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Ciriello M, Campana E, Kyriacou MC, El-Nakhel C, Graziani G, Cardarelli M, Colla G, De Pascale S, Rouphael Y. Plant-derived biostimulant as priming agents enhanced antioxidant and nutritive properties in brassicaceous microgreens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5921-5929. [PMID: 38450779 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microgreens constitute dietary sources of bioactive compounds imparting numerous health benefits and enhancing sensory experience. They can be successfully cultivated in soilless systems where biostimulants can be easily integrated as seed-priming and post-germination agents improving the sustainability of a crop's final production. Compared to an untreated control, three priming agents (a commercial legume-derived protein hydrolysate (A250), a novel protein hydrolysate derived from peanut biomass (H250) and hydropriming (H2O)) were applied to Komatsuna and Mibuna seeds grown as microgreens and compared for their effects on yield parameters, mineral composition, ABTS and FRAP antioxidant capacity, carotenoid concentration and phenolic compounds. RESULTS Significant effects of the main experimental factors and their interactions were identified on antioxidant capacity. Compared to the control and hydropriming, the highest ABTS and FRAP values were observed in Mibuna with the A250 and H250 treatments, respectively. Additionally, the H250 treatment increased the total concentrations of phenolic acid derivatives and flavonoid derivatives in Mibuna and Komatsuna, in tune with the levels of total flavonoids. Concerning mineral composition, the highest concentrations in both species were those of phosphorus and nitrate. CONCLUSION These results highlight the potential of select plant-based biostimulants as priming agents to enhance the antioxidant capacity, nutrient content and bioactive compound content, thus further increasing their functional and nutritive quality. In the light of this, the possibility of reducing the application of fertilizers by promoting a green transition for the intensive production of microgreens could subsequently be evaluated. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ciriello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Emanuela Campana
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Marios C Kyriacou
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agricultural Research Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christophe El-Nakhel
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Giulia Graziani
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefania De Pascale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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Liu A, Wang J, Zhou A, Yang F, Pan X, She Z, Yue Z. Interaction between acid-tolerant alga Graesiella sp. MA1 and schwertmannite under long-term acidic condition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174017. [PMID: 38897455 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Schwertmannite (Sch), a typical Fe(III)-oxyhydroxysulphate mineral, is the precipitation reservoir of toxic elements in acid mine drainage (AMD). Acid-tolerant microbes in AMD can participate in the microbe-mediated transformation of Sch, while Sch affects the physiological characteristics of these acid-tolerant microbes. Based on our discovery of algae and Sch enrichment in a contaminated acid mine pit lake, we predicted the interaction between algae and Sch when incubated together. The acid-tolerant alga Graesiella sp. MA1 was isolated from the pit-lake surface water of an acidic mine and incubated with different contents of Sch. Sch was detected as the main product at the end of 81 d; however, there was a weak transformation. The presence of dissolved Fe(II) could be largely attributed to the photoreduction dissolution of Sch, which was promoted by Graesiella sp. MA1. The adaptation and growth phases of Graesiella sp. MA1 differed under Sch stress. The photosynthetic and metabolic activities increased and decreased at the adaptation and growth phases, respectively. The MDA contents and antioxidant activity of SOD, APX, and GSH in algal cells gradually enhanced as the Sch treatment content increased, indicating a defense strategy of Graesiella sp. MA1. Metabolomic analysis revealed that Sch affected the expression of significant differential metabolites in Graesiella sp. MA1. Organic carboxylic acid substances were essentially up-regulated in response to Sch stress. They were abundant in the medium-Sch system with the highest Fe(III) reduction, capable of complexing Fe(III), and underwent photochemical reactions via photo-induced charge transfer. The significant up-regulation of reducing sugars revealed the high energy requirement of Graesiella sp. MA1 under Sch stress. And first enriched KEGG pathway demonstrated the importance of sugar metabolism in Graesiella sp. MA1. Data acquired in this study provide novel insights into extreme acid stress adaptation of acid-tolerant algae and Sch, contributing to furthering understanding of AMD environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azuan Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Ao Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Zhixiang She
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Zhengbo Yue
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China.
