1
|
Wang H, Li K, Cui B, Yan H, Wu S, Wang K, Yang G, Jiang J, Li Y. Tribbles pseudokinase 3 promotes enterovirus A71 infection via dual mechanisms. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2307514. [PMID: 38240287 PMCID: PMC10829831 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2307514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is the main pathogen causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children and occasionally associated with neurological diseases such as aseptic meningitis, brainstem encephalitis (BE) and acute flaccid paralysis. We report here that cellular pseudokinase tribbles 3 (TRIB3) facilitates the infection of EV-A71 via dual mechanisms. In one hand, TRIB3 maintains the metabolic stability of scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2), the bona fide receptor of EV-A71, to enhance the infectious entry and spreading of the virus. On the other hand, TRIB3 facilitates the replication of EV-A71 RNA in a SCARB2-independent manner. The critical role of TRIB3 in EV-A71 infection and pathogenesis was further demonstrated in vivo in mice. In comparison to wild-type C57BL/6 mice, EV-A71 infection in TRIB3 knockdown mice (Trib3+/-) resulted in significantly lower viral loads in muscular tissues and reduced lethality and severity of clinical scores and tissue pathology. In addition, TRIB3 also promoted the replication of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) in vitro. In conclusion, our results suggest that TRIB3 is one of key host cellular proteins required for the infection and pathogenesis of EV-A71 and some other human enteroviruses and may thus be a potential therapeutic target for combating the infection of those viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Boming Cui
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Wu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Yang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alekseeva ON, Hoa LT, Vorobyev PO, Kochetkov DV, Gumennaya YD, Naberezhnaya ER, Chuvashov DO, Ivanov AV, Chumakov PM, Lipatova AV. Receptors and Host Factors for Enterovirus Infection: Implications for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3139. [PMID: 39335111 PMCID: PMC11430599 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16183139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, with their diverse clinical manifestations ranging from mild or asymptomatic infections to severe diseases such as poliomyelitis and viral myocarditis, present a public health threat. However, they can also be used as oncolytic agents. This review shows the intricate relationship between enteroviruses and host cell factors. Enteroviruses utilize specific receptors and coreceptors for cell entry that are critical for infection and subsequent viral replication. These receptors, many of which are glycoproteins, facilitate virus binding, capsid destabilization, and internalization into cells, and their expression defines virus tropism towards various types of cells. Since enteroviruses can exploit different receptors, they have high oncolytic potential for personalized cancer therapy, as exemplified by the antitumor activity of certain enterovirus strains including the bioselected non-pathogenic Echovirus type 7/Rigvir, approved for melanoma treatment. Dissecting the roles of individual receptors in the entry of enteroviruses can provide valuable insights into their potential in cancer therapy. This review discusses the application of gene-targeting techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 technology to investigate the impact of the loss of a particular receptor on the attachment of the virus and its subsequent internalization. It also summarizes the data on their expression in various types of cancer. By understanding how enteroviruses interact with specific cellular receptors, researchers can develop more effective regimens of treatment, offering hope for more targeted and efficient therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Alekseeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Le T Hoa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Pavel O Vorobyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana D Gumennaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Denis O Chuvashov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter M Chumakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Lipatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Woo S, Hossain MI, Jung S, Yeo D, Yoon D, Hwang S, Do HJ, Eyun SI, Choi C. Whole genome sequencing and genome characterization of Aichivirus isolated from Korean adults. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29902. [PMID: 39228345 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The whole-genome sequence (WGS) analysis of Aichivirus (AiV) identified in Korea was performed in this study. Using Sanger and Nanopore sequencing, the 8228-nucleotide-long genomic sequence of AiV (OQ121963) was determined and confirmed to belong to genotype A. The full-length genome of OQ121963 consisted of a 7296 nt open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a single polyprotein, and 5' UTR (676 nt) and 3' UTR (256 nt) at 5' and 3' ends, respectively. The ORF consisted of leader protein (L), structural protein P1 (VP0, VP1, and VP3), and nonstructural protein P2 (2A, 2B, and 2C) and P3 (3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D). The secondary structure analysis of the 5' UTR identified only stem-loop C (SL-C) and not SL-A and SL-B. The variable region of the AiV genome was analyzed by MegAlign Pro and reconfirmed by SimPlot analysis using 16 AiV whole genomes known to date. Among the entire regions, structural protein region P1 showed the lowest amino acid identity (96.07%) with reference sequence AB040749 (originated in Japan; genotype A), while the highest amino acid identity (98.26%) was confirmed in the 3D region among nonstructural protein region P2 and P3. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the WGS of OQ121963 showed the highest homology (96.96%) with JX564249 (originated in Taiwan; genotype A) and lowest homology (90.14%) with DQ028632 (originated in Brazil; genotype B). Therefore, the complete genome characterization of OQ121963 and phylogenetic analysis of the AiV conducted in this study provide useful information allowing to improve diagnostic tools and epidemiological studies of AiVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seoyoung Woo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Daseul Yeo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbi Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwon Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Do
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Il Eyun
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dobert JP, Bub S, Mächtel R, Januliene D, Steger L, Regensburger M, Wilfling S, Chen J, Dejung M, Plötz S, Hehr U, Moeller A, Arnold P, Zunke F. Activation and Purification of ß-Glucocerebrosidase by Exploiting its Transporter LIMP-2 - Implications for Novel Treatment Strategies in Gaucher's and Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401641. [PMID: 38666485 PMCID: PMC11220700 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Genetic variants of GBA1 can cause the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease and are among the highest genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). GBA1 encodes the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which orchestrates the degradation of glucosylceramide (GluCer) in the lysosome. Recent studies have shown that GluCer accelerates α-synuclein aggregation, exposing GCase deficiency as a major risk factor in PD pathology and as a promising target for treatment. This study investigates the interaction of GCase and three disease-associated variants (p.E326K, p.N370S, p.L444P) with their transporter, the lysosomal integral membrane protein 2 (LIMP-2). Overexpression of LIMP-2 in HEK 293T cells boosts lysosomal abundance of wt, E326K, and N370S GCase and increases/rescues enzymatic activity of the wt and E326K variant. Using a novel purification approach, co-purification of untagged wt, E326K, and N370S GCase in complex with His-tagged LIMP-2 from cell supernatant of HEK 293F cells is achieved, confirming functional binding and trafficking for these variants. Furthermore, a single helix in the LIMP-2 ectodomain is exploited to design a lysosome-targeted peptide that enhances lysosomal GCase activity in PD patient-derived and control fibroblasts. These findings reveal LIMP-2 as an allosteric activator of GCase, suggesting a possible therapeutic potential of targeting this interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Dobert
- Department of Molecular NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)91054ErlangenGermany
| | - Simon Bub
- Department of Molecular NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)91054ErlangenGermany
| | - Rebecca Mächtel
- Department of Molecular NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)91054ErlangenGermany
| | - Dovile Januliene
- Department of Structural BiologyOsnabrueck University49076OsnabrueckGermany
| | - Lisa Steger
- Department of Molecular NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)91054ErlangenGermany
