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Jiménez-Maldonado MI, Islas-Osuna MA, León-Félix J, Tovar-Pedraza JM, Muy-Rangel MD. Glucanases and Chitinases in Mangifera indica: Identification, Classification, Phylogeny, and Expression Analysis of Defense Genes against Colletotrichum spp. Molecules 2024; 29:3556. [PMID: 39124963 PMCID: PMC11313699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant glucanases and chitinases are defense proteins that participate in pathogenesis; however, very little is known about the glucanase (GLUC) and chitinase (CHIT) gene families in mango. Some mango cultivars are of great economic importance and can be affected by anthracnose, a postharvest disease caused by fungi of the genus Colletotrichum spp. This study identified and characterized 23 putative glucanases and 16 chitinases in the mango genome cv. Tommy Atkins. We used phylogenetic analyses to classify the glucanases into three subclasses (A, B, and C) and the chitinases into four classes (I, II, IV, and V). Information on the salicylic, jasmonic acid, and ethylene pathways was obtained by analyzing the cis-elements of the GLUC and CHIT class I and IV gene promoters. The expression profile of GLUC, CHIT class I, and CHIT class IV genes in mango cv. Ataulfo inoculated with two Colletotrichum spp. revealed different profile expression related to these fungi's level of virulence. In general, this study provides the basis for the functional validation of these target genes with which the regulatory mechanisms used by glucanases and chitinases as defense proteins in mango can be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Jiménez-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Culiacán, Carretera a El Dorado km 5.5, Campo El Diez, Culiacán CP 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (M.I.J.-M.); (J.L.-F.); (J.M.T.-P.)
| | - María Auxiliadora Islas-Osuna
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, La Victoria, Hermosillo CP 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Josefina León-Félix
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Culiacán, Carretera a El Dorado km 5.5, Campo El Diez, Culiacán CP 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (M.I.J.-M.); (J.L.-F.); (J.M.T.-P.)
| | - Juan Manuel Tovar-Pedraza
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Culiacán, Carretera a El Dorado km 5.5, Campo El Diez, Culiacán CP 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (M.I.J.-M.); (J.L.-F.); (J.M.T.-P.)
| | - María Dolores Muy-Rangel
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Culiacán, Carretera a El Dorado km 5.5, Campo El Diez, Culiacán CP 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (M.I.J.-M.); (J.L.-F.); (J.M.T.-P.)
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Tao R, Yang B, Lin L, Munir S, Li Y, Wang X, Huang M. Biological characterization of emerging fungal pathogen Colletotrichum associated with mango (Mangifera indica L.) post-harvest anthracnose from Vietnam. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:557. [PMID: 38643317 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-harvest anthracnose (PHA) of mango is a devastating disease, which results in huge loss to mango producers and importers. Various species of PHA, diverse pathogenicity, and different resistance towards fungicides make it essential to evaluate the pathogen taxonomic status and biological characterization. METHODS AND RESULTS Two strains DM-1 and DM-2 isolated from the fruit of DaQing mango from Vietnam were identified as Colletotrichum fructicola and C. asianum respectively, based on the morphological features, along with the phylogenetic tree of ITS and ApMat combined sequences. The growth status of different Colletotrichum strains under different conditions was analyzed to reveal the biological characteristics. The optimum growth temperature of DM-1 and DM-2 was 28 °C and mycelia grew rapidly in the dark. Both strains could grow in media with pH 4-11, while the optimum pH value was 6. Maltose and soluble starch were the most suitable carbon source for DM-1 and DM-2 respectively, and the peptone was the most suitable nitrogen source for both strains. The lethal temperatures were recorded as 55 °C 5 min for DM-1, and 50 °C 10 min for DM-2. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study reporting the identification of the pathogens: C. fructicola and C. asianum responsible for postharvest fruit anthracnose of mango in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruize Tao
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences and Engineering Research Center for Urban Modern Agriculture of Higher Education in Yunnan Province, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650214, China
| | - Bingjuan Yang
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences and Engineering Research Center for Urban Modern Agriculture of Higher Education in Yunnan Province, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650214, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Li Lin
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences and Engineering Research Center for Urban Modern Agriculture of Higher Education in Yunnan Province, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650214, China
| | - Shahzad Munir
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Yuchuan Li
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences and Engineering Research Center for Urban Modern Agriculture of Higher Education in Yunnan Province, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650214, China
| | - Xi Wang
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences and Engineering Research Center for Urban Modern Agriculture of Higher Education in Yunnan Province, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650214, China
| | - Min Huang
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences and Engineering Research Center for Urban Modern Agriculture of Higher Education in Yunnan Province, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650214, China.
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Norphanphoun C, Hyde KD. First Report of Colletotrichum fructicola, C. rhizophorae sp. nov. and C. thailandica sp. nov. on Mangrove in Thailand. Pathogens 2023; 12:1436. [PMID: 38133319 PMCID: PMC10747506 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum, a genus within the phylum Ascomycota (Fungi) and family Glomerellaceae are important plant pathogens globally. In this paper, we detail four Colletotrichum species found in mangrove ecosystems. Two new species, Colletotrichum rhizophorae and C. thailandica, and a new host record for Colletotrichum fructicola were identified in Thailand. Colletotrichum tropicale was collected from Taiwan's mangroves and is a new record for Rhizophora mucronata. These identifications were established through a combination of molecular analysis and morphological characteristics. This expanded dataset for Colletotrichum enhances our understanding of the genetic diversity within this genus and its associations with mangrove ecosystems. The findings outlined herein provide data on our exploration of mangrove pathogens in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chada Norphanphoun
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
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Dofuor AK, Quartey NKA, Osabutey AF, Antwi-Agyakwa AK, Asante K, Boateng BO, Ablormeti FK, Lutuf H, Osei-Owusu J, Osei JHN, Ekloh W, Loh SK, Honger JO, Aidoo OF, Ninsin KD. Mango anthracnose disease: the current situation and direction for future research. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1168203. [PMID: 37692388 PMCID: PMC10484599 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1168203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mango anthracnose disease (MAD) is a destructive disease of mangoes, with estimated yield losses of up to 100% in unmanaged plantations. Several strains that constitute Colletotrichum complexes are implicated in MAD worldwide. All mangoes grown for commercial purposes are susceptible, and a resistant cultivar for all strains is not presently available on the market. The infection can widely spread before being detected since the disease is invincible until after a protracted latent period. The detection of multiple strains of the pathogen in Mexico, Brazil, and China has prompted a significant increase in research on the disease. Synthetic pesticide application is the primary management technique used to manage the disease. However, newly observed declines in anthracnose susceptibility to many fungicides highlight the need for more environmentally friendly approaches. Recent progress in understanding the host range, molecular and phenotypic characterization, and susceptibility of the disease in several mango cultivars is discussed in this review. It provides updates on the mode of transmission, infection biology and contemporary management strategies. We suggest an integrated and ecologically sound approach to managing MAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Naa Kwarley-Aba Quartey
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | - Kwasi Asante
- Coconut Research Program, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Belinda Obenewa Boateng
- Coconut Research Program, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Fred Kormla Ablormeti
- Coconut Research Program, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Hanif Lutuf
- Crop Protection Division, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kade, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Osei-Owusu
- Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Ekloh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Seyram Kofi Loh
- Department of Built Environment, School of Sustainable Development, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Joseph Okani Honger
- Soil and Irrigation Research Centre, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Owusu Fordjour Aidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Kodwo Dadzie Ninsin
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
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Hsieh TF, Shen YM, Huang JH, Tsai JN, Lu MT, Lin CP. Insights into Grape Ripe Rot: A Focus on the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Species Complex and Its Management Strategies. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2873. [PMID: 37571026 PMCID: PMC10421077 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Grape ripe rot, which is predominantly caused by the Colletotrichum species, presents a growing threat to global grape cultivation. This threat is amplified by the increasing populations of the Colletotrichum species in response to warmer climates. In this review, we investigate the wide-ranging spectrum of grape ripe rot, specifically highlighting the role and characteristics of the C. gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC). We incorporate this understanding as we explore the diverse symptoms that lead to infected grapevines, their intricate life cycle and epidemiology, and the escalating prevalence of C. viniferum in Asia and globally. Furthermore, we delve into numerous disease management strategies, both conventional and emerging, such as prevention and mitigation measures. These strategies include the examination of host resistances, beneficial cultivation practices, sanitation measures, microbiome health maintenance, fungicide choice and resistance, as well as integrated management approaches. This review seeks to enhance our understanding of this globally significant disease, aspiring to assist in the development and improvement of effective prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Fang Hsieh
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; (T.-F.H.); (J.-H.H.); (J.-N.T.)
| | - Yuan-Min Shen
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Jin-Hsing Huang
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; (T.-F.H.); (J.-H.H.); (J.-N.T.)
| | - Jyh-Nong Tsai
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; (T.-F.H.); (J.-H.H.); (J.-N.T.)
| | - Ming-Te Lu
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City 41326, Taiwan;
| | - Chu-Ping Lin
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; (T.-F.H.); (J.-H.H.); (J.-N.T.)