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3
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Lone JK, Pandey R, Gayacharan. Microgreens on the rise: Expanding our horizons from farm to fork. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25870. [PMID: 38390124 PMCID: PMC10881865 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Escalating public health concerns necessitate innovative approaches to food sources. Microgreens, nutrient-rich seedlings of vegetables and herbs, have gained recognition as functional foods. This review explores the evolution of microgreens, cultivation methods, biochemical changes during germination, nutritional content, health benefits, and commercial significance. Comprehensive studies have demonstrated that microgreens have an elevated level of various nutrients. Further, in vitro and in vivo research validated their antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic properties. Microgreens, termed "desert food," show promise for sustainable food production in climate-vulnerable regions. This paper synthesizes recent research on microgreens, addressing challenges and gaps in understanding their nutritional content and health benefits. It contributes valuable insights for future research, fostering sustainable agriculture and enhancing understanding of microgreens in human health and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar K. Lone
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Renu Pandey
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Gayacharan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Liu A, Zhang L, Zhou A, Yang F, Yue Z, Wang J. Metabolomic and physiological changes of acid-tolerant Graesiella sp. MA1 during long-term acid stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:97209-97218. [PMID: 37589846 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Algae plays a significant role for the primary production in the oligotrophic ecosystems such as the acid mine pit lakes. Graesiella sp. MA1 was a new acid-tolerant photosynthetic protist isolated from an acid mine pit lake. To understand the acid responses of Graesiella sp. MA1, its physiological changes and metabolomics were studied during long-term acid stress. Photosynthetic pigments, soluble proteins, and antioxidant systems of Graesiella sp. MA1 cells displayed two phases, the adaptation phase and the growth phase. During the adaptation phase, both photosynthetic pigments and soluble proteins were inhibited, while antioxidant activity of SOD, APX, and GSH were promoted to response to the organism's damage. Metabolomics results revealed lipids and organic acids were abundant components in Graesiella sp. MA1 cells. In response to acid stress, the levels of acid-dependent resistant amino acids, including glutamate, aspartate, arginine, proline, lysine, and histidine, accumulated continuously to maintain orderly intracellular metabolic processes. In addition, fatty acids were mainly unsaturated, which could improve the fluidity of the cell membranes under acid stress. Metabolomic and physiological changes showed that Graesiella sp. MA1 had tolerance during long-term acid stress and the potential to be used as a bioremediation strain for the acidic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azuan Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Ao Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengbo Yue
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.
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Zhao J, Chen N, Zhu T, Zhao X, Yuan M, Wang Z, Wang G, Li Z, Du H. Simultaneous Quantification and Visualization of Photosynthetic Pigments in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. under Different Levels of Nitrogen Application with Visible-Near Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Technology. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2956. [PMID: 37631167 PMCID: PMC10459730 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Leaf photosynthetic pigments play a crucial role in evaluating nutritional elements and physiological states. In facility agriculture, it is vital to rapidly and accurately obtain the pigment content and distribution of leaves to ensure precise water and fertilizer management. In our research, we utilized chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), total chlorophylls (Chls) and total carotenoids (Cars) as indicators to study the variations in the leaf positions of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Under 10 nitrogen concentration applications, a total of 2610 leaves (435 samples) were collected using visible-near infrared hyperspectral imaging (VNIR-HSI). In this study, a "coarse-fine" screening strategy was proposed using competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and the iteratively retained informative variable (IRIV) algorithm to extract the characteristic wavelengths. Finally, simultaneous and quantitative models were established using partial least squares regression (PLSR). The CARS-IRIV-PLSR was used to create models to achieve a better prediction effect. The coefficient determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and ratio performance deviation (RPD) were predicted to be 0.8240, 1.43 and 2.38 for Chla; 0.8391, 0.53 and 2.49 for Chlb; 0.7899, 2.24 and 2.18 for Chls; and 0.7577, 0.27 and 2.03 for Cars, respectively. The combination of these models with the pseudo-color image allowed for a visual inversion of the content and distribution of the pigment. These findings have important implications for guiding pigment distribution, nutrient diagnosis and fertilization decisions in plant growth management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangui Zhao
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (N.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (N.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Tingyu Zhu
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (N.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xuerong Zhao
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (N.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ming Yuan
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (N.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (N.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Institute of Millet Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Changzhi 046000, China;
| | - Zhiwei Li
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (N.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (Z.W.)