| | - Martin Regensburger
- Department of Molecular NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)91054ErlangenGermany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)91054ErlangenGermany
| | | | - Jia‐Xuan Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB)55128MainzGermany
| | - Mario Dejung
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB)55128MainzGermany
| | - Sonja Plötz
- Department of Molecular NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)91054ErlangenGermany
| | - Ute Hehr
- Center for Human Genetics Regensburg93059RegensburgGermany
| | - Arne Moeller
- Department of Structural BiologyOsnabrueck University49076OsnabrueckGermany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of AnatomyFunctional and Clinical AnatomyFriedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)91054ErlangenGermany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)91054ErlangenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wei J, Lv L, Wang T, Gu W, Luo Y, Feng H. Recent Progress in Innate Immune Responses to Enterovirus A71 and Viral Evasion Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5688. [PMID: 38891876 PMCID: PMC11172324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children worldwide. It can lead to severe gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and neurological complications. The innate immune system, which rapidly detects pathogens via pathogen-associated molecular patterns or pathogen-encoded effectors, serves as the first defensive line against EV-A71 infection. Concurrently, the virus has developed various sophisticated strategies to evade host antiviral responses and establish productive infection. Thus, the virus-host interactions and conflicts, as well as the ability to govern biological events at this first line of defense, contribute significantly to the pathogenesis and outcomes of EV-A71 infection. In this review, we update recent progress on host innate immune responses to EV-A71 infection. In addition, we discuss the underlying strategies employed by EV-A71 to escape host innate immune responses. A better understanding of the interplay between EV-A71 and host innate immunity may unravel potential antiviral targets, as well as strategies that can improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Wei
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Linxi Lv
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Wei Gu
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Yang Luo
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hui Feng
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xia Z, Wang H, Chen W, Wang A, Cao Z. Scorpion Venom Antimicrobial Peptide Derivative BmKn2-T5 Inhibits Enterovirus 71 in the Early Stages of the Viral Life Cycle In Vitro. Biomolecules 2024; 14:545. [PMID: 38785952 PMCID: PMC11117539 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a typical representative of unenveloped RNA viruses, is the main pathogenic factor responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants. This disease seriously threatens the health and lives of humans worldwide, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. Numerous animal antimicrobial peptides have been found with protective functions against viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and other pathogens, but there are few studies on the use of scorpion-derived antimicrobial peptides against unenveloped viruses. Here, we investigated the antiviral activities of scorpion venom antimicrobial peptide BmKn2 and five derivatives, finding that BmKn2 and its derivative BmKn2-T5 exhibit a significant inhibitory effect on EV71. Although both peptides exhibit characteristics typical of amphiphilic α-helices in terms of their secondary structure, BmKn2-T5 displayed lower cellular cytotoxicity than BmKn2. BmKn2-T5 was further found to inhibit EV71 in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Moreover, time-of-drug-addition experiments showed that BmKn2-T5 mainly restricts EV71, but not its virion or replication, at the early stages of the viral cycle. Interestingly, BmKn2-T5 was also found to suppress the replication of the enveloped viruses DENV, ZIKV, and HSV-1 in the early stages of the viral cycle, which suggests they may share a common early infection step with EV71. Together, the results of our study identified that the scorpion-derived antimicrobial peptide BmKn2-T5 showed valuable antiviral properties against EV71 in vitro, but also against other enveloped viruses, making it a potential new candidate therapeutic molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xia
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
| | - Weilie Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, China;
| | - Aili Wang
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China;
| | - Zhijian Cao
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu J, Liu L, Zeng S, Meng X, Lei N, Yang H, Li R, Mu X, Guo X. Inhibition of EV71 replication by an interferon-stimulated gene product L3HYPDH. Virus Res 2024; 342:199336. [PMID: 38342315 PMCID: PMC10875296 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the common causative agent of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD). Despite evidence in mice model suggested that the interferon (IFN) signaling pathways play a role in defending against this virus, knowledge on the IFN-mediated antiviral response is still limited. Here we identified an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) called L3HYPDH, whose expression inhibits EV71 replication. Mapping assay indicated that amino acids 61-120 and 295-354 are critical for its optimal antiviral activity. Mechanismly, L3HYPDH specifically inhibits protein translation mediated by EV71 internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Our data thus uncovered a new mechanism utilized by the host cell to restrict EV71 replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Logen Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shinuan Zeng
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaobin Meng
- Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China
| | - Nanfeng Lei
- Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China
| | - Hai Yang
- Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China
| | - Runcai Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xuemin Guo
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China; Guangdong Engineering Technological Research Center of Clinical Molecular Diagnosis and Antibody Drugs, Meizhou 514031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang JR, Chen HX, Liu HQ, Yu R, Jia Z, Zhang Y, Li J. Analysis of full and empty ratio of EV71 virus by using capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:327-332. [PMID: 38010589 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a serious public health problem, and the main pathogen is enterovirus 71 (EV71). Its capsid assembly mechanism including capsid protein processing has been widely studied. Full and empty capsids have different immunological efficacy. Therefore, tracking full/empty capsid ratio throughout the EV71 production process is important to ensure consistent product quality and proper dosing response. The analysis of full/empty capsid ratio of intact virus has been widely reported as well. A variety of techniques have been employed to evaluate the full/empty capsid ratios. However, there has not been a rapid, reproducible, and robust assay to determine the full/empty capsid ratios of final and in-process products. In this study, a novel assay based on capillary zone electrophoresis was established. The separation of full and empty species could be achieved within 10 min and the ratio of peak areas was used to calculate the full/empty capsid ratio directly. The results showed good reproducibility and linearity for the determination of full/empty capsid ratios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Run Yu
- Sinovac Biotech Ltd., Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zeng Jia
