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Zafari S, Motavallihaghi S, Salehzadeh A, Zahirnia A, Sazmand A, Maghsood AH. Molecular investigation of Leishmania in sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and rodents (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Nahavand, west of Iran. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:253. [PMID: 38922451 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by different species of Leishmania is transmitted by Phlebotominae sandflies. This disease remains a public health concern in Iran. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine Leishmania infection in sandflies and reservoir rodents in six rural regions of Nahavand, located in western Iran. From May to October 2022, sandflies and rodents were collected and identified at the species level. Additionally, rodents' skin lesions and earlobe specimens were collected separately for microscopic and molecular examination. All specimens were tested for Leishmania DNA by PCRs targeting the parasite's ITS-2 and 18S rRNA gene and positive were Sanger sequenced. A total of 3396 sandflies belonging to seven subgenera and 11 species, i.e., Phlebotomus papatasi (42.7%), P. major (20.6%), P. mascitti (0.3%), P. neglectus (0.2%), P. alexandri (0.2%), P. turanicus (0.3%), Sergentomyia murgabiensis (18.1%), S. dentata (10.5%), S. theodori (5.8%), S. antennata (1.1%), and S. pawlowski (0.1%) were identified. Based on the species population, 29 pools of sandflies were examined for the presence of Leishmania DNA using conventional PCR (cPCR), and individual DNAs were tested when positive. Leishmania major DNA was detected in two P. papatasi and Leishmania sp. in one P. major individual sandfly. This is the first report of Leishmania infection in sandflies from Hamadan province. The captured rodents (n = 61) belonged to four families and seven species, i.e., Arvicola amphibius (37.7%), Mus musculus (29.5%), Microtus socialis (13.1%), Apodemus sylvaticus (11.5%), Talpa davidiana (4.9%), Apodemus witherbyi (1.6%), and Rattus norvegicus (1.6%). Microscopic and molecular examinations of the rodent lesions and earlobes scored negative results. The presence of Leishmania in the Phlebotominae sandflies in Nahavand indicates a potential threat to humans and animals in the region. Regular monitoring and examination of the sandflies' population and timely diagnosis and treatment of new patients are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Zafari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyedmousa Motavallihaghi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Aref Salehzadeh
- Department of Medical Entomology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zahirnia
- Department of Medical Entomology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Maghsood
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Shaw JJ, Marinho-Júnior JF, Courtenay O, Brandão-Filho SP. Assessing reservoir host status in leishmaniasis with special reference to the infectiousness of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infections in wild rodents. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2023; 56:0503. [PMID: 38126376 PMCID: PMC10726968 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0503-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular methods have been responsible for a notable increase in the detection of Leishmaniinae infections in wild animals. Determining their infectiousness is of paramount importance in evaluating their epidemiological significance. One of the most efficient ways of determining infectiousness for vector borne diseases is xenodiagnosis with the appropriate vector. However, this is logistically very difficult to accomplish in the field, and an ideal solution is to find a molecular surrogate for xenodiagnosis. In this review we discuss different approaches to the problem by focusing on the infectiousness of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in rodents under laboratory and field conditions. Comparisons with similar studies for other Leishmania species emphasizes that there are pivotal differences in the infectiousness and the importance of asymptomatic infections in different hosts. Potentially the most promising surrogate is the real time quantitative PCR (qPCR). However, its success depends on choosing a tissue that relates to the vector's feeding location and the parasite's tissue tropism. This requires detailed knowledge of the infection of each species in its wild hosts. We conclude that for L. (V.) braziliensis infections in wild rodents the tissue of choice for a molecular xenodiagnostic test, based on the qPCR is blood, providing that a significant number of samples must be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Shaw
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Universidade de São PauloInstituto de Ciências BiomédicasDepartamento de ParasitologiaSão PauloSPBrasil
| | - José F. Marinho-Júnior
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo CruzInstituto Aggeu MagalhãesRecifePEBrasil
| | - Orin Courtenay
- University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences and the Zeeman Institute, Coventry, United Kingdom.University of WarwickSchool of Life Sciences and the Zeeman InstituteCoventryUnited Kingdom
| | - Sinval P. Brandão-Filho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo CruzInstituto Aggeu MagalhãesRecifePEBrasil
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Sadlova J, Vojtkova B, Lestinova T, Becvar T, Frynta D, Benallal KE, Mekarnia N, Harrat Z, Volf P. Infectiousness of Asymptomatic Meriones shawi, Reservoir Host of Leishmania major. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040614. [PMID: 37111500 PMCID: PMC10143307 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected diseases caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania that threaten millions of people worldwide. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. major is a typical zoonosis transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies and maintained in rodent reservoirs. The female sand fly was assumed to become infected by feeding on the skin lesion of the host, and the relative contribution of asymptomatic individuals to disease transmission was unknown. In this study, we infected 32 Meriones shawi, North African reservoirs, with a natural dose of L. major obtained from the gut of infected sand flies. Skin manifestations appeared in 90% of the animals, and xenodiagnosis with the proven vector Phlebotomus papatasi showed transmissibility in 67% of the rodents, and 45% were repeatedly infectious to sand flies. Notably, the analysis of 113 xenodiagnostic trials with 2189 sand flies showed no significant difference in the transmissibility of animals in the asymptomatic and symptomatic periods; asymptomatic animals were infectious several weeks before the appearance of skin lesions and several months after their healing. These results clearly confirm that skin lesions are not a prerequisite for vector infection in CL and that asymptomatic animals are an essential source of L. major infection. These data are important for modeling the epidemiology of CL caused by L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vojtkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Lestinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Becvar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Frynta
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamal Eddine Benallal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Eco Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases and Population Genetics, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, 16045 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nalia Mekarnia
- Laboratory of Eco Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases and Population Genetics, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, 16045 Algiers, Algeria
- EA ESCAPE 7510, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims CEDEX, France
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratory of Eco Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases and Population Genetics, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, 16045 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
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Novozhilova TS, Chistyakov DS, Akhmadishina LV, Lukashev AN, Gerasimov ES, Yurchenko V. Genomic analysis of Leishmania turanica strains from different regions of Central Asia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011145. [PMID: 36877735 PMCID: PMC10019736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution in Leishmania is governed by the opposite forces of clonality and sexual reproduction, with vicariance being an important factor. As such, Leishmania spp. populations may be monospecific or mixed. Leishmania turanica in Central Asia is a good model to compare these two types. In most areas, populations of L. turanica are mixed with L. gerbilli and L. major. Notably, co-infection with L. turanica in great gerbils helps L. major to withstand a break in the transmission cycle. Conversely, the populations of L. turanica in Mongolia are monospecific and geographically isolated. In this work, we compare genomes of several well-characterized strains of L. turanica originated from monospecific and mixed populations in Central Asia in order to shed light on genetic factors, which may drive evolution of these parasites in different settings. Our results illustrate that evolutionary differences between mixed and monospecific populations of L. turanica are not dramatic. On the level of large-scale genomic rearrangements, we confirmed that different genomic loci and different types of rearrangements may differentiate strains originated from mixed and monospecific populations, with genome translocations being the most prominent example. Our data suggests that L. turanica has a significantly higher level of chromosomal copy number variation between the strains compared to its sister species L. major with only one supernumerary chromosome. This suggests that L. turanica (in contrast to L. major) is in the active phase of evolutionary adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniil S. Chistyakov
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Abstract
In this work we reviewed historical and recent data on Leishmania spp. infection combining data collected in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, China and Mongolia. We specifically focused on a complex of co-existing species (Leishmania major, Leishmania turanica and Leishmania gerbilli) sharing the same animal reservoirs and vectors. In addition, we analysed the presence of dsRNA viruses in these species and discussed future research directions to identify species-specific traits, which may determine susceptibility of different Leishmania spp. to viral infection.
