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Liu Y, Pan L, Li T, Tang T, Xu R, Duan X, Rasheed Z, Chen M, Tang W, Yan J, Qin W, Li S, Liu Y. Improving the performance of kraft paper by cinnamon essential oil/soybean protein isolate microcapsules and konjac glucomannan for citrus preservation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134308. [PMID: 39094880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
In order to reduce the quality loss of citrus and extend its storage time after harvest, it is essential to develop coated kraft papers with antibacterial and fresh-keeping properties. In this study, cinnamon essential oil (CEO)/soybean protein isolate (SPI) microcapsules were prepared by the coagulation method, and their properties were optimized. Then, the microcapsules were added to konjac glucomannan (KGM) as a coating solution to enhance the physical, and chemical properties of kraft paper by a coating method. The release behavior of CEO, tensile properties, antibacterial properties and preservation effects of the paper were investigated. The results show that when the ratio of wall to core was 7:3, the highest encapsulation rate was 92.20 ± 0.43 %. The coating treatment significantly reduced the oxygen and water vapor transmission rates of kraft paper. The shelf life of citrus treated with coated Kraft was extended by >10 days. Thus, the CEO/SPI microencapsulation and KGM coating could improve the properties of kraft paper and have the potential for citrus preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Liujun Pan
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Tingli Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xulin Duan
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Zainab Rasheed
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Mingrui Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Wuxia Tang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Jing Yan
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Suqing Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Yaowen Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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2
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Fuentes JM, Jofré I, Tortella G, Benavides-Mendoza A, Diez MC, Rubilar O, Fincheira P. The mechanistic insights of essential oil of Mentha piperita to control Botrytis cinerea and the prospection of lipid nanoparticles to its application. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127792. [PMID: 38852300 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is the phytopathogenic fungus responsible for the gray mold disease that affects crops worldwide. Essential oils (EOs) have emerged as a sustainable tool to reduce the adverse impact of synthetic fungicides. Nevertheless, the scarce information about the physiological mechanism action and the limitations to applying EOs has restricted its use. This study focused on elucidating the physiological action mechanisms and prospection of lipid nanoparticles to apply EO of Mentha piperita. The results showed that the EO of M. piperita at 500, 700, and 900 μL L-1 inhibited the mycelial growth at 100 %. The inhibition of spore germination of B. cinerea reached 31.43 % at 900 μL L-1. The EO of M. piperita decreased the dry weight and increased pH, electrical conductivity, and cellular material absorbing OD260 nm of cultures of B. cinerea. The fluorescence technique revealed that EO reduced hyphae width, mitochondrial activity, and viability, and increased ROS production. The formulation of EO of M. piperita loaded- solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) at 500, 700, and 900 μL L-1 had particle size ∼ 200 nm, polydispersity index < 0.2, and stability. Also, the thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the EO of M. piperita-loaded SLN has great thermal stability at 50 °C. EO of M. piperita-loaded SLN reduced the mycelial growth of B. cinerea by 70 %, while SLN formulation (without EO) reached 42 % inhibition. These results supported that EO of M. piperita-loaded SLN is a sustainable tool for reducing the disease produced by B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mauricio Fuentes
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 01145, Chile
| | - Ignacio Jofré
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 01145, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Tortella
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 01145, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 01145, Chile
| | | | - María Cristina Diez
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 01145, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 01145, Chile
| | - Olga Rubilar
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 01145, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 01145, Chile
| | - Paola Fincheira
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 01145, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 01145, Chile.
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3
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Rivera P, Torres A, Romero J, Rodríguez F, Arrieta MP, Olea F, Silva T, Maldonado P, Quijada-Maldonado E, Tapia A. Experimental and theoretical characterization of the release kinetic of carvacrol as inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin in poly(lactic acid) and Mater-Bi® processed by supercritical impregnation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:133946. [PMID: 39029825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of active compounds into polymeric matrices using traditional methods has several drawbacks mainly due to the high volatility and thermal sensitivity of these substances. A solution to this problem could be the incorporation of bioactive compounds forming inclusion complexes as a strategy to improve the chemical stability, bioactivity and achieve controlled release. In this work, β-cyclodextrin/carvacrol inclusion complex was prepared by spray drying to be incorporated into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Mater-Bi® films by supercritical CO2 impregnation. The impregnation process was carried out at pressures of 10, 15 and 20 MPa and at 40 °C. Both polymers showed the highest amount of incorporated inclusion complex at 15 MPa, where the percentage of impregnation varied from 0.6 % to 7.1 % in Mater-Bi® and PLA, respectively. Release tests for PLA films impregnated with inclusion complex showed a slow release of the active compound, which did not reach equilibrium after 350 h under the experimental conditions. This prolonged release was not observed in Mater-Bi® due to the lower incorporation of the inclusion complex. The release rate was described herein by a comprehensive phenomenological model considering the decomplexation kinetics combined with the equilibrium and mass transfer expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rivera
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioprocess, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - Alejandra Torres
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - Julio Romero
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioprocess, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - Marina P Arrieta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Investigación: Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Olea
- Laboratory of Separation Process Intensification (SPI), Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioprocess, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tannia Silva
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - Paola Maldonado
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - Esteban Quijada-Maldonado
- Laboratory of Separation Process Intensification (SPI), Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioprocess, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Tapia
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
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Ma W, Ji J, Zhang B, Sun W, Zhao J, Zhang J, Zhang G. Antifungal Activity of Sesamol on Pestalotiopsis neglecta: Interfering with Cell Membrane and Energy Metabolism. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:488. [PMID: 39057373 PMCID: PMC11278199 DOI: 10.3390/jof10070488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper investigated the inhibitory effect of Sesamol (Ses) on Pestalotiopsis neglecta. The potential inhibitory mechanisms were explored by observing changes in cell morphology, measuring alterations in cell membrane-related indices, as well as energy metabolism-related indices and changes in enzyme activities related to virulence. The results show that Ses completely inhibited the growth of P. neglecta at 600 μg/mL (minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration), with an EC50 of 142 ± 13.22 μg/mL. As observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Ses treatment resulted in the breakage and crumpling of P. neglecta cell membrane and organelle lysis. Ergosterol content and the total lipid in P. neglecta treated with 300 μg/mL Ses was 91.52% and 54% of that in the control groups, respectively. In addition, spores were stained, increased leakage of intracellular constituents at 260 nm, and decreased extracellular pH. This suggests damage to the cell membrane integrity and permeability. Furthermore, Ses decreased the ATP levels and key enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, indicating interference with the fungal energy metabolism. Moreover, the activities of polygalacturonase (PG) and endoglucanase (EG) of P. neglecta treated with 300 μg/mL of Ses were only 28.20% and 29.13% of that in the control groups, respectively, indicating that Ses can reduce the virulence of P. neglecta. In conclusion, our results show that Ses should be considered as a potential plant-derived fungicide due to its ability to disrupt the morphology of P. neglecta, damage cell membrane integrity and permeability in P. neglecta, interfere with energy metabolism, and reduce its virulence, ultimately affecting the fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihu Ma
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingyu Ji
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Bowen Zhang
- School of Information and Computer Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Wenzhuo Sun
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinyan Zhao
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guocai Zhang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (J.Z.)