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Huiling Du
- Department of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
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Ali A, Dindhoria K, Kumar R. Acinetobacter oleivorans IRS14 alleviates cold stress in wheat by regulating physiological and biochemical factors. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad176. [PMID: 37550224 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Climate change is responsible for extreme cold winters, causing a significant loss in crop yield and productivity due to chilling stress. This study aims to investigate the potential of psychrotrophic plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strain to promote wheat growth under cold stress and explore the adaptive responses of wheat. METHODS AND RESULTS Wheat seeds and seedlings were inoculated with the psychrotrophic strain IRS14 and the plants were cultivated for five weeks at 6°C ± 2°C. The genetic, biochemical, physiological, and molecular analysis of the bacterium and plant was done to evaluate the effect of the PGPR strain in alleviating chilling stress. IRS14 possesses antioxidant activity and produced multiple phytohormones, which enhanced seed germination (∼50%) and plant growth (∼50%) during chilling stress. CONCLUSIONS Here, we reported that the application of IRS14 helps to regulate the biochemical and metabolic pathways in wheat plants. It alleviates chilling stress and increases plant growth rate and biomass. Strain IRS14 in wheat effectively increased chlorophyll content, antioxidants, carotenoid, proline, and endogenous phytohormones compared with untreated wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Ali
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
| | - Kiran Dindhoria
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rakshak Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Fayezizadeh MR, Ansari NA, Sourestani MM, Hasanuzzaman M. Biochemical Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, Leaf Color Profile and Yield of Basil (Ocimum sp.) Microgreens in Floating System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2652. [PMID: 37514265 PMCID: PMC10386441 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Basil is a great source of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, vitamin C, anthocyanin, and flavonoids. In this work, the biochemical compounds, antioxidant capacity, leaf color profile, and yield of 21 cultivars and genotypes of basil microgreen were investigated. Results showed that the highest antioxidant potential composite index (APCI) was measured in Persian Ablagh genotype (70.30). Twenty-one basil genotypes were classified into four clusters, including cluster 1 (lowest antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds), cluster 2 (lowest anthocyanin, vitamin C and APCI index), cluster 3 (highest vitamin C, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and APCI index), and cluster 4 (highest levels of anthocyanin). The principal components analysis (PCA) of basil genotypes showed diversity in terms of phytochemical components, and F1, F2, F3, and F4 explained the variation at the rate of 78.12%. The average annual temperature of the origin of basil seeds plays an important role in the synthesis of antioxidant content. Most of the seeds with moderate origin had a higher APCI index. The Persian Ablagh genotype, Violeto, and Kapoor cultivars can be recommended, according to their APCI index and yield. These cultivars can be used individually or in different ratios to produce different biochemical substances with different concentrations for various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Fayezizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran
| | - Naser Alemzadeh Ansari
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi Sourestani
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Gupta A, Sharma T, Singh SP, Bhardwaj A, Srivastava D, Kumar R. Prospects of microgreens as budding living functional food: Breeding and biofortification through OMICS and other approaches for nutritional security. Front Genet 2023; 14:1053810. [PMID: 36760994 PMCID: PMC9905132 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1053810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient deficiency has resulted in impaired growth and development of the population globally. Microgreens are considered immature greens (required light for photosynthesis and growing medium) and developed from the seeds of vegetables, legumes, herbs, and cereals. These are considered "living superfood/functional food" due to the presence of chlorophyll, beta carotene, lutein, and minerals like magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Phosphorus (P), and Calcium (Ca). Microgreens are rich at the nutritional level and contain several phytoactive compounds (carotenoids, phenols, glucosinolates, polysterols) that are helpful for human health on Earth and in space due to their anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-carcinogenic properties. Microgreens can be used as plant-based nutritive vegetarian foods that will be fruitful as a nourishing constituent in the food industryfor garnish purposes, complement flavor, texture, and color to salads, soups, flat-breads, pizzas, and sandwiches (substitute to lettuce in tacos, sandwich, burger). Good handling practices may enhance microgreens'stability, storage, and shelf-life under appropriate conditions, including light, temperature, nutrients, humidity, and substrate. Moreover, the substrate may be a nutritive liquid solution (hydroponic system) or solid medium (coco peat, coconut fiber, coir dust and husks, sand, vermicompost, sugarcane filter cake, etc.) based on a variety of microgreens. However integrated multiomics approaches alongwith nutriomics and foodomics may be explored and utilized to identify and breed most potential microgreen genotypes, biofortify including increasing the nutritional content (macro-elements:K, Ca and Mg; oligo-elements: Fe and Zn and antioxidant activity) and microgreens related other traits viz., fast growth, good nutritional values, high germination percentage, and appropriate shelf-life through the implementation of integrated approaches includes genomics, transcriptomics, sequencing-based approaches, molecular breeding, machine learning, nanoparticles, and seed priming strategiesetc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Gupta
- Sharda School of Agricultural Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India,*Correspondence: Astha Gupta, ; Rajendra Kumar,
| | - Tripti Sharma
- Sharda School of Agricultural Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Surendra Pratap Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (PG) College, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University,, Kanpur, India
| | - Archana Bhardwaj
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Deepti Srivastava
- Department of Agriculture, Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Astha Gupta, ; Rajendra Kumar,
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Sharma A, Yadav M, Sharma N, Kumari A, Kaur S, Meenu M, Garg M. Comparison of wheatgrass juices from colored wheat (white, black, blue, and purple) for health promoting phytochemicals. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Khattab MS, Aly TAA, Mohamed SM, Naguib AMM, AL‐Farga A, Abdel‐Rahim EA. Hordeum vulgare
L. microgreen mitigates reproductive dysfunction and oxidative stress in streptozotocin‐induced diabetes and aflatoxicosis in male rats. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3355-3367. [PMID: 36249986 PMCID: PMC9548372 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM) is a common chronic disease worldwide, which may be due to increased environmental pollution. Aflatoxin B1 is a likely inevitable contaminant in food and dairy products. Both DM and aflatoxicosis exert a deleterious effect on reproduction urging the exploration of various functional food for protection. This study investigated the effect of barley microgreen (BM) on reproductive disorders caused by DM with or without aflatoxicosis in male rats. Rats were divided into eight groups; G1 control, G2 barley, G3 aflatoxin, G4 aflatoxin‐barley, G5 streptozotocin (STZ), G6 STZ‐barley, G7 STZ‐aflatoxin, and G8 STZ‐aflatoxin‐barley. BM chemical composition revealed elevated calcium, iron, phosphorus, and vitamin A compared with barely seeds. Complete blood picture, lipid profile, serum oxidative stress parameters, relative testicular weight, sperm analysis, chromosomal aberration, and testis histopathology were performed. The lipid profile was altered significantly in G7. Oxidative stress was increased in G3, G5, and G7, whereas it was decreased in BM‐treated groups. Sperm counts were reduced significantly in aflatoxin and/or STZ groups but increased significantly in BM‐treated groups. Sperm morphological abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations were decreased significantly in BM‐treated groups compared with untreated groups. Testicular histopathology revealed moderate diffuse degeneration of seminiferous tubules in aflatoxin and/or STZ groups, which were alleviated in BM‐treated groups. In conclusion, aflatoxin and STZ together caused severe reproductive disorder and oxidative stress more than aflatoxin or STZ alone. BM diet reduced significantly oxidative stress and reproductive disorder associated with DM and aflatoxicosis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa S. Khattab