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Alhudaib K, Ismail AM, Magistà D. Multi-Locus Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Association of Six Colletotrichum Species with Anthracnose Disease of Coffee ( Coffea arabica L.) in Saudi Arabia. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:705. [PMID: 37504694 PMCID: PMC10381574 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several Colletotrichum species are able to cause anthracnose disease in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and occur in all coffee production areas worldwide. A planned investigation of coffee plantations was carried out in Southwest Saudi Arabia in October, November, and December 2022. Various patterns of symptoms were observed in all 23 surveyed coffee plantations due to unknown causal agents. Isolation from symptomatic fresh samples was performed on a PDA medium supplemented with streptomycin sulfate (300 mg L-1) and copper hydroxide (42.5 mg L-1). Twenty-seven pure isolates of Colletotrichum-like fungi were obtained using a spore suspension method. The taxonomic placements of Colletotrichum-like fungi were performed based on the sequence dataset of multi-loci of internal transcribed spacer region rDNA (ITS), chitin synthase I (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT), β-tubulin (TUB2), and partial mating type (Mat1-2) (ApMat) genes. The novel species are described in detail, including comprehensive morphological characteristics and colored illustrations. The pathogenicity of the isolated Colletotrichum species was assessed on detached coffee leaves as well as green and red fruit under laboratory conditions. The multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of the six-loci, ITS, ACT, CHS-1, TUB2, GAPDH and ApMat, revealed that 25 isolates were allocated within the C. gloeosporioides complex, while the remaining two isolates were assigned to the C. boninense complex. Six species were recognized, four of them, C. aeschynomenes, C. siamense, C. phyllanthi, and C. karstii, had been previously described. Based on molecular analyses and morphological examination comparisons, C. saudianum and C. coffeae-arabicae represent novel members within the C. gloeosporioides complex. Pathogenicity investigation confirmed that the Colletotrichum species could induce disease in coffee leaves as well as green and red fruits with variations. Based on the available literature and research, this is the first documentation for C. aeschynomenes, C. siamense, C. karstii, C. phyllanthi, C. saudianum, and C. coffeae-arabicae to cause anthracnose on coffee in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Alhudaib
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Pests and Plant Diseases Unit, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud Ismail
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Pests and Plant Diseases Unit, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donato Magistà
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari A. Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
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Wen L, Li H. Morphology, Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose in Camellia japonica in China. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Camellia japonica is a renowned flower and an influential plant in Chinese urban landscaping. However, Colletotrichum, one of the world’s most commercially important phytopathogenic genera that causes anthracnose on a wide range of plant species, have annually caused significant economic losses to Ca. japonica. In this study, 115 strains were isolated from Ca. japonica leaves with typical symptoms from the provinces of Hunan, Jiangxi, Hainan, Guangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Shanxi. They were then subjected to pathogen identification and using method of morphology combined with ApMat gene sequence analysis, along with the pathogenicity tests based on Koch’s postulates. The 115 strains were identified as C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. camelliae or C. aeschynomenes. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all species produced brown lesions on healthy Ca. japonica leaves, indicating significant virulence. Furthermore, C. fructicola had the broadest distribution and the highest isolation rate., Most importantly, this is the first report in China of C. aeschynomenes causing the anthracnose disease in Ca. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Wen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Diseases and Pests of South Plantation, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - He Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Diseases and Pests of South Plantation, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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He J, Sun ML, Li DW, Zhu LH, Ye JR, Huang L. A real-time PCR for detection of pathogens of anthracnose on Chinese fir using TaqMan probe targeting ApMat gene. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:980-988. [PMID: 36310118 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracnose is one of the most widespread and destructive diseases on Chinese fir. Colletotrichum cangyuanense, Colletotrichum fructicola, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Colletotrichum siamense are the causal agents of anthracnose on Chinese fir. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of different pathogens is critical for the disease management. RESULTS Phylogenetic tree and sequence similarity analysis showed that the single-locus ApMat provides superior phylogenetic information and is an appropriate target to distinguish C. cangyuanense, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, and C. siamense. The real-time PCR assays with the primer sets of MQ-F/R, 1#C-F/R, YK-F/R, and WZ-F/R, and corresponding TaqMan probes of MQ-P, 1#C-P, YK-P, and WZ-P were specific for C. cangyuanense, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, and C. siamense, respectively. The sensitivity tests showed that the lowest amount of gDNA that the PCRs can detect was 1 ng of genomic DNA. The validity of the assays was confirmed by directly detecting the pathogens from both the fungal culture and infected Chinese fir. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated the potential of the TaqMan real-time PCR targeting the ApMat gene to provide rapid, specific, and reliable molecular detection of C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. siamense, and C. cangyuanense, respectively. The data also provided a reference solution for the identification of species within Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC), which share similar morphological characteristics. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao He
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Ling Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - De-Wei Li
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT, USA
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Ren Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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He J, Li DW, Bian JY, Zhu LH, Huang L. Unravelling Species Diversity and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Associated with Anthracnose on Osmanthus fragrans in Quanjiao, China. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:350-362. [PMID: 35822885 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0810-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans is a popular ornamental tree species known for its fragrant flowers and is widely cultivated in Asia, Europe, and North America. Anthracnose is a disastrous threat to the growth and development of O. fragrans and has caused significant economic losses. To reveal the potential pathogen diversity of anthracnose, 127 isolates of Colletotrichum were isolated from the symptomatic leaves. Morphological studies and multilocus phylogenetic analyses with the concatenated sequences of the internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, chitin synthase, actin, beta-tubulin, calmodulin, and the intergenic region between Apn2 and Mat1-2-1, as well as a pairwise homoplasy index, test placed the causal fungi as two new species, Colletotrichum anhuiense (two isolates) and C. osmanthicola (12 isolates), and three known taxa, C. fructicola (18 isolates), C. gloeosporioides (62 isolates), and C. karstii (33 isolates). Among them, C. gloeosporioides was the most dominant, and C. anhuiense was occasionally discovered from the host tissues. Pathogenicity tests in vivo on O. fragrans leaves revealed a significant difference in virulence among these species. Of them, C. gloeosporioides, C. osmanthicola, and C. anhuiense were significantly more virulent than C. fructicola and C. karstii, while C. karstii was the least virulent. To our knowledge, this study was the first to report the pathogen diversity of anthracnose on O. fragrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao He
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - De-Wei Li
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT 06095, U.S.A
| | - Jin-Yue Bian
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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Huang R, Gui Q, Zhang Y, Sun W, Tang L, Huang S, Guo T, Li Q, Mo J, Huang H, Fan M, Zhang Z, Hsiang T. Identification and Observation of Infection Processes of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Pearl Plum Anthracnose in Guangxi, China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:3154-3165. [PMID: 35549326 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0765-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pearl plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) is mainly cultivated in Tian'e County in Guangxi Province, southern China. Anthracnose is a devastating disease on pearl plum, causing extensive leaf blight. Diseased leaves were sampled from 21 orchards in Tian'e County. Isolates were first screened for ones resembling Colletotrichum, and 21 representative isolates were selected for sequencing of portions of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the intergenic region of apn2 and MAT1-2-1 genes (ApMAT), actin (ACT), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), calmodulin (CAL), chitin synthase (CHS-1), and β-tubulin 2 (TUB2). Based on colony, conidial, and appressorial morphology and sequence analyses, the Colletotrichum isolates associated with pearl plum anthracnose were identified as four species: Colletotrichum fructicola (16 isolates), C. gloeosporioides (3 isolates), C. cigarro (1 isolate), and C. siamense (1 isolate). The results of pathogenicity tests showed that isolates of all four species were pathogenic to wounded leaves of pearl plum seedlings. In this study, we microscopically observed the infection processes of isolates of these four species on attached pearl plum leaves. For C. cigarro and C. siamense, the entire infection processes took 120 h; for C. fructicola and C. gloeosporioides, it only took 72 h. This is the first report of C. fructicola and C. cigarro causing anthracnose on pearl plum worldwide, and also the first report of C. siamense causing anthracnose on pearl plum in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Qing Gui
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Wenxiu Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Lihua Tang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Suiping Huang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Tangxun Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Qili Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Jianyou Mo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Huiye Huang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Mingzhong Fan
- Science and Technology Bureau of Tian'e County, Guangxi, China
| | - Zongbin Zhang
- Science and Technology Bureau of Tian'e County, Guangxi, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Peng K, Pan Y, Tan T, Zeng X, Lin M, Jiang S, Zhao Z, Tian F, Zhao X. Characterization and fungicide sensitivity of Colletotrichum godetiae causing sweet cherry fruit anthracnose in Guizhou, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:923181. [PMID: 36312935 PMCID: PMC9611538 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.923181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet cherry is an important fruit crop with high economic and ornamental value in China. However, cherry fruit anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum species, greatly impacts cherry yield and quality. Here, we surveyed cherry anthracnose in Guizhou, China from 2019–2020. Necrotic sweet cherry fruits were collected from different areas in Guizhou and examined. A total of 116 Colletotrichum strains were isolated from these symptomatic fruits. Based on the morphological characteristics of the isolates and phylogenetic analyses of concatenate internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and ACT, CHS-1, GAPDH, TUB2, and HIS3 genes, the pathogen responsible for causing sweet cherry anthracnose was identified as Colletotrichum godetiae. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating healthy sweet cherry fruits with spore suspensions of the fungal pathogen, and Koch’s postulates were confirmed by pathogen re-isolation and identification. The Q-1 isolate showed different sensitivities to 13 fungicides, exhibiting seven different modes of action, and its EC50 values ranged from 0.04 to 91.26 μg ml−1. According to that, the sensitivity of 20 isolates from different samples to ten fungicides with better performance, were measured. The results showed that 6 of the 10 fungicides (difenoconazole, propiconazole, prochloraz-manganese, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin-tebuconazole, and difenoconazole-azoxystrobin) all showed higher sensitive to the 20\u00B0C. godetiae isolates, and no resistance groups appeared. Its EC50 values ranged from 0.013 to 1.563 μg ml−1. In summary, this is the first report demonstrating that C. godetiae causes sweet cherry anthracnose and the results of this study provide insights into how sweet cherry anthracnose could be effectively controlled in China.
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Characterization of Colletotrichum Isolates from Strawberry and Other Hosts with Reference to Cross-Inoculation Potential. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182373. [PMID: 36145774 PMCID: PMC9500779 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Colletotrichum is an important phytopathogenic fungus that causes anthracnose disease in diverse agronomically important tropical food crops. Accurate pathogen identification is critical for early diagnosis and efficient management of anthracnose. ITS is not a reliable marker for this fungal genus due to its failure to phylogenetically resolve cryptic species. In this study, 36 Colletotrichum isolates belonging to the Acutatum, Boninense and Gloeosporioides species complexes were characterized using multigene phylogenetic analyses, morphology and pathogenicity assays. Additionally, the cross-inoculation potential of a representative subset of isolates was evaluated revealing that cross-infection potential is possible among the isolates belonging to the same species complex.
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Isolation and Molecular Identification of Serratia Strains Producing Chitinases, Glucanases, Cellulases, and Prodigiosin and Determination of Their Antifungal Effect against Colletotrichum siamense and Alternaria alternata In Vitro and on Mango Fruit. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb13030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms represent a viable option for the control of phytopathogens. From the surface of healthy mangoes, different bacteria were isolated. For all isolated bacterial strains, we determined their antimicrobial activity against a fungal strain that caused anthracnose in mangoes and against Alternaria alternata, both in the culture medium and directly on mangoes. The bacterial strains with the highest antifungal activity were identified by sequencing the 16s rRNA gene. Two species of Serratia were identified: marcescens and nematodiphila. Finally, the chitinolytic, glucanolytic, and cellulolytic activity and prodigiosin production of bacteria with antifungal activity was determined. Five fungal strains were isolated from mangoes with anthracnose. Only one strain was responsible for anthracnose in mangoes. This fungal strain was identified as Colletotrichum siamense. Against C. siamense and A. alternata in vitro and in mango selected strains of Serratia showed antifungal activity. Finally, the Serratia strains produced chitinases, glucanases, cellulases and prodigiosin, and the two S. marcescens strains did not produce hemolysins. The three Serratia strains isolated in this study can potentially be used in the biological control of anthracnose caused by C. siamense and A. alternata on mango.