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Christova PK, Dobreva AM, Dzhurmanski AG, Dincheva IN, Dimkova SD, Zapryanova NG. The Impact of Plant Essential Oils on the Growth of the Pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium solani, and Phytophthora pseudocryptogea. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:817. [PMID: 39063571 PMCID: PMC11277987 DOI: 10.3390/life14070817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic and medicinal plants have the potential to inhibit the growth of various pathogens and, thus, be useful in the control of dangerous diseases. The application of environmentally friendly approaches to protect agricultural and forestry ecosystems from invasive and hazardous species has become more significant in last decades. Therefore, the identification and characterization of essential oils with a strong inhibitory activity against aggressive and widespread pathogens are of key importance in plant protection research. The main purpose of our study is to evaluate the impact of essential oils originating from different genotypes of bee balm, mint, and marigold on Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium solani, and Phytophthora pseudocryptogea. Twelve essential oils, including five EOs originating from Monarda fistulosa, one oil each from Monarda russeliana, Mentha longifolia, Mentha piperita, Tagetes patula, and Tagetes erecta, and two EOs from Tagetes tenuifolia were derived by steam or water distillation. The chemical composition of the tested EOs was determined by GS-MS analyses and their corresponding chemotypes were identified. The most effective against all three pathogens were determined to be the EOs originating from M. fistulosa and M. russeliana. B. cinerea, and P. pseudocryptogea were also significantly affected by the M. piperita essential oil. The most efficient EOs involved in this investigation and their potential to control plant pathogens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya K. Christova
- Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 “Dragan Tsankov” Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Ana M. Dobreva
- Institute of Aromatic Plants, Agricultural Academy, 49 Osvobozhdenie Blvd., 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria
| | - Anatoli G. Dzhurmanski
- Institute of Aromatic Plants, Agricultural Academy, 49 Osvobozhdenie Blvd., 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria
| | - Ivayla N. Dincheva
- Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 “Dragan Tsankov” Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Stela D. Dimkova
- Institute of Ornamental and Medicinal Plants, Agricultural Academy, Negovan, 1222 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nadejda G. Zapryanova
- Institute of Ornamental and Medicinal Plants, Agricultural Academy, Negovan, 1222 Sofia, Bulgaria
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6
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Radwan IT, El-Sherbiny IM, Metwally NH. Synergistic and potential antifungal properties of tailored, one pot multicomponent monoterpenes co-delivered with fluconazole encapsulated nanostructure lipid carrier. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14382. [PMID: 38909063 PMCID: PMC11193721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Frequent and variant infections are caused by the virtue of opportunistic fungi pathogens. Candidiasis, aspergillosis, and mucormycosis are pathogenic microorganisms that give rise to vast fungal diseases that alternate between moderate to fatal in severity. The use of fluconazole as an antifungal drug was limited due to the acquired resistance in some types of Candida and other fungal species. This study aims to consolidate fluconazole's biological effectiveness against several pathogenic fungi. Six active monoterpenes (MTs) of carvacrol, linalool, geraniol, α-terpinene, citronellal, and nerolidol were selected and encapsulated in nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC) with (NLC-Flu-MTs) and/without (NLC-MTs) fluconazole in one nanoformulation to determine if they will act synergistically or not? The synthesized nanoformulation NLC-Flu-MTs and NLC-MTs exhibited very good particle size of 144.5 nm and 138.6 nm for size and zeta potential values of (- 23.5 mV) and (- 20.3 mV), respectively. Transmission electron microscope investigation confirmed that the synthesized NLCs have regular and spherical shape. The abundance and concentration of the six released monoterpenes were determined, as a novel approach, using GC-MS with very good results and validity. In-vitro antifungal screening was done before and after nano co-delivery against seven pathogenic, and aggressive fungi of Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, Geotrichum Candidum, Candidaalbicans, Aspergillus Niger, and mucor circinelloides. Inhibition Zone diameter (IZD) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were measured. Nanoformulations NLC-Flu-MTs and NLC-MTs manifested potential and unique biological susceptibility against all the tested microorganisms with reduced (MIC) values, especially against Candida Tropicalis (MIC = 0.97 µg/ml) which represents 16-fold of the value shown by NLC-MTs (MIC = 15.6 µg/ml) and 64-fold of fluconazole free before nanoformulation (MIC = 62.5 µg/ml). The efficiency of nanomaterials, particularly NLC-Flu-MTs, has become evident in the diminishing value of MIC which affirmed the synergism between fluconazole and the other six monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Taha Radwan
- Supplementary General Sciences Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October, Giza, 12578, Egypt
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Mirahmadi SF, Shayganfar A. Inhibitory Effects of Endemic Thyme's Thymol-Carvacrol Chemotype Essential Oil on Aspergillus Species with Free Radical Scavenging Properties. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202302115. [PMID: 38415904 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202302115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
There is a burgeoning focus on utilizing the antifungal and antioxidant properties of essential oils derived from various plants as a modern and natural approach to combat the growth of fungi that contaminate food. In this study, we used essential oils extracted from Thymus daenensis Celak. subsp. daenensis to address three mycotoxin-producing species of Aspergillus, specifically A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. niger, all of which are recognized contaminants of food and agricultural products. Concurrently, the antioxidant properties of the essential oils were evaluated, revealing their noteworthy role in the antifungal activity. Essential oils were derived from T. daenensis subsp. daenensis was observed to have a significant inhibitory effect on all three species of Aspergillus, as evidenced by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 575 to 707 ppm and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 237 to 280 ppm. These results confirm the strong antifungal activity of the essential oils. Furthermore, the essential oil exhibited free radical scavenging activity, resulting in an EC50 value of 37.1 μg/ml. In summary, T. daenensis subsp. daenensis essential oil demonstrated a competitive advantage over other similar plants and synthetic antibiotics. This indicates the promising potential of this essential oil as a natural antifungal agent to control Aspergillus growth and mycotoxin contamination. It offers an alternative or complementary approach to conventional antifungal agents and could be a valuable addition to the arsenal of natural remedies to address fungal contamination in food and agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Shayganfar
- Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
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Vilela ESD, Terao D, do Nascimento de Queiroz SC, da Silva AM, de Holanda Nunes Maia A, Fracarolli JA, Dorta C, da Silva Dos Santos L. Essential oils on the control of fungi causing postharvest diseases in mango. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:689-698. [PMID: 38227116 PMCID: PMC10920554 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of fungicides in the postharvest treatment of mangoes has been widespread due to the incidence of pathogens, but awareness of the health risks arising from their use has increased, driving the search for more sustainable treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of antifungal treatment of seven essential oils (EO) against four fungi that cause postharvest diseases in mangoes and define the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and chemical composition, analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-MS). The results showed that the EOs of oregano, rosemary pepper, cinnamon bark, and clove inhibited 100% of the mycelial growth of the studied pathogens, with MIC ranging from 250 to 2000 μL.L-1. The main compound found in oregano was carvacrol (69.1%); in rosemary and pepper oil, it was thymol (77.2%); cinnamaldehyde (85.1%) was the main constituent of cinnamon bark, and the eugenol (84.84%) in cloves. When evaluating the antifungal activity of these compounds, thymol and carvacrol showed greater inhibitory activity against fungi. Therefore, this study showed the great potential of oregano, clove, rosemary pepper, and cinnamon bark essential oil as alternative treatments to synthetic fungicides in controlling postharvest diseases in mangoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Simoni Dias Vilela
- Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Raquel Ghini Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Terao
- Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Research Sector, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Adriane Maria da Silva
- UNICAMP, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Agricultural engineering, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Caroline Dorta
- UFSCar, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Agroecology, Araras, SP, Brazil
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9
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Duan WY, Zhu XM, Zhang SB, Lv YY, Zhai HC, Wei S, Ma PA, Hu YS. Antifungal effects of carvacrol, the main volatile compound in Origanum vulgare L. essential oil, against Aspergillus flavus in postharvest wheat. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 410:110514. [PMID: 38070224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with antimicrobial activity could potentially be extremely useful fumigants to prevent and control the fungal decay of agricultural products postharvest. In this study, antifungal effects of volatile compounds in essential oils extracted from Origanum vulgare L. against Aspergillus flavus growth were investigated using transcriptomic and biochemical analyses. Carvacrol was identified as the major volatile constituent of the Origanum vulgare L. essential oil, accounting for 66.01 % of the total content. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of carvacrol were 0.071 and 0.18 μL/mL in gas-phase fumigation and liquid contact, respectively. Fumigation with 0.60 μL/mL of carvacrol could completely inhibit A. flavus proliferation in wheat grains with 20 % moisture, showing its potential as a biofumigant. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that carvacrol treatment caused morphological deformation of A. flavus mycelia, and the resulting increased electrolyte leakage indicates damage to the plasma membrane. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that the carvacrol treatment caused a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and DNA damage. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with fatty acid degradation, autophagy, peroxisomes, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and DNA replication in A. flavus mycelia exposed to carvacrol. Biochemical analyses of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion content, and catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferase activities showed that carvacrol induced oxidative stress in A. flavus, which agreed with the transcriptome results. In summary, this study provides an experimental basis for the use of carvacrol as a promising biofumigant for the prevention of A. flavus contamination during postharvest grain storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Duan
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Man Zhu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai-Bing Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang-Yong Lv
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Chen Zhai
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Wei
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-An Ma
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Sen Hu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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González-Moreno BJ, Galindo-Rodríguez SA, Rivas-Galindo VM, Pérez-López LA, Granados-Guzmán G, Álvarez-Román R. Enhancement of Strawberry Shelf Life via a Multisystem Coating Based on Lippia graveolens Essential Oil Loaded in Polymeric Nanocapsules. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:335. [PMID: 38337224 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Strawberries (Fragaria xannanasa) are susceptible to mechanical, physical, and physiological damage, which increases their incidence of rot during storage. Therefore, a method of protection is necessary in order to minimize quality losses. One way to achieve this is by applying polymer coatings. In this study, multisystem coatings were created based on polymer nanocapsules loaded with Lippia graveolens essential oil, and it was found to have excellent optical, mechanical, and water vapor barrier properties compared to the control (coating formed with alginate and with nanoparticles without the essential oil). As for the strawberries coated with the multisystem formed from the polymer nanocapsules loaded with the essential oil of Lippia graveolens, these did not present microbial growth and only had a loss of firmness of 17.02% after 10 days of storage compared to their initial value. This study demonstrated that the multisystem coating formed from the polymer nanocapsules loaded with the essential oil of Lippia graveolens could be a viable alternative to preserve horticultural products for longer storage periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Johana González-Moreno
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Sergio Arturo Galindo-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Verónica Mayela Rivas-Galindo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Luis Alejandro Pérez-López
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Graciela Granados-Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Rocío Álvarez-Román
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Nuevo León, Mexico
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11
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Walasek-Janusz M, Grzegorczyk A, Malm A, Nurzyńska-Wierdak R, Zalewski D. Chemical Composition, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Oregano Essential Oil. Molecules 2024; 29:435. [PMID: 38257351 PMCID: PMC10818459 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem, and the rapid rise in AMR is attributed to the inappropriate and/or overuse of antibiotics. Therefore, alternative antimicrobial agents, including those of natural origin, are being sought for the development of new drugs. The purpose of our study was to analyze the chemical composition, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of four oregano essential oils (OEOs) from Poland, Europe, Turkey and the USA. The antimicrobial activity (AMA) was evaluated using 23 strains, including Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and Candida species. The antioxidant activity (AA) of essential oils (EOs) was determined by the DPPH method. The main component of the EOs tested was carvacrol (76.64-85.70%). The highest amount of this compound was determined in the Polish OEO. The OEOs we tested showed antimicrobial resistance, which was especially strong against fungi (MIC = 0.06-0.25 mg/mL-1). These products also showed high AA (71.42-80.44%). OEOs high in carvacrol should be the subject of further research as potential antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Walasek-Janusz
- Department of Vegetable and Herb Crops, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 51A Doświadczalna Street, 20-280 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grzegorczyk
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Malm
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata Nurzyńska-Wierdak
- Department of Vegetable and Herb Crops, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 51A Doświadczalna Street, 20-280 Lublin, Poland
| | - Daniel Zalewski
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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12
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Sánchez-Hernández E, Santiago-Aliste A, Correa-Guimarães A, Martín-Gil J, Gavara-Clemente RJ, Martín-Ramos P. Carvacrol Encapsulation in Chitosan-Carboxymethylcellulose-Alginate Nanocarriers for Postharvest Tomato Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1104. [PMID: 38256176 PMCID: PMC10817085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancements in polymer science and nanotechnology hold significant potential for addressing the increasing demands of food security, by enhancing the shelf life, barrier properties, and nutritional quality of harvested fruits and vegetables. In this context, biopolymer-based delivery systems present themselves as a promising strategy for encapsulating bioactive compounds, improving their absorption, stability, and functionality. This study provides an exploration of the synthesis, characterization, and postharvest protection applications of nanocarriers formed through the complexation of chitosan oligomers, carboxymethylcellulose, and alginate in a 2:2:1 molar ratio. This complexation process was facilitated by methacrylic anhydride and sodium tripolyphosphate as cross-linking agents. Characterization techniques employed include transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and X-ray powder diffraction. The resulting hollow nanospheres, characterized by a monodisperse distribution and a mean diameter of 114 nm, exhibited efficient encapsulation of carvacrol, with a loading capacity of approximately 20%. Their suitability for phytopathogen control was assessed in vitro against three phytopathogens-Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and Colletotrichum coccodes-revealing minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 23.3 to 31.3 μg·mL-1. This indicates a higher activity compared to non-encapsulated conventional fungicides. In ex situ tests for tomato (cv. 'Daniela') protection, higher doses (50-100 μg·mL-1, depending on the pathogen) were necessary to achieve high protection. Nevertheless, these doses remained practical for real-world applicability. The advantages of safety, coupled with the potential for a multi-target mode of action, further enhance the appeal of these nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (E.S.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Alberto Santiago-Aliste
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (E.S.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Adriana Correa-Guimarães
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (E.S.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (J.M.-G.)