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An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major in an endemic focus in central Iran. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:502-510. [DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Derghal M, Tebai A, Balti G, Souguir-Omrani H, Chemkhi J, Rhim A, Bouattour A, Guizani I, M’Ghirbi Y, Guerbouj S. High-resolution melting analysis identifies reservoir hosts of zoonotic Leishmania parasites in Tunisia. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:12. [PMID: 34996507 PMCID: PMC8742351 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is endemic in Tunisia and presents with different clinical forms, caused by the species Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major, and Leishmania tropica. The life cycle of Leishmania is complex and involves several phlebotomine sand fly vectors and mammalian reservoir hosts. The aim of this work is the development and evaluation of a high-resolution melting PCR (PCR-HRM) tool to detect and identify Leishmania parasites in wild and domestic hosts, constituting confirmed (dogs and Meriones rodents) or potential (hedgehogs) reservoirs in Tunisia. METHODS Using in vitro-cultured Leishmania isolates, PCR-HRM reactions were developed targeting the 7SL RNA and HSP70 genes. Animals were captured or sampled in El Kef Governorate, North West Tunisia. DNA was extracted from the liver, spleen, kidney, and heart from hedgehogs (Atelerix algirus) (n = 3) and rodents (Meriones shawi) (n = 7) and from whole blood of dogs (n = 12) that did not present any symptoms of canine leishmaniasis. In total, 52 DNA samples were processed by PCR-HRM using both pairs of primers. RESULTS The results showed melting curves enabling discrimination of the three Leishmania species present in Tunisia, and were further confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Application of PCR-HRM assays on reservoir host samples showed that overall among the examined samples, 45 were positive, while seven were negative, with no Leishmania infection. Meriones shawi were found infected with L. major, while dogs were infected with L. infantum. However, co-infections with L. major/L. infantum species were detected in four Meriones specimens and in all tested hedgehogs. In addition, multiple infections with the three Leishmania species were found in one hedgehog specimen. Sequence analyses of PCR-HRM products corroborated the Leishmania species found in analyzed samples. CONCLUSIONS The results of PCR-HRM assays applied to field specimens further support the possibility of hedgehogs as reservoir hosts of Leishmania. In addition, we showed their usefulness in the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis, specifically in asymptomatic dogs, which will ensure a better evaluation of infection extent, thus improving elaboration of control programs. This PCR-HRM method is a robust and reliable tool for molecular detection and identification of Leishmania and can be easily implemented in epidemiological surveys in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moufida Derghal
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie Moléculaire Et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée Aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté Des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abir Tebai
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie Moléculaire Et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée Aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ghofrane Balti
- Laboratoire d’épidémiologie Et Microbiologie Vétérinaire (LR16IPT03), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratoire Des Virus, Vecteurs Et Hôtes (LR20IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Souguir-Omrani
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie Moléculaire Et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée Aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jomaa Chemkhi
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie Moléculaire Et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée Aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Adel Rhim
- Laboratoire d’épidémiologie Et Microbiologie Vétérinaire (LR16IPT03), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratoire Des Virus, Vecteurs Et Hôtes (LR20IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ali Bouattour
- Laboratoire d’épidémiologie Et Microbiologie Vétérinaire (LR16IPT03), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratoire Des Virus, Vecteurs Et Hôtes (LR20IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie Moléculaire Et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée Aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Youmna M’Ghirbi
- Laboratoire d’épidémiologie Et Microbiologie Vétérinaire (LR16IPT03), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratoire Des Virus, Vecteurs Et Hôtes (LR20IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souheila Guerbouj
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie Moléculaire Et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée Aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Ghatee MA, Nikaein K, Rajaie O, Taylor WR, Karamian M. A comparative study of the proximity to nomadic travel routes and environmental factors on the occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, southwestern Iran. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e547-e553. [PMID: 34558217 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important health challenges in hyperendemic countries like Iran. Geospatial information systems-based studies have shown that factors, including land cover, altitude, slope temperature, rainfall and animal livestock, affect CL distribution in Kohgyloyeh and Boyerahmad province, southwestern Iran. However, the question of the influence of nomadic tribes, who travel with their goats and sheep, on CL is unanswered. We, therefore, investigated their role in CL epidemiology from 2008 to 2017 and compare them with geoclimatic factors. CL patient demographic data and their village/city addresses were retrieved from Provincial Health Center and mapped on the geographic information system (GIS) layer of the province's political divisions. Nomadic travel routes (NTRs) with a 2 km buffer were generated and their effect on CL was investigated together with the interpolated layers of rainfall, temperatures, humidity, slope, elevation, land covers, by binary regression. CL was significantly more common in villages/cities in the 2 km NTR zone (p value < .001; OR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.4-2.745). Geoclimatic factors, including slope, elevation, rainfall, temperatures, humidity and most of the landcovers, were not significantly different inside and outside the NTR. Areas of irrigated farm were the only effective landcover on CL (p value = .049; OR = 2.717; 95% CI = 1.003-7.361) within the NTR versus non-NTR. Living within NTRs almost doubled the risk of acquiring CL. Several factors for this include passage through areas of high sand fly activity, increased contact between sandflies and humans, sheep and goats, and feeding on their blood and faeces, and low availability of health facilities that should be more investigated and considered in the future control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Ghatee
- Medical Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Koorosh Nikaein
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Omid Rajaie
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Walter Robert Taylor
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand.,Oxford Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mehdi Karamian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Hamidi K, Mohammadi S, Ghassemi-Khademi T. Ecological niche modeling of genetic lineages of the great gerbil, Rhombomys opimus (Rodentia: Gerbillinae). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257063. [PMID: 34473767 PMCID: PMC8412373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus Lichtenstein, 1823) is distributed in Central Asia and some parts of the Middle East. It is widely found in central and northeast parts of Iran with two distinct genetic lineages: R. o. sodalis in the northern slopes of the Elburz Mountains and R. o. sargadensis in the southern slopes. This large rodent acts as the main host of natural focal diseases. No study has surveyed the ecological niche of the lineages and how their distribution might be influenced by different climatic variables. To examine the distribution patterns of this murid rodent, we aimed to determine the habitat preferences and effects of environmental variables on the ecological niche. Using a species distribution approach for modeling of regional niche specialization, suitable habitats predicted for R. o. sodalis were mainly located in Golestan province in northern Iran, along the northern slope of Elburz, while R. o. sargadensis, showed great potential distribution along the southern slope of Elburz and around the Kavir Desert and the Lut Desert. Despite the widest potential distribution of R. o. sargadensis from northeast to northwest and through Central Iran, the geographic range of R. o. sodalis was smaller and mostly confined to Golestan province. The results support the presence of the two genetic lineages of Rhombomys in Iran and confirm that there is no significant niche overlap between the two subspecies. Furthermore, it provided several perspectives for future taxonomic studies and prevention hygiene programs for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kordiyeh Hamidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- * E-mail: , (KH); , (SM)
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
- * E-mail: , (KH); , (SM)