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Chen Y, Fu D, Wang W, Gleason ML, Zhang R, Liang X, Sun G. Diversity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Apple Bitter Rot and Glomerella Leaf Spot in China. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070740. [PMID: 35887495 PMCID: PMC9322356 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter rot and Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) of apples, caused by Colletotrichum species, are major diseases of apples around the world. A total of 98 isolates were obtained from apple fruits with bitter rot, and 53 isolates were obtained from leaves with leaf spot in the primary apple production regions in China. These isolates were characterized morphologically, and five gene regions (ITS, ACT, GAPDH, CHS-1 and TUB2) were sequenced for each isolate. A phylogenetic analysis, combined with a comparison of the morphological, cultural and pathogenic characters, sorted bitter rot isolates into six species: C. alienum, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto, C. nymphaeae, C. siamense and one new species, C. orientalis Dandan Fu & G.Y. Sun. Among these, C. siamense was the predominant pathogen associated with bitter rot. Isolates from leaf spot were identified as two species, C. aenigma and C. fructicola. This is the first report of C. orientalis as an apple bitter rot pathogen worldwide, and the results provide important insights into the diversity of Colletotrichum species in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.C.); (D.F.); (W.W.); (R.Z.)
| | - Dandan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.C.); (D.F.); (W.W.); (R.Z.)
- College of Food & Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.C.); (D.F.); (W.W.); (R.Z.)
| | - Mark L. Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.C.); (D.F.); (W.W.); (R.Z.)
| | - Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.C.); (D.F.); (W.W.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (G.S.); Tel.: +86-29-87092075 (G.S.)
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.C.); (D.F.); (W.W.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (G.S.); Tel.: +86-29-87092075 (G.S.)
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15
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Kennedy AH, Schoch CL, Marrero G, Brover V, Robbertse B. Publicly Available and Validated DNA Reference Sequences Are Critical to Fungal Identification and Global Plant Protection Efforts: A Use-Case in Colletotrichum. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1573-1596. [PMID: 35538602 PMCID: PMC9196201 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-2083-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Publicly available and validated DNA reference sequences useful for phylogeny estimation and identification of fungal pathogens are an increasingly important resource in the efforts of plant protection organizations to facilitate safe international trade of agricultural commodities. Colletotrichum species are among the most frequently encountered and regulated plant pathogens at U.S. ports-of-entry. The RefSeq Targeted Loci (RTL) project at NCBI (BioProject no. PRJNA177353) contains a database of curated fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences that interact extensively with NCBI Taxonomy, resulting in verified name-strain-sequence type associations for >12,000 species. We present a publicly available dataset of verified and curated name-type strain-sequence associations for all available Colletotrichum species. This includes an updated GenBank Taxonomy for 238 species associated with up to 11 protein coding loci and an updated RTL ITS dataset for 226 species. We demonstrate that several marker loci are well suited for phylogenetic inference and identification. We improve understanding of phylogenetic relationships among verified species, verify or improve phylogenetic circumscriptions of 14 species complexes, and reveal that determining relationships among these major clades will require additional data. We present detailed comparisons between phylogenetic and similarity-based approaches to species identification, revealing complex patterns among single marker loci that often lead to misidentification when based on single-locus similarity approaches. We also demonstrate that species-level identification is elusive for a subset of samples regardless of analytical approach, which may be explained by novel species diversity in our dataset and incomplete lineage sorting and lack of accumulated synapomorphies at these loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H. Kennedy
- National Identification Services, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Conrad L. Schoch
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Glorimar Marrero
- National Identification Services, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Vyacheslav Brover
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Barbara Robbertse
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
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Huang RH, Zhong FT, Liu YL, Chen JG. First Report of Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose in Allamanda cathartica in China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:PDIS08211859PDN. [PMID: 34784752 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-21-1859-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R H Huang
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China 524088
| | - F T Zhong
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China 524088
| | - Y L Liu
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China 524088
| | - J G Chen
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China 524088
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17
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Duan CH, Chen GY. First Report of Colletotrichum tropicale Causing Anthracnose on Common Fig in Taiwan. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:PDIS06211329PDN. [PMID: 34844452 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-21-1329-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C-H Duan
- Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Taichung 41358, Taiwan
| | - G-Y Chen
- Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Taichung 41358, Taiwan
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18
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Liu CY, Liu YL, Xie Z. First Report of Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose in Osmanthus fragrans in China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2749. [PMID: 35306848 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-22-0278-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans Lin. is widely cultivated in China. Its flower is precious spices. It is also a garden ornamental plant. In March 2021, anthracnose-type lesions were observed on the leaves of O. fragrans in a public garden in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China (21˚17'47''N, 110˚18'58''E). Disease incidence was around 50% (n = 100 investigated plants from about 30 hectares). The early symptoms were yellow spots on the edge or tip of the leaves. The spots gradually expanded and became dark brown, eventually coalescing into large irregular or circular lesions. Ten symptomatic leaves from 10 plants were sampled. The margins of the samples were cut into 2 mm × 2 mm pieces. The surfaces were disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30 sec and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 60 sec . Thereafter, the samples were rinsed thrice in sterile water, placed on PDA, and incubated at 28 ℃. Pure cultures were obtained by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. Thirty-two isolates of Colletotrichum ssp. were obtained (isolation frequency = 32/4×10 = 80%). Three representative single-spore isolates (OFC-1, OFC-2, and OFC-3) were used for further study. Colonies on PDA were white to gray with cottony mycelia in 6 days at 28 ℃. Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, cylindrical, clavate, and obtuse at both ends; they measured 10.5 to 17.5 µm × 3.5 to 5.0 µm (n = 50). Appressoria were oval to irregular in shape and dark brown in color, and they measured 6.5 to 8.5 µm × 4.5 to 7.5 µm (n = 20). Morphological characteristics matched the description of Colletotrichum siamense (Prihastuti et al. 2009; Sharma et al. 2013). For molecular identification, the colony PCR method (Lu et al., 2012) was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), chitin synthase (CHS-1), and actin (ACT) loci of the isolates using primer pairs ITS1/ITS4, GDF1/GDR1, CHS-79F/CHS-354R, and ACT-512F/ACT-783R, respectively (Weir et al. 2012). Sequences of them deposited in GenBank under nos. MZ047368-MZ047370 (ITS), MZ126925-MZ126927 (GAPDH), MZ126895-MZ126897 (CHS-1), and MZ126835-MZ126837 (ACT). A phylogenetic tree was generated on the basis of the concatenated data from sequences of ITS, GAPDH, CHS-1, and ACT that clustered the isolates with C. siamense (the type strain MFLU 090230), while distanced the isolates with C. gloeosporioides (the type strain CBS 112999). The pathogenicity was tested through in vivo experiments. In group 1, the inoculation and control plants (n = 5, 3-month-old) were sprayed with a spore suspension (1 × 105 per mL) of the isolates and sterile distilled water, respectively, until run-off. In group 2, the unwounded leaflets were inoculated with mycelial plugs of the isolates or agar plugs (as control). Three plugs were for each leaflet ( n = 5). The plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse at 25°C to 28°C, with relative humidities approximately 80%. Anthracnose lesions were observed on the inoculated leaves after 10 days while the control plants remained healthy. The pathogen re-isolated from all the inoculated leaves was identical to the inoculation isolates in terms of morphology and just ITS analysis, but unsuccessful from the control plants. C. gloeosporioides has been reported to cause leaf spot on O. fragrans in Jiangxi Province of China (Tanget al., 2018), but not by C. siamense. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report C. siamense causing anthracnose on O. fragrans. Thus, this work provides a foundation for controlling anthracnose in O. fragrans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu Liu
- Guangdong Ocean University, 74780, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yue Lian Liu
- Guangdong Ocean University, 74780, Mazhang District Huguangyan East Road 1, Zhanjiang, China, 524088;
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Liu J, Tian R, Metok K, Shen X, Zhang M, Liu D, Li P. First Report of Colletotrichum siamense causing anthracnose on Podocarpus macrophyllus in Sichuan Province of China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2760. [PMID: 35285259 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-22-0065-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) D. Don is a perennial evergreen tree of the Podocarpaceae family, which is widely used in landscape, medicine and forest interplanting (Qin et al. 2021). In August 2020, approximately 10% of the leaves have expressed symptoms of anthracnose in the campus of Sichuan Agricultural University (E103°51'35.88″, N30°42'30.41″). The lesions were light brown small sunken spots on the leaf tip in the early stage, then spread along the petiole to expanded into larger, irregular gray-white lesions in the late stage, with sparse black dots arranged above. The edge of the lesion was obvious with a fine smooth dark brown line. Samples taken from the lesions were surface disinfected for 3 min in 4% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed in sterile water and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), Eight single-spore cultures isolates from 10 samples were obtained and subcultured. After five days at 25°C in the dark, the mycelium of a representative culture LJS1 covered the entire plate surface (9 cm diameter). Hyphae were initially white at first, and turned pale grayish in the later stage. After about 10 days, a large number of pink conidial mass were formed around the center. Conidia 14.7 - 18.6 μm (mean 16.2 μm) in length and 4.4 -7.1 μm (mean 5.8 μm) in width (n = 100), nonseptate, cylindrical, two ends round or one end slightly acute. Conidial appressoria 5.7 - 9.3 μm (mean 7.8 μm) in length and 4.4 - 7.9 μm (mean 6.2 μm) in width (n = 50), clavate, ovoid to slightly irregular. Based on these characteristics, isolates were tentatively identified as Colletotrichum siamense complex (Sharma et al. 2013). Pathogenicity tests were conducted by spraying a conidial suspension of LJS1 (1 × 107conidia/ml) to 10 wounded and 10 non-wounded leaves from P. macrophyllus plants. Two areas of cuticle on either side of the midrib of each leaf were wounded by lightly scratching with a needle prior to inoculation (Du et al. 2020). As a control, distilled water was sprayed onto an equal number of wounded and non-wounded leaves. All inoculated and control plants were incubated in greenhouse (about 25 ± 2°C). Lesions similar to those observed in the field appeared on all wounded inoculated leaves within eight days after inoculation, whereas the non-wounded inoculated leaves and the controls remained symptomless. Reisolations of the putative pathogen were confirmed through morphological characteristics and the representative culture LJS1 were confirmed to be the pathogenic agents. The internal transcribed spaces (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), gene spacer region between Apn2 and Mat1-2(ApMat) genes were sequenced (Sharma et al. 2013) and deposited in GenBank (accession numbers OK036793, OK067325 and OK086086 respectively). These sequences were highly identical to those of C. siamense Prihastuti, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde (culture LF 139): accession numbers KJ955087.1 (99%), KJ954788.1 (99%), KJ954503.1 (99%), respectively. Based on the morphology and our multi-locus approach, the pathogen was convincingly identified for the first time as C. siamense. However, there are no reports of C. siamense causing anthracnose on P. macrophyllus worldwide. The identification of the causal agent of the disease made clear the pathogen causing anthracnose on P. macrophyllus, and provide theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dan Liu
- Sichuan agriculture university, Chengdu , Sichuan, China;
| | - PeiLi Li
- Sichuan Agriculture University, College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China;
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20
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Current Insight into Traditional and Modern Methods in Fungal Diversity Estimates. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030226. [PMID: 35330228 PMCID: PMC8955040 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are an important and diverse component in various ecosystems. The methods to identify different fungi are an important step in any mycological study. Classical methods of fungal identification, which rely mainly on morphological characteristics and modern use of DNA based molecular techniques, have proven to be very helpful to explore their taxonomic identity. In the present compilation, we provide detailed information on estimates of fungi provided by different mycologistsover time. Along with this, a comprehensive analysis of the importance of classical and molecular methods is also presented. In orderto understand the utility of genus and species specific markers in fungal identification, a polyphasic approach to investigate various fungi is also presented in this paper. An account of the study of various fungi based on culture-based and cultureindependent methods is also provided here to understand the development and significance of both approaches. The available information on classical and modern methods compiled in this study revealed that the DNA based molecular studies are still scant, and more studies are required to achieve the accurate estimation of fungi present on earth.