- Packaging Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Jesús Martín-Gil
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (E.S.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Rafael José Gavara-Clemente
- Packaging Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Pablo Martín-Ramos
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (E.S.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (J.M.-G.)
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13
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Ding J, Liu C, Huang P, Li H, Liu Y, Sameen DE, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Qin W. Effects of konjac glucan-nan/low-acyl gellan edible coatings loaded thymol-β-cyclodextrin microcapsules on postharvest blueberry. Food Chem 2024; 430:137080. [PMID: 37549621 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
This study developed an edible antimicrobial coating using a blend of konjac glucomannan (KGM) and low acyl gellan gum (LAG) hydrogel to incorporate thymol nanoparticles (TKL). The optimized TKL formulation (TKL60) comprised 0.22% thymol microcapsules (TMs), 0.075% total polysaccharide content (KGM:LAG = 1:2), and 99.63% distilled water. When applied to blueberries, TKL60 significantly extended their shelf life to 42 d at 2 ± 0.5 °C, tripling that of control fruit. TKL60 reduced decay rate, weight loss, and respiration rate, delayed softening and senescence during cold storage. It preserved the outer epidermis by retaining cuticular waxes, curbing lipid oxidation, and sustaining defense-related enzyme activities. Flavor analysis revealed altered volatile compound concentrations in TKL60-treated berries, including decreased terpenes and benzaldehyde, and increased esters and aldehydes like 2-methylbutanol, 3-methylbutanol, and linalool. Discriminant Analysis highlighted TKL60's efficacy in delaying aroma deterioration by over 21 d. TKL60 exhibits potential as a substitute for synthetic coatings and chemical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Sichuan Tourism University, Chengdu 610100, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Sichuan Tourism University, Chengdu 610100, China
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China; Department of Quality Management and Inspection and Detection, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Hongying Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Dur E Sameen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yaowen Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
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14
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Funes CF, Larach A, Besoain X, Serrano DD, Hadad C, Pedreschi R, Van Nhien AN, Fuentealba C. Active coatings based on oxidized chitin nanocrystals and silk fibroins for the control of anthracnose in 'Hass' avocados. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126673. [PMID: 37660850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Postharvest avocado losses are mainly due to anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Chemical fungicides are effective, but their negative effects on health and the environment have led to the search for sustainable alternatives such as biopolymer-based coatings and natural compounds. Therefore, chitin nanocrystals (NCChit) were extracted using a sustainable deep eutectic solvent (DES) and chemically modified into oxidized chitin nanocrystals (O-NCChit) or deacetylated chitin nanocrystals (D-NCChit) to modulate and increase the charge surface density and the dispersibility of the crystals. The modified NCChits were dispersed with silk fibroins (SF), essential oil (EO), melatonin (MT) and/or phenylalanine (Phe) to elaborate active coatings. Antioxidant and antifungal in vitro analyses showed that the O-NCChit/SF-based coating had the best performance. In addition, in vivo tests were carried out through the artificial inoculation of C. gloeosporioides on coated avocados. O-NCChit/SF/MT-based coatings reduced the severity of anthracnose by 45 %, the same effect as the chemical fungicide (Prochloraz®). Moreover, avocado quality parameters during cold storage and the shelf-life period were also evaluated, where nonsignificant differences were observed. Therefore, this study demonstrates the great potential of O-NCChit and SF in combination with active compounds for the control of anthracnose in 'Hass' avocados.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Ferreira Funes
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco s/n, La Palma, Quillota, Chile; Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, UR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, UFR des Sciences, 80039 Amiens cedex, France; Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Alejandra Larach
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco s/n, La Palma, Quillota, Chile
| | - Ximena Besoain
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco s/n, La Palma, Quillota, Chile
| | - Daniela Duarte Serrano
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, UR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, UFR des Sciences, 80039 Amiens cedex, France; Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Caroline Hadad
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, UR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, UFR des Sciences, 80039 Amiens cedex, France; Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco s/n, La Palma, Quillota, Chile
| | - Albert Nguyen Van Nhien
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, UR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, UFR des Sciences, 80039 Amiens cedex, France; Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Claudia Fuentealba
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco s/n, La Palma, Quillota, Chile.
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15
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Fincheira P, Jofré I, Espinoza J, Levío-Raimán M, Tortella G, Oliveira HC, Diez MC, Quiroz A, Rubilar O. The efficient activity of plant essential oils for inhibiting Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum: Mechanistic insights into antifungal activity. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127486. [PMID: 37742453 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum produce deterioration in fruit quality, causing losses to the food industry. Thus, plant essential oils (EOs) have been proposed as a sustainable alternative for minimizing the application of synthetic fungicides due to their broad-spectrum antifungal properties. This study investigated the efficacy of five EOs in suppressing the growth of B. cinerea and P. expansum and their potential antifungal mechanisms. EOs of Mentha × piperita L., Origanum vulgare L., Thymus vulgaris L., Eucalyptus globules Labill., and Lavandula angustifolia Mill., were screened for both fungi. The results showed that the EO of T. vulgaris and O. vulgare were the most efficient in inhibiting the growth of B. cinerea and P. expansum. The concentration increase of all EO tested increased fungi growth inhibition. Exposure of fungi to EOs of T. vulgaris and O. vulgare increased the pH and the release of constituents absorbing 260 nm and soluble proteins, reflecting membrane permeability alterations. Fluorescence microscopic examination revealed that tested EOs produce structural alteration in cell wall component deposition, decreasing the hypha width. Moreover, propidium iodide and Calcein-AM stains evidenced the loss of membrane integrity and reduced cell viability of fungi treated with EOs. Fungi treated with EOs decreased the mitochondria activity and the respiratory process. Therefore, these EOs are effective antifungal agents against B. cinerea and P. expansum, which is attributed to changes in the cell wall structure, the breakdown of the cell membrane, and the alteration of the mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fincheira
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Ignacio Jofré
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Laboratory of Geomicrobiology, Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Javier Espinoza
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Marcela Levío-Raimán
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Tortella
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Halley Caixeta Oliveira
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, University of Londrina, PR 445, km 380, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - María Cristina Diez
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Andrés Quiroz
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Olga Rubilar
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
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16
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Kou Z, Zhang J, Lan Q, Liu L, Su X, Islam R, Tian Y. Antifungal activity and mechanism of palmarosa essential oil against pathogen Botrytis cinerea in the postharvest onions. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad290. [PMID: 38040655 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Botrytis cinerea is a pathogenic fungus that infests multiple crops, which causes a severe decrease in yield and generates substantial losses in the economy. Palmarosa essential oil (PEO) is a primary aromatic compound extracted from palmarosa that is commonly used for scent, medicine, and flavoring foods due to its diverse bioactive properties. In this study, we explored the antifungal activity and the main mechanism of action of PEO against B. cinerea. In addition, the components and control effects of PEO were also studied. METHODS AND RESULTS The antifungal assay was tested using the mycelial growth rate method and colony morphology. The constituents of PEO were identified according to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main mechanism of action of PEO was evaluated by measuring representative indicators, which consist of cell contents leakage, excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), and other related indicators. The results indicated that at a concentration of 0.60 ml l-1, PEO exhibits strong antifungal activity against B. cinerea. The PEO mainly included 13 compounds, of which citronellol (44.67%), benzyl benzoate (14.66%), and acetyl cedrene (9.63%) might be the main antifungal ingredients. The study elucidated the main mechanism of action of PEO against B. cinerea, which involved the disruption of cell membrane structure, resulting in altered the cell membrane permeability, leakage of cell contents, and accumulation of excess ROS. CONCLUSIONS PEO is a satisfactory biological control agent that inhibits B. cinerea in postharvest onions. PEO (0.60 ml l-1) exhibited strong antifungal activity by disrupting the cell membrane structure, altering cell membrane permeability, leading to the cell contents leakage, accumulation of excess ROS and increased level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhian Kou
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qingqing Lan
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xu Su
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Qinghai Province, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Rehmat Islam
- Key Laboratory of Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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17
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Yang X, Deng P, Liu Q, Meng Y, Dong P, Xu L, Huang L. Exploring the efficacy of carvacrol as a biocontrol agent against pear Valsa canker. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105641. [PMID: 37945237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Valsa canker, a fungal disease caused by Valsa pyri, poses a significant threat to the pear industry. Currently, chemical control serves as the primary method to control valsa canker. However, the emergence of resistance can pose a challenge to its effectiveness. Biopesticides are a relatively new option for disease control, but there is limited research on their effects on pear Valsa canker. To determine the effectiveness of different biopesticides, we selected 10 common biopesticides to test their inhibition efficacy and impacts on mycelial growth rate and conidial germination. Results showed that carvacrol had very good antifungal activity; therefore its inhibition mechanisms were further investigated. Electron microscopy and transcriptome data analysis were utilized to examine how carvacrol impeded V. pyri by inducing mycelium deformation, wrinkling, and rupture. Carvacrol also affected plant hormones, thus improving plant resistance to the disease. This study lays the groundwork for the utilization of 10 distinct biopesticides to control V. pyri while elucidating how carvacrol harms the pathogen and prompts the plant defense control mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pujiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangguang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengpeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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18