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Bel Hadj Ali I, Chouaieb H, Saadi Ben Aoun Y, Harigua-Souiai E, Souguir H, Yaacoub A, El Dbouni O, Harrat Z, Mukhtar MM, Ben Said M, Haddad N, Fathallah-Mili A, Guizani I. Dipeptidyl peptidase III as a DNA marker to investigate epidemiology and taxonomy of Old World Leishmania species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009530. [PMID: 34310607 PMCID: PMC8341715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPPIII) member of M49 peptidase family is a zinc-dependent metallopeptidase that cleaves dipeptides sequentially from the N-terminus of its substrates. In Leishmania, DPPIII, was reported with other peptidases to play a significant role in parasites' growth and survival. In a previous study, we used a coding sequence annotated as DPPIII to develop and evaluate a PCR assay that is specific to dermotropic Old World (OW) Leishmania species. Thus, our objective was to further assess use of this gene for Leishmania species identification and for phylogeny, and thus for diagnostic and molecular epidemiology studies of Old World Leishmania species. METHODOLOGY Orthologous DDPIII genes were searched in all Leishmania genomes and aligned to design PCR primers and identify relevant restriction enzymes. A PCR assays was developed and seventy-two Leishmania fragment sequences were analyzed using MEGA X genetics software to infer evolution and phylogenetic relationships of studied species and strains. A PCR-RFLP scheme was also designed and tested on 58 OW Leishmania strains belonging to 8 Leishmania species and evaluated on 75 human clinical skin samples. FINDINGS Sequence analysis showed 478 variable sites (302 being parsimony informative). Test of natural selection (dN-dS) (-0.164, SE = 0.013) inferred a negative selection, characteristic of essential genes, corroborating the DPPIII importance for parasite survival. Inter- and intra-specific genetic diversity was used to develop universal amplification of a 662bp fragment. Sequence analyses and phylogenies confirmed occurrence of 6 clusters congruent to L. major, L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. arabica, L. turanica, L. tarentolae species, and one to the L. infantum and L. donovani species complex. A PCR-RFLP algorithm for Leishmania species identification was designed using double digestions with HaeIII and KpnI and with SacI and PvuII endonucleases. Overall, this PCR-RFLP yielded distinct profiles for each of the species L. major, L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. arabica and L. turanica and the L. (Sauroleishmania) L. tarentolae. The species L. donovani, and L. infantum shared the same profile except for strains of Indian origin. When tested on clinical samples, the DPPIII PCR showed sensitivities of 82.22% when compared to direct examination and was able to identify 84.78% of the positive samples. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that DPPIII gene is suitable to detect and identify Leishmania species and to complement other molecular methods for leishmaniases diagnosis and epidemiology. Thus, it can contribute to evidence-based disease control and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insaf Bel Hadj Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Hamed Chouaieb
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
- Service de parasitologie, EPS Farhat Hached, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Yusr Saadi Ben Aoun
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Emna Harigua-Souiai
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Hejer Souguir
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Alia Yaacoub
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
- Service de parasitologie, EPS Farhat Hached, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Oussaïma El Dbouni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rafik Hariri Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratoire d’Eco-épidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Moncef Ben Said
- Service de parasitologie, EPS Farhat Hached, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Haddad
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vector-Borne Diseases, Faculty of Public Health Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Akila Fathallah-Mili
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
- Service de parasitologie, EPS Farhat Hached, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
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11
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Jafari R, Abdoli H, Arandian MH, Shareghi N, Ghanei M, Jalali-Zand N, Nekoeian S, Veysi A, Montazeri A, Ghasemi A, Ramazanpour J, Fadaei R, Akhavan AA. Emerging of Cutaneous Leishmaniais Due to Leishmania major in a New Focus in Esfahan Province, Central Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2020; 14:134-143. [PMID: 33365341 PMCID: PMC7738932 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i2.3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Esfahan Province is considered as one of the main focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran. Recently, ZCL distribution is expanding through this province leading to report of new cases in non-endemic areas. In the current study epidemiological aspects of ZCL has been investigated in Naein County in Esfahan Province. Methods: Adult sand flies were collected from beginning to the end of their seasonal activity. Rodents were caught by Sherman live traps once a month for one year. To active case detection, a hundred households in each selected village were visited in November and December 2016. Nested-PCR was employed to detect Leishmania parasite in the vector, reservoir and human. Results: Totally 1562 sand flies including Phlebotomus sergenti, Phlebotomus papatasi, Sergentomyia sintoni and Sergentomyia mervinae were collected and identified. No Leishmania infection was detected in the collected sand flies. All of the 30 collected rodents were identified as Rhombomys opimus, and of these 3.3% and 26.7% were infected by Leishmania major using microscopic and molecular technique respectively. Totally, 914 individuals were investigated and the ulcer and scar rates of ZCL calculated to be at 1.1 and 15.3 per 1000 population, respectively. Molecular results confirmed L. major infection in human and reservoir samples. Conclusion: It is concluded that ZCL is established in the area in low endemicity, and it is extrapolated the disease will not be a serious increasing health problem in the near future in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Jafari
- Esfahan Health Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Abdoli
- Esfahan Health Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Arandian
- Esfahan Health Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Nilofar Shareghi
- Esfahan Health Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghanei
- Esfahan Health Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Nilofar Jalali-Zand
- Esfahan Health Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Shahram Nekoeian
- Isfahan Province Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arshad Veysi
- Zoonoses Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ahmad Montazeri
- Naein Health Care Network, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amirabdollah Ghasemi
- Naein Health Care Network, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javad Ramazanpour
- Isfahan Province Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Fadaei
- Isfahan Province Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Ahmad Akhavan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Gedda MR, Madhukar P, Shukla A, Mudavath SL, Srivastava ON, Singh OP, Sundar S. Nanodiagnostics in leishmaniasis: A new frontiers for early elimination. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1675. [PMID: 33142369 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is still a major public health concern in developing countries having the highest outbreak and mortality potential. While the treatment of VL has greatly improved in recent times, the current diagnostic tools are limited for use in the post-elimination setting. Although conventional serological methods of detection are rapid, they can only differentiate between active disease in strict combination with clinical criteria, and thus are not sufficient enough to diagnose relapse patients. Therefore, there is a dire need for a portable, authentic, and reliable assay that does not require large space, specialized instrument facilities, or highly trained laboratory personnel and can be carried out in primary health care settings. Advances in the nanodiagnostic approaches have led to the expansion of new frontiers in the concerned area. The nanosized particles are blessed with an ability to interact one-on-one with the biomolecules because of their unique optical and physicochemical properties and high surface area to volume ratio. Biomolecular detection systems based on nanoparticles (NPs) are cost-effective, rapid, nongel, non-PCR, and nonculture based that provide fast, one-step, and reliable results with acceptable sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we discuss different NPs that are being used for the identification of molecular markers and other biomarkers, such as toxins and antigens associated with leishmaniasis. The most promising diagnostic approaches have been included in the article, and the ability of biomolecular recognition, advantages, and disadvantages have been discussed in detail to showcase the enormous potential of nanodiagnostics in human and veterinary medicine. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.,Center for Cellular Engineering, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Prasoon Madhukar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Shukla
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Lal Mudavath
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Habitat Centre, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Onkar Nath Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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13
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Performance of a universal PCR assay to identify different Leishmania species causative of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:431. [PMID: 32854753 PMCID: PMC7450935 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characterization of Leishmania species is important for clinical management of the diseases and the epidemiological control of the parasite distribution. Most of the published polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification methods lack the ability to identify all species complexes, have low performance and usually need post-PCR procedures. There is a need for improving the diagnosis of CL by development of an accurate affordable PCR method to identify all Leishmania species in clinical specimens. METHODS We designed an optimized a PCR amplifying the internal transcribed spacer 2 sequence of the ribosomal RNA gene (ITS2) aligned from different strains of CL-causing Leishmania species in the Old World. The performance of the method was evaluated on lesion samples from several CL suspected patients and the limit of detection (LOD) was determined on DNA of promastigotes from reference strains. RESULTS The universal PCR enabled simultaneous discrimination of L. major, L. tropica and L. infantum using one primer pair in one reaction. Stained smear microscopy and Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN) medium culture alone detected 77.27% (17/22) and 72.73% (16/22) of the positive CL samples, respectively. The PCR assay showed 100% sensitivity (22/22) (95% CI: 84.56-100%) and 100% specificity (3/3) (95% CI: 29.24-100%) for species identification on isolates from lesion scraping/exudate and 100% sensitivity (13/13) (95% CI: 75.29-100%) and 100% specificity (11/11) (95% CI: 71.51-100%) for species identification on biopsy samples of CL patients, while being capable to successfully amplify as little as 0.01-0.1 pg of Leishmania DNA from cultured promastigotes. CONCLUSIONS We present a validated easy-to-use affordable universal PCR assay to identify the most common Old World Leishmania species causing CL. This PCR assay could be used as a sensitive/specific technique to diagnose CL-causing Leishmania species in clinical samples with high accuracy.