- Beijing BioCEart Technology Institute, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Sinovac Biotech Ltd., Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Sinovac Biotech Ltd., Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang S, Pang Z, Fan H, Tong Y. Advances in anti-EV-A71 drug development research. J Adv Res 2024; 56:137-156. [PMID: 37001813 PMCID: PMC10834817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is capable of causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which may lead to neurological sequelae and even death. As EV-A71 is resistant to environmental changes and mutates easily, there is still a lack of effective treatments or globally available vaccines. AIM OF REVIEW For more than 50 years since the HFMD epidemic, related drug research has been conducted. Progress in this area can promote the further application of existing potential drugs and develop more efficient and safe antiviral drugs, and provide useful reference for protecting the younger generation and maintaining public health security. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW At present, researchers have identified hundreds of EV-A71 inhibitors based on screening repurposed drugs, targeted structural design, and rational modification of previously effective drugs as the main development strategies. This review systematically introduces the current potential drugs to inhibit EV-A71 infection, including viral inhibitors targeting key sites such as the viral capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2C protein, internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3C proteinase (3Cpro), and 2A proteinase (2Apro), starting from each stage of the viral life cycle. Meanwhile, the progress of host-targeting antiviral drugs and their development are summarized in terms of regulating host immunity, inhibiting autophagy or apoptosis, and regulating the cellular redox environment. In addition, the current clinical methods for the prevention and treatment of HFMD are summarized and discussed with the aim of providing support and recommendations for the treatment of enterovirus infections including EV-A71.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wei Y, Liu H, Hu D, He Q, Yao C, Li H, Hu K, Wang J. Recent Advances in Enterovirus A71 Infection and Antiviral Agents. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100298. [PMID: 38008182 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that majorly affects children. Most of the time, HFMD is a mild disease but can progress to severe complications, such as meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. HFMD caused by EV-A71 has emerged as an acutely infectious disease of highly pathogenic potential in the Asia-Pacific region. In this review, we introduced the properties and life cycle of EV-A71, and the pathogenesis and the pathophysiology of EV-A71 infection, including tissue tropism and host range of virus infection, the diseases caused by the virus, as well as the genes and host cell immune mechanisms of major diseases caused by enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection, such as encephalitis and neurologic pulmonary edema. At the same time, clinicopathologic characteristics of EV-A71 infection were introduced. There is currently no specific medication for EV-A71 infection, highlighting the urgency and significance of developing suitable anti-EV-A71 agents. This overview also summarizes the targets of existing anti-EV-A71 agents, including virus entry, translation, polyprotein processing, replication, assembly and release; interferons; interleukins; the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and protein kinase B signaling pathways; the oxidative stress pathway; the ubiquitin-proteasome system; and so on. Furthermore, it overviews the effects of natural products, monoclonal antibodies, and RNA interference against EV-A71. It also discusses issues limiting the research of antiviral drugs. This review is a systematic and comprehensive summary of the mechanism and pathological characteristics of EV-A71 infection, the latest progress of existing anti-EV-A71 agents. It would provide better understanding and guidance for the research and application of EV-A71 infection and antiviral inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun He
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenguang Yao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanluo Li
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bakhache W, Orr W, McCormick L, Dolan PT. Uncovering Structural Plasticity of Enterovirus A through Deep Insertional and Deletional Scanning. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3835307. [PMID: 38410474 PMCID: PMC10896406 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3835307/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Insertions and deletions (InDels) are essential sources of novelty in protein evolution. In RNA viruses, InDels cause dramatic phenotypic changes contributing to the emergence of viruses with altered immune profiles and host engagement. This work aimed to expand our current understanding of viral evolution and explore the mutational tolerance of RNA viruses to InDels, focusing on Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) as a prototype for Enterovirus A species (EV-A). Using newly described deep InDel scanning approaches, we engineered approximately 45,000 insertions and 6,000 deletions at every site across the viral proteome, quantifying their effects on viral fitness. As a general trend, most InDels were lethal to the virus. However, our screen reproducibly identified a set of InDel-tolerant regions, demonstrating our ability to comprehensively map tolerance to these mutations. Tolerant sites highlighted structurally flexible and mutationally plastic regions of viral proteins that avoid core structural and functional elements. Phylogenetic analysis on EV-A species infecting diverse mammalian hosts revealed that the experimentally-identified hotspots overlapped with sites of InDels across the EV-A species, suggesting structural plasticity at these sites is an important function for InDels in EV speciation. Our work reveals the fitness effects of InDels across EV-A71, identifying regions of evolutionary capacity that require further monitoring, which could guide the development of Enterovirus vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Bakhache
- Quantitative Virology and Evolution Unit, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIH-NIAID Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Walker Orr
- Quantitative Virology and Evolution Unit, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIH-NIAID Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lauren McCormick
- Quantitative Virology and Evolution Unit, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIH-NIAID Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrick T. Dolan
- Quantitative Virology and Evolution Unit, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIH-NIAID Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fan T, Liu B, Yao H, Chen X, Yang H, Guo S, Wu B, Li X, Li X, Xun M, Wang H. Cathelicidin peptide analogues inhibit EV71 infection through blocking viral entry and uncoating. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011967. [PMID: 38271479 PMCID: PMC10846744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the serious neurological complications and deaths associated with enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection, there is an urgent need to develop effective antivirals against this viral infection. In this study, we demonstrated that two Cathelicidin-derived peptides, LL-18 and FF-18 were more potent against EV71 infection than the parent peptide LL-37, which is the mature and processed form of Cathelicidin. These peptides could directly bind to the EV71 virus particles, but not to coxsackievirus, indicative of their high specificity. The binding of peptides with the virus surface occupied the viral canyon region in a way that could block virus-receptor interactions and inhibit viral uncoating. In addition, these peptide analogues could also relieve the deleterious effect of EV71 infection in vivo. Therefore, Cathelicidin-derived peptides might be excellent candidates for further development of antivirals to treat EV71 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haoyan Yao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinrui Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shangrui Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaozhen Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Xun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Catching A, Te Yeh M, Bianco S, Capponi S, Andino R. A tradeoff between enterovirus A71 particle stability and cell entry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7450. [PMID: 37978288 PMCID: PMC10656440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A central role of viral capsids is to protect the viral genome from the harsh extracellular environment while facilitating initiation of infection when the virus encounters a target cell. Viruses are thought to have evolved an optimal equilibrium between particle stability and efficiency of cell entry. In this study, we genetically perturb this equilibrium in a non-enveloped virus, enterovirus A71 to determine its structural basis. We isolate a single-point mutation variant with increased particle thermotolerance and decreased efficiency of cell entry. Using cryo-electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, we determine that the thermostable native particles have acquired an expanded conformation that results in a significant increase in protein dynamics. Examining the intermediate states of the thermostable variant reveals a potential pathway for uncoating. We propose a sequential release of the lipid pocket factor, followed by internal VP4 and ultimately the viral RNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Catching
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ming Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Simone Bianco
- Industrial and Applied Genomics, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, 95120, USA
- Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Altos Labs, Redwood City, CA, 94022, USA
| | - Sara Capponi
- Industrial and Applied Genomics, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, 95120, USA.
- Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Volle R, Luo L, Razafindratsimandresy R, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Gouandjika-Valisache I, Horwood P, Duong V, Buchy P, Joffret ML, Huang Z, Duizer E, Martin J, Chakrabarti LA, Dussart P, Jouvenet N, Delpeyroux F, Bessaud M. Neutralization of African enterovirus A71 genogroups by antibodies to canonical genogroups. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37909282 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a major public health problem, causing a range of illnesses from hand-foot-and-mouth disease to severe neurological manifestations. EV-A71 strains have been phylogenetically classified into eight genogroups (A to H), based on their capsid-coding genomic region. Genogroups B and C have caused large outbreaks worldwide and represent the two canonical circulating EV-A71 subtypes. Little is known about the antigenic diversity of new genogroups as compared to the canonical ones. Here, we compared the antigenic features of EV-A71 strains that belong to the canonical B and C genogroups and to genogroups E and F, which circulate in Africa. Analysis of the peptide sequences of EV-A71 strains belonging to different genogroups revealed a high level of conservation of the capsid residues involved in known linear and conformational neutralization antigenic sites. Using a published crystal structure of the EV-A71 capsid as a model, we found that most of the residues that are seemingly specific to some genogroups were mapped outside known antigenic sites or external loops. These observations suggest a cross-neutralization activity of anti-genogroup B or C antibodies against strains of genogroups E and F. Neutralization assays were performed with diverse rabbit and mouse anti-EV-A71 sera, anti-EV-A71 human standards and a monoclonal neutralizing antibody. All the batches of antibodies that were tested successfully neutralized all available isolates, indicating an overall broad cross-neutralization between the canonical genogroups B and C and genogroups E and F. A panel constituted of more than 80 individual human serum samples from Cambodia with neutralizing antibodies against EV-A71 subgenogroup C4 showed quite similar cross-neutralization activities between isolates of genogroups C4, E and F. Our results thus indicate that the genetic drift underlying the separation of EV-A71 strains into genogroups A, B, C, E and F does not correlate with the emergence of antigenically distinct variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Volle
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
- Present address: Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lingjie Luo
- Present address: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, PR China
- Institut Pasteur, Control of Chronic Viral Infections (CIVIC) Group, Virus and Immunity Unit, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Serge Alain Sadeuh-Mba
- Present address: Maryland Department of Agriculture, Salisbury Animal Health Laboratory, Salisbury, USA
- Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Paul Horwood
- Present address: James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Institut Pasteur of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Marie-Line Joffret
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Zhong Huang
- Present address: Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Erwin Duizer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Javier Martin
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, UK
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Institut Pasteur, Control of Chronic Viral Infections (CIVIC) Group, Virus and Immunity Unit, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Maël Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu X, Zhu H, Wang M, Zhang N, Wang J, Tan W, Wu G, Yu P, Liu H, Liu Q. An enterovirus A71 virus-like particle with replaced loops confers partial cross-protection in mice. Virus Res 2023; 337:199235. [PMID: 37788720 PMCID: PMC10562737 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), and CV-A10 belong to the main prevailing types causing hand-foot-and-mouth disease. Since EV-A71 monovalent vaccine does not confer cross-protection, developing a multivalent vaccine is essential. In this study, a trivalent chimeric virus-like particle of EV-A71 (EV-A71-VLPCHI3) was constructed based on EV-A71-VLP backbone by replacing the corresponding surface loops with CV-A16 VP1 G-H, CV-A10 VP1 B-C and E-F loops, which are critical for immunogenic neutralization. The baculovirus-insect cell expression system was employed for EV-A71-VLPCHI3 production. EV-A71-VLPCHI3 was purified by sucrose density gradient and observed by transmission electron microscopy. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of EV-A71-VLPCHI3 were evaluated in mice. Our results revealed that EV-A71-VLPCHI3 had a similar morphology to inactivated EV-A71 particles and could induce specific IgG antibodies against EV-A71, CV-A16 and CV-A10 in mice. More importantly, EV-A71-VLPCHI3 enhanced cross-reactive protection against CV-A16 and CV-A10, by 20 % and 40 %, compared to inactivated EV-A71 counterparts, respectively. In conclusion, the successful construction of EV-A71-VLPCHI3 suggested that loop-dependent heterologous protection could be transferred by loops replacement on the surface of viral capsid. This strategy may also supplement the development of multivalent vaccines against other infectious viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; College of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; College of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Mei Wang
- College of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Wenbian Tan
- College of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Guochuan Wu
- College of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Pei Yu
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China.