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Tibenda JJ, Du Y, Huang S, Chen G, Ning N, Liu W, Ye M, Nan Y, Yuan L. Pharmacological Mechanisms and Adjuvant Properties of Licorice Glycyrrhiza in Treating Gastric Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:6966. [PMID: 37836809 PMCID: PMC10574419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Licorice is a remarkable traditional Chinese medicine obtained from the dried root and rhizomes of the Glycyrrhiza genus, and t has been utilized in China for many centuries. It consists of more than 300 compounds that are mainly divided into triterpene saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and phenolic components. The active compounds of licorice have been found to possess multiple biological activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective functions. In addition to providing a brief overview of licorice's adjuvant properties, this review describes and analyzes the pharmacological mechanisms by which licorice components function to treat gastric cancer. Furthermore, licorice compounds are also found to be potent adjuvant chemotherapy agents, as they can improve the quality of life of cancer patients and alleviate chemotherapy-induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Japhet Tibenda
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.J.T.); (Y.D.); (S.H.); (G.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Yuhua Du
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.J.T.); (Y.D.); (S.H.); (G.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Shicong Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.J.T.); (Y.D.); (S.H.); (G.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Guoqing Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.J.T.); (Y.D.); (S.H.); (G.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Na Ning
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.J.T.); (Y.D.); (S.H.); (G.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Mengyi Ye
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Yi Nan
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Ling Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.J.T.); (Y.D.); (S.H.); (G.C.); (N.N.)
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19
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Doghish AS, Shehabeldine AM, El-Mahdy HA, Hassanin MMH, Al-Askar AA, Marey SA, AbdElgawad H, Hashem AH. Thymus Vulgaris Oil Nanoemulsion: Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:6910. [PMID: 37836753 PMCID: PMC10574288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oil nanoemulsions have received much attention due to their biological activities. Thus, a thyme essential oil nanoemulsion (Th-nanoemulsion) was prepared using a safe and eco-friendly method. DLS and TEM were used to characterize the prepared Th-nanoemulsion. Our findings showed that the nanoemulsion was spherical and ranged in size from 20 to 55.2 nm. The micro-broth dilution experiment was used to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of a Th-emulsion and the Th-nanoemulsion. The MIC50 values of the thymol nanoemulsion were 62.5 mg/mL against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella oxytoca, 250 mg/mL against Bacillus cereus, and 125 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Meanwhile, it emerged that the MIC50 values of thymol against four strains were not detected. Moreover, the Th-nanoemulsion exhibited promising antifungal activity toward A. brasiliensis and A. fumigatus, where inhibition zones and MIC50 were 20.5 ± 1.32 and 26.4 ± 1.34 mm, and 12.5 and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the Th-nanoemulsion displayed weak antifungal activity toward C. albicans where the inhibition zone was 12.0 ± 0.90 and MIC was 50 mg/mL. Also, the Th-emulsion exhibited antifungal activity, but lower than that of the Th-nanoemulsion, toward all the tested fungal strains, where MIC was in the range of 12.5-50 mg/mL. The in vitro anticancer effects of Taxol, Th-emulsion, and Th-nanoemulsion were evaluated using the standard MTT method against breast cancer (MCF-7) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). Additionally, the concentration of VEGFR-2 was measured, and the activities of caspase-8 (casp-8) and caspase-9 (casp-9) were evaluated. The cytotoxic effect was the most potent against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line after the Th-nanoemulsion treatment (20.1 ± 0.85 µg/mL), and was 125.1 ± 5.29 µg/mL after the Th-emulsion treatment. The lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value, 20.1 ± 0.85 µg/mL, was achieved when the MCF-7 cell line was treated with the Th-nanoemulsion. In addition, Th-nanoemulsion treatments on MCF-7 cells led to the highest elevations in casp-8 and casp-9 activities (0.66 ± 0.042 ng/mL and 17.8 ± 0.39 pg/mL, respectively) compared to those with Th-emulsion treatments. In comparison to that with the Th-emulsion (0.982 0.017 ng/mL), the VEGFR-2 concentration was lower with the Th-nanoemulsion treatment (0.672 ± 0.019ng/mL). In conclusion, the Th-nanoemulsion was successfully prepared and appeared in nanoform with a spherical shape according to DLS and TEM, and also exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, as well as anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt;
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Egypt;
| | - Amr M. Shehabeldine
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt
| | - Hesham A. El-Mahdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud M. H. Hassanin
- Ornamental, Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Disease Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.-A.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Samy A. Marey
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.-A.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Amr H. Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt
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20
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Olmedo GM, Zhang J, Zhao W, Mattia M, Rosskopf EN, Ritenour M, Plotto A, Bai J. Application of Thymol Vapors to Control Postharvest Decay Caused by Penicillium digitatum and Lasiodiplodia theobromae in Grapefruit. Foods 2023; 12:3637. [PMID: 37835290 PMCID: PMC10572620 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Two of the major postharvest diseases impacting grapefruit shelf life and marketability in the state of Florida (USA) are stem-end rot (SER) caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and green mold (GM) caused by Penicillium digitatum. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of vapors of thymol, a natural compound found in the essential oil of various plants and the primary constituent of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oil, as a potential solution for the management of GM and SER. Thymol vapors at concentrations lower than 10 mg L-1 significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of both pathogens, causing severe ultrastructural damage to P. digitatum conidia. In in vivo trials, the incidence and lesion area of GM and SER on inoculated grapefruit were significantly reduced after a 5 d exposure to 50 mg L-1 thymol vapors. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo sporulation of P. digitatum was suppressed by thymol. When applied in its vapor phase, thymol had no negative effect on the fruit, neither introducing perceivable off-flavor nor causing additional weight loss. Our findings support the pursuit of further studies on the use of thymol, recognized as safe for human health and the environment, as a promising strategy for grapefruit postharvest disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M. Olmedo
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Jiuxu Zhang
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2199 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Matthew Mattia
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Erin N. Rosskopf
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Mark Ritenour
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2199 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Anne Plotto
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Jinhe Bai
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
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21
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Zhao X, Zhang Y, Chen L, Ma Z, Zhang B. Chitosan-thymol nanoparticle with pH responsiveness as a potential intelligent botanical fungicide against Botrytis cinerea. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 195:105571. [PMID: 37666600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The practical application of essential oils (EOs) as an alternative for synthetic pesticides in agricultural production is severely limited because of their instability, high volatility, and water insolubility. Nanoencapsulation of EOs is an important strategy to overcome these limitations. In view of this, this study aimed to develop chitosan-thymol nanoparticle (NCS-Thy) with pH-responsive which can be used as an intelligent botanical fungicide to control Botrytis cinerea. The NCS-Thy nanoparticle was prepared by ionic crosslinking method with the loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of 29.87% and 41.92%, respectively. The synthesized NCS-Thy nanoparticle was further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, transmission electron microscopy observation, and dynamic lights scattering. The results of release kinetics and antifungal activity of NCS-Thy under different pH conditions were determined. The results showed that the NCS-Thy nanoparticle had excellent pH-responsiveness and can release more thymol under acidic conditions formed by B. cinerea, thereby achieving higher antifungal effects. Therefore, compared with unencapsulated thymol, the NCS-Thy nanoparticle had higher antifungal activity against B. cinerea in vitro. In addition, both the protective and curative efficacies of detached leaf test and pot experiment were significantly higher than those of unencapsulated thymol. Among them, the protective efficacy of NCS-Thy in the pot experiment was 78.73%, which was significantly higher than that of unencapsulated thymol with 61.13%. Therefore, the pH-responsive chitosan-thymol nano-preparation had a promising prospect of application in practical management of gray mold as an intelligent botanical fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
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22
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Andrade-Ochoa S, Sánchez-Aldana D, Rodríguez-Valdez LM, Nevárez-Moorillón GV. In vitro and Quantitative and Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) evaluation of the antifungal activity of terpenoid constituents of essential oils against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:156-169. [PMID: 37721910 PMCID: PMC10588966 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fungal genera Alternaria and Fusarium include human and plant pathogenic species. Several antifungals have been used for their control, but excessive use has contributed to resistance development in pathogens. An alternative to searching for and developing new antifungal agents is using essential oils and their main components, which have biological activities of interest in medicine and food production. OBJECTIVE To evaluate in vitro and in silico the antifungal activities of terpenoids against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum. MATERIALS AND METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values of 27 constituents of essential oils used against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum were evaluated in vitro. In addition, using genetic algorithms, quantitative models of the structure-activity relationship were used to identify the structural and physicochemical properties related to antifungal activity. RESULTS The evaluated compounds proved to be effective antifungals. Thymol was the most active with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 91.6 ± 28.8 μg/ml for A. alternata and F. oxysporum. Quantitative structure-activity relationship models revealed the octanolwater cleavage ratio as the molecular property, and the phenols as the main functional group contributing to antifungal activity. CONCLUSION Terpenoids exhibit relevant antifungal activities that should be incorporated into the study of medicinal chemistry. Inclusion of in silico assays in the in vitro evaluation is a valuable tool in the search for and rational design of terpene derivatives as new potential antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Andrade-Ochoa
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México.