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Hassan O, Kim JS, Romain BBND, Chang T. An account of Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose of Atractylodes ovata in South Korea based on morphology and molecular data. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263084. [PMID: 35077506 PMCID: PMC8789177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovate-leaf atractylodes (OLA) (Atractylodes ovata) is a well-known medicinal plant in Korea; its dried rhizome and root extracts are used in herbal medicine. However, anthracnose is a great challenge to the OLA cultivation in South Korea. Colletotrichum spp. is a major group of plant pathogens responsible for anthracnose on a range of economically important hosts. Its occurrence on OLA remains unresolved. To investigate the diversity, morphology, phylogeny, and biology of Colletotrichum spp., 32 fungal isolates were obtained from 30 OLA-affected leaves collected from five different farms, in two regions in South Korea, Mungyeong and Sangju. The phylogenetic analysis with four or five gene loci (ITS, TUB2, ACT, GAPDH, and CHS-1) along with morphology of 26 representative isolates delineated six previously known Colletotrichum species including C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto (s.s), C. cigarro, C. plurivorum, C. siamense and C. sojae, and one new species, described here as C. ovataense. Amongst these species, C. gloeosporioides s.s. and C. plurivorum were the most prevalent species. A pathogenicity test on the detached leaves revealed that different Colletotrichum species presented a distinct degree of virulence, confirming Koch's postulates. In this study, C. fructicola, C. cigarro, C. plurivorum, C. siamense, and C. sojae were reported from A. ovata for the first time, as the causal agent of ovate-leaf atractylodes anthracnose. Understanding the diversity and biology of the Colletotrichum species population will help in managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliul Hassan
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Sung Kim
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bekale Be Ndong Dimitri Romain
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Chang
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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22
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Colletotrichum species and complexes: geographic distribution, host range and conservation status. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Tang JR, Liu YL, Yin XG, Lu JN. First Report on Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose of Castor Bean in Zhanjiang, China. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3293. [PMID: 33900114 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-21-0119-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an important oil crop. Anthracnose lesions were observed on leaves of castor bean at the stage of budding and fruiting in field (21˚17'51''N, 110˚18'16''E), Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China in August 2019. The incidence rate was approximately 40% (n=600 investigated plants). Early symptoms were yellow spots appearing from the edge or the tip of the leaves. Later, the spots gradually expanded and became dark brown, which coalesced into larger irregular or circular lesions (Supplementary Figure 1). Seven diseased leaves were collected from seven plants. Margins of the diseased tissue were cut into 2 mm × 2 mm pieces. The surfaces were disinfested with 75% ethanol for 30 s and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 60 s. Thereafter, the samples were rinsed three times in sterile water, placed on PDA, and incubated at 28 °C. Pure cultures were obtained by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. A single-spore isolate (RLC-1) was used for further study. The colony of isolate RLC-1 on PDA was white to gray in color with cottony mycelia in 6 days at 28 °C. Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, cylindrical, clavate, obtuse at both ends and measured 14.2 to 18.5 µm × 3.8 to 5.5 µm (n =50). Appressoria were oval to irregular in shape, dark brown, and ranged from 7.3 to 10.5 µm × 5.7 to 6.5 µm (n = 20). Morphological characteristics of isolate RLC-1 were consistent with the description of Colletotrichum siamense (Prihastuti et al. 2009; Sharma et al. 2013). DNA of the isolate RLC-1 was extracted for PCR sequencing using primers for the rDNA ITS (ITS1/ITS4), GAPDH (GDF1/GDR1), and ACT (ACT-512F/ACT-783R) (Weir et al. 2012). Analysis of the ITS (accession no. MN880199), GAPDH (MN884048), and ACT (MN891766) sequences revealed a 99%-100% identity with the corresponding ITS (JX010250), GAPDH (KX578786), ACT (JX009541) sequences of C. siamense in GenBank. A phylogenetic tree was generated on the basis of the concatenated data from sequences of ITS, GAPDH, and ACT that clustered the isolate RLC-1 with C. siamense with the type strain ICMP 19118 (Supplementary Figure 2). Morphological characteristic and phylogenetic analysis identified the isolate RLC-1 associated with anthracnose of castor bean as C. siamense. Pathogenicity test was performed in a greenhouse at 24 °C to 30 °C with 80% relative humidity. Twenty healthy plants of Zi Bi No. 5 castor bean (2 month old) were grown in pots with one plant in each pot. Inoculation was conducted on leaves with mycelial plugs of RLC-1 or agar plugs (as control). Three plugs were considered for each leaflet. Ten plants were used in each treatment (five for wounded inoculation and five for unwound inoculation). Anthracnose lesions as earlier were observed on the leaves after 2 weeks, while the control plants remained healthy. The pathogen re-isolated from all inoculated leaves was identical to the isolate RLC-1 by morphology and ITS analysis but not from control plants. C. siamense causes anthracnose on various plant hosts, including mango in Colombia (Pardo-De la Hoz et al. 2016) and Rosa chinensis in China (Feng et al. 2019) but not including castor bean. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report C. siamense causing anthracnose on castor bean. Thus, this work provides a basis for focusing on the management of the disease in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Rong Tang
- Guangdong Ocean University, 74780, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yue Lian Liu
- Guangdong Ocean University, 74780, Mazhang District Huguangyan East Road 1, Zhanjiang, China, 524088;
| | - Xue Gui Yin
- Guangdong Ocean University, 74780, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China;
| | - Jian Nong Lu
- Guangdong Ocean University, 74780, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China;
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Eaton MJ, Edwards S, Inocencio HA, Machado FJ, Nuckles EM, Farman M, Gauthier NA, Vaillancourt LJ. Diversity and Cross-Infection Potential of Colletotrichum Causing Fruit Rots in Mixed-Fruit Orchards in Kentucky. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1115-1128. [PMID: 32870109 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1273-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungi in the genus Colletotrichum cause apple, blueberry, and strawberry fruit rots, which can result in significant losses. Accurate identification is important because species differ in aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity, and other factors affecting management. Multiple Colletotrichum species can cause similar symptoms on the same host, and more than one fruit type can be infected by a single Colletotrichum species. Mixed-fruit orchards may facilitate cross-infection, with significant management implications. Colletotrichum isolates from small fruits in Kentucky orchards were characterized and compared with apple isolates via a combination of morphotyping, sequencing of voucher loci and whole genomes, and cross-inoculation assays. Seven morphotypes representing two species complexes (C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides) were identified. Morphotypes corresponded with phylogenetic species C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. nymphaeae, and C. siamense, identified by TUB2 or GAPDH barcodes. Phylogenetic trees built from nine single-gene sequences matched barcoding results with one exception, later determined to belong to an undescribed species. Comparison of single-gene trees with representative whole genome sequences revealed that CHS and ApMat were the most informative for diagnosis of fruit rot species and individual morphotypes within the C. acutatum or C. gloeosporioides complexes, respectively. All blueberry isolates belonged to C. fioriniae, and most strawberry isolates were C. nymphaeae, with a few C. siamense and C. fioriniae also recovered. All three species cause fruit rot on apples in Kentucky. Cross-inoculation assays on detached apple, blueberry, and strawberry fruits showed that all species were pathogenic on all three hosts but with species-specific differences in aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison J Eaton
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Shanice Edwards
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Harrison A Inocencio
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Franklin J Machado
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
- Fundo de Defesa de Citricultura-Fundecitrus, Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Araraquara, São Paulo 147807-040, Brazil
| | - Etta M Nuckles
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Mark Farman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Nicole A Gauthier
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Lisa J Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
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Mehta N, Baghela A. Quorum sensing-mediated inter-specific conidial anastomosis tube fusion between Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. siamense. IMA Fungus 2021; 12:7. [PMID: 33789776 PMCID: PMC8015167 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-021-00058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plant pathogenic filamentous fungi undergo fusion of conidia through conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs), which is believed to facilitate horizontal gene transfer between species. We discovered a remarkable inter-specific CAT fusion between two important plant fungal pathogens Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. siamense. In an invitro assay, under no selection pressure, the inter-specific CAT fusion was preferred with higher frequency (25% ± 5%) than intra-specific CAT fusion (11% ± 3.6%). Different stages of CAT fusion viz. CAT induction, homing, and fusion were observed during this inter-specific CAT fusion. The CAT fusion was found to be higher in absence of nutrients and under physiological stresses. This CAT fusion involved a quorum sensing phenomenon, wherein the CAT induction was dependent on conidial density and the putative quorum sensing molecule was extractable in chloroform. Movement of nuclei, mitochondria, and lipid droplets were observed during the CAT fusion. Post CAT fusion, the resulting conidia gave rise to putative heterokaryotic progenies with variable colony characteristics as compared to their parental strains. Few heterokaryons showed variable AFLP banding pattern compared to their parental strains, thereby suggesting a possible genetic exchange between the two species through CAT fusion. The heterokaryotic progenies exhibited varied fitness under different stress conditions. Our study illustrated a possible role of inter-specific CAT fusion in generation of genetic and phenotypic diversity in these fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Mehta
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune, 411004, India.,Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Abhishek Baghela
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune, 411004, India. .,Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
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Wang W, de Silva DD, Moslemi A, Edwards J, Ades PK, Crous PW, Taylor PWJ. Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose of Citrus in Australia. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:47. [PMID: 33445649 PMCID: PMC7828153 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum spp. are important pathogens of citrus that cause dieback of branches and postharvest disease. Globally, several species of Colletotrichum have been identified as causing anthracnose of citrus. One hundred and sixty-eight Colletotrichum isolates were collected from anthracnose symptoms on citrus stems, leaves, and fruit from Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland, and from State herbaria in Australia. Colletotrichum australianum sp. nov., C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. karstii, C. siamense, and C. theobromicola were identified using multi-gene phylogenetic analyses based on seven genomic loci (ITS, gapdh, act, tub2, ApMat, gs, and chs-1) in the gloeosporioides complex and five genomic loci (ITS, tub2, act, chs-1, and his3) in the boninense complex, as well as morphological characters. Several isolates pathogenic to chili (Capsicum annuum), previously identified as C. queenslandicum, formed a clade with the citrus isolates described here as C. australianum sp. nov. The spore shape and culture characteristics of the chili and citrus isolates of C. australianum were similar and differed from those of C. queenslandicum. This is the first report of C. theobromicola isolated from citrus and the first detection of C. karstii and C. siamense associated with citrus anthracnose in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Wang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (W.W.); (D.D.d.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Dilani D. de Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (W.W.); (D.D.d.S.); (A.M.)