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Tahany A. A. Aly
- Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture Giza Egypt
| | - Sara M. Mohamed
- Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture Giza Egypt
| | | | - Ammar AL‐Farga
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences University of Jeddah Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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Sharma S, Shree B, Sharma D, Kumar S, Kumar V, Sharma R, Saini R. Vegetable microgreens: The gleam of next generation super foods, their genetic enhancement, health benefits and processing approaches. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Monjotin N, Amiot MJ, Fleurentin J, Morel JM, Raynal S. Clinical Evidence of the Benefits of Phytonutrients in Human Healthcare. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091712. [PMID: 35565680 PMCID: PMC9102588 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytonutrients comprise many different chemicals, including carotenoids, indoles, glucosinolates, organosulfur compounds, phytosterols, polyphenols, and saponins. This review focuses on the human healthcare benefits of seven phytochemical families and highlights the significant potential contribution of phytonutrients in the prevention and management of pathologies and symptoms in the field of family health. The structure and function of these phytochemical families and their dietary sources are presented, along with an overview of their potential activities across different health and therapeutic targets. This evaluation has enabled complementary effects of the different families of phytonutrients in the same area of health to be recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Monjotin
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Pierre Fabre Medical Care, 81100 Castres, France;
| | - Marie Josèphe Amiot
- Montpellier Interdisciplinary Center on Sustainable Agri-Food Systems, INRAE, Agro Institute, Université de Montpellier, CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France;
| | | | | | - Sylvie Raynal
- Direction Médicale Patients et Consommateurs, Pierre Fabre Medical Care, 81100 Castres, France
- Correspondence:
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13
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Royimani L, Mutanga O, Odindi J, Sibanda M, Chamane S. Determining the onset of autumn grass senescence in subtropical sour-veld grasslands using remote sensing proxies and the breakpoint approach. ECOL INFORM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Shtangeeva I, Niemelä M, Perämäki P, Popov A, Vesavaara I, Suvela R. Response of wheat and barley seedlings on soil contamination with bromides. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:537-550. [PMID: 33392899 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is becoming one of the most important global problems. Understanding the main factors affecting accumulation of toxic trace elements in consumed crops is of particular value. Unfortunately, possible toxicity of many trace elements is still poorly studied. The development of measures on identification of new potentially toxic trace elements is critical for high quality and safety of food. In the research, we performed greenhouse pot experiments with two major crops, wheat and barley, that were grown in the soil contaminated with bromides of ammonium and neodymium. The concentrations of elements in the plants and soil were determined by ICP-MS/ICP-OES after leaching the samples with tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide. Additionally, variations in the biomasses and concentrations of pigments in the plant leaves were studied. Although wheat and barley are botanically similar and were grown under the same conditions, concentrations of several elements in the plants were rather different. Both wheat and barley were capable of accumulating high concentrations of bromine (Br) when the plants grow in the soil contaminated with this trace element, but demonstrated different response on the soil contamination. The Br concentrations were always higher in barley, while the concentrations of pigments in barley leaves were lower than in leaves of wheat. During first days, biomass of the plants grown in the soil contaminated with bromides was slightly lower than biomass of the wheat and barley grown in uncontaminated soil. However, with time the bromides exhibited positive effect on the plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Shtangeeva
- Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034.