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23
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Pinto L, Tapia-Rodríguez MR, Baruzzi F, Ayala-Zavala JF. Plant Antimicrobials for Food Quality and Safety: Recent Views and Future Challenges. Foods 2023; 12:2315. [PMID: 37372527 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for natural, safe, and sustainable food preservation methods drove research towards the use of plant antimicrobials as an alternative to synthetic preservatives. This review article comprehensively discussed the potential applications of plant extracts, essential oils, and their compounds as antimicrobial agents in the food industry. The antimicrobial properties of several plant-derived substances against foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms, along with their modes of action, factors affecting their efficacy, and potential negative sensory impacts, were presented. The review highlighted the synergistic or additive effects displayed by combinations of plant antimicrobials, as well as the successful integration of plant extracts with food technologies ensuring an improved hurdle effect, which can enhance food safety and shelf life. The review likewise emphasized the need for further research in fields such as mode of action, optimized formulations, sensory properties, safety assessment, regulatory aspects, eco-friendly production methods, and consumer education. By addressing these gaps, plant antimicrobials can pave the way for more effective, safe, and sustainable food preservation strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Pinto
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Melvin R Tapia-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 sur, Col. Centro, Ciudad Obregón, Obregón 85000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Federico Baruzzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Jesús Fernando Ayala-Zavala
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico
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24
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Sharma AD, Kaur I, Chauhan A. Essential Oil Derived from Underutilized Plants Cymbopogon khasianus Poses Diverse Biological Activities against " Aspergillosis" and " Mucormycosis". RUSSIAN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 2023; 49:172-183. [PMID: 37220552 PMCID: PMC10191406 DOI: 10.3103/s106836742302012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Palmrosa essential oil (PEO) from Cymbopogon khasianus, is used as complementary and traditional medicine worldwide. The present study aimed at compositional profiling of PEO and molecular docking of PEO bioactive compound geraniol against fungal enzymes chitin synthase (CS), UDP-glycosyltransferase (UDPG) and glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GPS), as apposite sites for drug designing against "Aspergillosis" and "Mucormycosis" and in vitro confirmation. Compositional profile of PEO was completed by GC-FID analysis. For molecular docking, Patch-dock tool was conducted. Ligand-enzyme 3D interactions were also calculated. ADMET properties (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) were also calculated. GC-FID discovered the occurrence of geraniol as a major component in PEO, thus nominated for docking analysis. Docking analysis specified active binding of geraniol to GPS, CS and UDPG fungal enzymes. Wet-lab authentication was achieved by three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae and Mucor sp. Docking studies revealed that ligand geraniol exhibited intercations with GPS, CS and UDPG fungal enzymes by H-bond and hydrophobic interactions. Geraniol obeyed LIPINSKY rule, and exhibited adequate bioactivity. Wet lab results indicated that PEO was able to inhibit fungal growth against "Aspergillosis" and "Mucormycosis".
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Dev Sharma
- Post Graduate department of Biotechnology, Lyallpur Khalsa College Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Post Graduate department of Biotechnology, Lyallpur Khalsa College Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Amrita Chauhan
- Post Graduate department of Biotechnology, Lyallpur Khalsa College Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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Mączka W, Twardawska M, Grabarczyk M, Wińska K. Carvacrol-A Natural Phenolic Compound with Antimicrobial Properties. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050824. [PMID: 37237727 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this article is to present the latest research related to selected biological properties of carvacrol, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity. As a monoterpenoid phenol, carvacrol is a component of many essential oils and is usually found in plants together with its isomer, thymol. Carvacrol, either alone or in combination with other compounds, has a strong antimicrobial effect on many different strains of bacteria and fungi that are dangerous to humans or can cause significant losses in the economy. Carvacrol also exerts strong anti-inflammatory properties by preventing the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by inducing SOD, GPx, GR, and CAT, as well as reducing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the body. It also affects the body's immune response generated by LPS. Carvacrol is considered a safe compound despite the limited amount of data on its metabolism in humans. This review also discusses the biotransformations of carvacrol, because the knowledge of the possible degradation pathways of this compound may help to minimize the risk of environmental contamination with phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Mączka
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Martyna Twardawska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grabarczyk
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wińska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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26
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Jha A, Kumar A. Sodium lignosulfonate causes cell membrane perturbation in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:164. [PMID: 37069369 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Underestimating fungal infections led to a gap in the development of antifungal medication. However, rising rates of morbidity and mortality with fungal infection have revealed an alarming rise in antifungal resistance also. Due to the eukaryotic properties of fungi and the close evolutionary similarity between fungal cells and human hosts, therapeutic targeting of Candida infections is troublesome, along with the development of resistance. The discovery of new antifungals is so far behind schedule that the antifungal pipeline is nearly empty. Previously, we have reported the activity and susceptibility of Sodium lignosulfonate (LIG) against C. albicans. In this work, we have established the mechanistic actions of LIG's activity. We performed flow cytometric analysis for membrane integrity, ergosterol binding assay, crystal violet assay, and membrane leakage assay to analyze quantitatively that the C. albicans membrane is being disrupted in response to LIG. Electron microscopic analysis with SEM and TEM confirmed changes in Candida cellular morphology and membrane perturbation respectively. These findings indicated that LIG causes cell membrane damage in C. albicans. This knowledge about LIG's mechanism of action against C. albicans could be used to explore it further as a lead antifungal molecule to develop it as a potent candidate for antifungal therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhuti Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, 492010, Chhattisgarh, India.
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Vassiliou E, Awoleye O, Davis A, Mishra S. Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties of Thyme Oil and Its Main Constituents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086936. [PMID: 37108100 PMCID: PMC10138399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyme oil (TO) is derived from the flowers of various plants belonging to the genus Thymus. It has been used as a therapeutic agent since ancient times. Thymus comprises numerous molecular species exhibiting diverse therapeutic properties that are dependent on their biologically active concentrations in the extracted oil. It is therefore not surprising that oils extracted from different thyme plants present different therapeutic properties. Furthermore, the phenophase of the same plant species has been shown to yield different anti-inflammatory properties. Given the proven efficacy of TO and the diversity of its constituents, a better understanding of the interactions of the various components is warranted. The aim of this review is to gather the latest research findings regarding TO and its components with respect to their immunomodulatory properties. An optimization of the various components has the potential to yield more effective thyme formulations with increased potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evros Vassiliou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Oreoluwa Awoleye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Amanda Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Sasmita Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
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Wang B, Zhang G, Yang J, Li L, Li P, Xu S, Feng X, Chen Y. Evaluation of Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Euphorbia Factor L3 against Phytophthora capsici. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072958. [PMID: 37049722 PMCID: PMC10096396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is a highly destructive phytopathogenic oomycete with a broad host range and is responsible for tremendous losses. Euphorbia factor L3 (EFL3) is a natural plant-derived compound that has been widely studied in medicine and cosmetic applications. In this study, the sensitivity of 105 P. capsici isolates to EFL3 was determined, and the biological activity and physiological effects of EFL3 against P. capsici were investigated. The median effective concentration (EC50) values for EFL3 inhibition mycelial growth and spore germination ranged from 0.66 to 8.94 μg/mL (mean, 2.96 ± 0.91 μg/mL) and 1.63 to 13.16 μg/mL (mean, 5.30 ± 1.64 μg/mL), respectively. EFL3 treatment resulted in cell wall and cell membrane damage of P. capsici, which was revealed by morphological and ultrastructural observations, propidium iodide (PI) and calcofluor white (CFW) staining, and measurements of relative conductivity as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and glycerol contents. In addition, the contents of phospholipid and cellulose, which are the major components of cell membrane and cell wall, were significantly reduced following EFL3 treatment. Furthermore, EFL3 provided protective as well as curative efficacies against P. capsici on detached tomato leaves and pepper seedlings in vivo. These data show that EFL3 exhibits strong inhibitory activity against P. capsici, thereby suggesting that it could be an effective alternative for controlling P. capsici-induced diseases.