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14
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Ghatee MA, Taylor WR, Karamian M. The Geographical Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Causative Agents in Iran and Its Neighboring Countries, A Review. Front Public Health 2020; 8:11. [PMID: 32133334 PMCID: PMC7039857 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major are both the main cause of anthroponotic (ACL) and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), respectively, in the Old World. Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani, which are important causes of visceral leishmaniasis, have also occasionally been reported in CL patients. The present study investigates the current distribution of causative species of CL in Iran and neighboring countries in the Middle East. There has been expansion of L. tropica into new urban and rural foci in Iran, with well-documented cases of visceralization, a substantial increase of CL in Syria, and the emergence of new foci and outbreaks in Turkey and Iraq, especially due to L. major. Civil war in Syria and Iraq, population movement, poverty, and climatic change play important roles in the changing CL distribution in this region. Control programs should adopt a multidisciplinary approach based on active surveillance and case finding, especially in vulnerable refugee populations, determination of hazard maps for CL hot points using GIS and other advanced technology, the free distribution of drugs, rodent control, and greater community engagement in poor and marginalized populations. Comprehensive molecular studies that could show the species and strains of Leishmania in different areas of each country can give a better view from the distribution of CL in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Ghatee
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Walter R Taylor
- Clinical Therapeutics Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mehdi Karamian
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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15
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Liu X, Yu X, Xu Y, Du X, Huo X, Li C, Lv J, Guo M, Lu J, Chen Z. Development of an effective microsatellite marker system to determine the genetic structure of Meriones meridianus populations. Exp Anim 2020; 69:224-232. [PMID: 32062628 PMCID: PMC7220706 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic quality of the gerbil, Meriones meridianus,
plays an important role in the study of medical biology. However, no effective system has
been established for evaluating a population’s genetic diversity to date. In the present
study, we established a set of reasonable evaluative systems based on microsatellite
markers of the Mongolian gerbil by using the method of cross-amplification of species.
Following electrophoresis analysis, short tandem repeat (STR) scanning, and sequencing, 11
microsatellite loci were identified by matching the criteria characteristics and were used
to evaluate the genetic diversity of two stocks of Meriones meridianus: Meriones
meridianus jei Wang, 1964 (M. m. jei) and Meriones
meridianus cryptorhinus Blanford, 1875 (M. m. cryptorhinus)
from Xinjiang, China. The microsatellite loci screened were highly polymorphic and were
suitable for genetic quality control of Meriones meridianus. In addition,
the quality of the non-bred M. m. jei and M. m.
cryptorhinus strains in our study is sufficient for them to be promising stocks
in the future for the farmed animal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyi Yu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yimei Xu
- Center for Laboratory Animal Research of Xinjiang, Center for Disease Control of Xinjiang, No. 138, Jianquan Yi Jie, Tianshan District, Urumqi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xueyun Huo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Changlong Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jianyi Lv
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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16
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Nilsson P, Solbakken MH, Schmid BV, Orr RJS, Lv R, Cui Y, Song Y, Zhang Y, Baalsrud HT, Tørresen OK, Stenseth NC, Yang R, Jakobsen KS, Easterday WR, Jentoft S. The Genome of the Great Gerbil Reveals Species-Specific Duplication of an MHCII Gene. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:3832-3849. [PMID: 31971556 PMCID: PMC7046166 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) is a social rodent living in permanent, complex burrow systems distributed throughout Central Asia, where it serves as the main host of several important vector-borne infectious pathogens including the well-known plague bacterium (Yersinia pestis). Here, we present a continuous annotated genome assembly of the great gerbil, covering over 96% of the estimated 2.47-Gb genome. Taking advantage of the recent genome assemblies of the sand rat (Psammomys obesus) and the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), comparative immunogenomic analyses reveal shared gene losses within TLR gene families (i.e., TLR8, TLR10, and the entire TLR11-subfamily) for Gerbillinae, accompanied with signs of diversifying selection of TLR7 and TLR9. Most notably, we find a great gerbil-specific duplication of the MHCII DRB locus. In silico analyses suggest that the duplicated gene provides high peptide binding affinity for Yersiniae epitopes as well as Leishmania and Leptospira epitopes, putatively leading to increased capability to withstand infections by these pathogens. Our study demonstrates the power of whole-genome sequencing combined with comparative genomic analyses to gain deeper insight into the immunogenomic landscape of the great gerbil and its close relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Nilsson
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica H Solbakken
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Boris V Schmid
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ruichen Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujiang Zhang
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, China
| | - Helle T Baalsrud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole K Tørresen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Chr Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Kjetill S Jakobsen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - William Ryan Easterday
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Jentoft
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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17
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Ghafari SM, Ebadatgar V, Mohammadi S, Ebrahimi S, Bordbar A, Parvizi P. Morphologic, Morphometric and Molecular Comparison of Two Sister Species of Rodents as Potential Reservoir Hosts of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Southwest of Iran. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.7.3.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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18
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A Declining Trend of <i>Leishmaniasis</i> Based on Previous Data in Larstan, South of Iran 2007-2017. Ann Glob Health 2019; 85. [PMID: 30873804 PMCID: PMC6997518 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is a unicellular of the Leishmania type, and 0.7 to 1.2 million people are annually infected by Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Larestan is one of the southern cities of Fars Province. Every year, some issues of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis are reported from Larestan. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Larestan from 2007 to 2017. Methodology: The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study which is carried out in Larestan. The study population consists of those people who are infected by Cutaneous Leishmaniasis during 2007 to 2017 and are referred to health care centers. The methodology and data collection are done based on the recorded information. Results: Among 4,965 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis infected patients who referred to health care centers of Larestan, 2407 patients (48.47%) are males and 2558 patients (51.53%) are females. In the ten-year time period of the study, 1,315 (26.6%) were infected to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in 2010. The maximum infected group consisted of 1,303 patients ranging from 0–5 years old, and the minimum infected group consisted of 90 patients ranging from 55–60 years old. Discussion: This study showed that female subjects were more polluted in Larestan city. There is also a significant relationship between age and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Finally, it was found that the disease in the city of Larestan has been decreasing.
