experimental evaluation were actively used to predict the impact of the operational parameters on the final product quality and optimize the variables in tablet coating. The efforts produced by computational modeling or experimental evaluation not only save cost in optimizing the coating process but also saves time. This review delivers a brief review on film coating in solid dosage form, which includes tablets, with a focus on the polymers and processes used in the coating. At the end, some pharmaceutical applications were also discussed.

Conductive Gels: Properties and Applications of Nanoelectronics

Conductive gels are a special class of soft materials. They harness the 3D micro/nanostructures of gels with the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors, producing excellent novel attributes, like the formation of an intricate network of conducting micro/nanostructures that facilitates the easy movement of charge carriers. Conductive gels encompass interesting properties, like adhesion, porosity, swelling, and good mechanical properties compared to those of bulk conducting polymers. The porous structure of the gels allows the easy diffusion of ions and molecules and the swelling nature provides an effective interface between molecular chains and solution phases, whereas good mechanical properties enable their practical applications. Due to these excellent assets, conductive gels are promising candidates for applications like energy conversion and storage, sensors, medical and biodevices, actuators, superhydrophobic coatings, etc. Conductive gels offer promising applications, e.g., as soft sensors, energy storage, and wearable electronics. Hydrogels with ionic species have some potential in this area. However, they suffer from dehydration due to evaporation when exposed to the air which limits their applications and lifespan. In addition to conductive polymers and organic charge transfer complexes, there is another class of organic matter called "conductive gels" that are used in the organic nanoelectronics industry. The main features of this family of organic materials include controllable photoluminescence, use in photon upconversion technology, and storage of optical energy and its conversion into electricity. Various parameters change the electronic and optical behaviors of these materials, which can be changed by controlling some of the structural and chemical parameters of conductive gels, their electronic and optical behaviors depending on the applications. If the conjugated molecules with π bonds come together spontaneously, in a relative order, to form non-covalent bonds, they form a gel-like structure that has photoluminescence properties. The reason for this is the possibility of excitation of highest occupied molecular orbital level electrons of these molecules due to the collision of landing photons and their transfer to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level. This property can be used in various nanoelectronic applications such as field-effect organic transistors, organic solar cells, and sensors to detect explosives. In this paper, the general introduction of conductive or conjugated gels with π bonds is discussed and some of the physical issues surrounding electron excitation due to incident radiation and the mobility of charge carriers, the position, and role of conductive gels in each of these applications are discussed.