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Antifungal activity and mechanism of electron beam irradiation against Rhizopus oryzae. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100070. [PMID: 36989859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Electron beam irradiation is a physical fungicidal technique that has emerged as a potential application in China. However, its antifungal activity and mechanism against Rhizopus oryzae have not been reported. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity and mechanism of electron beam irradiation of R. oryzae. The antifungal activity analysis showed that the D10 value and complete elimination dose of R. oryzae irradiated by electron beam were 1.73 kGy and 8.08 kGy, respectively. Electron beam irradiation has a strong inhibitory effect on the filamentous biomass of R. oryzae. To reveal the antifungal mechanism of electron beam against R. oryzae, this study analyzed the dynamic changes in the cell wall, cell membrane, and oxidative stress induced by different irradiation doses. The results showed that electron beam irradiation destroyed the cell wall structure of R. oryzae, increasing chitinase activity and decreasing chitin content. Cell membrane integrity is disrupted, increasing relative conductivity, decreasing pH values, and decreasing soluble protein content. Electron beam irradiation causes oxidative stress in cells, increasing H2O2 content, decreasing antisuperoxide anion activity, decreasing DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and inhibiting defense enzyme (CAT and SOD) activity. This phenomenon indicates that electron beams can cause structural damage to and metabolic dysfunction of cells and disorders of redox homeostasis, which may be the main cause of growth inhibition and cell death in R. oryzae.
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Arora H, Sharma A, Sharma S. Thyme essential oil fostering the efficacy of aqueous extract of licorice against fungal phytopathogens of Capsicum annuum L. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 135:466-473. [PMID: 37005199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Capsicum annuum L. production is impeded by various biotic factors, including fungal diseases caused by Colletotrichum capsici, Pythium aphanidermatum, and Fusarium oxysporum. Various plant extracts and essential oils are increasingly used to control different plant diseases. In this study, licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) cold water extract (LAE) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TO) were found to be highly effective against the C. annuum pathogens. LAE at 200 mg ml-1 demonstrated the maximum antifungal activity of 89.9% against P. aphanidermatum, whereas TO at 0.25 mg ml-1 showed 100% inhibition of C. capsici. However, when used in combination, much lower doses of these plant protectants (100 mg ml-1 LAE and 0.125 mg ml-1 TO) exhibited a synergistic effect in controlling the fungal pathogens. Metabolite profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high resolution-liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry analysis showed the presence of several bioactive compounds. Enhanced cellular components leakage revealed damage to the fungal cell wall and membrane due to and LAE treatment, which can be attributed to the TO lipophilicity and triterpenoid saponins of LAE. TO and LAE treatments also caused a reduction in ergosterol biosynthesis might be due to the presence of thymol and sterol components in the botanicals. Although the aqueous extracts have a low preparation cost, their uses are limited by modest shelf life and lacklustre antifungal effect. We have shown that these limitations can be bypassed by combining oil (TO) with the aqueous extract (LAE). This study further opens the avenues for utilizing these botanicals against other fungal phytopathogens.
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Ding J, Liu C, Huang P, Zhang Y, Hu X, Li H, Liu Y, Chen L, Liu Y, Qin W. Effects of thymol concentration on postharvest diseases and quality of blueberry fruit. Food Chem 2023; 402:134227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Determination of the Antifungal, Antibacterial Activity and Volatile Compound Composition of Citrus bergamia Peel Essential Oil. Foods 2023; 12:foods12010203. [PMID: 36613419 PMCID: PMC9818623 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Safe and health-beneficial citrus oils can be employed as natural preservatives, flavorings, antioxidants, and as antibacterial and antifungal agents in a wide variety of food products. In this research, using GC−MS methodology, the major volatile composition of Citrus bergamia EO, obtained by hydro-distillation, was determined to consist of limonen (17.06%), linalool (46.34%) and linalyl acetate (17.69%). The molecular fingerprint was obtained using FTIR spectroscopy. The antibacterial effect of C. bergamia EO at different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 µg/mL) was tested against different pathogen species (Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes), based on disc diffusion assay. The in vitro antifungal activity of C. bergamia EO oil against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum was evaluated using agar disc diffusion assay. Clear inhibition zones were formed by C. bergamia EO against selected species of pathogens. Almost all of the concentrations were revealed to have antifungal activity against selected fungal pathogens. The highest inhibition rate of A. niger at 6 incubation days was 67.25 ± 0.35 mm with a 20 µL dose, while the growth in the control was 90.00 ± 0.00 mm. In addition, the highest inhibition rate of P. expansum was 26.16 ± 0.76 mm with a 20 µL dose, while the growth was 45.50 ± 2.12 mm in the control fungus. A higher antifungal effect of C. bergamia EO against P. expansum was obtained. It was observed that the growth of fungi was weakened with increasing concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20 µL dose) of C. bergamia EO. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) results were obtained for the antibacterial and antifungal effects of C. bergamia EO. The findings from the research may shed light on the further use of C. bergamia EO obtained from peels in innovative food engineering applications in order to maintain food quality, food safety, and food sustainability.
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Chemical Profiles, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Four Different Lavandula angustifolia L. EOs. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28010392. [PMID: 36615586 PMCID: PMC9822278 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lavandula angustifolia L., known as lavender, is an economically important Lamiaceae due to the production of essential oils (EOs) for the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and medical industries. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition of EOs isolated from four inflorescences of L. angustifolia L. collected in different geographical areas: central-southern Italy (LaCC, LaPE, LaPS) and southern France (LaPRV). The essential oils, obtained by steam distillation from plants at the full flowering stage, were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). More than 70 components identified in each sample showed significant variability among the main constituents. The four EOs analyzed contained the following as main component: linalool (from 30.02% to 39.73%), borneol (13.65% in LaPE and 16.83% in La PS), linalyl acetate (24.34% in LaCC and 31.07% in LaPRV). The EOs were also evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity against two white rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes cingulata) as potential natural biodeteriogens in the artworks field, and against Sclerotium rolfsii, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium verticilloides responsible for significant crop yield losses in tropical and subtropical areas. The results confirm a concentration-dependent toxicity pattern, where the fungal species show different sensitivity to the four EOs. The in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH assay showed better scavenging activity on LaCC (IC50 26.26 mg/mL) and LaPRV (IC50 33.53 mg/mL), followed by LaPE (IC50 48.00 mg/mL) and LaPS (IC50 49.63 mg/mL). The potential application of EOs as a green method to control biodeterioration phenomena on a work of art on wood timber dated 1876 was evaluated.
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Zhao L, Wang J, Zhang H, Wang P, Wang C, Zhou Y, Li H, Yu S, Wu R. Inhibitory effect of carvacrol against Alternaria alternata causing goji fruit rot by disrupting the integrity and composition of cell wall. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139749. [PMID: 36891390 PMCID: PMC9986456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) is a widely planted crop in China that is easily infected by the pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata, which causes rot after harvest. Previous studies showed that carvacrol (CVR) significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of A. alternata in vitro and reduced Alternaria rot in goji fruits in vivo. The present study aimed to explore the antifungal mechanism of CVR against A. alternata. Optical microscopy and calcofluor white (CFW) fluorescence observations showed that CVR affected the cell wall of A. alternata. CVR treatment affected the integrity of the cell wall and the content of substances in the cell wall as measured by alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Chitin and β-1,3-glucan contents in cells decreased after CVR treatment, and the activities of β-glucan synthase and chitin synthase decreased. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CVR treatment affected cell wall-related genes in A. alternata, thereby affecting cell wall growth. Cell wall resistance also decreased with CVR treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that CVR may exert antifungal activity by interfering with cell wall construction, leading to impairment of cell wall permeability and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunaike Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yueli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shukun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rina Wu
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
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Karapetsi L, Pratsinakis E, Xirakias F, Osathanunkul M, Vagelas I, Madesis P. ITS Metabarcoding Reveals the Effects of Oregano Essential Oil on Fusarium oxysporum and Other Fungal Species in Soil Samples. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:62. [PMID: 36616191 PMCID: PMC9824880 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The destructive effects of Fusarium wilts are known to affect the production of many crops. The control of Fusarium oxysporum and other soilborne pathogens was mainly based on soil fumigation (methyl bromide), which has long been prohibited and, nowadays, is based on a limited number of available fungicides due to legislation restrictions on residue tolerances and environmental impacts. Alternatively, natural and environmentally safe compounds, such as essential oils, are being investigated for their efficacy in the control of soilborne diseases. The great fungicidal ability of the oregano essential oil components (carvacrol and thymol) has been reported to inhibit the germination and the mycelial development of several fungal species, including F. oxysporum. The aim of our study was to demonstrate how the metabarcoding approach can provide valuable information about the positive or negative impacts of two different doses of oregano essential oil on Fusarium oxysporum and other fungal species which were present in the studied soil samples through the amplification of the ITS1 and ITS2 regions, which were analyzed on a MiSeq platform. A higher dose of oregano essential oil decreased the abundance of F. oxysporum, along with other fungal species, but also had negative effects on Trichoderma evansii and Mortierella chlamydospora, species with possible fungicidal properties. Soil properties, essential oil properties, the fungal composition, and interactions between fungal species should be considered as factors influencing the effectiveness of essential oils as biological control agents for soilborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lefkothea Karapetsi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
- Institute of Applied Biosciences (INAB), Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), 6th Km Charilaou-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Pratsinakis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences (INAB), Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), 6th Km Charilaou-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Agronomy, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fotis Xirakias
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
| | - Maslin Osathanunkul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ioannis Vagelas
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
- Institute of Applied Biosciences (INAB), Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), 6th Km Charilaou-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Antibiotic properties of Satureja montana L. hydrolate in bacteria and fungus of clinical interest and its impact in non-target environmental microorganisms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18460. [PMID: 36323748 PMCID: PMC9630514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the microbicidal and microbiostatic activity of S. montana hydrolate L., the water-soluble fraction of the hydro-distillation process used to obtain the essential oil, on 14 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and a fungus of clinical interest. To consider whether this hydrolate is a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional antibiotics, its effect on non-target microorganisms in the aquatic and terrestrial environment was analysed using natural soil and river microorganism communities, characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that S. montana hydrolate was especially effective (25% v/v concentration) against Pasteurella aerogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Acinetobacter baumannii (priority 1, WHO). It was also a microbicide for a further 7 bacterial strains and the fungus Candida albicans (50% v/v concentration). The river and soil communities exposed to the hydrolate showed a decrease in their growth, as well as a decrease in their ability to metabolize polymers and carbohydrates (soil microorganisms) and polymers, carboxylic and ketone acids (river microorganisms). Hydrolates could be an alternative to conventional antibiotics, but their impact on the environment must be taken into account.
