Selenium nanoparticles are less toxic than inorganic and organic selenium to mice in vivo

Green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles from Cassia javanica flowers extract and their medical and agricultural applications

Nanostructured materials are advantageous within numerous fields of medicine owing to their intriguing qualities, which include their size, reactive surface, bioactivity, potential for modification, and optical characteristics. Cassia javanica flower extract was used as a chelating agent in an environmentally friendly process to create SeNPs FTIR, XRD, and TEM, SAED were utilized to analyze and characterize the synthesized. The findings showed that the MIC of Se NPs against B. subtilis and S. aureus was 500 µg/ml. Conversely, the MIC for P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans were 125, 250, and 62.5 µg/ml, respectively. Hence, SeNPs considerably reduced the activity; the inhibition peaked at 77.6% at 250 µg/ml to reach 49.04% at 7.8 µg/ml. Which showed the greatest suppression of MRSA biofilm formation without affecting bacterial growth. SeNPs showed an intriguing antioxidant capacity, achieving an IC50 of 53.34 µg/ml. This study looked how soaking seeds before sowing them with Se NPs at 50, 100, and 200 ppm affected the plants' development in different parameters, as well as their yield of Vicia faba L. The growth conditions were effectively increased by soaking application of various quantities of Se NPs. The highest values of dry weight/pod (g), number of seeds/plant, weight of 100 seeds (g), and number of pods/plant were caused by high concentrations of Se NPs, by 28.43, 89.60, 18.20, and 94.11%, respectively.

Selenium Species in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Selenium is an important trace element for humans and animals as it plays a key role in several major metabolic pathways. Several studies were conducted to better understand the role of selenium against diabetes mellitus (DM), particularly type 2 (T2DM), but the obtained conclusions are contradictory. A simple linear relationship does not exist between the risk of T2DM and selenium levels but is best represented in a dose-dependent manner, getting often the U-graph. This relation also depends on selenium chemical forms that are present in a diet or supplements. Both too low and too high selenium intakes could increase the risk of diabetes. Moreover, the baseline status of Se should be taken into consideration to avoid over-supplementation. The focus of this brief overview is to report the recent updates concerning selenium participation in diabetes mellitus.

Selenium Nanoparticles as Neuroprotective Agents: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms for Parkinson's Disease Treatment

Oxidative stress and the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain are the main causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several nanoparticles have been used as therapeutics for PD. Despite their therapeutic potential, these nanoparticles induce multiple stresses upon entry. Selenium (Se), an essential nutrient in the human body, helps in DNA formation, stress control, and cell protection from damage and infections. It can also regulate thyroid hormone metabolism, reduce brain damage, boost immunity, and promote reproductive health. Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs), a bioactive substance, have been employed as treatments in several disciplines, particularly as antioxidants. Se-NP, whether functionalized or not, can protect mitochondria by enhancing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes in the brain. They can also promote dopamine synthesis. By inhibiting the aggregation of tau, α-synuclein, and/or Aβ, they can reduce the cellular toxicities. The ability of the blood-brain barrier to absorb Se-NPs which maintain a healthy microenvironment is essential for brain homeostasis. This review focuses on stress-induced neurodegeneration and its critical control using Se-NP. Due to its ability to inhibit cellular stress and the pathophysiologies of PD, Se-NP is a promising neuroprotector with its anti-inflammatory, non-toxic, and antimicrobial properties.

Enhancing Selenium Accumulation in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Strain 6S Using a Proteomic Approach for Aquafeed Development

It is known that selenium (Se) is an essential trace element, important for the growth and other biological functions of fish. One of its most important functions is to contribute to the preservation of certain biological components, such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, providing protection against free radicals resulting from normal metabolism. The objective of this study was to evaluate and optimize selenium accumulation in the native yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 6S. Sodium selenite was evaluated at different concentrations (5-10-15-20-30-40 mg/L). Similarly, the effects of different concentrations of nitrogen sources and pH on cell growth and selenium accumulation in the yeast were analyzed. Subsequently, the best cultivation conditions were scaled up to a 2 L reactor with constant aeration, and the proteome of the yeast cultured with and without sodium selenite was evaluated. The optimal conditions for biomass generation and selenium accumulation were found with ammonium chloride and pH 5.5. Incorporating sodium selenite (30 mg/L) during the exponential phase in the bioreactor after 72 h of cultivation resulted in 10 g/L of biomass, with 0.25 mg total Se/g biomass, composed of 25% proteins, 15% lipids, and 0.850 mg total carotenoids/g biomass. The analysis of the proteomes associated with yeast cultivation with and without selenium revealed a total of 1871 proteins. The results obtained showed that the dynamic changes in the proteome, in response to selenium in the experimental medium, are directly related to catalytic activity and oxidoreductase activity in the yeast. R. mucilaginosa 6S could be an alternative for the generation of selenium-rich biomass with a composition of other nutritional compounds also of interest in aquaculture, such as proteins, lipids, and pigments.

Herbal Polyphenols as Selenium Reducers in the Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles: Antibacterial and Antioxidant Capabilities of the Obtained SeNPs

Selenium is an essential trace element for the proper functioning of the human body. In recent years, great attention has been paid to selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) due to their potential for medicinal applications. In this study, herbal extracts were used in the green synthesis of SeNPs. The influence of herbal species, the ratio of the reagents, and post-reaction heating on the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of obtained SeNPs were investigated. The relationship between these properties and the physical parameters of obtained nanoparticles (e.g., size, shape) was also studied. It has been proven that SeNPs showed higher antioxidant and antibacterial properties in comparison to herbal extracts taken for their synthesis. Heating of the post-reaction mixture did not affect the SeNP size, shape, or other studied properties.

A screening for optimal selenium enrichment additives for selenium-enriched fish production: Application of a HPLC-ICP-MS method

The production of selenium-enriched fish contributes to alleviating selenium deficiency for humans. In this study, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) comparable in bioavailability to selenomethionine (SeMet), increased SeMet content in O. macrolepis (Onychostoma macrolepis) muscle. Additionally, dietary SeNPs significantly enhanced selenocysteine (SeCys2) and methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys) levels in O. macrolepis muscle. The effect of SeNPs on selenium speciation in grass carp muscle was consistent with O. macrolepis results. SeCys2 and MeSeCys showed antioxidant capacity in HEK293T cells, indicating enhanced health benefits of Se-enriched fish produced using SeNPs. Furthermore, the addition of 0.3 mg/kg SeNPs significantly improved the flesh quality of O. macrolepis by reducing the content of crude fat and heavy metals, as well as increasing the levels of crude protein, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the ratio of n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Therefore, selenium-enriched fish produced from SeNPs is a good source for improving human dietary selenium intake.

Selenium volatilization in plants, microalgae, and microorganisms

The augmented prevalence of Se (Se) pollution can be attributed to various human activities, such as mining, coal combustion, oil extraction and refining, and agricultural irrigation. Although Se is vital for animals, humans, and microorganisms, excessive concentrations of this element can give rise to potential hazards. Consequently, numerous approaches have been devised to mitigate Se pollution, encompassing physicochemical techniques and bioremediation. The recognition of Se volatilization as a potential strategy for mitigating Se pollution in contaminated environments is underscored in this review. This study delves into the volatilization mechanisms in various organisms, including plants, microalgae, and microorganisms. By assessing the efficacy of Se removal and identifying the rate-limiting steps associated with volatilization, this paper provides insightful recommendations for Se mitigation. Constructed wetlands are a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative in the treatment of Se volatilization. The fate, behavior, bioavailability, and toxicity of Se within complex environmental systems are comprehensively reviewed. This knowledge forms the basis for developing management plans that aimed at mitigating Se contamination in wetlands and protecting the associated ecosystems.