- Agriculture Victoria, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Azin Moslemi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (W.W.); (D.D.d.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Jacqueline Edwards
- Agriculture Victoria, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Peter K. Ades
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Paul W. J. Taylor
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (W.W.); (D.D.d.S.); (A.M.)
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Liu YL, Tang JR, Zhou YH. First Report of Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose of Monstera deliciosa in Zhanjiang, China. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 105:1192. [PMID: 33107788 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-20-1839-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monstera deliciosa Liebm is an ornamental foliage plant (Zhen et al. 2020De Lojo and De Benedetto 2014). In July of 2019, anthracnose lesions were observed on leaves of M. deliciosa cv. Duokong with 20% disease incidence of 100 plants at Guangdong Ocean University campus (21.17N,110.18E), Guangdong Province, China. Initially affected leaves showed chlorotic spots, which coalesced into larger irregular or circular lesions. The centers of spots were gray with a brown border surrounded by a yellow halo (Supplementary figure 1). Twenty diseased leaves were collected for pathogen isolation. Margins of diseased tissue was cut into 2 × 2 mm pieces, surface-disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30 s and 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 60 s, rinsed three times with sterile water before isolation. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was used to culture pathogens at 28℃ in dark. Successively, pure cultures were obtained by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. Fourteen isolates were obtained from 20 leaves. Three single-spore isolates (PSC-1, PSC-2, and PSC-3) were obtained ,obtained, which were identical in morphology and molecular analysis (ITS). Therefore, the representative isolate PSC-1 was used for further study. The culture of isolate PSC-1 on PDA was initially white and later became cottony, light gray in 4 days, at 28 °C. Conidia were single celled, hyaline, cylindrical, clavate, and measured 13.2 to 18.3 µm × 3.3 to 6.5 µm (n = 30). Appressoria were elliptical or subglobose, dark brown, and ranged from 6.3 to 9.5 µm × 5.7 to 6.5 µm (n = 30). Morphological characteristics of isolate PSC-1 were consistent with the description of Colletotrichum siamense (Prihastuti et al. 2009; Sharma et al. 2013). DNA of the isolate PSC-1 was extracted for PCR sequencing using primers for the rDNA ITS (ITS1/ITS4), GAPDH (GDF1/GDR1), ACT (ACT-512F/ACT-783R), CAL (CL1C/CL2C), and TUB2 (βT2a/βT2b) (Weir et al. 2012). Analysis of the ITS (accession no. MN243535), GAPDH (MN243538), ACT (MN512640), CAL (MT163731), and TUB2 (MN512643) sequences revealed a 97-100% identity with the corresponding ITS (JX010161), GAPDH (JX010002), ACT (FJ907423), CAL (JX009714) and TUB2 (KP703502) sequences of C. siamense in GenBank. A phylogenetic tree was generated based on the concatenated sequences of ITS, GAPDH, ACT, CAL, and TUB2 which clustered the isolate PSC-1 with C. siamense the type strain ICMP 18578 (Supplementary figure 2). Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, the isolate PSC-1 associated with anthracnose of M. deliciosa was identified as C. siamense. Pathogenicity test was performed in a greenhouse at 24 to 30oC with 80% relative humidity. Ten healthy plants of cv. Duokong (3-month-old) were grown in pots with one plant in each pot. Five plants were inoculated by spraying a spore suspension (105 spores ml-1) of the isolate PSC-1 onto leaves until runoff, and five plants were sprayed with sterile water as controls. The test was conducted three times. Anthracnose lesions as earlier were observed on the leaves after two weeks, whereas control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen re-isolated from all inoculated leaves was identical to the isolate PSC-1 by morphology and ITS analysis, but not from control plants. C. gloeosporioides has been reported to cause anthracnose of M. deliciosa (Katakam, et al. 2017). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. siamense causing anthracnose on M. deliciosa in ChinaC. siamense causes anthracnose on a variety of plant hosts, but not including M. deliciosa (Yanan, et al. 2019). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. siamense causing anthracnose on M. deliciosa, which provides a basis for focusing on the management of the disease in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lian Liu
- Guangdong Ocean University, 74780, Mazhang District Huguangyan East Road 1, Zhanjiang, China, 524088;
| | - Jian Rong Tang
- Guangdong Ocean University, 74780, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yu Han Zhou
- Guangdong Ocean University, 74780, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China;
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Dowling M, Peres N, Villani S, Schnabel G. Managing Colletotrichum on Fruit Crops: A "Complex" Challenge. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2301-2316. [PMID: 32689886 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-19-2378-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fungal genus Colletotrichum includes numerous important plant pathogenic species and species complexes that infect a wide variety of hosts. Its taxonomy is particularly complex because species' phenotypes and genotypes are difficult to differentiate. Two notable complexes, C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, are known for infecting temperate fruit crops worldwide. Even species within these complexes vary in traits such as tissue specificity, aggressiveness, geographic distribution, and fungicide sensitivity. With few effective chemicals available to control these pathogens, and the persistent threat of fungicide resistance, there is a need for greater understanding of this destructive genus and the methods that can be used for disease management. This review summarizes current research on diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. on major fruit crops in the United States, focusing on the taxonomy of species involved, disease management strategies, and future management outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Dowling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Natalia Peres
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598
| | - Sara Villani
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
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Meng Y, Ren Y, Wang W, Gleason ML, Zhang R, Sun G. A Genome Sequence Resource for the Geographically Widespread Anthracnose Pathogen Colletotrichum asianum. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2044-2047. [PMID: 32452717 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-20-0034-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum asianum is a worldwide plant pathogen causing serious fruit or leaf anthracnose diseases on a variety of plant hosts such as mango, coffee berry, chili, and other potential hosts, and it is distributed widely in Asia, America, Africa, and Oceania. This is the first genome resource available for C. asianum. The draft genome assembly will allow further analysis of species diversity and evolutionary mechanisms, and may serve as a foundation for genetic analysis that leads to greater understanding of interactions between plants and fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yihua Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Mark L Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
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Khodadadi F, González JB, Martin PL, Giroux E, Bilodeau GJ, Peter KA, Doyle VP, Aćimović SG. Identification and characterization of Colletotrichum species causing apple bitter rot in New York and description of C. noveboracense sp. nov. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11043. [PMID: 32632221 PMCID: PMC7338416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum species is a growing problem worldwide. Colletotrichum spp. are economically important but taxonomically un-resolved. Identification of Colletotrichum spp. is critical due to potential species-level differences in pathogenicity-related characteristics. A 400-isolate collection from New York apple orchards were morphologically assorted to two groups, C. acutatum species complex (CASC) and C. gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC). A sub-sample of 44 representative isolates, spanning the geographical distribution and apple varieties, were assigned to species based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of nrITS, GAPDH and TUB2 for CASC, and ITS, GAPDH, CAL, ACT, TUB2, APN2, ApMat and GS genes for CGSC. The dominant species was C. fioriniae, followed by C. chrysophilum and a novel species, C. noveboracense, described in this study. This study represents the first report of C. chrysophilum and C. noveboracense as pathogens of apple. We assessed the enzyme activity and fungicide sensitivity for isolates identified in New York. All isolates showed amylolytic, cellulolytic and lipolytic, but not proteolytic activity. C. chrysophilum showed the highest cellulase and the lowest lipase activity, while C. noveboracense had the highest amylase activity. Fungicide assays showed that C. fioriniae was sensitive to benzovindiflupyr and thiabendazole, while C. chrysophilum and C. noveboracense were sensitive to fludioxonil, pyraclostrobin and difenoconazole. All species were pathogenic on apple fruit with varying lesion sizes. Our findings of differing pathogenicity-related characteristics among the three species demonstrate the importance of accurate species identification for any downstream investigations of Colletotrichum spp. in major apple growing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khodadadi
- Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan B González
- Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Phillip L Martin
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, PA, USA
| | - Emily Giroux
- Pathogen Identification Research Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume J Bilodeau
- Pathogen Identification Research Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kari A Peter
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, PA, USA
| | - Vinson P Doyle
- Louisiana State University AgCenter, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Srđan G Aćimović
- Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, USA.
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Pszczółkowska A, Androsiuk P, Jastrzębski JP, Paukszto Ł, Okorski A. rps3 as a Candidate Mitochondrial Gene for the Molecular Identification of Species from the Colletotrichum acutatum Species Complex. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E552. [PMID: 32422999 PMCID: PMC7290925 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum species form one of the most economically significant groups of pathogenic fungi and lead to significant losses in the production of major crops-in particular, fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants, shrubs, and trees. Members of the genus Colletotrichum cause anthracnose disease in many plants. Due to their considerable variation, these fungi have been widely investigated in genetic studies as model organisms. Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of four Colletotrichum species (C. fioriniae, C. lupini, C. salicis, and C. tamarilloi). The reported circular mitogenomes range from 30,020 (C. fioriniae) to 36,554 bp (C. lupini) in size and have identical sets of genes, including 15 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 29 tRNA genes. All four mitogenomes are characterized by a rather poor repetitive sequence content with only forward repeat representatives and a low number of microsatellites. The topology of the phylogenetic tree reflects the systematic positions of the studied species, with representatives of each Colletotrichum species complex gathered in one clade. A comparative analysis reveals consistency in the gene composition and order of Colletotrichum mitogenomes, although some highly divergent regions are also identified, like the rps3 gene which appears as a source of potential diagnostic markers for all studied Colletotrichum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pszczółkowska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Piotr Androsiuk
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.P.J.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Jan Paweł Jastrzębski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.P.J.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Łukasz Paukszto
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.P.J.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Adam Okorski
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.P.); (A.O.)