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Impact of Geraniol and Geraniol Nanoemulsions on Botrytis cinerea and Effect of Geraniol on Cucumber Plants’ Metabolic Profile Analyzed by LC-QTOF-MS. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192513. [PMID: 36235379 PMCID: PMC9571098 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the bioactive substance geraniol was tested in vitro and in planta against B. cinerea on cucumber plants, and the changes in the metabolic profile of cucumber plants inoculated with the pathogen and/or treated with geraniol were monitored by a novel LC-QTOF-MS method employing target and suspect screening. The aforementioned treatments were also studied for their impact on membrane lipid peroxidation calculated as malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Additionally, geraniol-loaded nanoemulsions (GNEs) were synthesized and tested against B. cinerea as an integrated formulation mode of geraniol application. The EC50 values calculated for geraniol and GNEs against B. cinerea were calculated at 235 μg/mL and 105 μg/mL, respectively. The in planta experiment on cucumber plants demonstrated the ability of geraniol and GNEs to significantly inhibit B. cinerea under greenhouse conditions. The LC-QTOF-MS analysis of the metabolic profile of the cucumber plants treated with geraniol demonstrated an increase in the concentration levels of myricetin, chlorogenic acid, and kaempferol rhamnoside, as compared to control plants and the presence of B. cinerea caused an increase in sinapic acid and genistein. These compounds are part of important biosynthetic pathways mostly related to responses against a pathogen attack.
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Payandeh M, Ahmadyousefi M, Alizadeh H, Zahedifar M. Chitosan nanocomposite incorporated Satureja kermanica essential oil and extract: Synthesis, characterization and antifungal assay. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1356-1364. [PMID: 36115454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the design, synthesis, and characterization of nanoencapsulated Satureja kermanica essential oil/extract by chitosan biopolymer (SKEO-CSN)/(SKEX-CSN) for the antifungal efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Pythium aphanidermatum. The prepared SKEO-CSN and SKEX-CSN were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). GC-Mass analysis was done to identify Satureja kermanica essential oil chemical compounds (SKEO). Thirty-five different components were detected from GC-MS analysis. Thymol (46.54 %), and Carvacrol (30.54 %) were demonstrated as major compounds. Antifungal studies showed that the SKEO-CSN and SKEX-CSN formulation effectively inhibit fungal growth more than free SKEO and SKEX. According to the results, SKEO-CSN and SKEX-CSN provide a wide range of promising antifungal effects and can be applied as an efficient green strategy to protect plants from fungus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Payandeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Jiroft, Jiroft 7867161167, Iran
| | | | - Hamidreza Alizadeh
- Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft 7867161167, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Zahedifar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jiroft, Jiroft 7867161167, Iran.
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Inhibitory Effects and Mechanism of Action of Elsinochrome A on Candida albicans and Its Biofilm. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080841. [PMID: 36012829 PMCID: PMC9409654 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-associated Candida albicans infections, the leading cause of invasive candidiasis, can cause high mortality rates in immunocompromised patients. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a promising approach for controlling infections caused by biofilm-associated C. albicans. This study shows the effect of Elsinochrome A (EA) against different stages of C. albicans biofilms in vitro by XTT reduction assay and crystal violet staining. The mechanism of action of EA on C. albicans biofilm was analyzed with flow cytometry, confocal laser microscopy, and the Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). EA-mediated PACT significantly reduced the viability of C. albicans, with an inhibition rate on biofilm of 89.38% under a concentration of 32 μg/mL EA. We found that EA could not only inhibit the adhesion of C. albicans in the early stage of biofilm formation, but that it also had good effects on pre-formed mature biofilms with a clearance rate of 35.16%. It was observed that EA-mediated PACT promotes the production of a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. albicans and down-regulates the intracellular expression of oxidative-stress-related genes, which further disrupted the permeability of cell membranes, leading to mitochondrial and nuclear damage. These results indicate that EA has good photodynamic antagonizing activity against the C. albicans biofilm, and potential clinical value.
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Azizi Z, Majlessi N, Choopani S, Naghdi N. Neuroprotective effects of carvacrol against Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases: A review. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2022; 12:371-387. [PMID: 35782773 PMCID: PMC9121261 DOI: 10.22038/ajp.2022.19491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective Neurodegenerative diseases are considered an important cause of cognitive deficit and morbidity in old ages. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of these disorders affecting about 40 million people in the world at the present time. Available drug therapy is mostly symptomatic and does not modify or stop disease progression. Recently, biologically active chemicals from herbs have been studied to develop new therapeutic drugs. Carvacrol has shown positive properties on many neurological diseases. This compound is expected to have the ability to affect AD pathogenesis and therefore, it is considered an anti-AD agent. Materials and Methods This review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct bibliographic databases until November 2021. For data collection, the following keywords were used: carvacrol, neuroprotective, cognition, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, Acetylcolinesterase inhibitor (AChEI), Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, stroke, ischemic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. Results This review summarizes in vitro and in vivo studies on protective potential of carvacrol in neurodegenerative disorders and various underlying mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase effects. Conclusion We gave an overview of available literature concerning neuroprotective effects of carvacrol in ameliorating the neurodegenerative diseases symptoms in vivo and in vitro. Particular attention is given to AD. Several neuro-pharmacological actions of carvacrol have been summarized in the current review article including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and AChEI properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nasser Naghdi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang Q, Qin W, Hu X, Yan J, Liu Y, Wang Z, Liu L, Ding J, Huang P, Wu J. Efficacy and Mechanism of Thymol/KGM/LG Edible Coating Solution on Inhibition of Mucor circinelloides Isolated From Okra. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:880376. [PMID: 35651497 PMCID: PMC9149372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.880376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing demand and quality requirement for the natural nutritious food in modern society, okra has attracted much attention because of its high nutritional value and remarkable functionality. However, the occurrence of postharvest diseases of fresh okra severely limited the application and the value of okra. Therefore, in this study, the dominant pathogens causing postharvest diseases such as soft rot were isolated from naturally decaying okra. It was identified as Mucor circinelloides by its morphological characteristics and standard internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequence. Furthermore, the biological characteristics of M. circinelloides were studied, and the inhibitory effect of thymol/KGM/LG (TKL) edible coating solution on M. circinelloides and its possible mechanism was discussed. In addition, TKL edible coating solution had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on M. circinelloides, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (EC50) of 113.55 mg/L. The TKL edible coating solution at 960 mg/L of thymol completely inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of M. circinelloides. The results showed that the best carbon source of M. circinelloides was maltose, the best nitrogen source was beef extract and potassium nitrate, the best pH was 6, the best temperature was 28°C, the best NaCl concentration was 0.5%, and the light was conducive to the growth of M. circinelloides. It was also observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) that TKL was more likely to destroy the cell wall integrity of M. circinelloides, inhibit spore morphology and change mycelium structure. Meanwhile, the activity of chitinase (CHI), an enzyme related to cell wall synthesis of M. circinelloides, was significantly decreased after being treated by TKL with thymol at 100 mg/L (TKL100). The content of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in M. circinelloides decreased significantly from 12 h to 48 h, which may cause oxidative damage to the cell membrane. The activity polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylgalacturonase (PMG), and cellulase (Cx) of M. circinelloides decreased significantly. Therefore, the results showed that TKL had a good bacteriostatic effect on okra soft rot pathogen, and the main bacteriostatic mechanism might be the damage of cell membrane, degradation of the cell wall, inhibition of metabolic activities, and reduction of metabolites, which is helpful to further understand the inhibitory effect of TKL on okra soft rot pathogen and its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqiu Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xinjie Hu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yaowen Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zhuwei Wang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Lang Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jie Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Sichuan Tourism University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Quality Management and Inspection and Detection, Yibin University, Yibin, China
| | - Jiya Wu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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Shen C, Wu M, Sun C, Li J, Wu D, Sun C, He Y, Chen K. Chitosan/PCL nanofibrous films developed by SBS to encapsulate thymol/HPβCD inclusion complexes for fruit packaging. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 286:119267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Characterization of active and pH-sensitive poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) films containing essential oils and anthocyanin for food packaging application. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:220-231. [PMID: 35597382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Active and pH-sensitive films of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) have been fabricated and tested. The PLA and PLA/NFC films with 1.5% NFC were prepared via solvent casting method, with different loadings of essential oil (EO), including thymol and curry, being added at 5, 10, and 15%. The fixed content of anthocyanin powder (1%) was incorporated into the films as a pH indicator. The active PLA and PLA/NFC films were characterised on their physical, mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties. The addition of NFC reduced the tensile strength but increased the flexibility of films due to the plasticizing effect of EOs. The PLA/EO and PLA/NFC/EO films containing curry demonstrated a slightly higher strength than the films with thymol. The flexibility of films was increased at higher loading of EO regardless of the types of EO. The thermal profile demonstrated that the neat PLA film had a higher maximum degradation temperature than the active PLA/EO and PLA/NFC/EO films. The active PLA/EO and PLA/NFC/EO films containing anthocyanin successfully changed its colour in pH 2.0 and 14.0. The PLA/NFC films with thymol and anthocyanin formulation could inhibit fungus growth better in the cherry tomato sample than the PLA/NFC films with curry and anthocyanin.
