1
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Flora Y, Bohnert KA. SPIN-4/Spinster supports sperm activation in C. elegans via sphingosine-1-phosphate transport. Dev Biol 2023; 504:137-148. [PMID: 37805103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Spermiogenesis, a sperm-activation step, is crucial for the transformation of immotile spermatids into motile sperm. Though membrane transport of ions and molecules across the sperm plasma membrane has been implicated in this process, the full repertoire of transporters involved, and their respective substrates, is unclear. Here, we report that the major facilitator superfamily transporter SPIN-4/Spinster governs efficient spermiogenesis and fertility in the hermaphrodite nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Unlike other C. elegans Spinster paralogs, SPIN-4 is germline-expressed. Moreover, SPIN-4 expression is gamete-specific; it is strongly expressed in developing sperm, where it localizes to the plasma membrane, but it is absent from oocytes. Consistent with these expression data, we demonstrate that knocking out spin-4 impairs sperm development, leading to the formation of non-motile sperm that lack pseudopodia. Consequently, hermaphrodites homozygous for the spin-4(knu1099) knockout allele show extensive sperm wasting and reduced self-progeny. We observe similar defects when we genetically inhibit production of sphingosine-1-phosphate, a lipid molecule that stimulates cell motility when exported extracellularly by Spinster homologs in other contexts. Remarkably, extracellular supplementation with sphingosine-1-phosphate rescues sperm activation and motility in the absence of SPIN-4, suggesting that Spinster-dependent efflux of sphingosine-1-phosphate plays a key role in sperm mobilization. These findings identify a new signaling mechanism in C. elegans spermiogenesis entailing Spinster and sphingosine-1-phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Flora
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - K Adam Bohnert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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2
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Jia H, Yue S. Stimulated Raman Scattering Imaging Sheds New Light on Lipid Droplet Biology. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2381-2394. [PMID: 36897936 PMCID: PMC10042165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
A lipid droplet (LD) is a dynamic organelle closely associated with cellular functions and energy homeostasis. Dysregulated LD biology underlies an increasing number of human diseases, including metabolic disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorder. Commonly used lipid staining and analytical tools have difficulty providing the information regarding LD distribution and composition at the same time. To address this problem, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses the intrinsic chemical contrast of biomolecules to achieve both direct visualization of LD dynamics and quantitative analysis of LD composition with high molecular selectivity at the subcellular level. Recent developments of Raman tags have further enhanced sensitivity and specificity of SRS imaging without perturbing molecular activity. With these advantages, SRS microscopy has offered great promise for deciphering LD metabolism in single live cells. This article overviews and discusses the latest applications of SRS microscopy as an emerging platform to dissect LD biology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and
Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute
of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical
Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuhua Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and
Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute
of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical
Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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3
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Zhu J, Meng W, Man Lam S, Shui G, Huang X. Phosphatidylcholine deficiency increases ferroptosis susceptibility in the C. elegans germline. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:318-329. [PMID: 36933794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a regulated and iron-dependent form of cell death characterized by peroxidation of membrane phospholipids, has tremendous potential for the therapy of human diseases. The causal link between phospholipid homeostasis and ferroptosis is incompletely understood. Here, we reveal that spin-4, a previously identified regulator of the "B12-one-carbon cycle-phosphatidylcholine (PC)" pathway, sustains germline development and fertility by ensuring PC sufficiency in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Mechanistically, SPIN-4 regulates lysosomal activity which is required for B12-associated PC synthesis. PC deficiency-induced sterility can be rescued by reducing the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) , and redox-active iron, which indicates that the sterility is mediated by germline ferroptosis. These results highlight the critical role of PC homeostasis in ferroptosis susceptibility and offer a new target for pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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4
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Application of Caenorhabditis elegans in Lipid Metabolism Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021173. [PMID: 36674689 PMCID: PMC9860639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the development and prevalence of obesity have posed a serious public health risk, which has prompted studies on the regulation of adiposity. With the ease of genetic manipulation, the diversity of the methods for characterizing body fat levels, and the observability of feeding behavior, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is considered an excellent model for exploring energy homeostasis and the regulation of the cellular fat storage. In addition, the homology with mammals in the genes related to the lipid metabolism allows many aspects of lipid modulation by the regulators of the central nervous system to be conserved in this ideal model organism. In recent years, as the complex network of genes that maintain an energy balance has been gradually expanded and refined, the regulatory mechanisms of lipid storage have become clearer. Furthermore, the development of methods and devices to assess the lipid levels has become a powerful tool for studies in lipid droplet biology and the regulation of the nematode lipid metabolism. Herein, based on the rapid progress of C. elegans lipid metabolism-related studies, this review outlined the lipid metabolic processes, the major signaling pathways of fat storage regulation, and the primary experimental methods to assess the lipid content in nematodes. Therefore, this model system holds great promise for facilitating the understanding, management, and therapies of human obesity and other metabolism-related diseases.