| | - Qiliang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; College of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Feferbaum-Leite S, Santos IA, Grosche VR, da Silva GCD, Jardim ACG. Insights into enterovirus a-71 antiviral development: from natural sources to synthetic nanoparticles. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:334. [PMID: 37730918 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are pathogens responsible for several diseases, being enterovirus A71 (EVA71) the second leading cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), especially in Asia-Pacific countries. HFMD is mostly common in infants and children, with mild symptoms. However, the disease can result in severe nervous system disorders in children as well as in immunosuppressed adults. The virus is highly contagious, and its transmission occurs via fecal-oral, oropharyngeal secretions, and fomites. The EVA71 burdens the healthy systems and economies around the world, however, up to date, there is no antiviral approved to treat infected individuals and the existent vaccines are not available or approved to be used worldwide. In this context, an extensive literature research was conducted to describe and summarize the recent advances in natural and/or synthetic compounds with antiviral activity against EVA71. The summarized data presented here might simply encourage the future studies in EVA71 antiviral development, by encouraging further research encompassing these compounds or even the application of the techniques and technologies to improve or produce new antiviral molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiraz Feferbaum-Leite
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Igor Andrade Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victória Riquena Grosche
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Sao Paulo State University, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Sao Paulo State University, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Duan F, Du Z, Wang Y, Luo L, Du L, Jiang H, Ma Y, Yang Y. The effects of SCARB2 and SELPLG gene polymorphisms on EV71 infection in hand, foot and mouth disease. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2023; 23:815-824. [PMID: 37078358 PMCID: PMC10494856 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2023.8948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The same viral infection in different hosts may result in varying levels of clinical symptoms, which is related to the genetic background of the host itself. A total of 406 common cases and 452 severe cases of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in Yunnan Province were selected as the research subjects, and SNaPshot technology was used to detect genetic polymorphisms for 25 Tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (TagSNPs) in the selectin P ligand (SELPLG) and scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) genes. Our results demonstrate that SCARB2 polymorphisms (rs74719289, rs3733255 and rs17001551) are related to the severity of EV71 infection (A vs G: OR 0.330; 95% CI 0.115 - 0.947; T vs C: OR 0.336; 95% CI 0.118 - 0.958; and A vs G: OR 0.378; 95% CI 0.145 - 0.984). The SELPLG polymorphisms were not significantly different between common cases and severe cases. Therefore, we conclude that the SCARB2 gene has a protective effect on the course of hand, foot and mouth disease caused by EV71 infection and that SCARB2 gene mutations can reduce the severity of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Duan
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Kunming Kingmed Institute for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Zengqing Du
- Infectious Disease Department, Kunming Children’s Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Yan’an Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lijiang Du
- Infectious Disease Department, Kunming Children’s Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yantuanjin Ma
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuling Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhu Y, Wang X, He Z, Zhao P, Ren H, Qi Z. Enterovirus 71 enters human brain microvascular endothelial cells through an ARF6-mediated endocytic pathway. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28915. [PMID: 37417384 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Infection of the central nervous system caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) remains the main cause of death in hand-foot-and-mouth disease. However, the mechanism responsible for how EV71 breaks through the blood-brain barrier to infect brain cells has yet to be elucidated. By performing a high-throughput small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening and validation, we found that the infection of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) by EV71 was independent of the endocytosis pathways mediated by caveolin, clathrin, and macropinocytosis but dependent on ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6), a small guanosinetriphosphate (GTP)-binding protein of the Ras superfamily. The specific siRNA targeting ARF6 markedly inhibited HBMECs susceptibility to EV71. EV71 infectivity was inhibited by NAV-2729, a specific inhibitor of ARF6, in a dose-dependent manner. The subcellular analysis demonstrated the co-localization of the endocytosed EV71 and ARF6, while knockdown of ARF6 with siRNA remarkably influenced EV71 endocytosis. By immunoprecipitation assays, we found a direct interaction of ARF6 with EV71 viral protein. Furthermore, ARF1, another small GTP-binding protein, was also found to participate in ARF6-mediated EV71 endocytosis. Murine experiments demonstrated that NAV-2729 significantly alleviated mortality caused by EV71 infection. Our study revealed a new pathway by which EV71 enters the HBMECs and provides new targets for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhe Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Ren
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun J, Ma X, Sun L, Zhang Y, Hao C, Wang W. Inhibitory effects and mechanisms of proanthocyanidins against enterovirus 71 infection. Virus Res 2023; 329:199098. [PMID: 36944412 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PC), a natural flavonoid compound, was reported to possess a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor and anti-viral effects. In this study, the anti-Enterovirus 71 (EV71) activities and mechanisms of PC were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that PC possessed anti-EV71 activities in different cell lines with low toxicity. PC can block both the adsorption and entry processes of EV71 via directly binding to virus VP1 protein. PC may competitively interfere with the binding of VP1 to its receptor SCARB2. PC can also regulate three different MAPK signaling pathways to reduce EV71 infection and attenuate virus induced inflammatory responses. Importantly, intramuscular therapy of EV71-infected mice with PC markedly improved their survival and attenuated the severe clinical symptoms. Therefore, the natural compound PC has potential to be developed into a novel anti-EV71 agent targeting viral VP1 protein and MAPK pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiqin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Lishan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Cui Hao
- Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hu K, Onintsoa Diarimalala R, Yao C, Li H, Wei Y. EV-A71 Mechanism of Entry: Receptors/Co-Receptors, Related Pathways and Inhibitors. Viruses 2023; 15:785. [PMID: 36992493 PMCID: PMC10051052 DOI: 10.3390/v15030785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71, a non-enveloped single-stranded (+) RNA virus, enters host cells through three stages: attachment, endocytosis and uncoating. In recent years, receptors/co-receptors anchored on the host cell membrane and involved in this process have been continuously identified. Among these, hSCARB-2 was the first receptor revealed to specifically bind to a definite site of the EV-A71 viral capsid and plays an indispensable role during viral entry. It actually acts as the main receptor due to its ability to recognize all EV-A71 strains. In addition, PSGL-1 is the second EV-A71 receptor discovered. Unlike hSCARB-2, PSGL-1 binding is strain-specific; only 20% of EV-A71 strains isolated to date are able to recognize and bind it. Some other receptors, such as sialylated glycan, Anx 2, HS, HSP90, vimentin, nucleolin and fibronectin, were discovered successively and considered as "co-receptors" because, without hSCARB-2 or PSGL-1, they are not able to mediate entry. For cypA, prohibitin and hWARS, whether they belong to the category of receptors or of co-receptors still needs further investigation. In fact, they have shown to exhibit an hSCARB-2-independent entry. All this information has gradually enriched our knowledge of EV-A71's early stages of infection. In addition to the availability of receptors/co-receptors for EV-A71 on host cells, the complex interaction between the virus and host proteins and various intracellular signaling pathways that are intricately connected to each other is critical for a successful EV-A71 invasion and for escaping the attack of the immune system. However, a lot remains unknown about the EV-A71 entry process. Nevertheless, researchers have been continuously interested in developing EV-A71 entry inhibitors, as this study area offers a large number of targets. To date, important progress has been made toward the development of several inhibitors targeting: receptors/co-receptors, including their soluble forms and chemically designed compounds; virus capsids, such as capsid inhibitors designed on the VP1 capsid; compounds potentially interfering with related signaling pathways, such as MAPK-, IFN- and ATR-inhibitors; and other strategies, such as siRNA and monoclonal antibodies targeting entry. The present review summarizes these latest studies, which are undoubtedly of great significance in developing a novel therapeutic approach against EV-A71.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yanhong Wei