New insights into the anticancer effects of Polycladia crinita aqueous extract and its selenium nanoformulation against the solid Ehrlich carcinoma model in mice via VEGF, notch 1, NF-кB, cyclin D1, and caspase 3 signaling pathway

Background: Phaeophyceae species are enticing interest among researchers working in the nanotechnology discipline, because of their diverse biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-tumor. In the present study, the anti-cancer properties of Polycladia crinita extract and green synthesized Polycladia crinita selenium nanoparticles (PCSeNPs) against breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) were investigated. Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy examinations of Polycladia crinita were determined and various analytical procedures, such as SEM, TEM, EDX, and XRD, were employed to characterize the biosynthesized PCSeNPs. In vitro, the anticancer activity of free Polycladia crinita and PCSeNPs was evaluated using the viability assay against MDA-MB-231, and also cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry was determined. Furthermore, to study the possible mechanisms behind the in vivo anti-tumor action, mice bearing SEC were randomly allocated into six equal groups (n = 6). Group 1: Tumor control group, group 2: free SeNPs, group 3: 25 mg/kg Polycladia crinita, group 4: 50 mg/kg Polycladia crinita, group 5: 25 mg/kg PCSeNPs, group 6: 50 mg/kg PCSeNPs. Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy examinations of Polycladia crinita extract exposed the presence of many bioactive compounds, such as 4-Octadecenoic acid-methyl ester, Tetradecanoic acid, and n-Hexadecenoic acid. These compounds together with other compounds found, might work in concert to encourage the development of anti-tumor activities. Polycladia crinita extract and PCSeNPs were shown to inhibit cancer cell viability and early cell cycle arrest. Concentrations of 50 mg/kg of PCSeNPs showed suppression of COX-2, NF-кB, VEGF, ki-67, Notch 1, and Bcl-2 protein levels. Otherwise, showed amplification of the caspase 3, BAX, and P53 protein levels. Moreover, gene expression of caspase 3, caspase 9, Notch 1, cyclin D1, NF-кB, IL-6, and VEGF was significantly more effective with PCSeNPs than similar doses of free extract. Conclusion: The PCSeNPs mediated their promising anti-cancerous action by enhancing apoptosis and mitigating inflammation, which manifested in promoting the total survival rate and the tumor volume decrease.

Nano-selenium foliar intervention-induced resistance of cucumber to Botrytis cinerea by activating jasmonic acid biosynthesis and regulating phenolic acid and cucurbitacin

PURPOSE AND METHODS

Botrytis cinerea is the primary disease affecting cucumber production. It can be managed by applying pesticides and cultivating disease-resistant cucumber strains. However, challenges, such as drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria and changes in physiological strains, are obstacles in the effective management of B. cinerea. Nano-selenium (Nano-Se) has potential in enhancing crop resistance to biological stress, but the exact mechanism for boosting disease resistance remains unclear. Here, we used metabolomics and transcriptomics to examine how Nano-Se, as an immune activator, induces plant resistance.

RESULT

Compared with the control group, the application of 10.0 mg/L Nano-Se on the cucumber plant's leaf surface resulted in increased levels of chlorophyll, catalase (10.2%), glutathione (326.6%), glutathione peroxidase (52.2%), cucurbitacin (41.40%), and metabolites associated with the phenylpropane synthesis pathway, as well as the total antioxidant capacity (21.3%). Additionally, the expression levels of jasmonic acid (14.8 times) and related synthetic genes, namely LOX (264.1%), LOX4 (224.1%), and AOC2 (309.2%), were up-regulated. A transcription analysis revealed that the CsaV3_4G002860 gene was up-regulated in the KEGG enrichment pathway in response to B. cinerea infection following the 10.0 mg/L Nano-Se treatment.

DISCUSSION

In conclusion, the activation of the phenylpropane biosynthesis and branched-chain fatty acid pathways by Nano-Se promotes the accumulation of jasmonic acid and cucurbitacin in cucumber plants. This enhancement enables the plants to exhibit resistance against B. cinerea infections. Additionally, this study identified a potential candidate gene for cucumber resistance to B. cinerea induced by Nano-Se, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for further research in this area. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Selenium Nanoparticles in Protecting the Brain from Stroke: Possible Signaling and Metabolic Mechanisms

Strokes rank as the second most common cause of mortality and disability in the human population across the world. Currently, available methods of treating or preventing strokes have significant limitations, primarily the need to use high doses of drugs due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier. In the last decade, increasing attention has been paid to the capabilities of nanotechnology. However, the vast majority of research in this area is focused on the mechanisms of anticancer and antiviral effects of nanoparticles. In our opinion, not enough attention is paid to the neuroprotective mechanisms of nanomaterials. In this review, we attempted to summarize the key molecular mechanisms of brain cell damage during ischemia. We discussed the current literature regarding the use of various nanomaterials for the treatment of strokes. In this review, we examined the features of all known nanomaterials, the possibility of which are currently being studied for the treatment of strokes. In this regard, the positive and negative properties of nanomaterials for the treatment of strokes have been identified. Particular attention in the review was paid to nanoselenium since selenium is a vital microelement and is part of very important and little-studied proteins, e.g., selenoproteins and selenium-containing proteins. An analysis of modern studies of the cytoprotective effects of nanoselenium made it possible to establish the mechanisms of acute and chronic protective effects of selenium nanoparticles. In this review, we aimed to combine all the available information regarding the neuroprotective properties and mechanisms of action of nanoparticles in neurodegenerative processes, especially in cerebral ischemia.

Selenium nanoparticles incorporated in nanofibers media eliminate H1N1 activity: a novel approach for virucidal antiviral and antibacterial respiratory mask

The consecutive viral infectious outbreaks impose severe complications on public health besides the economic burden which led to great interest in antiviral personal protective equipment (PPE). Nanofiber-based respiratory mask has been introduced as a significant barrier to eliminate the airborne transmission from aerosols toward reduction the viral infection spreading. Herein, selenium nanoparticles incorporated in polyamide 6 nanofibers coated on spunbond nonwoven were synthesized via electrospinning technique (PA6@SeNPs), with an average diameter of 180 ± 2 nm. The nanofiber-coated media were tested for 0.3 μm particulate filtration efficiency based on Standard NIOSH (42 CFR 84). PA6@SeNPs had a pressure drop of 45 ± 2 Pa and particulate filtration efficiency of more than 97.33 which is comparable to the N95 respiratory mask. The bacterial killing efficiency of these nanofibers was 91.25% and 16.67% against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), respectively. Furthermore, the virucidal antiviral test for H1N1 infected Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells (MDCK) exhibited TCID50 of 108.13, 105.88, and 105.5 for 2, 10, and 120 min of exposure times in comparison with 108.5, 107.5, and 106.5 in PA6 nanofibers as control sample. MTT assay indicated excellent biocompatibility of electrospun PA6@SeNP nanofibers on L292 cells. These results propose the PA6@SeNP nanofibers have a high potential to be used as an efficient layer in respiratory masks for protection against respiratory pathogens.

