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Disability inclusion in precision medicine research: a first national survey. Genet Med 2019; 21:2319-2327. [PMID: 30899094 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Including people with disabilities in precision medicine research (PMR) is key for increasing cohorts' diversity, improving understanding of population health, and attaining social justice for the United States' largest health disparities group. We conducted a national survey to explore the views of people with disabilities about PMR. METHODS An online survey was developed in disability-accessible formats. Key questions included views on PMR, willingness to participate and to provide data, perceived barriers to participation and potential remedies, and interest in engagement in the study. Analyses described results for all participants and compared results for key demographic characteristics. RESULTS In total, 1294 participants completed the survey. Participants expressed strong support for PMR, and willingness to participate in PMR; to provide lifestyle, biological, and medical information; and to engage with the study. However, 76% identified a total of 3 to 8 barriers to participation, and most would not provide environmental samples or information from their social media account(s) and activity trackers. Differences were observed across racial, ethnic, and gender groups and are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Barriers to disability inclusion need to be removed, and further research conducted to better understand concerns about PMR and to develop studies that resonate with the interests and needs of this population.
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Fisher CB, Layman DM. Genomics, Big Data, and Broad Consent: a New Ethics Frontier for Prevention Science. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2018; 19:871-879. [PMID: 30145751 PMCID: PMC6182378 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-018-0944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging technologies for analyzing biospecimens have led to advances in understanding the interacting role of genetics and environment on development and individual responsivity to prevention and intervention programs. The scientific study of gene-environment influences has also benefited from the growth of Big Data tools that allow linking genomic data to health, educational, and other information stored in large integrated datasets. These advances have created a new frontier of ethical challenges for scientists as they collect, store, or engage in secondary use of potentially identifiable information and biospecimens. To address challenges arising from technological advances and the expanding contexts in which potentially identifiable information and biospecimens are collected and stored, the Office of Human Research Protections has revised federal regulations for the protection of human subjects. The revised regulations create a new format, content, and transparency requirements for informed consent, including a new mechanism known as broad consent. Broad consent offers participants a range of choices regarding consent for the storage and future use of their personally identifiable data. These regulations have important implications for how prevention scientists and oversight boards acquire participant consent for the collection, storage, and future use of their data by other investigators for scientific purposes significantly different from the original study. This article describes regulatory changes and challenges affecting traditional informed consent for prevention research, followed by a description of the rationale and requirements for obtaining broad consent, and concludes with a discussion of future challenges involving ongoing transparency and protections for participants and their communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia B Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Dealy Hall 441, East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA.
| | - Deborah M Layman
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Dealy Hall 441, East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
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Abstract
Background Sharing of participant-level clinical trial data has potential benefits, but concerns about potential harms to research participants have led some pharmaceutical sponsors and investigators to urge caution. Little is known about clinical trial participants' perceptions of the risks of data sharing. Methods We conducted a structured survey of 771 current and recent participants from a diverse sample of clinical trials at three academic medical centers in the United States. Surveys were distributed by mail (350 completed surveys) and in clinic waiting rooms (421 completed surveys) (overall response rate, 79%). Results Less than 8% of respondents felt that the potential negative consequences of data sharing outweighed the benefits. A total of 93% were very or somewhat likely to allow their own data to be shared with university scientists, and 82% were very or somewhat likely to share with scientists in for-profit companies. Willingness to share data did not vary appreciably with the purpose for which the data would be used, with the exception that fewer participants were willing to share their data for use in litigation. The respondents' greatest concerns were that data sharing might make others less willing to enroll in clinical trials (37% very or somewhat concerned), that data would be used for marketing purposes (34%), or that data could be stolen (30%). Less concern was expressed about discrimination (22%) and exploitation of data for profit (20%). Conclusions In our study, few clinical trial participants had strong concerns about the risks of data sharing. Provided that adequate security safeguards were in place, most participants were willing to share their data for a wide range of uses. (Funded by the Greenwall Foundation.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Mello
- From the Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine (M.M.M., V.L., S.N.G.) and Stanford Law School (M.M.M.) - both in Stanford, CA
| | - Van Lieou
- From the Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine (M.M.M., V.L., S.N.G.) and Stanford Law School (M.M.M.) - both in Stanford, CA
| | - Steven N Goodman
- From the Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine (M.M.M., V.L., S.N.G.) and Stanford Law School (M.M.M.) - both in Stanford, CA