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (K.H.); (R.O.D.); (C.Y.); (H.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhu P, Ji W, Li D, Li Z, Chen Y, Dai B, Han S, Chen S, Jin Y, Duan G. Current status of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:15. [PMID: 36829162 PMCID: PMC9951172 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral illness commonly seen in young children under 5 years of age, characterized by typical manifestations such as oral herpes and rashes on the hands and feet. These symptoms typically resolve spontaneously within a few days without complications. Over the past two decades, our understanding of HFMD has greatly improved and it has received significant attention. A variety of research studies, including epidemiological, animal, and in vitro studies, suggest that the disease may be associated with potentially fatal neurological complications. These findings reveal clinical, epidemiological, pathological, and etiological characteristics that are quite different from initial understandings of the illness. It is important to note that HFMD has been linked to severe cardiopulmonary complications, as well as severe neurological sequelae that can be observed during follow-up. At present, there is no specific pharmaceutical intervention for HFMD. An inactivated Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccine that has been approved by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) has been shown to provide a high level of protection against EV-A71-related HFMD. However, the simultaneous circulation of multiple pathogens and the evolution of the molecular epidemiology of infectious agents make interventions based solely on a single agent comparatively inadequate. Enteroviruses are highly contagious and have a predilection for the nervous system, particularly in child populations, which contributes to the ongoing outbreak. Given the substantial impact of HFMD around the world, this Review synthesizes the current knowledge of the virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, therapy, sequelae, and vaccine development of HFMD to improve clinical practices and public health efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Zhu
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Dong Li
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Zijie Li
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Yu Chen
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Bowen Dai
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Shujie Han
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China. .,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhu W, Li J, Wu Z, Li H, Zhang Z, Zhu X, Sun M, Dong S. Dual blockages of a broad and potent neutralizing IgM antibody targeting GH loop of EV-As. Immunology 2023. [PMID: 36726218 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The reported enterovirus A 71 (EVA71) vaccines and immunoglobin G (IgG) antibodies have no cross-antiviral efficacy against other enterovirus A (EV-A) which caused hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Here we constructed an IgM antibody (20-IgM) based on our previous discovery to address the resistance encountered by IgG-based immunotherapy. Although binding to the same conserved neutralizing epitope within the GH loop of EV-As VP1, the antiviral breath and potency of 20-IgM are still higher than its parental 20-IgG1. The 20-IgM blocks the interaction between the EV-As and its receptors, scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) and Kringle-containing transmembrane protein 1(KREMEN1) of the host cell. The 20-IgM also neutralizes the EV-As at the post-attachment stages, including postattachment neutralization, uncoating and RNA release inhibition after internalization. Mechanistically, the dual blockage effect of 20-IgM is dependent on both a conserved site targeting and high affinity binding. Meanwhile, 20-IgM provides cross-antiviral efficacy in EV-As orally infected neonatal ICR mice. Collectively, 20-IgM and its property exhibit excellent antiviral activity with a dual-blockage inhibitory effect at both the pre- and post-attachment stages. The finding enhances our understanding of IgM-mediated immunity and highlights the potential of IgM subtype antibodies against enterovirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Zhu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Zhongxiang Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Zhixiao Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Shaozhong Dong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Behzadi A, imani S, Deravi N, Mohammad Taheri Z, mohammadian F, moraveji Z, Shavysi S, Mostafaloo M, Soleimani Hadidi F, Nanbakhsh S, Olangian-Tehrani S, Marabi MH, behshood P, Poudineh M, Kheirandish A, Keylani K, Behfarnia P. Antiviral Potential of Melissa officinalis L.: A Literature Review. Nutr Metab Insights 2023; 16:11786388221146683. [PMID: 36655201 PMCID: PMC9841880 DOI: 10.1177/11786388221146683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of synthetic drugs has increased in recent years; however, herbal medicine is yet more trusted among a huge population worldwide; This could be due to minimal side effects, affordable prices, and traditional beliefs. Lemongrass (Melissa officinalis) has been widely used for reducing stress and anxiety, increasing appetite and sleep, reducing pain, healing wounds, and treating poisonous insect bites and bee stings for a long time. Today, research has shown that this plant can also fight viruses including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) through various mechanisms such as inhibiting HSV-1 from binding to host cell, inhibiting HSV-1 replication during the post-adsorption or inhibiting main protease and spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, furthermore, be effective in treating related diseases. This Review investigated the antiviral properties of Melissa officinalis and its effect on viral diseases. More in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to determine Melissa officinaliss underlying mechanism, and more randomized controlled trials should be done to identify its effect in humans. Also, due to the usefulness and lack of side effects, it can be used more as a complementary medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Behzadi
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Avicennet, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh imani
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - fatemeh mohammadian
- Student Research Committee, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - zahra moraveji
- Student Research Committee, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sepideh Shavysi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahareh Mostafaloo
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Soleimani Hadidi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Nanbakhsh
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Avicennet, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Olangian-Tehrani
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Avicennet, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hesam Marabi
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Parisa behshood
- Department of Microbiology, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Ali Kheirandish
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Kimia Keylani
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooya Behfarnia