Toxicological effects of selenium nanoparticles in laboratory animals: A review

This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the main toxicological studies conducted on selenium nanoparticles (NPs) using laboratory animals, up until February 28, 2023. A literature search revealed 17 articles describing experimental studies conducted on warm-blooded animals. Despite some uncertainties, in vivo studies have demonstrated that selenium NPs have an adverse effect on laboratory animals, as evidenced by several indicators of general toxic action. These effects include reductions of body mass, changes in hepatotoxicity indices (increased enzyme activity and accumulation of selenium in the liver), and the possibility of impairment of fatty acid, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolisms. However, no specific toxic action attributable solely to selenium has been identified. The LOAEL and NOAEL values are contradictory. The NOAEL was 0.22 mg/kg body weight per day for males and 0.33 mg/kg body weight per day for females, while the LOAEL was assumed to be a dose of 0.05 mg/kg of nanoselenium. This LOAEL value is much higher for rats than for humans. The relationship between the adverse effects of selenium NPs and exposure dose is controversial and presents a wide typological diversity. Further research is needed to clarify the absorption, metabolism, and long-term toxicity of selenium NPs, which is critical to improving the risk assessment of these compounds.

Biosynthesis of nano selenium in plants

Selenium is a non-essential element with beneficial and toxic effects on plants, whose exact role in plant physiology leaves many unanswered questions. Various species of hydroponically grown plants produce defined selenium nano particles (SeNP) with a narrow size distribution and about 2 million selenium atoms by biosynthesis when being exposed to selenite, proving that green synthesis of SeNP is not only possible in plants extracts, but also in living organisms. The detection was performed with single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. These results require a new view of the selenium biochemistry in plants and its impact on nutrition, food sciences and medicine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of elemental nanoparticles in general and selenium nanoparticles in particular by living plants.

Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Alginate Oligosaccharides Attenuate Heat Stress-Induced Impairment of Breast Meat Quality via Regulating Oxidative Stress, Metabolome and Ferroptosis in Broilers

Selenium (Se) is an indispensable trace element with versatile functions in antioxidant defense in poultry. In our previous study, we synthesized a novel type of biogenic selenium nanoparticle based on alginate oligosaccharides (SeNPs-AOS), and found that the particles are sized around 80 nm with an 8% Se content, and the dietary addition of 5 mg/kg of SeNPs-AOS could effectively alleviate the deleterious effects of heat stress (HS) in broilers, but it is still unclear whether SeNPs-AOS can improve the meat quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of SeNPs-AOS on breast meat quality in heat-stressed broilers, and explore the relevant mechanisms. Birds at the age of 21 days were randomly divided into four groups with six replicates per group (eight broilers per replicate) according to a 2 × 2 experimental design, using HS (33 ± 2 °C, 10 h/day vs. thermoneutral, TN, under 23 ± 1.5 °C) and SeNPs-AOS (5 mg/kg feed vs. no inclusion) as variables. The results showed that dietary SeNPs-AOS decreased the cooking loss (p < 0.05), freezing loss (p < 0.001), and shear force (p < 0.01) of breast muscle in heat-stressed broilers. The non-targeted metabolomics analysis of the breast muscle identified 78 differential metabolites between the HS and HS + SeNPs-AOS groups, mainly enriched in the arginine and proline metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism, pantothenate, and CoA biosynthesis pathways (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, supplementation with SeNPs-AOS increased the levels of the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), the activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the breast muscle (p < 0.05) in broilers under HS exposure. Additionally, SeNPs-AOS upregulated the mRNA expression of CAT, GPX1, GPX3, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), masculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma G (MafG), MafK, selenoprotein W (SELENOW), SELENOK, ferritin heavy polypeptide-1 (FTH1), Ferroportin 1 (Fpn1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) (p < 0.05), while it downregulated Kelch-like ECH-associated pro-36 tein 1 (Keap1) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide Synthase 2 (PTGS2) expression (p < 0.05) in broilers under HS. These findings demonstrated that the dietary addition of SeNPs-AOS mitigated HS-induced oxidative damage and metabolite changes in the breast muscle of broilers, which may be related to the regulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway and selenoprotein synthesis. In addition, SeNPs-AOS upregulated the breast muscle gene expression of anti-ferroptosis-related molecules in broilers under HS, suggesting that SeNPs-AOS can be used as novel Se supplements against HS in broilers.

Selenium nanoparticles: Enhanced nutrition and beyond

Selenium is a trace nutrient that has both nutritional and nutraceutical functions, whereas narrow nutritional range of selenium intake limits its use. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are less toxic and more bioavailable than traditional forms of selenium, suggesting that SeNPs have the potential to replace traditional selenium in food industries and/or biomedical fields. From the perspective of how SeNPs can be applied in health area, this review comprehensively discusses SeNPs in terms of its preparation, nutritional aspect, detoxification effect of heavy metals, nutraceutical functions and anti-pathogenic microorganism effects. By physical, chemical, or biological methods, inorganic selenium can be transformed into SeNPs which have increased stability and bioavailability as well as low toxicity. SeNPs are more effective than traditional selenium form in synthesizing selenoproteins like glutathione peroxidases. SeNPs can reshape the digestive system to facilitate digestion and absorption of nutrients. SeNPs have shown excellent potential to adjunctively treat cancer patients, enhance immune system, control diabetes, and prevent rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, SeNPs have good microbial anti-pathogenic effects and can be used with other antimicrobial agents to fight against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Development of novel SeNPs with enhanced functions can greatly benefit the food-, nutraceutical-, and biomedical industries.

The Toxicological Assessment of Anoectochilus burmannicus Ethanolic-Extract-Synthesized Selenium Nanoparticles Using Cell Culture, Bacteria, and Drosophila melanogaster as Suitable Models

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are worthy of attention and development for nutritional supplementation due to their health benefits in both animals and humans with low toxicity, improved bioavailability, and controlled release, being greater than the Se inorganic and organic forms. Our previous study reported that Anoectochilus burmannicus extract (ABE)-synthesized SeNPs (ABE-SeNPs) exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, ABE could stabilize and preserve the biological activities of SeNPs. To promote the ABE-SeNPs as supplementary and functional foods, it was necessary to carry out a safety assessment. Cytotoxicity testing showed that SeNPs and ABE-SeNPs were harmless with no killing effect on Caco2 (intestinal epithelial cells), MRC-5 (lung fibroblasts), HEK293 (kidney cells), LX-2 (hepatic stellate cells), and 3T3-L1 (adipocytes), and were not toxic to isolated human PBMCs and RBCs. Genotoxicity assessments found that SeNPs and ABE-SeNPs did not induce mutations in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 (Ames test) as well as in Drosophila melanogaster (somatic mutation and recombination test). Noticeably, ABE-SeNPs inhibited mutation in TA98 and TA100 induced by AF-2, and in Drosophila induced by urethane, ethyl methanesulfonate, and mitomycin c, suggesting their anti-mutagenicity ability. This study provides data that support the safety and anti-genotoxicity properties of ABE-SeNPs for the further development of SeNPs-based food supplements.