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Cao X, Xu X, Che H, West JS, Luo D. Eight Colletotrichum Species, Including a Novel Species, Are Associated With Areca Palm Anthracnose in Hainan, China. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1369-1377. [PMID: 32208062 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-19-2077-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Genus Colletotrichum is one of the most important genera of plant-pathogenic fungi affecting numerous species, particularly tropical and subtropical crops and fruit trees. In this study, 43 Colletotrichum strains were isolated from areca palm leaves with anthracnose symptoms in 11 areca palm plantations in eight counties of Hainan, China. Based on the morphology, phylogenetic analysis of six loci (internal transcribed spacer, actin, chitin synthase 1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, β-tubulin, and mating type locus MAT1-2), and pathogenicity tests, eight Colletotrichum species were distinguished, comprising five previously known species (C. cordylinicola, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. siamense, and C. tropicale), one unidentified Colletotrichum species, a new species (C. arecicola) in the gloeosporioides species complex, and C. karstii in the boninense species complex. C. siamense was the most common species found in areca palm in Hainan, followed by C. arecicola. Pathogenicity tests showed that all eight species could cause anthracnose symptoms on areca palm leaves using a wound inoculation method and that the isolates from the gloeosporioides species complex caused larger lesions than the isolates from the boninense species complex. Further research is needed to understand the epidemiology of these pathogenic species on areca palm in order to develop management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueren Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xiangming Xu
- NIAB EMR, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Haiyan Che
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | | | - Daquan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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Cultivar Resistance against Colletotrichum asianum in the World Collection of Mango Germplasm in Southeastern Brazil. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020182. [PMID: 32024312 PMCID: PMC7076395 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the spring of 2014, a wide survey was conducted in one of the most important mango (Mangifera indica) cultivating areas located in Minas Gerais State (Brazil) to ascertain the causal agent of severe anthracnose infections and to evaluate disease susceptibility within a world collection of mango germplasm. Overall, 86 cultivars were monitored and 152 fungal isolates recovered from infected samples were identified by morphological characterization, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. All isolates were identified as Colletotrichum asianum. Under natural disease pressure, it has been possible to ascertain a variable tolerance degree within the germplasm collection. By applying a categorized classification, cultivars were classified as follows: 10 highly sensitive (11.6%), 13 sensitive (15.1%), 18 moderately sensitive (20.9%), 23 moderately tolerant (26.7%), 11 tolerant (12.8%), and 11 highly tolerant (10.4%). The most susceptible cultivars to anthracnose were Ubà, Quinzenga, Amarelinha da Sementeira followed by Aroeira and Correjo, whereas Mallika followed by Ourinho and Lita resulted in the least susceptible cultivars. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first large-scale evaluation of mango susceptibility to C. asianum infections within a wide number of cultivars. Anthracnose is a serious threat to mango production and assessment of cultivar response to disease could be useful in breeding programs.
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da Silva LL, Moreno HLA, Correia HLN, Santana MF, de Queiroz MV. Colletotrichum: species complexes, lifestyle, and peculiarities of some sources of genetic variability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1891-1904. [PMID: 31932894 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus Colletotrichum comprises species with different lifestyles but is mainly known for phytopathogenic species that infect crops of agronomic relevance causing considerable losses. The fungi of the genus Colletotrichum are distributed in species complexes and within each complex some species have particularities regarding their lifestyle. The most commonly found and described lifestyles in Colletotrichum are endophytic and hemibiotrophic phytopathogenic. Several of these phytopathogenic species show wide genetic variability, which makes long-term maintenance of resistance in plants difficult. Different mechanisms may play an important role in the emergence of genetic variants but are not yet fully understood in this genus. These mechanisms include heterokaryosis, a parasexual cycle, sexual cycle, transposable element activity, and repeat-induced point mutations. This review provides an overview of the genus Colletotrichum, the species complexes described so far and the most common lifestyles in the genus, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms that may be responsible, at least in part, for the emergence of new genotypes under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Lopes da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Hanna Lorena Alvarado Moreno
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Hilberty Lucas Nunes Correia
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Mateus Ferreira Santana
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marisa Vieira de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Tovar-Pedraza JM, Mora-Aguilera JA, Nava-Díaz C, Lima NB, Michereff SJ, Sandoval-Islas JS, Câmara MPS, Téliz-Ortiz D, Leyva-Mir SG. Distribution and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Associated With Mango Anthracnose in Mexico. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:137-146. [PMID: 31730415 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-19-0178-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mango anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is the most significant disease of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in almost all production areas around the world. In Mexico, mango anthracnose has only been attributed to C. asianum and C. gloeosporioides. The aims of this study were to identify the Colletotrichum species associated with mango anthracnose symptoms in Mexico by phylogenetic inference using the ApMat marker, to determine the distribution of these species, and to test their pathogenicity and virulence on mango fruits. Surveys were carried out from 2010 to 2012 in 59 commercial orchards in the major mango growing states of Mexico, and a total of 118 isolates were obtained from leaves, twigs, and fruits with typical anthracnose symptoms. All isolates were tentatively identified in the C. gloeosporioides species complex based on morphological and cultural characteristics. The Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree generated with Apn2/MAT intergenic spacer sequences of 59 isolates (one per orchard) revealed that C. alienum, C. asianum, C. fructicola, C. siamense, and C. tropicale were associated with symptoms of mango anthracnose. In this study, C. alienum, C. fructicola, C. siamense, and C. tropicale are reported for the first time in association with mango tissues in Mexico. This study represents the first report of C. alienum causing mango anthracnose worldwide. The distribution of Colletotrichum species varied among the mango growing states from Mexico. Chiapas was the only state in which all five species were found. Pathogenicity tests on mango fruit cultivar Manila showed that all Colletotrichum species from this study could induce anthracnose lesions. However, differences in virulence were evident among species. C. siamense and C. asianum were the most virulent, whereas C. alienum and C. fructicola were considered the least virulent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tovar-Pedraza
- Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Coordinación Culiacán, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Culiacán, 80110 Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - J A Mora-Aguilera
- Fitopatología, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - C Nava-Díaz
- Fitopatología, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - N B Lima
- CONICET-Instituto de Patología Vegetal, CIAP-INTA, X5020ICA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S J Michereff
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Crato, 63130-025 Ceará, Brazil
| | - J S Sandoval-Islas
- Fitopatología, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - M P S Câmara
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900 Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - D Téliz-Ortiz
- Fitopatología, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - S G Leyva-Mir
- Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
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Colletotrichum species associated with mango in southern China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18891. [PMID: 31827115 PMCID: PMC6906457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an economically significant fruit crop in provinces of southern China including Hainan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangdong and Fujian. The objective of this study was to examine the diversity of Colletotrichum species infecting mango cultivars in major growing areas in China, using morphological and molecular techniques together with pathogenicity tests on detached leaves and fruits. Over 200 Colletotrichum isolates were obtained across all mango orchards investigated, and 128 of them were selected for sequencing and analyses of actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, β-tubulin (TUB2) genomic regions. Our results showed that the most common fungal isolates associated with mango in southern China involved 13 species: Colletotrichum asianum, C. cliviicola, C. cordylinicola, C. endophytica, C. fructicola, C. gigasporum, C. gloeosporioides, C. karstii, C. liaoningense, C. musae, C. scovillei, C. siamense and C. tropicale. The dominant species were C. asianum and C. siamense each accounting for 30%, and C. fructicola for 25%. Only C. asianum, C. fructicola, C. scovillei and C. siamense have previously been reported on mango, while the other nine Colletotrichum species listed above were first reports associated with mango in China. From this study, five Colletotrichum species, namely C. cordylinicola, C. endophytica, C. gigasporum, C. liaoningense and C. musae were the first report on mango worldwide. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all 13 species caused symptoms on artificially wounded mango fruit and leaves (cv. Tainong). There was no obvious relationship between aggressiveness and the geographic origin of the isolates. These findings will help in mango disease management and future disease resistance breeding.
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Optimal markers for the identification of Colletotrichum species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 143:106694. [PMID: 31786239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum is among the most important genera of fungal plant pathogens. Molecular phylogenetic studies over the last decade have resulted in a much better understanding of the evolutionary relationships and species boundaries within the genus. There are now approximately 200 species accepted, most of which are distributed among 13 species complexes. Given their prominence on agricultural crops around the world, rapid identification of a large collection of Colletotrichum isolates is routinely needed by plant pathologists, regulatory officials, and fungal biologists. However, there is no agreement on the best molecular markers to discriminate species in each species complex. Here we calculate the barcode gap distance and intra/inter-specific distance overlap to evaluate each of the most commonly applied molecular markers for their utility as a barcode for species identification. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), histone-3 (HIS3), DNA lyase (APN2), intergenic spacer between DNA lyase and the mating-type locus MAT1-2-1 (APN2/MAT-IGS), and intergenic spacer between GAPDH and a hypothetical protein (GAP2-IGS) have the properties of good barcodes, whereas sequences of actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS-1) and nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacers (nrITS) are not able to distinguish most species. Finally, we assessed the utility of these markers for phylogenetic studies using phylogenetic informativeness profiling, the genealogical sorting index (GSI), and Bayesian concordance analyses (BCA). Although GAPDH, HIS3 and β-tubulin (TUB2) were frequently among the best markers, there was not a single set of markers that were best for all species complexes. Eliminating markers with low phylogenetic signal tends to decrease uncertainty in the topology, regardless of species complex, and leads to a larger proportion of markers that support each lineage in the Bayesian concordance analyses. Finally, we reconstruct the phylogeny of each species complex using a minimal set of phylogenetic markers with the strongest phylogenetic signal and find the majority of species are strongly supported as monophyletic.