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5
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Protein kinase C epsilon promotes de novo lipogenesis and tumor growth in prostate cancer cells by regulating the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of pyruvate kinase isoform M2. Exp Cell Res 2023; 422:113427. [PMID: 36400183 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) belongs to a family of serine/threonine kinases that control cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Aberrant PKCε activation and overexpression is a frequent feature of numerous cancers. However, its role in regulation of lipid metabolism in cancer cells remains elusive. Here we report a novel function of PKCε in regulating of prostate cancer cell proliferation by modulation of PKM2-mediated de novo lipogenesis. We show that PKCε promotes de novo lipogenesis and tumor cell proliferation via upregulation of lipogenic enzymes and lipid contents in prostate cancer cells. Mechanistically, PKCε interacts with NABD (1-388) domain of C-terminal deletion on pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) and enhances the Tyr105 phosphorylation of PKM2, leading to its nuclear localization. Moreover, forced expression of mutant Tyr105 (Y105F) or PKM2 inhibition suppressed de novo lipogenesis and cell proliferation induced by overexpression of PKCε in prostate cancer cells. In a murine tumor model, inhibitor of PKM2 antagonizes lipogenic enzymes expression and prostate cancer growth induced by overexpression of PKCε in vivo. These data indicate that PKCε is a critical regulator of de novo lipogenesis, which may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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6
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Lu JW, Tseng YS, Lo YS, Lin YM, Yeh CM, Lin SH. Prognostic Significance of Cytoplasmic SPNS2 Expression in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:164. [PMID: 33673355 PMCID: PMC7917906 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a malignant disease with a particularly high incidence in Taiwan. Our objective in this study was to elucidate the involvement of sphingolipid transporter 2 (SPNS2) expression and SPNS2 protein expression in the clinicopathological indexes and the clinical outcomes of OSCC patients. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed for SPNS2 protein expression in samples from 264 cases of OSCC. Correlations of SPNS2 expression with clinicopathological variables and patient survival were analyzed. Results: Our results revealed that the cytoplasmic protein expression of SPNS2 in OSCC tissue specimens was lower than in normal tissue specimens. Negative cytoplasmic protein expression of SPNS2 was significantly correlated with T status and stage. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis revealed that negative cytoplasmic SPNS2 expression was predictive of poorer overall survival of OSCC patients in stage III/IV. We also determined that low SPNS2 expression was an independent prognostic factor related to overall survival among OSCC patients in stage III/IV from univariate Cox proportional hazard models. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models revealed that cytoplasmic SPNS2 expression, T status, lymph node metastasis, and histological grade were independent prognostic factors for survival. Conclusions: Overall, this study determined that SPNS2 protein may be a useful prognostic marker for OSCC patients and potential therapeutic target for OSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Wei Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore;
| | - Yen-Shuo Tseng
- Department of Dermatology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Sheng Lo
- Department of Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
| | - Yueh-Min Lin
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Min Yeh
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Lin
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406, Taiwan
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7
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Huang W, Qian T, Cheng Z, Zeng T, Si C, Liu C, Deng C, Ye X, Liu Y, Cui L, Fu L. Prognostic significance of Spinster homolog gene family in acute myeloid leukemia. J Cancer 2020; 11:4581-4588. [PMID: 32489475 PMCID: PMC7255376 DOI: 10.7150/jca.44766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal and heterogeneous disease characterized by proliferation of immature myeloid cells, with impaired differentiation and maturation. Spinster homolog (SPNS) is a widely distributed transmembrane transporter, which assists sphingolipids in playing their roles through the cell membrane. However, the expression and clinical implication of the SPNS family has not been investigated in AML. From the Cancer Genome Atlas database, a total of 155 AML patients with complete clinical characteristics and SPNS1-3 expression data were contained in our study. In patients who received chemotherapy only, high expressions of SPNS2 and SPNS3 had adverse effects on event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) (all P<0.05). However, in the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) group, we only found a significant difference in OS between the high and low SPNS3 expression groups (P=0.001), while other SPNS members showed no effect on survival. Multivariate analysis indicated that high SPNS2 expression was an independent risk factor for both EFS and OS in chemotherapy patients. The results confirmed that high expression of SPNS2 and SPNS3 were poor prognostic factors, and the effect of SPNS2 can be neutralized by allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Huang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Tingting Qian
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Zhiheng Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tiansheng Zeng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Chaozeng Si
- Information Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chaojun Liu
- Yinfeng Gene Technology Co., Ltd.; No.1109, Gangxing 3 Rd,New and High-tech Zone, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250102, China
| | - Cong Deng
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Xu Ye
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Longzhen Cui
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China.,Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.,Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China.,Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
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8