Comparison of Nutritional Availability of Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles and Chemically Synthesized Selenium Nanoparticles

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient, and animals biosynthesize selenoproteins from various selenocompounds such as inorganic salts and organic selenocompounds as a Se source. In addition to the inorganic and organic forms of Se, it is also known that elemental Se is biologically synthesized at the nanoscale in nature. Biologically synthesized Se nanoparticles (Se-NPs), i.e., biogenic Se-NPs (Se-BgNPs), have not been fully investigated as a Se source compared with the other forms of Se. In this study, we evaluated the nutritional availability of Se-BgNPs biosynthesized in E. coli and revealed that Se-BgNPs were less assimilated into selenoproteins in rats as a Se source than inorganic Se salt or chemically synthesized Se-NPs. Se-BgNPs showed tolerance toward digestion and low absorbability in gut, which resulted in the low nutritional availability. Se-BgNPs seem to be coated with a biomaterial that functions to reduce their toxicity toward E. coli and at the same time lowers their availability to animals.

Facile green synthesis and characterization of Terminalia arjuna bark phenolic-selenium nanogel: a biocompatible and green nano-biomaterial for multifaceted biological applications

Biogenic nanoparticle production is in demand as it is secure, has great promise, and is environmental friendly. This study aimed at green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of Terminalia arjuna selenium nanoparticles (TA-SeNPs) for their antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer activities, and their incorporation in gel for biomedical applications. The bio-reduction attributes of the T. arjuna (TA) bark extract were utilized to fabricate selenium nanoparticles. The TA bark extract is abundant in phenolics (193.63 ± 1.61 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), flavonoids (88.23 ± 0.39 mg quercetin equivalents/g), and tannins (109.46 ± 1.16 mg catechin equivalents/g), which perform as effective capping and stabilizing agents, thus enabling the fabrication of stable SeNPs. The fabrication of TA-SeNPs was corroborated by UV-visible spectra, which exhibited surface plasmon resonance at 291 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated nano-sized spherical TA-SeNPs with an average diameter ranging from 100 to 150 nm. Zeta potential analysis revealed that TA-SeNPs were negatively charged (-26.1 mV). X-ray diffraction presented amorphous TA-SeNPs with a quantification of 82.36 ± 10.2 μg/mL resulting from ICP-AES. The IC50 45.18 ± 0.11 μg/mL for the DPPH assay and 66.51% reducing power capacity values indicated that the TA-SeNPs possessed excellent radical scavenging efficacy. Moreover, the TA-SeNPs exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against potential pathogens. Additionally, the TA-SeNPs exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, with an IC50 of 23.41 μg/mL. Furthermore, the TA-SeNP-incorporated gel showed excellent spreadability, extrudability, and consistency with retention of antimicrobial properties and hydrophilic contact angle. As an outcome, TA-SeNPs offer the possibility of the formulation and growth of sustainably designed green SeNPs that can be produced, conserved, and marketed securely across the globe.

Review on Pesticide Abiotic Stress over Crop Health and Intervention by Various Biostimulants

Plants are essential for life on earth, and agricultural crops are a primary food source for humans. For the One Health future, crop health is crucial for safe, high-quality agricultural products and the development of future green commodities. However, the overuse of pesticides in modern agriculture raises concerns about their adverse effects on crop resistance and product quality. Recently, biostimulants, including microecological bacteria agents and nanoparticles, have garnered worldwide interest for their ability to sustain plant health and enhance crop resistance. This review analyzed the effects and mechanisms of pesticide stress on crop health. It also investigated the regulation of biostimulants on crop health and the multiomics mechanism, combining research on nanoselenium activating various crop health aspects conducted by the authors' research group. The paper helps readers understand the impact of pesticides on crop health and the positive influence of various biostimulants, especially nanomaterials and small molecules, on crop health.

Antimicrobial and anti-viral effects of selenium nanoparticles and selenoprotein based strategies: COVID-19 and beyond

Deficiency of selenium (Se) has been described in a significant number of COVID-19 patients having a higher incidence of mortality, which makes it a pertinent issue to be addressed clinically for effective management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) provide a unique option for managing the havoc caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. SeNPs possess promising anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects by virtue of their nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-stimulator of activated B cells (NFκB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) modulatory activity. In addition, SeNPs possess remarkable immunomodulatory effects, making them a suitable option for supplementation with a much lower risk of toxicity compared to their elemental counterpart. Further, SeNPs have been shown to curtail viral and microbial infections, thus, making it a novel means to halt viral growth. In addition, it can be administered in the form of aerosol spray, direct injection, or infused thin-film transdermal patches to reduce the spread of this highly contagious viral infection. Moreover, a considerable decrease in the expression of selenoprotein along with enhanced expression of IL-6 in COVID-19 suggests a potential association among selenoprotein expression and COVID-19. In this review, we highlight the unique antimicrobial and antiviral properties of SeNPs and the immunomodulatory potential of selenoproteins. We provide the rationale behind their potentially interesting properties and further exploration in the context of microbial and viral infections. Further, the importance of selenoproteins and their role in maintaining a successful immune response along with their association to Se status is summarized.

The influence of bacterial selenium nanoparticles biosynthesized by Bacillus subtilus DA20 on blood constituents, growth performance, carcass traits, and gut microbiota of broiler chickens

Selenium is one of the necessary micronutrients needed for enhanced gut microbiota and oxidative stress of poultry, so it improves their performance. In this study, Bacillus subtilus DA20 isolate that identified at the gene level by PCR was employed to produce eco-friendly selenium nanoparticles (BSeNPs) and investigate their effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, and gut microbiota of Indian River (IR) broiler chickens. The obtained selenium nanoparticles were spherical with size of 56 nm and net negative charge of -22.36 mV; the BSeNPs were surrounded with active compounds, which besides the tiny size attributed to antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Forty hundred and eighty unsexed IR broilers, 1-day old, were reared for 35 d. The chicks were weighed separately and distributed into 3 treatment groups; each group contained 4 replicates (40 birds per replicate). Chicks in the first, second, third, fourth groups were fed control diets supplemented with 0, 20, 40, and 60 µg/kg of BSeNPs, respectively; but the fifth group was fed 300 µg/kg bulk selenium. Dietary supplementation with BSeNPs (40 µg/kg diet) significantly increased the body weight of chicks and decreased the feed conversion ratio. Additionally, dietary BSeNPs significantly (P = 0.046) lowered the fat content in broiler by 24% compared to the control; on the other hand, the breast muscle significantly increased (P = 0.035) by 19%. The content of total bacterial count (TBC), total yeast mold count (TYMC), E. coli, and Salmonella counts significantly was decreased with BSeNPs and Se compared to the control. However, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was significantly increased with BSeNPs (60 μg/kg) when compared to control, showing the beneficial effects of BSeNPs in reducing pathogens and enhancing the beneficial bacteria, which reflects on the broiler performance.

Ubiquitous Occurrence of Nano Selenium in Food Plants

Selenium is an essential trace element in human nutrition. Recent findings suggest that the biosynthesis of selenium nano particles (SeNPs) in plants might be a ubiquitous phenomenon. We investigated the potential of SeNP biosynthesis in food plants and our core objective was to explore the commonness and possible ubiquitousness of nano selenium in food plants and consequently in the human diet. By growing a variety of plants in controlled conditions and the presence of selenite we found strong evidence that SeNPs are widely present in vegetables. The shoots and roots of seven different plants, and additionally Brazil nuts, were analyzed with single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a focus on edible plants including herbs and salads. SeNPs were found in every plant of our study, hence we conclude, that SeNPs are common ingredients in plant-based food and are therefore eaten daily by most humans. Considering the concerning worldwide prevalence of selenium deficiency and the great physiological properties of SeNPs, we see a high potential in utilizing this discovery.