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Abstract
Citrus essential oils (EOs) are widely used as flavoring agents in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetical and chemical industries. For this reason, their demand is constantly increasing all over the world. Besides industrial applications, the abundance of EOs in the epicarp is particularly relevant for the quality of citrus fruit. In fact, these compounds represent a natural protection against postharvest deteriorations due to their remarkable antimicrobial, insecticidal and antioxidant activities. Several factors, including genotype, climatic conditions and cultural practices, can influence the assortment and accumulation of EOs in citrus peels. This review is focused on factors influencing variation of the EOs’ composition during ripening and on the implications on postharvest quality of the fruit.
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Sun C, Cao J, Wang Y, Huang L, Chen J, Wu J, Zhang H, Chen Y, Sun C. Preparation and characterization of pectin-based edible coating agent encapsulating carvacrol/HPβCD inclusion complex for inhibiting fungi. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Raorane CJ, Raj V, Lee JH, Lee J. Antifungal activities of fluoroindoles against the postharvest pathogen Botrytis cinerea: In vitro and in silico approaches. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 362:109492. [PMID: 34861563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a common necrotrophic fungal pathogen, leading cause of gray mold diseases in plants and fruit. Several benzimidazoles are used for controlling B. cinerea-associated infection in fruit and vegetables, but benzimidazoles resistance restricts its further uses. Therefore, it is a need for alternative drugs that control B. cinerea. Indoles are multi-faceted compounds and their structural similarities with antifungal benzimidazoles make them a choice for further investigation. Thus, the main objective of the study was to investigate the antifungal potencies of indoles against B. cinerea and to decipher the molecular mechanism involved. We conducted in vitro antifungal assays, fruit assays, and computational studies of interactions between indoles and fungal microtubule polymerase. Of the 16 halogenated indoles examined, 4-fluoroindole, 5-fluoroindole, and 7-fluoroindole (MIC range 2-5 mg/L) were found to be more potent than the fungicides fluconazole and natamycin. Fluoroindoles inhibited or eradicated B. cinerea infections in tangerines and strawberries. Molecular dynamic simulation and density functional theory showed that these fluoroindoles stably interacted with microtubule polymerase. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of halogenated indoles revealed that the presence of a fluoro group in the indole moiety is essential for anti-Botrytis activity. The plausibility of the underlying antifungal mechanism was confirmed by in vitro tubulin polymerization. Collective outcomes of this study indicates that fluoroindoles could be used as alternative fungicidal agents against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinit Raj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Characterization of active sweet potato-based films containing thymol at different varieties: VitAto and Anggun. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Effectiveness of the Influence of Selected Essential Oils on the Growth of Parasitic Fusarium Isolated from Wheat Kernels from Central Europe. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216488. [PMID: 34770893 PMCID: PMC8588391 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of selected seven commercial essential oils (EsO) (grapefruit, lemongrass, tea tree (TTO), thyme, verbena, cajeput, and Litsea cubeba) on isolates of common Central European parasitic fungal species of Fusarium obtained from infected wheat kernels, and to evaluate the oils as potential natural fungicides. The study was conducted in 2 stages. At each stage, the fungicidal activity of EsO (with concentrations of 0.025; 0.05; 0.125; 0.25; 0.50; 1.0, and 2.0%) against Fusarium spp. was evaluated using the disc plate method and zones of growth inhibition were measured. At the first stage, the fungistatic activity of EsO was evaluated against four species of Fusarium from the Polish population (F. avenaceum FAPL, F. culmorum FCPL, F. graminearum FGPL and F. oxysporum FOPL). The correlation coefficient between the mycelial growth rate index (T) and the fungistatic activity (FA) was calculated. At the second stage, on the basis of the mycelium growth rate index, the effectiveness of the EsO in limiting the development of Fusarium isolates from the German population (F. culmorum FC1D, F. culmorum FC2D, F. graminearum FG1D, F. graminearum FG2D and F. poae FP0D) was assessed. The first and second stage results presented as a growth rate index were then used to indicate essential oils (as potential natural fungicides) effectively limiting the development of various common Central European parasitic species Fusarium spp. Finally, the sensitivity of four Fusarium isolates from the Polish population and five Fusarium isolates from the German population was compared. The data were compiled in STATISTICA 13.0 (StatSoft, Inc, CA, USA) at the significance level of 0.05. Fusarium isolates from the German population were generally more sensitive than those from the Polish population. The sensitivity of individual Fusarium species varied. Their vulnerability, regardless of the isolate origin, in order from the most to the least sensitive, is as follows: F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. poae, F. avenaceum and F. oxysporum. The strongest fungicidal activity, similar to Funaben T, showed thyme oil (regardless of the concentration). Performance of citral oils (lemongrass and Litsea cubeba) was similar but at a concentration above 0.025%.
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Raj V, Raorane CJ, Lee JH, Lee J. Appraisal of Chitosan-Gum Arabic-Coated Bipolymeric Nanocarriers for Efficient Dye Removal and Eradication of the Plant Pathogen Botrytis cinerea. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47354-47370. [PMID: 34596375 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of textile wastewater comprising many dyes as contaminants endures an essential task for environmental remediation. In addition, combating antifungal multidrug resistance (MDR) is an intimidating task, specifically owing to the limited options of alternative drugs with multitarget drug mechanisms. Incorporating natural polymeric biomaterials for drug delivery provides desirable properties for drug molecules, effectively eradicating MDR fungal growth. The current study fabricated the bipolymeric drug delivery system using chitosan-gum arabic-coated liposome 5ID nanoparticles (CS-GA-5ID-LP-NPs). This study focused on improving the solubility and sustained release profile of 5I-1H-indole (5ID). These NPs were characterized and tested mechanically as a dye adsorbent as well as their antifungal potencies against the plant pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. CS-GA-5ID-LP-NPs showed 71.23% congo red dye removal compared to crystal violet and phenol red from water and effectively had an antifungal effect on B. cinerea at 25 μg/mL MIC concentrations. The mechanism of the inhibition of B. cinerea via CS-GA-5ID-LP-NPs was attributed to stabilized microtubule polymerization in silico and in vitro. This study opens a new avenue for designing polymeric NPs as adsorbents and antifungal agents for environmental and agriculture remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Raj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Omar HS, Abd El-Rahman SN, AlGhannam SM, Reyad NEHA, Sedeek MS. Antifungal Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Olea europaea Leaf Extract, Thymus vulgaris and Boswellia carteri Essential Oil as Prospective Fungal Inhibitor Candidates. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206118. [PMID: 34684700 PMCID: PMC8539494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study investigated the antifungal activity and mode of action of four Olea europaea leaf extracts, Thymus vulgaris essential oil (EO), and Boswellia carteri EO against Fusarium oxysporum. Methods:Fusarium oxysporum lactucae was detected with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The chemical compositions of chloroform and dichloromethane extracts of O. europaea leaves and T. vulgaris EO were analyzed using GC-MS analysis. In addition, a molecular docking analysis was used to identify the expected ligands of these extracts against eleven F. oxysporum proteins. Results: The nucleotide sequence of the F. oxysporum lactucae isolate was deposited in GenBank with Accession No. MT249304.1. The T. vulgaris EO, chloroform, dichloromethane and ethanol efficiently inhibited the growth at concentrations of 75.5 and 37.75 mg/mL, whereas ethyl acetate, and B. carteri EO did not exhibit antifungal activity. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the major and most vital compounds of the T. vulgaris EO, chloroform, and dichloromethane were thymol, carvacrol, tetratriacontane, and palmitic acid. Moreover, molecular modeling revealed the activity of these compounds against F. oxysporum. Conclusions: Chloroform, dichloromethane and ethanol, olive leaf extract, and T. vulgaris EO showed a strong effect against F. oxysporum. Consequently, this represents an appropriate natural source of biological compounds for use in healthcare. In addition, homology modeling and docking analysis are the best analyses for clarifying the mechanisms of antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa S. Omar
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- GMO Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Research Park, CURP, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.S.O.); (S.N.A.E.-R.)
| | - Soheir N. Abd El-Rahman
- Crops Technology Research Department, Food Technology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.S.O.); (S.N.A.E.-R.)
| | - Sheikha M. AlGhannam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nour El-Houda A. Reyad
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed S. Sedeek
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 11562, Egypt;
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