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Manzanero S, Kozlovskaia M, Vlahovich N, Hughes DC. Recruitment and Participation of Recreational Runners in a Large Epidemiological and Genetic Research Study: Retrospective Data Analysis. JMIR Res Protoc 2018; 7:e141. [PMID: 29792293 PMCID: PMC5990859 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.8243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the increasing capacity for remote collection of both data and samples for medical research, a thorough assessment is needed to determine the association of population characteristics and recruitment methodologies with response rates. Objective The aim of this research was to assess population representativeness in a two-stage study of health and injury in recreational runners, which consisted of an epidemiological arm and genetic analysis. Methods The cost and success of various classical and internet-based methods were analyzed, and demographic representativeness was assessed for recruitment to the epidemiological survey, reported willingness to participate in the genetic arm of the study, actual participation, sample return, and approval for biobank storage. Results A total of 4965 valid responses were received, of which 1664 were deemed eligible for genetic analysis. Younger age showed a negative association with initial recruitment rate, expressed willingness to participate in genetic analysis, and actual participation. Additionally, female sex was associated with higher initial recruitment rates, and ethnic origin impacted willingness to participate in the genetic analysis (all P<.001). Conclusions The sharp decline in retention through the different stages of the study in young respondents suggests the necessity to develop specific recruitment and retention strategies when investigating a young, physically active population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Manzanero
- Australian Institute of Sport, Department of Sports Medicine, Australian Sports Commission, Bruce, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| | - Maria Kozlovskaia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Department of Sports Medicine, Australian Sports Commission, Bruce, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Australia
| | - Nicole Vlahovich
- Australian Institute of Sport, Department of Sports Medicine, Australian Sports Commission, Bruce, Australia
| | - David C Hughes
- Australian Institute of Sport, Department of Sports Medicine, Australian Sports Commission, Bruce, Australia
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Goodman D, Bowen D, Wenzel L, Tehrani P, Fernando F, Khacheryan A, Chowdhury F, Johnson CO, Edwards K. The research participant perspective related to the conduct of genomic cohort studies: A systematic review of the quantitative literature. Transl Behav Med 2018; 8:119-129. [PMID: 29385589 PMCID: PMC6065547 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational genome-wide association studies require large sample sizes. Evaluating the interplay between genomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors can require even larger sample sizes. The All of Us Research Program will recruit 1 million participants to facilitate research on genomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Integrating participant preferences into the research process is a new paradigm and a necessary component of the All of Us Research Program. The purpose of the study is to summarize quantitative studies of participant preferences related to participation in observational genomic research studies, starting with consent through return of results. Integrating this information into the conduct of genomic studies may benefit participants, and improve participant satisfaction, recruitment, and retention. We conducted a systematic review of the literature regarding participant views related to reconsent and broad consent, use of de-identified data, contribution of data to a biorepository, risk of identification, return of individual genetic results, and motivation for participation in genomic studies. Twenty-three articles met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study results found that most participants support broad consent; however, significant differences related to reconsent preferences have been shown by gender and age. Most participants support the return of individual genomic results and do not feel it is necessary to maintain a link to their de-identified data. Reasons given for joining research studies varied by population source. These findings, in addition to the knowledge that participants are more accepting of broad informed consent methods when the rationale is explained, can assist in developing guidelines for future observational genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Goodman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Bowen
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lari Wenzel
- Department of Medicine, University of California,, CA, USA
| | - Paris Tehrani
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Francis Fernando
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Araksi Khacheryan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Farihah Chowdhury
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Karen Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Feasibility of Hair Collection for Cortisol Measurement in Population Research on Adolescent Health. Nurs Res 2017; 65:249-55. [PMID: 27124260 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black-White disparities in adolescent health are widespread and thought to be explained, in part, by exposure to chronic stress. Cortisol assayed from hair is increasingly recognized as a valid and reliable measure for chronic physiological stress, but the feasibility of collecting hair among large probability samples of diverse adolescents is unknown. PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate participation in hair collection for cortisol analyses in a probability sample of racially and socioeconomically diverse adolescents, including the extent to which sociodemographic factors and adverse exposures were associated with participation. METHODS The study included a probability sample of 516 adolescents conducted in conjunction with a prospective cohort study on adolescent health. Data were collected over 1 week via in-home interviews, ecological momentary assessment, global positioning system methods, and in-home hair collection at the end of the week. RESULTS Of the 516 eligible youth, 471 (91.3%) participated in the hair collection. Of the 45 youth who did not provide hair samples, 18 had insufficient hair, 25 refused, and 2 did not participate for unknown reasons. Multivariable logistic regression results indicated that non-Hispanic Black youth were less likely than their non-Hispanic White peers to participate due to insufficient hair or refusal (OR = 0.24, 95% CI [0 .09, 0.60]). Despite lower rates of participation, the proportion of Black youth in the participating sample was representative of the study area. No significant differences in participation were found by other sociodemographic characteristics or adverse exposures. CONCLUSIONS Hair collection for cortisol measurement is feasible among a probability sample of racially and socioeconomically diverse adolescents. Hair cortisol analyses may accelerate research progress to understand the biological and psychosocial bases of health disparities.