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Hassan O, Lee YS, Chang T. Colletotrichum Species Associated with Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina) Anthracnose in South Korea. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12089. [PMID: 31427596 PMCID: PMC6700192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 24 Colletotrichum isolates were isolated from diseased Japanese plum (Prunus salicina) fruits showing chlorotic regions with whitish-brown sunken necrotic lesions and phylogenetic relationships among the collected Colletotrichum isolates were determined. A subset of 11 isolates was chosen for further taxonomic study based on morphology and molecular characteristics identified using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and beta-tubulin (TUB2) genes. Isolates in the C. acutatum complex were analyzed using partial sequencing of five gene regions (ITS, GAPDH, ACT, TUB2, and CHS), and C. gloeosporioides sensu lato (s.l.) isolates were analyzed using seven gene regions (ITS, TUB2, GAPDH, ACT, CAL, CHS-1, and ApMat). Morphological assessments in combination with phylogenetic analysis delineated four species of Colletotrichum including C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto (s.s.), C. nymphaeae, C. foriniae, and C. siamense; these data identify Colletotrichum fioriniae and C. siamense two new species associated with plum anthracnose in South Korea. Finally, the pathogenicity of these four species in the development of plum anthracnose in South Korea was confirmed by inoculations of plum fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliul Hassan
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Se Lee
- Division of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Chang
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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de Silva DD, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW, Ades PK, Nasruddin A, Mongkolporn O, Taylor PWJ. Identification, prevalence and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose of Capsicum annuum in Asia. IMA Fungus 2019; 10:8. [PMID: 32355609 PMCID: PMC7184891 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-019-0001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose of chili (Capsicum spp.) causes major production losses throughout Asia where chili plants are grown. A total of 260 Colletotrichum isolates, associated with necrotic lesions of chili leaves and fruit were collected from chili producing areas of Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Taiwan. Colletotrichum truncatum was the most commonly isolated species from infected chili fruit and was readily identified by its falcate spores and abundant setae in the necrotic lesions. The other isolates consisted of straight conidia (cylindrical and fusiform) which were difficult to differentiate to species based on morphological characters. Taxonomic analysis of these straight conidia isolates based on multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (ITS, gapdh, chs-1, act, tub2, his3, ApMat, gs) revealed a further seven known Colletotrichum species, C. endophyticum, C. fructicola, C. karsti, C. plurivorum, C. scovillei, C. siamense and C. tropicale. In addition, three novel species are also described as C. javanense, C. makassarense and C. tainanense, associated with anthracnose of chili fruit in West Java (Indonesia); Makassar, South Sulawesi (Indonesia); and Tainan (Taiwan), respectively. Colletotrichum siamense is reported for the first time causing anthracnose of Capsicum annuum in Indonesia and Sri Lanka. This is also the first report of C. fructicola causing anthracnose of chili in Taiwan and Thailand and C. plurivorum in Malaysia and Thailand. Of the species with straight conidia, C. scovillei (acutatum complex), was the most prevalent throughout the surveyed countries, except for Sri Lanka from where this species was not isolated. Colletotrichum siamense (gloeosporioides complex) was also common in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Pathogenicity tests on chili fruit showed that C. javanense and C. scovillei were highly aggressive, especially when inoculated on non-wounded fruit, compared to all other species. The existence of new, highly aggressive exotic species, such as C. javanense, poses a biosecurity risk to production in countries which do not have adequate quarantine regulations to restrict the entry of exotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilani D de Silva
- 1Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Johannes Z Groenewald
- 2Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro W Crous
- 2Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter K Ades
- 3Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Andi Nasruddin
- 4Department of Plant Pest & Disease, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Orarat Mongkolporn
- 5Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Paul W J Taylor
- 1Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
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Damm U, Sato T, Alizadeh A, Groenewald J, Crous P. The Colletotrichum dracaenophilum, C. magnum and C. orchidearum species complexes. Stud Mycol 2019; 92:1-46. [PMID: 29997400 PMCID: PMC6030544 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Glomerella glycines, Colletotrichum magnum and C. orchidearum are known as causal agents of anthracnose of soybean, Cucurbitaceae and Orchidaceae, respectively, their taxonomy remains unresolved. In preliminary analyses based on ITS, strains of these species appear basal in Colletotrichum phylogenies, clustering close to C. cliviae, C. brevisporum and other recently described species from tropical or subtropical regions. Phylogenetic analyses (ITS, GAPDH, CHS-1, HIS3, ACT, TUB2) of 102 strains previously identified as Ga. glycines, C. magnum and C. orchidearum as well as other related strains from different culture collections and studies placed these taxa in three species complexes, and distinguished at least 24 species, including 11 new species. In this study, C. magnum, C. orchidearum and C. piperis were epitypified and their taxonomy resolved, while C. cliviicola was proposed as a new name for C. cliviae. Furthermore, a sexual morph was observed for C. yunnanense, while C. brevisporum, C. cliviicola and C. tropicicola were reported from new hosts or countries. Regarding their conidial morphology, species in the C. dracaenophilum, C. magnum and C. orchidearum species complexes are reminiscent of C. gloeosporioides or C. boninense s. lat., and were likely to be confused with them in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Damm
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - T. Sato
- Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - A. Alizadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose of Rubber Trees in China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10435. [PMID: 29992950 PMCID: PMC6041288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum is one of the most severe diseases of Hevea brasiliensis. However, research on the diversity and geographical distribution of Colletotrichum remains limited in China. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic diversity of Colletotrichum isolates associated with symptomatic tissues of H.brasiliensis from four provinces of China (Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan). Based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic characteristics, five species were distinguished, including two known species (C. fructicola, C. siamense), one novel species of C. gloeosporioides species complex (C. ledongense), and two novel species of C. acutatum species complex (C. bannanense and C. australisinense). Of these, C. siamense and C. australisinense have been recognized as major causative agents of anthracnose of H. brasiliensis.
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Fuentes-Aragón D, Juárez-Vázquez SB, Vargas-Hernández M, Silva-Rojas HV. Colletotrichum fructicola, a Member of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato, is the Causal Agent of Anthracnose and Soft Rot in Avocado Fruits cv. "Hass". MYCOBIOLOGY 2018; 46:92-100. [PMID: 29963310 PMCID: PMC6023250 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1454010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous Ascomycota Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato is a fungus that has been reported worldwide as a causal agent of anthracnose disease in avocado and other crops. In Mexico, this species affects fruits from an early stage of development in the orchard until the post-harvest stage. Although fungicides are continuously applied to control Colletotrichum species, pericarp cankers and soft rot mesocarp in fruits are still frequently observed. Considering the lack of a precise description of the causative agent, the aim of the current study was to determine the pathogens involved in this symptomatology. Twenty-four isolates were consistently obtained from the pericarp of avocado fruits cv. "Hass" collected in the central avocado-producing area of Mexico. Morphological features such as colony growth, conidia size, and mycelial appressorium were assessed. Bayesian multilocus phylogenetic analyses were performed using amplified sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA; actin, chitin synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase partial genes; and APn2-Mat1-2 intergenic spacer and mating type Mat1-2 partial gene from the nine selected isolates. In addition, fruits were inoculated with a conidial suspension and reproducible symptoms confirmed the presence of Colletotrichum fructicola in this area. This pathogenic species can now be added to those previously reported in the country, such as C. acutatum, C. boninense, C. godetiae, C. gloeosporioides, and C. karstii. Disease management programs to reduce the incidence of anthracnose should include C. fructicola to determine its response to fungicides that are routinely applied, considering that the appearance of new species is affecting the commercial quality of the fruits and shifting the original population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionicio Fuentes-Aragón
- Posgrado en Fitopatología, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
| | | | - Mateo Vargas-Hernández
- Posgrado en Protección Vegetal Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Chapingo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
| | - Hilda Victoria Silva-Rojas
- Posgrado en Recursos Genéticos y Productividad, Producción de Semillas, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
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Veloso JS, Câmara MPS, Lima WG, Michereff SJ, Doyle VP. Why species delimitation matters for fungal ecology: Colletotrichum diversity on wild and cultivated cashew in Brazil. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:677-691. [PMID: 29880203 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose is one of the most important plant diseases globally, occurring on a wide range of cultivated and wild host species. This study aimed to identify the Colletotrichum species associated with cashew anthracnose in Brazil, determine their phylogenetic relationships and geographical distribution, and provide some insight into the factors that may be influencing community composition. Colletotrichum isolates collected from symptomatic leaves, stems, inflorescences, and fruit of cultivated and wild cashew, across four Brazilian biomes, were identified as Colletotrichum chrysophilum, Colletotrichum fragariae, Colletotrichum fructicola, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto, Colletotrichum queenslandicum, Colletotrichum siamense and Colletotrichum tropicale. Colletotrichum siamense was the most dominant species. The greatest species richness was associated with cultivated cashew; leaves harbored more species than the other organs; the Atlantic Forest encompassed more species than the other biomes; and Pernambuco was the most species-rich location. However, accounting for the relative abundance of Colletotrichum species and differences in sample size across strata, the interpretation of which community is most diverse depends on how species are delimited. The present study provides valuable information about the Colletotrichum/cashew pathosystem, sheds light on the causal agents identification,and highlights the impact that species delimitation can have on ecological studies of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiene S Veloso
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Marcos P S Câmara
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Waléria G Lima
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Sami J Michereff
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Vinson P Doyle
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Vieira WAS, Lima WG, Nascimento ES, Michereff SJ, Câmara MPS, Doyle VP. The impact of phenotypic and molecular data on the inference of Colletotrichum diversity associated with Musa. Mycologia 2018; 109:912-934. [PMID: 29494311 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2017.1418577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing a comprehensive and reliable taxonomy for the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex will require adopting data standards on the basis of an understanding of how methodological choices impact morphological evaluations and phylogenetic inference. We explored the impact of methodological choices in a morphological and molecular evaluation of Colletotrichum species associated with banana in Brazil. The choice of alignment filtering algorithm has a significant impact on topological inference and the retention of phylogenetically informative sites. Similarly, the choice of phylogenetic marker affects the delimitation of species boundaries, particularly if low phylogenetic signal is confounded with strong discordance, and inference of the species tree from multiple-gene trees. According to both phylogenetic informativeness profiling and Bayesian concordance analyses, the most informative loci are DNA lyase (APN2), intergenic spacer (IGS) between DNA lyase and the mating-type locus MAT1-2-1 (APN2/MAT-IGS), calmodulin (CAL), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glutamine synthetase (GS), β-tubulin (TUB2), and a new marker, the intergenic spacer between GAPDH and an hypothetical protein (GAP2-IGS). Cornmeal agar minimizes the variance in conidial dimensions compared with potato dextrose agar and synthetic nutrient-poor agar, such that species are more readily distinguishable based on phenotypic differences. We apply these insights to investigate the diversity of Colletotrichum species associated with banana anthracnose in Brazil and report C. musae, C. tropicale, C. theobromicola, and C. siamense in association with banana anthracnose. One lineage did not cluster with any previously described species and is described here as C. chrysophilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie A S Vieira
- a Departamento de Agronomia , Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Waléria G Lima
- a Departamento de Agronomia , Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Nascimento
- a Departamento de Agronomia , Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Sami J Michereff
- a Departamento de Agronomia , Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Marcos P S Câmara