| | - Matti Niemelä
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paavo Perämäki
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alexander Popov
- Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034
| | - Ilkka Vesavaara
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ronja Suvela
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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15
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Yun HS, Kim YS, Yoon HS. Effect of Different Cultivation Modes (Photoautotrophic, Mixotrophic, and Heterotrophic) on the Growth of Chlorella sp. and Biocompositions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:774143. [PMID: 34976972 PMCID: PMC8718857 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.774143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, biomass production using microalgae culture was dependent on inorganic carbon sources as microalgae are photosynthetic organisms. However, microalgae utilize both organic and inorganic carbon sources, such as glucose. Glucose is an excellent source of organic carbon that enhances biomass yield and the content of useful substances in microalgae. In this study, photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic cultivation conditions were applied to three well-known strains of Chlorella (KNUA104, KNUA114, and KNUA122) to assess biomass productivity, and compositional changes (lipid, protein, and pigment) were evaluated in BG11 media under photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic conditions utilizing different initial concentrations of glucose (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g L−1). Compared to the photoautotrophic condition (biomass yield: KNUA104, 0.35 ± 0.04 g/L/d; KNUA114, 0.40 ± 0.08 g/L/d; KNUA122, 0.38 ± 0.05 g/L/d) glucose was absent, and the biomass yield improved in the mixotrophic (glucose: 20 g L−1; biomass yield: KNUA104, 2.99 ± 0.10 g/L/d; KNUA114, 5.18 ± 0.81 g/L/d; KNUA122, 5.07 ± 0.22 g/L/d) and heterotrophic conditions (glucose: 20 g L−1; biomass yield: KNUA104, 1.72 ± 0.26 g/L/d; KNUA114, 4.26 ± 0.27 g/L/d; KNUA122, 4.32 ± 0.32 g/L/d). All strains under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions were optimally cultured when 15–20 g L−1 initial glucose was provided. Although bioresourse productivity improved under both mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions where mixotrophic conditions were found to be optimal as the yields of lipid and pigment were also enhanced. Protein content was less affected by the presence of light or the concentration of glucose. Under mixotrophic conditions, the highest lipid content (glucose: 15 g L−1; lipid content: 68.80 ± 0.54%) was obtained with Chlorella vulgaris KNUA104, and enhanced pigment productivity of Chlorella sorokiniana KNUA114 and KNUA122 (additional pigment yield obtained with 15 g L−1 glucose: KNUA 114, 0.33 ± 0.01 g L−1; KNUA122, 0.21 ± 0.01 g L−1). Also, saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was enhanced in all strains (SFA: KNUA104, 29.76 ± 1.31%; KNUA114, 37.01 ± 0.98%; KNUA122, 33.37 ± 0.17%) under mixotrophic conditions. These results suggest that mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella sorokiniana could improve biomass yield and the raw material quality of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sik Yun
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Young-Saeng Kim
- Research Institute of Ulleung-do & Dok-do, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ho-Sung Yoon
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Advanced Bio-Resource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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16
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Improvement in vitamin B 12 status of Wistar rats by supplementing the diet with Chlorella vulgaris biomass. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2021; 58:4270-4281. [PMID: 34538910 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The sources of bioavailable vitamin B12 are limited, and most of them are animal-derived. Chlorella vulgaris, a freshwater microalga, is known for immune system boosting, nutraceutical properties and presence of a natural form of vitamin B12. The present study focused on the in vivo evaluation of the Chlorella biomass as a source of bioavailable vitamin B12 to alleviate the vitamin B12 deficiency status of Wistar rats. Experimental animals were evaluated for the vitamin B12 deficiency-related circulatory marker (serum vitamin B12) and functional markers (plasma homocysteine and urinary methylmalonic acid), haematological and histological changes. The results showed that an increase of 2.4-fold in urinary methylmalonic acid (13.01 ± 0.89 µmoles moles of creatinine-1), 2.6-fold in plasma homocysteine (17.18 ± 3.57 µmole L-1), and 48% decrease in serum vitamin B12 levels (252.69 ± 1.46 pg mL-1) in vitamin B12 deficient group compared to control animals. The Chlorella biomass supplementation in the diet led to the restoration of the functional and circulatory markers, hematological parameters, and vitamin B12 content of kidney and liver to control levels. The Chlorella biomass supplementation increased the erythrocyte precursors and MAST cells in the bone marrow and also normalized the histological features of kidney, liver, and lung tissues. The results suggest that the vitamin B12 from the Chlorella biomass was bioavailable and facilitated the improvement of vitamin B12 status in deficient rats.