Selenium Nanoparticles as Potential Antioxidants to Improve Semen Quality in Boars

Selenium is an essential compound which can influence the fertility of boars by a greater margin. In past decades, research was mainly focused on a bioavailability of various selenium forms and the effect on semen quality. Recently, nanotechnology has expanded the possibilities of selenium supplementation research. Twenty-one Duroc boars (three groups with seven boars each) were included in this experiment with the first group being a control group with no selenium supplementation, and the second group being supplemented with 0.3 mg Se/kg of selenium in inorganic form of Na2SeO3. The third group was supplemented with selenium nanoparticles (100 nm) at the same dose as that of the second group. The experiment lasted for 126 days (three spermatogenesis cycles of boars) and the antioxidant parameters of boar semen were analysed at 42, 84 and 126 days, respectively. The antioxidant parameters (DPPH, FRAP, DMPD, GSH, GSSG) were not influenced by both Se2NO3 and selenium nanoparticle supplementation during this experiment. At the end of the monitored period, significantly higher (p < 0.004) antioxidant readings were observed by using the ABTS method but not the DPPH, DMPD and FRAP methods on the supplemented groups compared to the control. Moreover, selenium-nanoparticle-supplemented groups showed elevated glutathione peroxidase activity in the seminal fluid (p < 0.008). However, the selenium nanoparticle supplementation has not shown an improving effect on sperm quality. This could be considered as a safe alternative to inorganic selenium as well as having a potential to enhance the antioxidant properties of the semen of boars.

Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Modulates Aflatoxin-B1 Levels through an Antioxidative Mechanism

Aflatoxins (AFs) are considered to play important functions in species of Aspergillus section Flavi including an antioxidative role, as a deterrent against fungivorous insects, and in antibiosis. Atoxigenic Flavi are known to degrade AF-B1 (B1). To better understand the purpose of AF degradation, we investigated the degradation of B1 and AF-G1 (G1) in an antioxidative role in Flavi. Atoxigenic and toxigenic Flavi were treated with artificial B1 and G1 with or without the antioxidant selenium (Se), which is expected to affect levels of AF. After incubations, AF levels were measured by HPLC. To estimate which population would likely be favoured between toxigenic and atoxigenic Flavi under Se, we investigated the fitness, by spore count, of the Flavi as a result of exposure to 0, 0.40, and 0.86 µg/g Se in 3%-sucrose cornmeal agar (3gCMA). Results showed that levels B1 in medium without Se were reduced in all isolates, while G1 did not significantly change. When the medium was treated with Se, toxigenic Flavi significantly digested less B1, while levels of G1 significantly increased. Se did not affect the digestion of B1 in atoxigenic Flavi, and also did not alter levels of G1. Furthermore, atoxigenic strains were significantly fitter than toxigenic strains at Se 0.86 µg/g 3gCMA. Findings show that while atoxigenic Flavi degraded B1, toxigenic Flavi modulated its levels through an antioxidative mechanism to levels less than they produced. Furthermore, B1 was preferred in the antioxidative role compared to G1 in the toxigenic isolates. The higher fitness of atoxigenic over toxigenic counterparts at a plant non-lethal dose of 0.86 µg/g would be a useful attribute for integration in the broader biocontrol prospects of toxigenic Flavi.

The Developments of Surface-Functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Brain Diseases Therapy

Selenium (Se) and its organic and inorganic compounds in dietary supplements have been found to possess excellent pharmacodynamics and biological responses. However, Se in bulk form generally exhibits low bioavailability and high toxicity. To address these concerns, nanoscale selenium (SeNPs) with different forms, such as nanowires, nanorods, and nanotubes, have been synthesized, which have become increasingly popular in biomedical applications owing to their high bioavailability and bioactivity, and are widely used in oxidative stress-induced cancers, diabetes, and other diseases. However, pure SeNPs still encounter problems when applied in disease therapy because of their poor stability. The surface functionalization strategy has become increasingly popular as it sheds light to overcome these limitations in biomedical applications and further improve the biological activity of SeNPs. This review summarizes synthesis methods and surface functionalization strategies employed for the preparation of SeNPs and highlights their applications in treating brain diseases.

Facile fabrication of biocompatible injectable blended polymeric hydrogel with bioactive nanoformulation to improving cardiac tissue regeneration efficiency after myocardial infarction for nursing care potential applications

Recent years, cardiac vascular disease has arisen owing to acute myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure leading to death worldwide. Various treatments are available for MI in modern medicine such as implantation of devices, pharmaceutical therapy, and transplantation of organs, nonetheless, it has many complications in finding an organ donor, devices for stenosis, high intrusiveness and long-time hospitalization. To overcome these problems, we have designed and developed a novel hydrogel material with a combination of Se NPs loaded poly(ethylene glycol)/tannic acid (PEG/TA) hydrogel for the treatment of acute MI repair. Herein, Se NPs were characterized by effective analytical and spectroscopic techniques. In vitro cell compatibility and anti-oxidant analyses were examined on human cardiomyocytes in different concentrations of Se NPs and appropriate Se NPs loaded hydrogel samples to demonstrate its greater suitability for in vivo cardiac applications. In vivo investigations of MI mice models injected with Se hydrogels established that LV wall thickness was conserved significantly from the value of 235.6 µm to 390 µm. In addition, the relative scar thickness (33.6%) and infarct size (17.1%) of the MI model were enormously reduced after injection of Se hydrogel when compared to the Se NPs and control (MI) sample, respectively, which confirmed that Se introduced hydrogel have greatly influenced on the restoration of the infarcted heart. Based on the investigated results of the nanoformulation samples, it could be a promising material for future generations treatment of acute myocardial infarction and cardiac repair applications.

Effectiveness of diphenyl diselenide against experimental sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis

Diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 is a stable organoselenium compound with promising in vitro antifungal activity against several fungi, including Sporothrix brasiliensis. This species is associated with feline and zoonotic sporotrichosis, an emergent mycosis in Latin America. We evaluated the activity of (PhSe)2, alone and in association with itraconazole, in the treatment of sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis, in a murine model. Sixty mice were subcutaneously infected with S. brasiliensis in the footpad and treated by gavage for 30 consecutive days. The six treatment groups received: no active treatment, itraconazole (50 mg/kg), (PhSe)2 at 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg dosages, or itraconazole (50 mg/kg) + (PhSe)2 1 mg/kg, once a day, starting seven days post-inoculation. A significant reduction in the fungal burden of internal organs was achieved in the groups treated with (PhSe)2 1 mg/kg or itraconazole alone in comparison with the untreated group. Higher dosages (5 and 10 mg/kg) of (PhSe)2 increased the clinical manifestation of sporotrichosis and mortality rate. Treatment with both itraconazole and (PhSe)2 1 mg/kg was better than their activities alone (P < .001). This is the first demonstration of the potential use of (PhSe)2, alone or with the present drug of choice, in the treatment of sporotrichosis.