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhong M, Wang H, Yan H, Wu S, Wang K, Yang L, Cui B, Wu M, Li Y. Effects and mechanism of Aβ 1-42 on EV-A71 replication. Virol J 2022; 19:151. [PMID: 36127711 PMCID: PMC9485788 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β-Amyloid (Aβ) protein is a pivotal pathogenetic factor in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, increasing evidence suggests that the brain has to continuously produce excessive Aβ to efficaciously prevent pathogenic micro-organism infections, which induces and accelerates the disease process of AD. Meanwhile, Aβ exhibits activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and influenza A virus (IAV) replication, but not against other neurotropic viruses. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is the most important neurotropic enterovirus in the post-polio era. Given the limitation of existing research on the relationship between Aβ and other virus infections, this study aimed to investigate the potent activity of Aβ on EV-A71 infection and extended the potential function of Aβ in other unenveloped viruses may be linked to Alzheimer's disease or infectious neurological diseases. Methods Aβ peptides 1–42 are a major pathological factor of senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, we utilized Aβ1–42 as a test subject to perform our study. The production of monomer Aβ1–42 and their high-molecular oligomer accumulations in neural cells were detected by immunofluorescence assay, ELISA, or Western blot assay. The inhibitory activity of Aβ1–42 peptides against EV-A71 in vitro was detected by Western blot analysis or qRT-PCR. The mechanism of Aβ1–42 against EV-A71 replication was analyzed by time-of-addition assay, attachment inhibition assay, pre-attachment inhibition analysis, viral-penetration inhibition assay, TEM analysis of virus agglutination, and pull-down assay. Results We found that EV-A71 infection induced Aβ production and accumulation in SH-SY5Y cells. We also revealed for the first time that Aβ1–42 efficiently inhibited the RNA level of EV-A71 VP1, and the protein levels of VP1, VP2, and nonstructural protein 3AB in SH-SY5Y, Vero, and human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Aβ1–42 primarily targeted the early stage of EV-A71 entry to inhibit virus replication by binding virus capsid protein VP1 or scavenger receptor class B member 2. Moreover, Aβ1–42 formed non-enveloped EV-A71 particle aggregates within a certain period and bound to the capsid protein VP1, which partially caused Aβ1–42 to prevent viruses from infecting cells. Conclusions Our findings unveiled that Aβ1–42 effectively inhibited nonenveloped EV-A71 by targeting the early phase of an EV-A71 life cycle, thereby extending the potential function of Aβ in other non-envelope viruses linked to infectious neurological diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01882-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhong
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Huiqiang Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kun Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lu Yang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Boming Cui
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Mengyuan Wu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ohka S, Tan SH, Ishiyama E, Ogasawara K, Hanasaka T, Ishida K, Hagiwara K, Liu CC, Chong PCS, Hanaki KI, Schiavo G. The uncoating of EV71 in mature late endosomes requires CD-M6PR. Biol Open 2022; 11:276618. [PMID: 35929543 PMCID: PMC9493940 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the causative agents of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, which in some circumstances could lead to severe neurological diseases. Despite of its importance for human health, little is known about the early stages of EV71 infection. EV71 starts uncoating with its receptor, human scavenger receptor B2 (hSCARB2), at low pH. We show that EV71 was not targeted to lysosomes in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells overexpressing hSCARB2 and that the autophagic pathway is not essential for EV71 productive uncoating. Instead, EV71 was efficiently uncoated 30 minutes after infection in late endosomes (LEs) containing hSCARB2, mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR), RAB9, bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate and lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2). Furthering the notion that mature LEs are crucial for EV71 uncoating, cation-dependent (CD)-M6PR knockdown impairs EV71 infection. Since hSCARB2 interacts with cation-independent (CI)-M6PR through M6P-binding sites and CD-M6PR also harbor a M6P-binding site, CD-M6PR is likely to play important roles in EV71 uncoating in LEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seii Ohka
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soon Hao Tan
- Department of Pathology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eri Ishiyama
- Technical Support Center for Life Science Research, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Ogasawara
- Technical Support Center for Life Science Research, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tomohito Hanasaka
- Technical Support Center for Life Science Research, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kinji Ishida
- Technical Support Center for Life Science Research, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kyoji Hagiwara
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Pele Choi-Sing Chong
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hanaki
- Technical Support Center for Life Science Research, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pei Z, Wang H, Zhao Z, Chen X, Huan C, Zhang W. Chemokine PF4 Inhibits EV71 and CA16 Infections at the Entry Stage. J Virol 2022; 96:e0043522. [PMID: 35579435 PMCID: PMC9175630 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00435-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet factor 4 (PF4) or the CXC chemokine CXCL4 is the most abundant protein within the α-granules of platelets. Previous studies found that PF4 regulates infections of several viruses, including HIV-1, H1N1, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and dengue virus. Here, we show that PF4 is an inhibitor of enterovirus A71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) infections. The secreted form of PF4 from transfected cells or soluble purified PF4 from Escherichia coli, even lacking signal peptide affected secretion, obviously inhibited the propagation of EV71 and CA16. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that PF4 blocked the entry of the virus into the host cells by interactions with VP3 proteins of EV71/CA16 and the interaction with SCARB2 receptor-mediated EV71 and CA16 endocytosis. As expected, the incubation of anti-PF4 antibody with PF4 blocked PF4 inhibition on EV71 and CA16 infections further supported the above conclusion. Importantly, pretreatment of EV71 viruses with PF4 significantly protected the neonatal mice from EV71 lethal challenge and promoted the survival rate of infected mice. PF4 derived from natural platelets by EV71/CA16 activation also presented strong inhibition on EV71 and CA16. In summary, our study identified a new host factor against EV71 and CA16 infections, providing a novel strategy for EV71 and CA16 treatment. IMPORTANCE The virus's life cycle starts with binding to cell surface receptors, resulting in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Targeting the entry of the virus into target cells is an effective strategy to develop a novel drug. EV71 and CA16 are the major pathogens that cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks worldwide since 2008. However, the treatment of EV71 and CA16 infections is mainly symptomatic because there is no approved drug. Therefore, the underlying pathogenesis of EV71/CA16 and the interaction between host-EV71/CA16 need to be further investigated to develop an inhibitor. Here, we identified PF4 as a potent entry inhibitor of EV71 and CA16 via binding to VP3 proteins of EV71 and CA16 or binding to receptor SCARB2. In the EV71 infection model, PF4 protected mice from EV71 lethal challenge and promoted the survival rate of EV71-infected mice. Our study suggests that PF4 represents a potential candidate host factor for anti-EV71 and CA16 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Pei
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhilei Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Huan
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dong H, Liu P, Bai M, Wang K, Feng R, Zhu D, Sun Y, Mu S, Li H, Harmsen M, Sun S, Wang X, Guo H. Structural and molecular basis for foot-and-mouth disease virus neutralization by two potent protective antibodies. Protein Cell 2022; 13:446-453. [PMID: 33599962 PMCID: PMC9095805 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00828-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Pan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Manyuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Kang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Rui Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Suyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Haozhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Michiel Harmsen