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19
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Fatemi M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Mohebali M, Saeidi Z, Veysi A, Gholampour F, Akhondi B, Karimi A, Arandian MH, Amin Mohammadi AM, Rassi Y, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Khamesipour A, Akhavan AA. The Potential Role of Humans in the Transmission Cycle of Leishmania major (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), the Causative Agent of the Old World Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1588-1593. [PMID: 30124876 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) due to Leishmania major (Yakimoff and Schokhor, 1914) is known as a neglected tropical disease, transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) in North Africa and the Middle East. The main reservoirs of ZCL are desert gerbils and the role of humans as a reservoir host of the disease is not clearly defined and is therefore investigated in this study. In order to achieve this objective, Ph. papatasi sand flies were allowed to take blood through indirect blood sources (human, Rhombomys opimus (Lichtenstein, 1823) (great gerbil), and BALB/c mice) using artificial feeding or direct xenodiagnoses from ZCL patients. To detect Leishmania promastigotes inside digestive canal, blood-fed sand flies were dissected and examined under light microscope and then confirmed by nested-PCR. In indirect xenodiagnoses, promastigote forms of Leishmania parasite were observed in 7.1%, 12%, and 13.6% of sand flies which fed on Rh. opimus, BALB/c mice, or human blood sources, respectively. In direct xenodiagnoses, among 93 female lab-reared sand flies which fed on active L. major lesion(s), 2.1% Leishmania infection was subsequently observed in the sand flies. No infection was detected in those sand flies that fed on nonlesioned skin of CL patients. Humans can serve as a reservoir of ZCL since the data indicate that Ph. papatasi is able to acquire L. major parasites from an active lesion of ZCL patients and the parasites can complete metacyclogenesis in the sand fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Fatemi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Saeidi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arshad Veysi
- Zoonoses Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gholampour
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Akhondi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Karimi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Hossein Arandian
- Esfahan Health Research Station, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Akram Mir Amin Mohammadi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yavar Rassi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ahmad Akhavan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Shiravand B, Tafti AAD, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Almodaresi S, Mirzaei M, Abai MR. Modeling spatial risk of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Central Iran. Acta Trop 2018; 185:327-335. [PMID: 29920233 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) is one of the endemic diseases in central part of Iran. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to find the areas with a higher risk of infection considering the distribution of vector, reservoir hosts and human infection. Passive data recorded the positive cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Yazd province health center were collected for 10 years, from 2007 to 2016 at the County level. Considering all earlier studies conducted in Yazd province, records of Phlebotomus papatasi, the main vector of ZCL, and Rhombomys opimus, the main reservoir of ZCL, were collected and entered in a database. ArcGIS and MaxEnt model were used to map and predict the best ecological niches for both vector and reservoir. The most cumulative incidence of the disease was found to be in Khatam County, south of Yazd province. The area under curve (AUC) for R. opimus and P. papatasi was 0.955 and 0.914, respectively. We found higher presence probability of both vector and reservoir in central and eastern parts of the province. The jackknife test indicated that temperature and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) had the most effect on the model for the vector and reservoir, respectively. The areas with higher presence probability for the reservoirs and vectors were considered having the higher potential for ZCL transmission. These findings can be used to prevent and control the disease.
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21
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Zivdari M, Hejazi SH, Mirhendi SH, Jafari R, Rastegar HA, Abtahi SM. Molecular Identification of Leishmania Parasites in Sand Flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) of an Endemic Foci in Poldokhtar, Iran. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:124. [PMID: 30211137 PMCID: PMC6124214 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_207_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the most important public health problems in many developing countries. Sand flies, as vectors, transmit infectious forms of the parasite to the vertebrate hosts. Poldokhtar, South West of Iran, is one of the endemic foci of diseases with a little information about it. In this paper, we have tried to gather some useful information to control and to prevent this disease in this region. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted to determine the vector(s), the parasite, and the species composition of sand flies in the Poldokhtar County during the months from July to September 2015. Sticky paper traps were used to collect sand flies from July to September. Species identification was done based on available diagnostic keys. Nested-polymerase chain reaction was performed to diagnosis the Leishmania infection of sand flies, and restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to identify the Leishmania species. Results: A total of 2000 specimens comprising 8 species of sand flies (6 Phlebotomus and 2 Sergentomyia) were identified. Phlebotomus papatasi was the dominant species outdoor and Sergentomyia sintoni was the dominant species indoor. Among the 163 specimens of female P. papatasi, just 10 of them (6.1%) were positive to Leishmania major parasites. Conclusion: This is the first report of Leishmania infection of P. papatasi to L. major in this region. The results revealed that the high density of P. papatasi in outdoor and their infection with L. major is attributed that this species can play a major role as a principle vector in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Zivdari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Isfahan Health Training and Research Center, Institute Public of Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan-Ali Rastegar
- Department of Health Center, Poledokhtar Health Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Abtahi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Nourizadeh E. Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies With Hybridoma Techniques Against Promastigote of Leishmania infantum Antigens in Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2018. [DOI: 10.15171/ijep.2018.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Moradi M, Rassi Y, Abai MR, Zahraei Ramazani A, Mohebali M, Rafizadeh S. Some epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis with emphasis on vectors and reservoirs of disease in the borderline of Iran and Iraq. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:243-251. [PMID: 29844629 PMCID: PMC5962500 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-0991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic and a major health problem in 17 provinces out of 31 in Iran. This study aimed to determine vectors and reservoirs of the disease using molecular techniques in the borderline of Iran and Iraq. Sand flies and rodents were sampled using sticky paper traps and metal wire live traps, respectively, in the selected villages. About 10% of archived confirmed human positive slides was randomly checked for Leishmania by PCR-RFLP assay. The female sand flies were dissected in alcohol 96% in a sterile condition, the head and two segments of the abdomen end permanently mounted for identification and the remaining of body used for DNA extraction. The direct parasitological tests were carried out on the stained slides of rodents for Leishmania as well as PCR-RFLP assay used for molecular detection of parasite. A total of 2050 sand flies were identified comprising of Phlebotomus papatasi, Sergentomyia sintoni, Se. clydei, Se. mervynae, Se. theodori, Se. dentate and Se. iranica. The Ph. papatasi was ranked as a prevailing sand fly species. Molecular tests on female sand flies revealed infection of Ph. papatasi to Leishmania major. Direct parasitology and molecular tests confirmed of 20% infection to L. major among the sole rodents species "Tatera indica". Due to wide dispersion of rodents colonies in the area and long favorite climate condition for sand flies, the CL foci will be provided the health risk for the religious tourists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moradi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. Box 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yavar Rassi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. Box 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. Box 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zahraei Ramazani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. Box 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayena Rafizadeh
- Ministry of Health and Medical Education, National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD), Tehran, Iran