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17
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Sharma R, Gupta P. Nutraceutical potential of Pennisetum typhoides microgreens: In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities and in silico Staphylococcus aureus FtsZ inhibition. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Teng J, Liao P, Wang M. The role of emerging micro-scale vegetables in human diet and health benefits-an updated review based on microgreens. Food Funct 2021; 12:1914-1932. [PMID: 33595583 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing public concern about health has prompted humans to find new sources of food. Microgreens are young and immature plants that have been recently introduced as a new category of vegetables, adapting their production at the micro-scale. In this paper, the chemical compositions including micro-nutrients and some typical phytochemicals of microgreens are summarized. Their edible safety and potential health benefits are also reviewed. Microgreens play an increasingly vital role in health-promoting diets. They are considered good sources of nutritional and bioactive compounds, and show potential in the prevention of malnutrition and chronic diseases. Some strategies in the pre- or post-harvest stages of microgreens can be further applied to obtain better nutritional, functional, and sensorial quality with freshness and extended shelf life. This review provides valuable nutrient data and health information for microgreens, laying a theoretical foundation for people to consume microgreens more wisely, and providing great value for the development of functional products with microgreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Teng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P.R. China
| | - Pan Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mingfu Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, P.R. China and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P.R. China.
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19
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Niroula A, Amgain N, Kc R, Adhikari S, Acharya J. Pigments, ascorbic acid, total polyphenols and antioxidant capacities in deetiolated barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) microgreens. Food Chem 2021; 354:129491. [PMID: 33756330 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The study was aimed to evaluate if deetiolation of barley and wheat microgreens after cultivaton in dark (for 5, 7 and 9 days) can enhance the contents of pigments, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, and equivalent antioxidant capacities (EAC) (measured by DPPH and FRAP assay) in correlation to other. Chlorophylls and carotenoids were higher in microgreens that were exposed more to daylight. In contrast, ascorbic acid, polyphenols and EAC of microgreens could be enhanced by 5-7 days of etiolation. However, prolonged etiolation reduced overall antioxidant capacities of microgreens. All evaluated parameters could be satisfactorily represented by regression expressions for the given number of days of etiolation and growth. The ascorbic acid and total carotenoids content had higher correlations with total chlorophyll contents, while the antioxidant capacities were highly correlated to total polyphenols content. The study confirms the potential of deetiolated cultivation of microgreens to enhance selective phytochemicals content and EAC of microgreens.
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20
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Acharya J, Gautam S, Neupane P, Niroula A. Pigments, ascorbic acid, and total polyphenols content and antioxidant capacities of beet ( Beta vulgaris) microgreens during growth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2021.1955924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Acharya
- Department of Food Technology, Nagarik College, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Sonila Gautam
- Department of Food Technology, Nagarik College, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Prakshya Neupane
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Nepal
| | - Anuj Niroula
- Department of Food Technology, Nagarik College, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
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21
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Kaur N, Singh B, Kaur A, Yadav MP, Singh N, Ahlawat AK, Singh AM. Effect of growing conditions on proximate, mineral, amino acid, phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of wheatgrass from different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. Food Chem 2020; 341:128201. [PMID: 33038775 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Wheatgrass juice powder (WJP) from four wheat varieties grown using soil, coco-peat with nutrient solution (CNS) and water (soaked (8 h), germinated (36 h) and harvested on 10th day) were examined for proximate composition, mineral, amino acid, phenolic (free and bound) composition and antioxidant properties. The yield, ash and protein contents of WJP ranged between 4.88-7.87%, 5.18-15.93% and 38.75-50.17%, respectively. The total phenolic, flavonoid, chlorophyll content (TCC) and antioxidant activity varied from 12.02 to 17.44 mg GAE/g, 4.38-10.10 mg QE/g, 3.01-5.63 mg/g, and 13.54-17.33 μmol TE/g, respectively. HD-3086 grown using soil exhibited highest antioxidant properties, TCC and Mg content. WJP of C-306 grown using CNS had abundant essential amino acids (AAs). Phenolic acids (ferulic, syringic and sinapic acids) and flavonoids (catechin, rutin, vitexin and isovitexin) and minerals (K, P, Ca, Mg, Na and Fe) were predominant in WJP. The AAs and free phenolics were more in CNS and soil grown WJP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancydeep Kaur
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Balwinder Singh
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Khalsa College, Amritsar 143002, Punjab, India.