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Tanaka T, Matsuda T, Hayes LN, Yang S, Rodriguez K, Severance EG, Yolken RH, Sawa A, Eaton WW. Infection and inflammation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neurosci Res 2016; 115:59-63. [PMID: 27856235 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between exposure to infectious agents and inflammation markers in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BP), and controls without a psychiatric disorder. We measured plasma levels of antibodies and innate immune markers and correlated them with clinical symptoms and cognitive function. In both SZ and BP, we found an increase in soluble CD14, and in BP an increase in C-reactive protein, IgM class antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV), and IgG class antibodies against herpes simplex virus 2. Furthermore in BP, we observed a negative relationship between IgG antibodies against CMV and scores for cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Taro Matsuda
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lindsay N Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Shuojia Yang
- Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Katrina Rodriguez
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Emily G Severance
- Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - William W Eaton
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Sabatello M, Appelbaum PS. Raising Genomic Citizens: Adolescents and the Return of Secondary Genomic Findings. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2016; 44:292-308. [PMID: 27338605 PMCID: PMC4922508 DOI: 10.1177/1073110516654123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Whole genome and exome sequencing (WGS/WES) techniques raise hope for a new scale of diagnosis, prevention, and prediction of genetic conditions, and improved care for children. For these hopes to materialize, extensive genomic research with children will be needed. However, the use of WGS/WES in pediatric research settings raises considerable challenges for families, researchers, and policy development. In particular, the possibility that these techniques will generate genetic findings unrelated to the primary goal of sequencing has stirred intense debate about whether, which, how, and when these secondary or incidental findings (SFs) should be returned to parents and minors. The debate is even more pronounced when the subjects are adolescents, for whom decisions about return of SFs may have particular implications. In this paper, we consider the rise of "genomic citizenship" and the main challenges that arise for these stakeholders: adolescents' involvement in decisions relating to return of genomic SFs, the types of SFs that should be offered, privacy protections, and communication between researchers and adolescents about SFs. We argue that adolescents' involvement in genomic SF-related decisions acknowledges their status as valuable stakeholders without detracting from broader familial interests, and promotes more informed genomic citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sabatello
- Assistant Professor of Clinical Bioethics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
| | - Paul S. Appelbaum
- Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor of Psychiatry, Medicine, and Law, and Director for Research on Ethical, Legal & Social Implications of Psychiatric, Neurologic & Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
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Sehovic I, Gwede CK, Meade CD, Sodeke S, Pentz R, Quinn GP. A Web-Based Platform for Educating Researchers About Bioethics and Biobanking. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2016; 31:397-404. [PMID: 25773136 PMCID: PMC4573774 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-015-0812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Participation in biobanking among individuals with familial risk for hereditary cancer (IFRs) and underserved/minority populations is vital for biobanking research. To address gaps in researcher knowledge regarding ethical concerns of these populations, we developed a web-based curriculum. Based on formative research and expert panel assessments, a curriculum and website was developed in an integrative, systematic manner. Researchers were recruited to evaluate the curriculum. Public health graduate students were recruited to pilot test the curriculum. All 14 researchers agreed the curriculum was easy to understand, adequately addressed the domains, and contained appropriate post-test questions. The majority evaluated the dialgoue animations as interesting and valuable. Twenty-two graduate students completed the curriculum, and 77 % improved their overall test score. A web-based curriculum is an acceptable and effective way to provide information to researchers about vulnerable populations' biobanking concerns. Future goals are to incorporate the curriculum with larger organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Sehovic
- Department of Health Outcomes & Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Clement K Gwede
- Department of Health Outcomes & Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12902 Magnolia Drive, MRC CANCONT, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Cathy D Meade
- Department of Health Outcomes & Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12902 Magnolia Drive, MRC CANCONT, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Stephen Sodeke
- Tuskegee University National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care & College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Heath, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca Pentz
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn P Quinn