Physiological Benefits of Novel Selenium Delivery via Nanoparticles

Dietary selenium (Se) intake within the physiological range is critical to maintain various biological functions, including antioxidant defence, redox homeostasis, growth, reproduction, immunity, and thyroid hormone production. Chemical forms of dietary Se are diverse, including organic Se (selenomethionine, selenocysteine, and selenium-methyl-selenocysteine) and inorganic Se (selenate and selenite). Previous studies have largely investigated and compared the health impacts of dietary Se on agricultural stock and humans, where dietary Se has shown various benefits, including enhanced growth performance, immune functions, and nutritional quality of meats, with reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, and finally enhanced thyroid health and fertility in humans. The emergence of nanoparticles presents a novel and innovative technology. Notably, Se in the form of nanoparticles (SeNPs) has lower toxicity, higher bioavailability, lower excretion in animals, and is linked to more powerful and superior biological activities (at a comparable Se dose) than traditional chemical forms of dietary Se. As a result, the development of tailored SeNPs for their use in intensive agriculture and as candidate for therapeutic drugs for human pathologies is now being actively explored. This review highlights the biological impacts of SeNPs on growth and reproductive performances, their role in modulating heat and oxidative stress and inflammation and the varying modes of synthesis of SeNPs.

Bioconversion of inorganic selenium to less toxic selenium forms by microbes: A review

In recent years, microbial conversion of inorganic selenium into an efficient and low-toxic form of selenium has attracted much attention. With the improvement of scientific awareness and the continuous progress of nanotechnology, selenium nanoparticles can not only play the unique functions of organic selenium and inorganic selenium but also have higher safety, absorption and biological activity than other selenium forms. Therefore, the focus of attention has gradually shifted beyond the level of selenium enrichment in yeast to the combination of biosynthetic selenium nanoparticles (BioSeNPs). This paper primarily reviews inorganic selenium and its conversion to less toxic organic selenium and BioSeNPs by microbes. The synthesis method and potential mechanism of organic selenium and BioSeNPs are also introduced, which provide a basis for the production of specific forms of selenium. The methods to characterize selenium in different forms are discussed to understand the morphology, size and other characteristics of selenium. In general, to obtain safer and higher selenium content products, it is necessary to develop yeast resources with higher selenium conversion and accumulation.

Phyto-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoselenium-Surface Modification and Stabilization by Polyphenols and Pectins Derived from Agricultural Wastes

Raw and purified mandarin peel-derived pectins were characterized and combined with olive pomace extract (OPE) in the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). SeNPs were characterized in terms of size distribution and zeta potential, and their stability was monitored during 30 days of storage. HepG2 and Caco-2 cell models were used for the assessment of biocompatibility, while antioxidant activity was investigated by the combination of chemical and cellular-based assays. SeNP average diameters ranged from 171.3 nm up to 216.9 nm; smaller SeNPs were obtained by the utilization of purified pectins, and functionalization with OPE slightly increased the average. At concentrations of 15 mg/L SeNPs were found to be biocompatible, and their toxicity was significantly lower in comparison to inorganic selenium forms. Functionalization of SeNPs with OPE increased their antioxidant activity in chemical models. The effect was not clear in cell-based models, even though all investigated SeNPs improved cell viability and protected intracellular reduced GSH under induced oxidative stress conditions in both investigated cell lines. Exposure of cell lines to SeNPs did not prevent ROS formation after exposure to prooxidant, probably due to low transepithelial permeability. Future studies should focus on further improving the bioavailability/permeability of SeNPs and enhancing the utilization of easily available secondary raw materials in the process of phyto-mediated SeNP synthesis.

Effects of Schisandra chinensis Polysaccharide-Conjugated Selenium Nanoparticles on Intestinal Injury in Mice

Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide (SCP) is an experimental therapeutic for the treatment of intestinal injury. Selenium nanoparticle modification can improve the bioactivity of polysaccharides. In this study, SCP was firstly extracted and purified by a DEAE-52 column, then SCP-Selenium nanoparticles (SCP-Se NPs) were prepared, and the procedure was optimized. Thereafter, the obtained SCP-Se NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The influence of different storage environments on the stability of colloidal SCP-Se NPs was also investigated. Finally, the therapeutic effects of SCP-Se NPs on LPS-induced intestinal inflammatory injuries in mice were evaluated. Results showed that the optimized SCP-Se NPs were amorphous, uniform, spherical particles with a diameter of 121 nm, and the colloidal solution was stable at 4 °C for at least 14 d. Moreover, SCP-Se NPs could more effectively alleviate LPS-induced diarrhea, intestinal tissue injury, and tight junction destruction and decrease the elevated expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 compared with SCP. These results demonstrate that SCP-Se NPs may alleviate LPS-induced enteritis through their anti-inflammatory effects, indicating that SCP-Se NPs can serve as a good candidate for preventing and treating enteritis in the livestock and poultry industry.

Resveratrol-loaded selenium/chitosan nano-flowers alleviate glucolipid metabolism disorder-associated cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease

Resveratrol (Res) is a common natural polyphenol that inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the absorption efficiency and in vivo bioactivity of Res are poor. High fat diet-induced metabolic disorders, including obesity and insulin resistance, can promote AD-related β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, Tau protein phosphorylation and neurotoxicity. Gut microbiota play a role in modulating metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment. Herein, flower-like Res-loaded selenium nanoparticles/chitosan nanoparticles (Res@SeNPs@Res-CS-NPs) with higher loading capacity (64 %) were prepared to regulate gut microbiota in cases of AD with metabolic disorder. The nano-flowers could restore gut microbiota homeostasis to reduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS) formation and LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Additionally, Res@SeNPs@Res-CS-NPs can prevent lipid deposition and insulin resistance by decreasing Firmicutes levels and increasing Bacteroidetes levels in the gut, further inhibiting Aβ aggregation and Tau protein phosphorylation through the JNK/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. Moreover, Res@SeNPs@Res-CS-NPs treatment was able to regulate the relative levels of gut microbiota associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and lipid deposition, including Entercoccus, Colidextribacter, Rikenella, Ruminococcus, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Alloprevotella and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006. Overall, Res@SeNPs@Res-CS-NPs significantly enhances cognitive ability in AD mice with metabolic disorder, highlighting their potential for preventing cognitive impairments in AD.

Turning gray selenium and sublimed sulfur into a nanocomposite to accelerate tissue regeneration by isothermal recrystallization

BACKGROUND

Globally, millions of patients suffer from regenerative deficiencies, such as refractory wound healing, which is characterized by excessive inflammation and abnormal angiogenesis. Growth factors and stem cells are currently employed to accelerate tissue repair and regeneration; however, they are complex and costly. Thus, the exploration of new regeneration accelerators is of considerable medical interest. This study developed a plain nanoparticle that accelerates tissue regeneration with the involvement of angiogenesis and inflammatory regulation.

METHODS

Grey selenium and sublimed sulphur were thermalized in PEG-200 and isothermally recrystallised to composite nanoparticles (Nano-Se@S). The tissue regeneration accelerating activities of Nano-Se@S were evaluated in mice, zebrafish, chick embryos, and human cells. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate the potential mechanisms involved during tissue regeneration.

RESULTS

Through the cooperation of sulphur, which is inert to tissue regeneration, Nano-Se@S demonstrated improved tissue regeneration acceleration activity compared to Nano-Se. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Nano-Se@S improved biosynthesis and ROS scavenging but suppressed inflammation. The ROS scavenging and angiogenesis-promoting activities of Nano-Se@S were further confirmed in transgenic zebrafish and chick embryos. Interestingly, we found that Nano-Se@S recruits leukocytes to the wound surface at the early stage of regeneration, which contributes to sterilization during regeneration.