- a Departamento de Agronomia , Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Vinson P Doyle
- b Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology , Louisiana State University AgCenter, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803
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Sharma G, Maymon M, Freeman S. Epidemiology, pathology and identification of Colletotrichum including a novel species associated with avocado (Persea americana) anthracnose in Israel. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15839. [PMID: 29158592 PMCID: PMC5696532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15946-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species is a major constraint for the shelf-life and marketability of avocado fruits. To date, only C. gloeosporioides sensu lato and C. aenigma have been reported as pathogens affecting avocado in Israel. This study was conducted to identify and characterize Colletotrichum species associated with avocado anthracnose and to determine their survival on different host-structures in Israel. The pathogen survived and over-wintered mainly on fresh and dry leaves, as well as fresh twigs in the orchard. A collection of 538 Colletotrichum isolates used in this study was initially characterized based on morphology and banding patterns generated according to arbitrarily primed PCR to assess the genetic diversity of the fungal populations. Thereafter, based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses involving combinations of ITS, act, ApMat, cal, chs1, gapdh, gs, his3, tub2 gene/markers; eight previously described species (C. aenigma, C. alienum, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto, C. karstii, C. nupharicola, C. siamense, C. theobromicola) and a novel species (C. perseae) were identified, as avocado anthracnose pathogens in Israel; and reconfirmed after pathogenicity assays. Colletotrichum perseae sp. nov. and teleomorph of C. aenigma are described along with comprehensive morphological descriptions and illustrations, for the first time in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Marcel Maymon
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Stanley Freeman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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Liang X, Tian X, Liu W, Wei T, Wang W, Dong Q, Wang B, Meng Y, Zhang R, Gleason ML, Sun G. Comparative analysis of the mitochondrial genomes of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato: insights into the evolution of a fungal species complex interacting with diverse plants. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:171. [PMID: 28201983 PMCID: PMC5311727 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal species complex Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato contains over 20 plant-interacting species. These species exhibit different life styles (e.g., endophytes, foliar and fruit pathogens) and show considerable variation in host and tissue adaptation strategies. Accurate species delimitation in C. gloeosporioides s.l. is very challenging due to nascent lineage boundaries and phenotypic plasticity, which strongly impedes studies of the complex's host-interaction biology. In this study, we first sequenced and compared nine mitogenomes belonging to four C. gloeosporioides s.l. species lineages (C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. aenigma, and C. siamense s.l.), and evaluated the usefulness of mitogenome sequence in complementing prevailing nuclear markers for species delimitation. RESULTS The C. gloeosporioides s.l. mitogenomes ranged between 52,671 and 58,666 bp in size, and each contained an identical set of genes transcribed in the same direction. Compared with previously reported Colletotrichum mitogenomes, these mitogenomes were uniquely featured by: (1) significantly larger genome size due to richer intron content and longer intergenic region; (2) striking GC content elevation at the intergenic region; and (3) considerable intron content variation among different species lineages. Compared with nuclear DNA markers commonly used in phylogeny, the mitogenome nucleotide diversity was extremely low, yet the mitogenome alignment contained the highest number of parsimony informative sites, which allowed the generation of a high-resolution phylogeny recognizing all taxonomic lineages, including ones belonging to the very nascent C. siamense s.l. complex. The tree topology was highly congruent with the phylogeny based on nuclear marker concatenation except for lineages within C. siamense s.l. Further comparative phylogenetic analysis indicated that lineage-specific rapid divergence of GS and SOD2 markers confounded concatenation-based species relationship inference. CONCLUSIONS This study sheds light on the evolution of C. gloeosporioides s.l. mitogenomes and demonstrates that mitogenome sequence can complement prevailing nuclear markers in improving species delimitation accuracy. The mitogenome sequences reported will be valuable resources for further genetic studies with C. gloeosporioides s.l. and other Colletotrichum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Xianglin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Wenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Tingyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Qiuyue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Yanan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Mark L. Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
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Munir M, Amsden B, Dixon E, Vaillancourt L, Gauthier NAW. Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Causing Bitter Rot of Apple in Kentucky Orchards. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:2194-2203. [PMID: 30682908 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-15-1144-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiple species of Colletotrichum can cause bitter rot disease of apple, but the identities and relative representation of the species causing the disease in Kentucky are unknown. In total, 475 Colletotrichum isolates were collected from diseased apple fruit in 25 counties and characterized both morphologically and by using various molecular approaches. Multigene sequence analyses revealed that sample isolates belonged to several newly erected species within the Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes. The isolates were identified as C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae, which reside within the C. acutatum species complex, and C. siamense, C. theobromicola, and C. fructicola, which are placed within the C. gloeosporioides species complex. C. fioriniae was the most common species causing bitter rot in Kentucky, comprising more than 70% of the isolates. Infectivity tests on detached fruit showed that C. gloeosporioides species-complex isolates were more aggressive than isolates in the C. acutatum species complex. However, isolates within the C. acutatum species complex produced more spores on lesions compared with isolates within the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Aggressiveness varied among individual species within a species complex. C. siamense was the most aggressive species identified in this study. Within the C. acutatum species complex, C. fioriniae was more aggressive than C. nymphaeae, causing larger, deeper lesions. Apple cultivar did not have a significant effect on lesion development. However, Colletotrichum spp. produced more spores on 'Red Stayman Winesap' than on 'Golden Delicious'. Fungicide sensitivity tests revealed that the C. acutatum species complex was more tolerant to thiophanate-methyl, myclobutanil, trifloxystrobin, and captan compared with the C. gloeosporioides species complex. The study also revealed that mycelial growth of C. siamense was more sensitive to tested fungicides compared with C. fructicola and C. theobromicola. These research findings emphasize the importance of accurate identification of Colletotrichum spp. within each species complex, because they exhibit differences in pathogenicity and fungicide sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Munir
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0312
| | - B Amsden
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0312
| | - E Dixon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0312
| | - L Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0312
| | - N A Ward Gauthier
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0312
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Wang YC, Hao XY, Wang L, Bin Xiao, Wang XC, Yang YJ. Diverse Colletotrichum species cause anthracnose of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) in China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35287. [PMID: 27782129 PMCID: PMC5080629 DOI: 10.1038/srep35287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum is one of the most severe diseases that can afflict Camellia sinensis. However, research on the diversity and geographical distribution of Colletotrichum in China remain limited. In this study, 106 Colletotrichum isolates were collected from diseased leaves of Ca. sinensis cultivated in the 15 main tea production provinces in China. Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis coupled with morphological identification showed that the collected isolates belonged to 11 species, including 6 known species (C. camelliae, C. cliviae, C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. karstii, and C. siamense), 3 new record species (C. aenigma, C. endophytica, and C. truncatum), 1 novel species (C. wuxiense), and 1 indistinguishable strain, herein described as Colletotrichum sp. Of these species, C. camelliae and C. fructicola were the dominant species causing anthracnose in Ca. sinensis. In addition, our study provided further evidence that phylogenetic analysis using a combination of ApMat and GS sequences can be used to effectively resolve the taxonomic relationships within the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Finally, pathogenicity tests suggested that C. camelliae, C. aenigma, and C. endophytica are more invasive than other species after the inoculation of the leaves of Ca. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, People’s Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yuan Hao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Chao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, People’s Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Niu X, Gao H, Qi J, Chen M, Tao A, Xu J, Dai Z, Su J. Colletotrichum species associated with jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) anthracnose in southeastern China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25179. [PMID: 27121760 PMCID: PMC4848545 DOI: 10.1038/srep25179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose, caused by the Colletotrichum species of fungi, is one of the most serious diseases affecting jute in China. The disease causes chlorotic regions with black brown sunken necrotic pits on the surfaces of stems. In late stages of disease, plants undergo defoliation, dieback and blight, which make anthracnose a major threat to jute fiber production and quality in China. In this study, 7 strains of Colletotrichum fungi were isolated from diseased jute stems from Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, and Henan plantations in China. Multi-locus sequence (ACT, TUB2, CAL, GS, GAPDH and ITS) analysis coupled with morphological assessment revealed that C. fructicola, C. siamense and C. corchorum-capsularis sp. nov. were associated with jute anthracnose in southeastern China. C. fructicola and C. siamense were previously not associated with jute anthracnose. C. corchorum-capsularis is a new species formally described here. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that all species can infect jute, causing anthracnose, however the virulence of the 3 species differed. This report is the first associating these three species with jute disease worldwide and is the first description of the pathogens responsible for jute anthracnose in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Niu
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Jianmin Qi
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Miancai Chen
- Key Laboratory for Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Environment &Plant Protection, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Aifen Tao
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Jiantang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Zhigang Dai
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Jianguang Su
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
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50
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Liu F, Wang M, Damm U, Crous PW, Cai L. Species boundaries in plant pathogenic fungi: a Colletotrichum case study. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:81. [PMID: 27080690 PMCID: PMC4832473 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate delimitation of plant pathogenic fungi is critical for the establishment of quarantine regulations, screening for genetic resistance to plant pathogens, and the study of ecosystem function. Concatenation analysis of multi-locus DNA sequence data represents a powerful and commonly used approach to recognizing evolutionary independent lineages in fungi. It is however possible to mask the discordance between individual gene trees, thus the speciation events might be erroneously estimated if one simply recognizes well supported clades as distinct species without implementing a careful examination of species boundary. To investigate this phenomenon, we studied Colletotrichum siamense s. lat., which is a cosmopolitan pathogen causing serious diseases on many economically important plant hosts. Presently there are significant disagreements among mycologists as to what constitutes a species in C. siamense s. lat., with the number of accepted species ranging from one to seven. RESULTS In this study, multiple approaches were used to test the null hypothesis "C. siamense is a species complex", using a global strain collection. Results of molecular analyses based on the Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR) and coalescent methods (e.g. Generalized Mixed Yule-coalescent and Poisson Tree Processes) do not support the recognition of any independent evolutionary lineages within C. siamense s. lat. as distinct species, thus rejecting the null hypothesis. This conclusion is reinforced by the recognition of genetic recombination, cross fertility, and the comparison of ecological and morphological characters. Our results indicate that reproductive isolation, geographic and host plant barriers to gene flow are absent in C. siamense s. lat. CONCLUSIONS This discovery emphasized the importance of a polyphasic approach when describing novel species in morphologically conserved genera of plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- />Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mei Wang
- />State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Ulrike Damm
- />Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- />Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- />Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
| | - Lei Cai
- />State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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