- Department of Health Outcomes & Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12902 Magnolia Drive, MRC CANCONT, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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Garrison NA, Sathe NA, Antommaria AHM, Holm IA, Sanderson SC, Smith ME, McPheeters ML, Clayton EW. A systematic literature review of individuals' perspectives on broad consent and data sharing in the United States. Genet Med 2015; 18:663-71. [PMID: 26583683 PMCID: PMC4873460 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In 2011, an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking proposed that de-identified human data and specimens be included in biobanks only if patients provide consent. The National Institutes of Health Genomic Data Sharing policy went into effect in 2015, requiring broad consent from almost all research participants. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review of attitudes toward biobanking, broad consent, and data sharing. Bibliographic databases included MEDLINE, Web of Science, EthxWeb, and GenETHX. Study screening was conducted using DistillerSR. RESULTS The final 48 studies included surveys (n = 23), focus groups (n = 8), mixed methods (n = 14), interviews (n = 1), and consent form analyses (n = 2). Study quality was characterized as good (n = 19), fair (n = 27), and poor (n = 2). Although many participants objected, broad consent was often preferred over tiered or study-specific consent, particularly when broad consent was the only option, samples were de-identified, logistics of biobanks were communicated, and privacy was addressed. Willingness for data to be shared was high, but it was lower among individuals from under-represented minorities, individuals with privacy and confidentiality concerns, and when pharmaceutical companies had access to data. CONCLUSIONS Additional research is needed to understand factors affecting willingness to give broad consent for biobank research and data sharing in order to address concerns to enhance acceptability.Genet Med 18 7, 663-671.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanibaa' A Garrison
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nila A Sathe
- Vanderbilt Evidence-Based Practice Center, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Ingrid A Holm
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and The Manton Center for Orphan Diseases Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Saskia C Sanderson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Maureen E Smith
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melissa L McPheeters
- Vanderbilt Evidence-Based Practice Center, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ellen W Clayton
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,School of Law, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Ballard ED, Van Eck K, Musci RJ, Hart SR, Storr CL, Breslau N, Wilcox HC. Latent classes of childhood trauma exposure predict the development of behavioral health outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood. Psychol Med 2015; 45:3305-3316. [PMID: 26149665 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To develop latent classes of exposure to traumatic experiences before the age of 13 years in an urban community sample and to use these latent classes to predict the development of negative behavioral outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood. METHOD A total of 1815 participants in an epidemiologically based, randomized field trial as children completed comprehensive psychiatric assessments as young adults. Reported experiences of nine traumatic experiences before age 13 years were used in a latent class analysis to create latent profiles of traumatic experiences. Latent classes were used to predict psychiatric outcomes at age ⩾13 years, criminal convictions, physical health problems and traumatic experiences reported in young adulthood. RESULTS Three latent classes of childhood traumatic experiences were supported by the data. One class (8% of sample), primarily female, was characterized by experiences of sexual assault and reported significantly higher rates of a range of psychiatric outcomes by young adulthood. Another class (8%), primarily male, was characterized by experiences of violence exposure and reported higher levels of antisocial personality disorder and post-traumatic stress. The final class (84%) reported low levels of childhood traumatic experiences. Parental psychopathology was related to membership in the sexual assault group. CONCLUSIONS Classes of childhood traumatic experiences predict specific psychiatric and behavioral outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood. The long-term adverse effects of childhood traumas are primarily concentrated in victims of sexual and non-sexual violence. Gender emerged as a key covariate in the classes of trauma exposure and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Ballard
- National Institute of Mental Health,Experimental and Pathophysiology Branch,Bethesda,MD,USA
| | - K Van Eck
- Department of Mental Health,Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health,Baltimore,MD,USA
| | - R J Musci
- Department of Mental Health,Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health,Baltimore,MD,USA
| | - S R Hart
- Child Development Department,California State University,Chico,CA,USA
| | - C L Storr
- Department of Mental Health,Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health,Baltimore,MD,USA
| | - N Breslau
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,Michigan State University,East Lansing,MI,USA
| | - H C Wilcox
- Department of Mental Health,Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health,Baltimore,MD,USA
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