CONCLUSION

Our study highlights Nano-Se@S as a tissue regeneration accelerator, and Nano-Se@S may provide new inspiration for therapeutics for regenerative-deficient diseases.

Stabilization of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Nano-Selenium Using Anoectochilus burmannicus Extract as a Potential Novel Functional Ingredient

Anoectochilus burmannicus is an orchid that contains phenolic compounds and exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties. This study aimed to investigate whether its ethanolic extract (ABE) can be used as a reducing agent and/or a stabilizer of nano-selenium (SeNP) synthesis. SeNPs exhibited higher antioxidant activity than ABE-SeNPs. In contrast, ABE-SeNP (4 µM Se) had greater anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced macrophages than SeNPs. Interestingly, ABE acted as a stabilizer for SeNPs by preventing particle aggregation and preserving its antioxidant activity after long-term storage (90 days). Moreover, after the freeze-drying process, ABE-SeNPs could be completely reconstituted to suspension with significantly stable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities compared to freshly prepared particles, suggesting the cryoprotectant and/or lyoprotectant role of ABE. The present study shows the potential of ABE as an effective stabilizer for nanoparticles and provides evidence for the development of ABE-SeNPs as a food supplement or novel functional ingredient for health benefits.

Development and application of a new biological nano-selenium fermentation broth based on Bacillus subtilis SE201412

In order to improve the functionality and additional value of agricultural products, this study developing nano-selenium fermentation broth and established a new application strategy of bio-nano-selenium by screening and identifying selenium-rich microorganisms. We isolated a new strain from tobacco waste and named it Bacillus subtilis SE201412 (GenBank accession no. OP854680), which could aerobically grow under the condition of 66,000 mg L^-1 selenite concentration, and could convert 99.19% of selenite into biological nano-selenium (BioSeNPs) within 18 h. Using strain SE201412, we industrially produced the different concentrations of fermentation broth containing 5000-3000 mg L^-1 pure selenium for commercial use. The synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). TEM and SEM results showed that SeNPs were distributed outside cells. NTA assay of fermentation broth indicated that the nanoparticles were spherical with an average particle size of 126 ± 0.5 nm. Toxicity test revealed that the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of the fermentation broth to mice was 2710 mg kg^-1, indicating its low toxicity and high safety. In addition, we applied BioSeNP fermentation broth to rice and wheat through field experiments. The results showed that the application of fermentation broth significantly increased the total selenium content and organic selenium percentage in rice and wheat grains. Our findings provide valuable reference for the development of BioSeNPs with extensive application prospects.

In-vivo processing of nanoassemblies: a neglected framework for recycling to bypass nanotoxicological therapeutics

The proof-of-concept of nanomaterials (NMs) in the fields of imaging, diagnosis, treatment, and theranostics shows the importance in biopharmaceuticals development due to structural orientation, on-targeting, and long-term stability. However, biotransformation of NMs and their modified form in human body via recyclable techniques are not explored owing to tiny structures and cytotoxic effects. Recycling of NMs offers advantages of dose reduction, re-utilization of the administered therapeutics providing secondary release, and decrease in nanotoxicity in human body. Therefore, approaches like in-vivo re-processing and bio-recycling are essential to overcome nanocargo system-associated toxicities such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and lung toxicity. After 3-5 stages of recycling process of some NMs of gold, lipid, iron oxide, polymer, silver, and graphene in spleen, kidney, and Kupffer's cells retain biological efficiency in the body. Thus, substantial attention towards recyclability and reusability of NMs for sustainable development necessitates further advancement in healthcare for effective therapy. This review article outlines biotransformation of engineered NMs as a valuable source of drug carriers and biocatalyst with critical strategies like pH modification, flocculation, or magnetization for recovery of NMs in the body. Furthermore, this article summarizes the challenges of recycled NMs and advances in integrated technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, in-silico assay, etc. Therefore, potential contribution of NM's life-cycle in the recovery of nanosystems for futuristic developments require consideration in site-specific delivery, reduction of dose, remodeling in breast cancer therapy, wound healing action, antibacterial effect, and for bioremediation to develop ideal nanotherapeutics.

Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles in Biomedical Sciences: Properties, Current Trends, Novel Opportunities and Emerging Challenges in Theranostic Nanomedicine

Selenium is an important dietary supplement and an essential trace element incorporated into selenoproteins with growth-modulating properties and cytotoxic mechanisms of action. However, different compounds of selenium usually possess a narrow nutritional or therapeutic window with a low degree of absorption and delicate safety margins, depending on the dose and the chemical form in which they are provided to the organism. Hence, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are emerging as a novel therapeutic and diagnostic platform with decreased toxicity and the capacity to enhance the biological properties of Se-based compounds. Consistent with the exciting possibilities offered by nanotechnology in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, SeNPs are useful tools in current biomedical research with exceptional benefits as potential therapeutics, with enhanced bioavailability, improved targeting, and effectiveness against oxidative stress and inflammation-mediated disorders. In view of the need for developing eco-friendly, inexpensive, simple, and high-throughput biomedical agents that can also ally with theranostic purposes and exhibit negligible side effects, biogenic SeNPs are receiving special attention. The present manuscript aims to be a reference in its kind by providing the readership with a thorough and comprehensive review that emphasizes the current, yet expanding, possibilities offered by biogenic SeNPs in the biomedical field and the promise they hold among selenium-derived products to, eventually, elicit future developments. First, the present review recalls the physiological importance of selenium as an oligo-element and introduces the unique biological, physicochemical, optoelectronic, and catalytic properties of Se nanomaterials. Then, it addresses the significance of nanosizing on pharmacological activity (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) and cellular interactions of SeNPs. Importantly, it discusses in detail the role of biosynthesized SeNPs as innovative theranostic agents for personalized nanomedicine-based therapies. Finally, this review explores the role of biogenic SeNPs in the ongoing context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and presents key prospects in translational nanomedicine.

Synthesis, Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Selenium Nanoparticles and Its Effect on DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice

Selenium nanoparticles have attracted extensive attention due to their good bioavailability and activity. In the present study, a new form of selenium nanoparticle (Low molecular weight chitosan selenium nanoparticles (LCS-SeNPs)) were synthesized in a system of sodium selenite and acetic acid. The size, element state, morphology and elementary composition of LCS-SeNPs were characterized by using various spectroscopic and microscopic measurements. The protection of LCS-SeNPs against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and the inherent mechanisms of this process were investigated. The results showed that LCS-SeNPs, with an average diameter of 198 nm, zero-valent and orange-red relatively uniform spherical particles were prepared. LCS-SeNPs were mainly composed of C, N, O and Se elements, of which Se accounted for 39.03% of the four elements C, N, O and Se. LCS-SeNPs reduced colon injury and inflammation symptoms and improved intestinal barrier dysfunction. LCS-SeNPs significantly reduced serum and colonic inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Moreover, LCS-SeNPs remarkably increased antioxidant enzyme GSH-Px levels in serum and colonic tissue. Further studies on inflammatory pathways showed that LCS-SeNPs alleviated DSS-induced colitis through the NF-κB signaling pathway, and relieved inflammatory associated oxidative stress through the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Our findings suggested that LCS-SeNPs are a promising selenium species with potential applications in the treatment of oxidative stress related inflammatory intestinal diseases.