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Rabiee MH, Mahmoudi A, Siahsarvie R, Kryštufek B, Mostafavi E. Rodent-borne diseases and their public health importance in Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006256. [PMID: 29672510 PMCID: PMC5908068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rodents are reservoirs and hosts for several zoonotic diseases such as plague, leptospirosis, and leishmaniasis. Rapid development of industry and agriculture, as well as climate change throughout the globe, has led to change or increase in occurrence of rodent-borne diseases. Considering the distribution of rodents throughout Iran, the aim of this review is to assess the risk of rodent-borne diseases in Iran. Methodology/Principal finding We searched Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran databases up to September 2016 to obtain articles reporting occurrence of rodent-borne diseases in Iran and extract information from them. Out of 70 known rodent-borne diseases, 34 were reported in Iran: 17 (50%) parasitic diseases, 13 (38%) bacterial diseases, and 4 (12%) viral diseases. Twenty-one out of 34 diseases were reported from both humans and rodents. Among the diseases reported in the rodents of Iran, plague, leishmaniasis, and hymenolepiasis were the most frequent. The most infected rodents were Rattus norvegicus (16 diseases), Mus musculus (14 diseases), Rattus rattus (13 diseases), Meriones persicus (7 diseases), Apodemus spp. (5 diseases), Tatera indica (4 diseases), Meriones libycus (3 diseases), Rhombomys opimus (3 diseases), Cricetulus migratorius (3 diseases), and Nesokia indica (2 diseases). Conclusions/Significance The results of this review indicate the importance of rodent-borne diseases in Iran. Considering notable diversity of rodents and their extensive distribution throughout the country, it is crucial to pay more attention to their role in spreading infectious diseases for better control of the diseases. This review showed that approximately half of the known rodent-borne diseases have been reported in Iran, half of which were reported both in humans and rodents. Most of the diseases were bacterial and parasitic. Plague, leishmaniasis, and hymenolepiasis were the most frequent diseases among rodent populations. Also, this review showed that among the rodent species, three commensal ones—R. norvegicus, M. musculus, and R. rattus—play an important role in the transmission of diseases to humans in Iran. Considering repeated reports of many of these diseases in humans and rodents, and the notable diversity and extensive distribution of rodents throughout Iran, it is crucial to pay adequate attention to rodents as a source of zoonotic infectious diseases in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasan Rabiee
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mahmoudi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Iran
| | - Roohollah Siahsarvie
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Rodentology Research Department (RRD), Institute of Applied Animal (IAA), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Iran
- * E-mail:
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Nourizadeh E, Zargar SJ, Alimohammadian MH, Ajdary S, Mahdavi M. Development of monoclonal antibodies against axenic amastigotes of Leishmania infantum strain in Iran: implication for diagnosis of Kala-azar. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 21:388-394. [PMID: 29796222 PMCID: PMC5960755 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.25355.6264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries. Amastigote forms of Leishmania are experts at exploiting host cell processes to establish infection. Monoclonal antibodies are key reagents used in the diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to produce monoclonal antibodies against axenic amastigotes of the Leishmaniainfantum strain in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, standard strains were cultured and axenic amastigote antigens of L. infantum were obtained. Since then, BALB/c smice were immunized and antibody titers were determined. For hybridoma cell formation, lymphocytes isolated from spleen of immunized mice and myeloma cells were fused at a ratio of 10 to 1 in the presence of polyethylene glycol, followed by limiting dilution for the isolation of monoclones. Subsequently, antibody isotypes were determined by using the isotyping kit. The best clone was injected intraperitoneally to pristane-primed mice for large scale production of monoclonal antibodies. The specificity of antibody was determined with Western blotting. RESULTS Approximately 25 positive monoclones were obtained, of which four hybrids producing anti-amastigotes L. infantum monoclonal antibodies with high optical density (OD), selected and designated as 8D2 FVI6, 8D2 FVI3, 6G2 FV4 and 6G2 FV3. Results from isotype determination showed the IgG2b sub-class in 6G2FV2 and 8D2FVI6 monoclones. CONCLUSION This study produced monoclonal antibody against amastigotes of Iranian strain of L. infantum for the first time. These antibodies have reactivity against Iranian strain of L. infantum and can be used in the diagnosis of Kala-azar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezzat Nourizadeh
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Biology, College of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Zargar
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soheila Ajdary
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahdavi
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Rajabi M, Mansourian A, Pilesjö P, Shirzadi MR, Fadaei R, Ramazanpour J. A spatially explicit agent-based simulation model of a reservoir host of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Rhombomys opimus. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Prevalence of Leishmania species in rodents: A systematic review and meta-analysis in Iran. Acta Trop 2017; 172:164-172. [PMID: 28454881 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are diverse group of diseases caused by numerous species of genus Leishmania. Herein we have contrived a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of Leishmania species in rodents of Iran. For this purpose, following the general methodology recommended for systematic reviews and meta-analysis, six English databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Ovid, Web of Science and Google Scholar) and four Persian databases (Magiran, SID, Iran Doc and Iran Medex) were explored during January 1995 till June 2015. Papers were selected based on 8 pre-defined inclusion criteria. During the years, a total number of 4485 different rodents were captured; among which 1291 cases were Leishmania positive. The calculated weighted prevalence of Leishmania species in rodents was 23% (95% CI=18-28). Given geographical zones of Iran, the highest and lowest prevalence rate was belonged to North 50% (95% CI=40-61) and West 11% (95% CI=5-17), respectively. Rhombomys opimus (1766), Meriones lybicus (1258) and Tatera indica (488) were the three most abundant captured rodents, while the highest prevalence of Leishmania species was observed in Nesokia indica 48% (95% CI=42-54) and followed by R. opimus 39% (95% CI=30-47). Egger's regression test was performed to detect publication bias, which revealed it may not have a significant influence on overall weighted prevalence estimate (P=0.317). Meta-regression analysis demonstrated that there is no significant relationship between overall prevalence with sample size (P=0.1) and year of publication (P=0.7). The results showed remarkable prevalence of Leishmania species in rodent reservoirs. In future, adopting a suitable strategy for control and combat with rodents is necessary.
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Forecasting the number of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in south of Fars province, Iran using seasonal ARIMA time series method. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Ecological Niche Modeling of main reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Acta Trop 2016; 160:44-52. [PMID: 27150212 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), caused by Leishmania major, is a common zoonotic vector-borne disease in Iran. Close contact with infected reservoir hosts increases the probability of transmission of Leishmania parasite infections to susceptible humans. Four gerbil species (Rodentia: Gerbillidae) serve as the main reservoir hosts for ZCL in different endemic foci of Iran. These species include Rhombomys opimus, Meriones libycus, Meriones hurrianae and Tatera indica; while notable infection has been reported in Nesokia indica as well. The purpose of this study is to model the distribution of these reservoirs to identify the risk areas of ZCL. A data bank was developed including all published data during the period of 1970-2015. Maximum entropy model was used to find the most appropriate ecological niches for each species. The areas under curve obtained were 0.961, 0.927, 0.922, 0.997 and 0.899, instead of 1, for training test in R. opimus, M. libycus, T. indica, M. hurrianae and N. indica, respectively. The environmental variable with the highest gain when used in isolation was slope for R. opimus and N. indica, annual mean temperature for M. libycus, and seasonal precipitation for T. indica and M. hurrianae. Summation of presence probabilities for three main species, i.e., R. opimus, M. libycus and T. indica revealed favorable ecological niches in wide areas of 16 provinces. This is the first study to predict the distribution of ZCL reservoir hosts in Iran. Climatology and topography variables had high contributions toward the prediction of potential distribution of the main reservoir species; therefore, as climate changes, the models should be updated periodically with novel data, and the results should be used in disease-monitoring programs.