| | - Amritpal Kaur
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Madhav P Yadav
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Narpinder Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Ahlawat
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Anju Mahendru Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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22
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Turner ER, Luo Y, Buchanan RL. Microgreen nutrition, food safety, and shelf life: A review. J Food Sci 2020; 85:870-882. [PMID: 32144769 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Microgreens have gained increasing popularity as food ingredients in recent years because of their high nutritional value and diverse sensorial characteristics. Microgreens are edible seedlings including vegetables and herbs, which have been used, primarily in the restaurant industry, to embellish cuisine since 1996. The rapidly growing microgreen industry faces many challenges. Microgreens share many characteristics with sprouts, and while they have not been associated with any foodborne illness outbreaks, they have recently been the subject of seven recalls. Thus, the potential to carry foodborne pathogens is there, and steps can and should be taken during production to reduce the likelihood of such incidents. One major limitation to the growth of the microgreen industry is the rapid quality deterioration that occurs soon after harvest, which keeps prices high and restricts commerce to local sales. Once harvested, microgreens easily dehydrate, wilt, decay and rapidly lose certain nutrients. Research has explored preharvest and postharvest interventions, such as calcium treatments, modified atmopsphere packaging, temperature control, and light, to maintain quality, augment nutritional value, and extend shelf life. However, more work is needed to optimize both production and storage conditions to improve the safety, quality, and shelf life of microgreens, thereby expanding potential markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R Turner
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, U.S.A.,Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, U.S.A.,Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A
| | - Yaguang Luo
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, U.S.A.,Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, U.S.A
| | - Robert L Buchanan
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.,Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, U.S.A
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23
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Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity Profiles of Different Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Cultivars at Different Developmental Stages. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Barley grass possesses high nutritional value and antioxidant properties. In this study, the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant enzyme activities in six cultivars of barley grass were explored at three developmental stages: tillering, jointing, and booting stages. Total chlorophyll (Chl t) and carotenoid (Car) content, chlorophyll a/b (Chl a/b) ratio, total nitrogen nutrition (TNN), and total soluble protein (TSP) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities were assayed. The results indicated that the cultivar × development interaction was significant and that developmental stage was the main factor affecting the parameters studied. Cultivars had a negligible effect on these parameters, which varied with the developmental stages. In the tillering stage, Chl t and Car content, TNN, and POD activity achieved their highest value; in the jointing stage, SOD activity peaked; in the booting stage, Chl a/b ratio, TSP content, and PPO activity showed their highest values. TNN showed a negative correlation with TSP. Compared with those in the jointing, Chl t, Car, TSP, TNN content, Chl a/b ratio, and POD and PPO activities increased in the booting and the tillering stages, whereas SOD activity decreased. The differences in phytochemical constituents and antioxidant enzyme activities in barley grass were mainly correlated with the developmental stages. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the influence of developmental stages of barley grass on its phytochemical profile and antioxidant activities. Our results will help understand the mechanism of action of barley grass and provide theoretical support for the therapeutic application of barley grass.
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