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Zhou F, Yao D, Rao B, Zhang L, Nie W, Zou Y, Zhao J, Cao Y. Crystal structure of a bacterial homolog to human lysosomal transporter, spinster. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1310-1317. [PMID: 36659660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes break down various biomolecules and spinster is one of the major efflux carriers removing degradation products from lysosomal lumen to keep it in healthy size and proper function. Although it is well established that a dysfunctional spinster will cause enlarged lysosomes and in turn lead to developmental defects and abnormal behavior in animals, little was known about the transportation mechanism and substrate specificity of spinster. Here, we report a crystal structure of spinster homolog from Hyphomonas neptunium, HnSPNS, in its inward-facing conformation with and without substrate bound. HnSPNS is crystallized in a monomer and a substrate-binding cavity was formed in the center of its transmembrane helices. A blob of electron density corresponding to its substrate was found in the cavity near a conserved residue, R42, which is locked in position by the interactions with conserved residues E129 and R122. Our results suggest that human spinster serves as a transporter translocating negatively-charged lipophilic small molecules and E129 might serve as a switch to control the conformational change via its protonation-deprotonation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence on Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Deqiang Yao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Bing Rao
- CAS Center for Excellence on Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Li Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence on Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wang Nie
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yan Zou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
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9
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Gilleron J, Gerdes JM, Zeigerer A. Metabolic regulation through the endosomal system. Traffic 2019; 20:552-570. [PMID: 31177593 PMCID: PMC6771607 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal system plays an essential role in cell homeostasis by controlling cellular signaling, nutrient sensing, cell polarity and cell migration. However, its place in the regulation of tissue, organ and whole body physiology is less well understood. Recent studies have revealed an important role for the endosomal system in regulating glucose and lipid homeostasis, with implications for metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. By taking insights from in vitro studies of endocytosis and exploring their effects on metabolism, we can begin to connect the fields of endosomal transport and metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we explore current understanding of how the endosomal system influences the systemic regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in mice and humans. We highlight exciting new insights that help translate findings from single cells to a wider physiological level and open up new directions for endosomal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Gilleron
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M)NiceFrance
| | - Jantje M. Gerdes
- Institute for Diabetes and RegenerationHelmholtz Center MunichNeuherbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Anja Zeigerer
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)NeuherbergGermany
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz Center MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes ProgramHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
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10
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Nakano Y. Stories of spinster with various faces: from courtship rejection to tumor metastasis rejection. J Neurogenet 2019; 33:90-95. [PMID: 30939968 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2019.1586897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila spinster (spin) mutant was isolated as a mutant that showed abnormal morphology and function in the nervous system. The spin defect induces neural degeneration similar to human lysosomal storage diseases. Various studies have shown that Spin proteins are localized in lysosomes and participate in the late stages of the autophagic process. Vertebrates have three spinster orthologs, Spns1, Spns2, and Spns3. A defect in Spns1 caused a short lifespan with aberrant lysosomal function in zebrafish. Spns2 was originally isolated as the gene responsible for abnormal heart development and was identified as a sphingosine 1-phosphate transporter in zebrafish. An endothelial cell-specific defect in Spns2 resulted in impaired egress of lymphocytes and the prevention of tumor metastasis in mice. Herein, I reviewed the history of spin/Spns research and discussed the conserved and newly diverged spin/Spns function and possible implications for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Nakano
- a Department of Genetics , Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Japan
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11
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Han M, Zou W, Chang H, Yu Y, Zhang H, Li S, Cheng H, Wei G, Chen Y, Reinke V, Xu T, Kang L. A Systematic RNAi Screen Reveals a Novel Role of a Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Protein BuGZ in Synaptic Transmission in C. elegans. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:141. [PMID: 28553202 PMCID: PMC5425591 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicles (SV) store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse. The molecular mechanisms of biogenesis, exocytosis, and endocytosis for SV, however, remain largely elusive. In this study, using Complex Object Parametric Analysis and Sorter (COPAS) to monitor the fluorescence of synapto-pHluorin (SpH), we performed a whole-genome RNAi screen in C. elegans to identify novel genetic modulators in SV cycling. One hundred seventy six genes that up-regulating SpH fluorescence and 96 genes that down-regulating SpH fluorescence were identified after multi-round screen. Among these genes, B0035.1 (bugz-1) encodes ortholog of mammalian C2H2 zinc-finger protein BuGZ/ZNF207, which is a spindle assembly checkpoint protein essential for mitosis in human cells. Combining electrophysiology, imaging and behavioral assays, we reveal that depletion of BuGZ-1 results in defects in locomotion. We further demonstrate that BuGZ-1 promotes SV recycling by regulating the expression levels of endocytosis-related genes such as rab11.1. Therefore, we have identified a bunch of potential genetic modulators in SV cycling, and revealed an unexpected role of BuGZ-1 in regulating synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenjuan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yong Yu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Haining Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Shitian Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Hankui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Guifeng Wei
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Valerie Reinke
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tao Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Lijun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
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12
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Abstract
Lysosomes are key cellular organelles that play a crucial role in catabolism by degrading extracellular and intracellular material. It is, therefore, very intriguing that mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1), a major promoter of anabolic processes, localizes in its active form to the surface of lysosomes. In recent years, many exciting observations have revealed a tightly regulated crosstalk between mTORC1 activity and lysosomal function. These findings highlight the complex regulatory network that modulates energy metabolism in cells.