Development, characterization and in vitro bile salts binding capacity of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by soybean polypeptides

The paper presents the positive effect of soybean polypeptides (SP) on the stability and the potential hypolipidemic effect of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). After preparing SeNPs, SP with different molecular weight were introduced to stabilize SeNPs. We found that the SP with molecular weight >10 kDa (SP5) had the best stabilizing effect on SeNPs. We inferred that the steric resistance resulting from the long chains of SP5 protected SeNPs from collision-mediated aggregation, and the electrostatic repulsions between SP5 and SeNPs also played a positive role in stabilizing SeNPs. The as-prepared SP5-SeNPs were spherical, amorphous and zero valent. It was proved that SeNPs were bound with SP5 through O- and N- groups in SP5, and the main forces were hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The bile salts binding assay showed that the SP5-SeNPs exhibited a high binding capacity to bile salts, which indicated their potential in hypolipidemic application.

Exploring nanoselenium to tackle mutated SARS-CoV-2 for efficient COVID-19 management

Despite ongoing public health measures and increasing vaccination rates, deaths and disease severity caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its new emergent variants continue to threaten the health of people around the world. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies for research, diagnosis, treatment, and government policies to combat the variant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Since the state-of-the-art COVID-19 pandemic, the role of selenium in dealing with COVID-19 disease has been widely discussed due to its importance as an essential micronutrient. This review aims at providing all antiviral activities of nanoselenium (Nano-Se) ever explored using different methods in the literature. We systematically summarize the studied antiviral activities of Nano-Se required to project it as an efficient antiviral system as a function of shape, size, and synthesis method. The outcomes of this article not only introduce Nano-Se to the scientific community but also motivate scholars to adopt Nano-Se to tackle any serious virus such as mutated SARS-CoV-2 to achieve an effective antiviral activity in a desired manner.

The potential of traditionally used medicinal plants for the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have the potential to be used in many applications. In recent years green synthesis using plant extracts has gained popularity, due to the use of non-toxic solvents. In this work, the application of plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), yarrow (Achilea millefolium L.) and nettle (Urtica dioica L.) in the synthesis of SeNPs is presented. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized in terms of size and antioxidant activity. A strong correlation between the dimensions of synthesized nanoparticles and their ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals was established.

Toxicological effects of nanoselenium in animals

The productivity and sustainability of livestock production systems are heavily influenced by animal nutrition. To maintain homeostatic balance in the body of the animal at different phases of life, the percentage of organically active minerals in livestock feed must be optimized. Selenium (Se) is a crucial trace mineral that is required for the maintenance of many functions of the body. Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) attracted considerable interest from researchers for a variety of applications a decade ago, owing to their extraordinary properties. SeNPs offer significant advantages over larger-sized materials, by having a comparatively wider surface area, increased surface energy, and high volume. Despite its benefits, SeNP also has toxic effects, therefore safety concerns must be taken for a successful application. The toxicological effects of SeNPs in animals are characterized by weight loss, and increased mortality rate. A safe-by-strategy to certify animal, human and environmental safety will contribute to an early diagnosis of all risks associated with SeNPs. This review is aimed at describing the beneficial uses and potential toxicity of SeNPs in various animals. It will also serve as a summary of different levels of SeNPs which should be added in the feed of animals for better performance.

Application of Nanocomposites from Bees Products and Nano-Selenium in Edible Coating for Catfish Fillets Biopreservation

Bee products, e.g., chitosan and propolis (Pro), have extraordinary importance in many disciplines including food biopreservation. Fish meat is highly susceptible to vast spoilage, especially catfish (Clarias gariepinus) products. The current work involved the extraction of bees’ chitosan nanoparticles (BCht), Pro, Pro-mediated SeNPs and their composites, to evaluate them as potential antimicrobial and preservative nano-compounds, for the preservation of catfish fillets and augment their quality. BCht was extracted from bees (Apis mellifera) corpses and had a 151.9 nm mean particle diameter. The Pro was used for biosynthesis of SeNPs, which had 11.2 nm mean diameters. The entire compounds/composites exhibited powerful antibacterial acts against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium, where S aureus had the uppermost resistance. BCht/Pro/SeNPs were the most forceful toward all bacterial strains. The constructed edible coatings (ECs) from produced compounds/composites (BCht, Pro, Pro/SeNPs, Pro/BCht and BCht/Pro/SeNPs) had elevated efficiency for preserving catfish fillets during cold storages for 7 days. The microbiological (total counts, psychrophilic bacteria, yeast and molds), spoilage chemical parameters (TVB-N, TBARS) and sensorial attributes (appearance, odor, color, overall quality) of ECs-treated fillets indicated the nanocomposite’s efficiency for protecting the fish from microbial growth, the progress of chemical spoilage indicators and maintaining the sensorial quality of treated stored fillets. The most effective nanocomposite for maintaining the entire fillet’s quality was the BCht/Pro/SeNP. The based ECs on BNCt, Pro/SeNPs and their nanocomposites could be endorsed for prospective employment in the biopreservation of various seafoods.

Quality Boost and Shelf-Life Prolongation of African Catfish Fillet Using Lepidium sativum Mucilage Extract and Selenium Nanoparticles

Aiming to boost the catfish fillet quality, the consequences of their treatment with Lepidium sativum seeds mucilage (LSSM) and with LSSM-mediated selenium nanoparticles (LSSM-Se NPs) were investigated. The LSSM assessment for phenolic acids contents emphasized higher concentrations. Green-synthesized Se NPs were conjugated with LSSM to form LSSM-Se NPs and characterized; the NPs had spherical shapes, negatively charged with 15.47 nm mean diameters. Fish fillets were immersed in coating solutions for 2 min, drained, and stored for 25 days at 4°C. The fish groups (C: untreated samples, M: LSSM-treated, and G: LSSM-Se NPs treated) were assessed for their physicochemical, bacteriological, and sensorial attributes. On the 25th day, the samples’ pH values were 6.96, 6.6, and 6.3; TVB-N values were 38.8, 28.4, and 16.4 mg/100 g; TBARS values were 1.7, 0.97, and 0.68 malondialdehyde/kg; and overall acceptability scores were 3.9, 5.6, and 8.3, for C, M and G groups, respectively. At day 16, the psychrophilic bacterial count was 6.2, 4.0, and 3.6 log CFU/g for C, M, and G groups, respectively. The application of LSSM and LSSM-Se NPs is recommended to compose active coatings for quality boost and shelf-life extension of stored catfish fillet.

The Influence of Synthesis Conditions on the Antioxidant Activity of Selenium Nanoparticles

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted great attention in recent years due to their unique properties and potential bioactivities. While the production of SeNPs has been long reported, there is little news about the influence of reaction conditions and clean-up procedure on their physical properties (e.g., shape, size) as well as their antioxidant activity. This study takes up this issue. SeNPs were synthesized by two methods using cysteine and ascorbic acid as selenium reductants. The reactions were performed with and without the use of polyvinyl alcohol as a stabilizer. After the synthesis, SeNPs were cleaned using various procedures. The antioxidant properties of the obtained SeNPs were investigated using DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. It was found that their antioxidant activity does not always depend only on the nanoparticles size but also on their homogeneity. Moreover, the size and morphology of selenium nanoparticles are controlled by the clean-up step.