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Darvishi M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Shahbazi F, Akhavan AA, Jafari R, Soleimani H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi N, Khajeian M, Darabi H, Arandian MH. Epidemiological study on sand flies in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, bushehr city, southwestern iran. Front Public Health 2015; 3:14. [PMID: 25699245 PMCID: PMC4313593 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most important health problem in the city of Bushehr, southwestern Iran. The objective of the study was to determine some ecological aspects of sand flies in the city during 2010–2011. Sand flies were collected monthly from outdoors and indoors by sticky traps at four selected districts of the city. They were also dissected and examined by nested-PCR for identification of the parasite during August–September of 2011. A total of 1234 adult sand flies were collected and 6 species including 3 of Genus Phlebotomus and 3 of Genus Sergentomyia were identified. Four species including P. papatasi (3.98%), P. sergenti (1.14%), S. tiberiadis (87.18%), and S. baghdadis (7.7%) were found indoors. Six species including P. papatasi (3.47%), P. sergenti (3.17%), P. alexandri (0.1%), S. tiberiadis (77.74%), S. baghdadis (15.41%), and one female of S. clydei (0.11%) were collected from outdoors. Sand flies started to appear from March and disappear at the end of January. There was only one peak in the density curve in July. The study revealed that S. tiberiadis and S. baghdadis could enter indoors which 89 and 81.8% of them were found blood-fed, respectively. Moreover, P. papatasi, S. tiberiadis, and S. baghdadis were active indoors and outdoors in most months of the year. Nested-PCR of P. papatasi females was positive against kinetoplast DNA of L. major and L. turanica and also mixed natural infections were found by L. gerbilli and L. turanica. Moreover, mixed infections by L. major and L. turanica were observed in this species. Sergentomyia clydei and S. tiberiadis were found to be negative to any DNA of Leishmania species. Phlebotomus sergenti females were found infected with DNA of L. turanica and this is the first report of natural infection and detection of the parasite from this sand fly species in worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Darvishi
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Farideh Shahbazi
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amir Ahmad Akhavan
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Esfahan Health Research Station, National Institute of Health Research , Esfahan , Iran
| | - Hassan Soleimani
- Yazd Health Research Station, National Institute of Health Research , Yazd , Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Khajeian
- Deputy of Health Services, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
| | - Hossein Darabi
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
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Hajjaran H, Mohebali M, Teimouri A, Oshaghi MA, Mirjalali H, Kazemi-Rad E, Shiee MR, Naddaf SR. Identification and phylogenetic relationship of Iranian strains of various Leishmania species isolated from cutaneous and visceral cases of leishmaniasis based on N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase gene. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 26:203-12. [PMID: 24911282 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The identity of Iranian Leishmania species has been resolved to some extent by some genetic markers. In this study, based on N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase (nagt) gene, we further elucidated the identity and phylogeny of the prevalent species in this country. DNAs of 121 isolates belonging to cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients, canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) cases, and Rhombomys opimus rodents were amplified by targeting a partial sequence of nagt gene. All the amplicons were analyzed with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using Acc1 enzyme, and 49 amplicons representing different reservoir hosts were sequenced and aligned with similar sequences from GenBank database. The RFLP analysis revealed that 41 CL patients were infected Leishmania tropica and 36 with Leishmania major. Among 10 CVL isolates, 6 were identified as Leishmania infantum and 4 as L. tropica. Amongst 34 rodents' isolates, 11 and 23 isolates exhibited patterns similar to those of L. major, and L. tropica/Leishmania turanica, respectively. The sequencing results from all CL patients, CVL cases, and 4 reservoir rodents were in agreement with RFLP analysis and showed 99-100% homologies with the registered species of L. major, L. tropica, and L. infantum from Turkey, Tunisia, Iraq and Israel. Of the 7 rodent isolates exhibiting RFLP patterns similar to L. tropica/L. turanica, 3 exhibited the highest homologies (99-100%) with L. turanica and 4 with Leishmania gerbilli. The 49 nagt DNA sequences were grouped into five clusters representing L. major, L. tropica, L. infantum, L. turanica and L. gerbilli species, encompassing 19 haplotypes. No correlation was observed between intraspecies divergence and geographic distribution of haplotypes. The L. tropica haplotypes exhibited more homologies with those of L. infantum than L. major (97.2% vs. 96.9%), a probable indication to the potential ability of L. tropica to visceralize. Characterization of Iranian Leishmania isolates using nagt gene allowed unambiguous identification of five prevalent species with a high-resolution phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Teimouri
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kazemi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shiee
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Reza Naddaf
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Bordbar A, Soleimani S, Fardid F, Zolfaghari MR, Parvizi P. Three strains of Wolbachia pipientis and high rates of infection in Iranian sandfly species. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:195-202. [PMID: 24484966 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485313000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Individual wild-caught sandflies from Iran were examined for infections of Wolbachia pipientis by targeting the major surface protein gene wsp of this intracellular α-proteobacterium. In total, 638 male and female sandflies were screened, of which 241 were found to be positive for one of three wsp haplotypes. Regardless of geographical origins and habitats, Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi and other sandfly species were found to be infected with one common, widespread strain of A-group W. pipientis (Turk 54, GenBank accession EU780683; AY288297). In addition, a new A-group haplotype (Turk07, GenBank accession KC576916) was isolated from Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) mongolensis and Phlebotomus (Pa.) caucasicus, and a new B-group haplotype (AZ2331, GenBank accession JX488735) was isolated from Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perfiliewi. Therefore, Wolbachia was found to occur in at least three of the incriminated vectors of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in different geographical regions of Iran. It may provide a new tool for the future control of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bordbar
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Soleimani
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Fardid
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M R Zolfaghari
- Microbiology Department, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - P Parvizi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Bakhshi H, Borhani N, Mohebali M, Khamesipour A, Abai MR, Hajjaran H, Tajedin L, Rassi Y, Akhavan AA, Mohtarami F, Oshaghi MA. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) gene promoter polymorphisms in Rhombomys opimus, the main reservoir of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2013; 65:1-3. [PMID: 24209596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Great gerbils (Rhombomys opimus) are the most common gerbils in center to northeast of Iran as well as central Asia and serve as reservoirs for the zoonotic agents, including Leishmania major, the principal etiologic agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). The outcome of L. major infection in gerbils is not uniform. Among several immune-related factors including cytokine genes, the polymorphism in interleukin 4 (IL-4) promoter gene showed a great impact on outcome and pathological symptoms of L. major infection at least in mouse model. In this study gerbils' IL-4 promoter gene polymorphism is assessed. Specific primers were designed to develop a PCR-based assay to amplify IL-4 promoter gene to possibly define IL-4 promoter gene polymorphism in great gerbil populations with a range of Leishmania infection and symptoms collected from different foci of the central, north and northeast regions of Iran. The results showed that the designed primers amplify 689bp of the promoter gene. Sequence analysis of the promoter gene revealed five polymorphic sites assembly six haplotypes among the gerbil populations. Further studies are needed to assess whether or not the five polymorphisms cause different outcome phenotypes following infection with L. major in great gerbils. The data might be used to characterize the immune responses of R. opimus against L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