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13
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Sasaki T, Lian S, Qi J, Bayliss PE, Carr CE, Johnson JL, Guha S, Kobler P, Catz SD, Gill M, Jia K, Klionsky DJ, Kishi S. Aberrant autolysosomal regulation is linked to the induction of embryonic senescence: differential roles of Beclin 1 and p53 in vertebrate Spns1 deficiency. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004409. [PMID: 24967584 PMCID: PMC4072523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinster (Spin) in Drosophila or Spinster homolog 1 (Spns1) in vertebrates is a putative lysosomal H+-carbohydrate transporter, which functions at a late stage of autophagy. The Spin/Spns1 defect induces aberrant autolysosome formation that leads to embryonic senescence and accelerated aging symptoms, but little is known about the mechanisms leading to the pathogenesis in vivo. Beclin 1 and p53 are two pivotal tumor suppressors that are critically involved in the autophagic process and its regulation. Using zebrafish as a genetic model, we show that Beclin 1 suppression ameliorates Spns1 loss-mediated senescence as well as autophagic impairment, whereas unexpectedly p53 deficit exacerbates both of these characteristics. We demonstrate that ‘basal p53’ activity plays a certain protective role(s) against the Spns1 defect-induced senescence via suppressing autophagy, lysosomal biogenesis, and subsequent autolysosomal formation and maturation, and that p53 loss can counteract the effect of Beclin 1 suppression to rescue the Spns1 defect. By contrast, in response to DNA damage, ‘activated p53’ showed an apparent enhancement of the Spns1-deficient phenotype, by inducing both autophagy and apoptosis. Moreover, we found that a chemical and genetic blockage of lysosomal acidification and biogenesis mediated by the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, as well as of subsequent autophagosome-lysosome fusion, prevents the appearance of the hallmarks caused by the Spns1 deficiency, irrespective of the basal p53 state. Thus, these results provide evidence that Spns1 operates during autophagy and senescence differentially with Beclin 1 and p53. Spinster homolog 1 (Spns1) in vertebrates, as well as Spinster (Spin) in Drosophila, is a hypothetical lysosomal H+-carbohydrate transporter, which functions at a late stage of autophagy. The Spin/Spns1 defect induces aberrant autolysosome formation that leads to embryonic senescence and accelerated aging symptoms, while the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis are unknown in vivo. Using zebrafish, we show that Beclin 1 suppression ameliorates Spns1 loss-mediated senescence as well as autolysosomal impairment, whereas p53 deficit unexpectedly exacerbates these characteristics. We demonstrate that basal p53 activity has a certain protective role(s) against the Spns1 defect via suppressing autophagosome-lysosome fusion, while p53 activated by ultraviolet radiation amplifies the Spns1 deficit. In addition, we found that excessive lysosomal biogenesis and prolonged suboptimal acidification, modulated by v-ATPase, could be the primary reason for the appearance on the hallmarks of Spns1 deficiency. Our findings thus suggest that Spns1 is critically involved in lysosomal acidification and trafficking during autophagy, and differentially acts in a pathway with Beclin 1 and p53 in the regulation of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Sasaki
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shanshan Lian
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter E. Bayliss
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher E. Carr
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sujay Guha
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Patrick Kobler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sergio D. Catz
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Gill
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kailiang Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shuji Kishi
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Chang H, Han M, Huang W, Wei G, Chen J, Chen PR, Chen R, Zhang J, Xu T, Xu P. Light-induced protein translocation by genetically encoded unnatural amino acid in Caenorhabditis elegans. Protein Cell 2014; 4:883-6. [PMID: 24293260 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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