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Bakhshi H, Oshaghi M, Abai M, Rassi Y, Akhavan A, Sheikh Z, Mohtarami F, Saidi Z, Mirzajani H, Anjomruz M. Molecular detection of Leishmania infection in sand flies in border line of Iran–Turkmenistan: Restricted and permissive vectors. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:382-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Akhoundi M, Mohebali M, Asadi M, Mahmodi MR, Amraei K, Mirzaei A. Molecular characterization of Leishmania spp. in reservoir hosts in endemic foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2013; 60:218-24. [PMID: 23951928 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2013.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is an expanding disease and a public health issue in Iran. In the present study, rate of natural infection of rodent populations with Leishmania was investigated in six endemic foci including 28 villages in Golestan, Esfahan, Yazd, Fars, Khuzestan and Ilam provinces. A total of 593 rodents were captured and identified as Rhombomys opimus (n = 325), Meriones libycus (n = 171), Meriones persicus (n = 27), Tatera indica (n = 37), Nesokia indica (n = 12), Rattus rattus (n = 13) and Mus musculus (n = 8). Microscopic examinations of Giemsa-stained smears showed that 108 out of 593 (18.2%) rodents were infected with Leishmania spp., whereas infection of 186 out of 593 (31.4%) rodents with Leishmania was then confirmed by ITS1-PCR. The highest rate of infection was found in R. opimus (prevalence of 35%) and M. libycus (31%). Based on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), 145 (78%) of 186 samples detected as Leishmania DNA were identified as L. major, 8 (4%) samples as L. turanica and 33 (18%) as mixed infection (L. major and L. turanica). Samples from infected rodents were inoculated subcutaneously at tail base of BALB/c mice. In 35 of them, nodules and ulcers containing amastigotes appeared at the inoculation site. The samples prepared from infected rodents were cultured in NNN medium and only two samples werepositive. Rhombomys opimus, M. libycus, M. persicus, T. indica and N. indica were confirmed as reservoir hosts of ZCL in the studied regions. Leishmania major infection was usually accompanied L. turanica in naturally infected gerbils (R. opimus and M. libycus) in Golestan, Esfahan and Fars provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ANSES, USC Transmission vectorielle et epidémiosurveillance de maladies parasitaires, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Reims cedex, France
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Natural infection and phylogenetic classification of Leishmania spp. infecting Rhombomys opimus, a primary reservoir host of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeast Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107:550-7. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Esch KJ, Petersen CA. Transmission and epidemiology of zoonotic protozoal diseases of companion animals. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26:58-85. [PMID: 23297259 PMCID: PMC3553666 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00067-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 77 million dogs and 93 million cats share our households in the United States. Multiple studies have demonstrated the importance of pets in their owners' physical and mental health. Given the large number of companion animals in the United States and the proximity and bond of these animals with their owners, understanding and preventing the diseases that these companions bring with them are of paramount importance. Zoonotic protozoal parasites, including toxoplasmosis, Chagas' disease, babesiosis, giardiasis, and leishmaniasis, can cause insidious infections, with asymptomatic animals being capable of transmitting disease. Giardia and Toxoplasma gondii, endemic to the United States, have high prevalences in companion animals. Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi are found regionally within the United States. These diseases have lower prevalences but are significant sources of human disease globally and are expanding their companion animal distribution. Thankfully, healthy individuals in the United States are protected by intact immune systems and bolstered by good nutrition, sanitation, and hygiene. Immunocompromised individuals, including the growing number of obese and/or diabetic people, are at a much higher risk of developing zoonoses. Awareness of these often neglected diseases in all health communities is important for protecting pets and owners. To provide this awareness, this review is focused on zoonotic protozoal mechanisms of virulence, epidemiology, and the transmission of pathogens of consequence to pet owners in the United States.
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Shiee MR, hajjaran H, Mohebali M, Doroodgar A, saadat MH, Teimouri A, Afzali H, Shirzadi MR. A molecular and parasitological survey on cutaneous leishmaniasis patients from historical city of Kashan in Isfahan province, center of Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Progressive increasing of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kashan district, central of Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Saeidi Z, Vatandoost H, Akhavan AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rassi Y, Sheikh Z, Arandian MH, Jafari R, Sanei Dehkordi AR. Baseline susceptibility of a wild strain of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) to DDT and pyrethroids in an endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:669-675. [PMID: 22351603 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phelebotumus papatsi is considered to be the main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis as well as sand fly fever in Iran. There are several measures for vector control, with emphasis on insecticides. The objective of this study was to determine the baseline susceptibility of this vector to the commonly used insecticides in an endemic focus of the disease in central Iran. P. papatasi collected from the field were used for susceptibility status. Its baseline susceptibility to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed on about 6866 specimens collected from Badrood rural district, Esfahan Province, Iran, during the summer of 2010. The LT(50) and LT(90) values were measured according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) test using probit analysis and regression lines. RESULTS Results of tests against female P. papatasi revealed LT(50) values to DDT 4%, permethrin 0.75%, deltamethrin 0.1%, cyfluthrin 0.15% and lambdacyhalothrin 0.05% of 1104.97, 182.35, 26.79, 15.42 and 1.48 s respectively. The figures for male P. papatasi were 973.51, 59.5, 4.4, 2.65 and 1.5. CONCLUSION The results of this study provide a guideline for implementation of different vector control measures. Furthermore, guidelines are needed for monitoring and evaluation of insecticide susceptibility tests against sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Saeidi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vetcor Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mirzaei A, Rouhani S, Taherkhani H, Farahmand M, Kazemi B, Hedayati M, Baghaei A, Davari B, Parvizi P. Isolation and detection of Leishmania species among naturally infected Rhombomis opimus, a reservoir host of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Turkemen Sahara, North East of Iran. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:375-80. [PMID: 21945269 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Iran, three species of Leishmania have been incriminated as the causative agents of human leishmaniasis, Leishmania (L.) major, Leishmania tropica, and Leishmania infantum.Rhombomis opimus have been incriminated as a principal reservoirs of the parasitic protozoan Leishmania major, the causative agent of rural zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran. Rodents captured and examined to find Leishmania species using conventional methods including direct impression smear and microscopic observation inoculation samples to Balb/c and culture in NNN medium. Also molecular method was employed to detect Leishmania in rodents by amplifying a region of the ribosomal RNA amplicon of Leishmania (ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2) using Nested PCR. Leshmania species were specified by DNA sequences. 36 (38.3%) of R. opimus were Leishmania positive using at least one conventional methods. Many more ITS-rDNA fragments were amplified from R. opimus but only 65 out of 74 PCR products contained enough DNA for direct sequencing or readable sequences. The PCR assays detected in Iranian R. opimus not only Leishmania major in 59 (79.7%) rodents but also Leishmania turanica in 6 (8.1%) rodents, another parasite of the great gerbil. These parasites were found in Turkemen Sahara, North East of Iran, in a focus of rural (ZCL). L. major and L. turanica in R. opimus firmly identified from Turkemen Sahara. Nine rodents with Leishmania infections unidentified which some were unreadable sequences, these could be mixed infections of L. major, L. turanica, Leishmania gerbillisensu lato and Leishmania close to L. gerbilli or a related species reported in sandflies previously from this location. The haplotypes of L. major and L. turanica were found to be identical to that of isolates of L. major and L. turanica from Iran and in GenBank elsewhere. R. opimus is probably the key reservoir in this ZCL focus because of its abundance and its infection rates with both L. major and L. turanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mirzaei
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave., Tehran, Iran
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Oshaghi MA, Rassi Y, Tajedin L, Abai MR, Akhavan AA, Enayati A, Mohtarami F. Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the populations of great gerbils, Rhombomys opimus, the main reservoir of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2011; 119:165-71. [PMID: 21683054 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Accurate identification of animal reservoirs of transmissible diseases is an absolute requirement to any epidemiological survey of zoonoses and is essential for predicting species-specific population outbreaks and therefore to develop accurate ecological control strategies. The systematic status of the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) remains unclear, despite the fundamental role of these rodents as the main known reservoir hosts of the protozoan parasite Leishmania major in the epidemiology of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in central and south Asia. In the present work, we represent molecular evidence supporting the identification of at least two major lineages (subspecies) within the species of R. opimus in Iran. Analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene, revealed a range of 1-10% genetic variation among populations, which were well associated with biogeographic origins and subspecies. Results of laboratory cross hybridization between the subspecies and finding sympatric haplotypes of the two subspecies suggested that no pre- or post-zygotic barriers exist between the subspecies indicating that they still belong to a single taxon. However, the amount of genetic variations between populations/subspecies is high enough to lead them to speciation in future. Implications of such findings on the eco-epidemiology of ZCL in Iran are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Dept. of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Abai MR, Oshaghi MA, Tajedin L, Rassi Y, Akhavan AA. Geographical distribution and ecological features of the great gerbil subspecies in the main zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis foci in Iran. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(10)60192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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