- Division Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Guo D, Yu X, Wang D, Li Z, Zhou Y, Xu G, Yuan B, Qin Y, Chen M. SLC35B2 Acts in a Dual Role in the Host Sulfation Required for EV71 Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0204221. [PMID: 35420441 PMCID: PMC9093107 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02042-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important neurotropic enterovirus, enterovirus 71 (EV71) is occasionally associated with severe neurological diseases and high mortality rates in infants and young children. Understanding the interaction between host factors and EV71 will play a vital role in developing antivirals and optimizing vaccines. Here, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen and revealed that scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2), solute carrier family 35 member B2 (SLC35B2), and beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 3 (B3GAT3) are essential in facilitating EV71 replication. Subsequently, the exploration of molecular mechanisms suggested that the knockout of SLC35B2 or B3GAT3, not SCARB2, led to a remarkable decrease in the binding of EV71 to cells and internalization into cells. Furthermore, we found that the infection efficiency for EV71 was positively correlated with the level of host cell sulfation, not simply with the amount of heparan sulfate, suggesting that an unidentified sulfated protein(s) must contribute to EV71 infection. In support of this idea, we screened possible sulfated proteins among the proteinous receptors for EV71 and confirmed that SCARB2 could uniquely interact with both tyrosyl protein sulfotransferases in humans. We then performed mass spectrometric analysis of SCARB2, identifying five sites with tyrosine sulfation. The function verification test indicated that there were more than five tyrosine-sulfated sites on SCARB2. Finally, we constructed a model for EV71 entry in which both heparan sulfate and SCARB2 are regulated by SLC35B2 and act cooperatively to support viral binding, internalization, and uncoating. Taken together, this is the first time that we performed the pooled CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screening to investigate the interplay of host cells and EV71. Furthermore, we found that a novel host factor, SLC35B2, played a dual role in regulating the overall sulfation comprising heparan sulfate sulfation and protein tyrosine sulfation, which are critical for EV71 entry. IMPORTANCE As the most important nonpolio neurotropic enterovirus lacking specific treatments, EV71 can transmit to the central nervous system, leading to severe and fatal neurological complications in infants and young children. The identification of new factors that facilitate or inhibit EV71 replication is crucial to uncover the mechanisms of viral infection and pathogenesis. To date, only a few host factors involved in EV71 infection have been characterized. Herein, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 functional knockout (GeCKO) screen for the first time to study EV71 in HeLa cells. The screening results are presented as a ranked list of candidates, including 518 hits in the positive selection that facilitate EV71 replication and 1,044 hits in the negative selection that may be essential for cell growth and survival or for suppressing EV71 infection. We subsequently concentrated on the top three hits in the positive selection: SCARB2, SLC35B2, and B3GAT3. The knockout of any of these three genes confers strong resistance against EV71 infection. We confirmed that EV71 infection is codependent on two receptors, heparan sulfate and SCARB2. We also identified a host entry factor, SLC35B2, indirectly facilitating EV71 infection through regulation of the host cell sulfation, and determined a novel posttranslational modification, protein tyrosine sulfation existing in SCARB2. This study revealed that EV71 infectivity exhibits a significant positive correlation with the level of cellular sulfation regulated by SLC35B2. Due to the sulfation pathway being required for many distinct viruses, including but not limited to EV71 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which were tested in this study, SLC35B2 represents a target of broad-spectrum antiviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guodong Xu
- Wuhan Canvest Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bing Yuan
- Wuhan Canvest Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yali Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang F, Zhang N, Chen Y, Yin J, Xu M, Cheng X, Ma R, Meng J, Du Y. Role of Non-Coding RNA in Neurological Complications Associated With Enterovirus 71. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:873304. [PMID: 35548469 PMCID: PMC9081983 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.873304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogenic virus that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Studies have reported that EV71-induced infections including aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even neurogenic pulmonary edema, can progress to severe neurological complications in infants, young children, and the immunosuppressed population. However, the mechanisms through which EV71 causes neurological diseases have not been fully explored. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are RNAs that do not code for proteins, play a key role in biological processes and disease development associated with EV71. In this review, we summarized recent advances concerning the impacts of ncRNAs on neurological diseases caused by interaction between EV71 and host, revealing the potential role of ncRNAs in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of EV71-induced neurological complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiancai Yin
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Muchen Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruyi Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jialin Meng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yinan Du, ; Jialin Meng,
| | - Yinan Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yinan Du, ; Jialin Meng,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tang Q, Xu Z, Zhang F, Cai Y, Chen Y, Lu B, Zhou HB, Lan K, Wu S. Identification of a novel binding inhibitor that blocks the interaction between hSCARB2 and VP1 of enterovirus 71. CELL INSIGHT 2022; 1:100016. [PMID: 37193133 PMCID: PMC10120312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection causes severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease that leads to cardiopulmonary complications and death in young children under 5 years of age. Although there are available vaccines for EV-A71 C4, however, there are no efficient drugs for severe cases. Thus, there is an urgent need to find new direct-antiviral agents (DAAs) to control EV-A71 infection. In this study, we report our discovery of the EV-A71 capsid inhibitor PTC-209HBr, a small-molecule Bmi-1 inhibitor and an anticancer agent, and its derivatives that inhibit multiple enteroviruses with an EC50 at a submicromolar efficacy. The mechanism of action of PTC-209HBr was confirmed by time-of-addition, resistance selection and reverse genetics experiments, microscale thermophoresis (MST), viral binding and entry assays, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and immunofluorescence experiments (IF). Mechanistic studies indicated that PTC-209HBr inhibited EV-A71 infection by impeding the binding between VP1 and the receptor hSCARB2 during the early stage of EV-A71 infection through hindering viral entry into host cells. Collectively, these findings indicated that PCT-209HBr is a novel inhibitor of enteroviruses with a confirmed mechanism of action that can be further developed into EV-A71 DAAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yinuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Baojing Lu
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-bing Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shuwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid from the Medicinal Plant Ilex kaushue Disrupts the Interaction Between the Five-Fold Axis of Enterovirus A-71 and the Heparan Sulfate Receptor. J Virol 2022; 96:e0054221. [PMID: 35319229 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00542-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While infections by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) are generally self-limiting, they can occasionally lead to serious neurological complications and death. No licensed therapies against EV-A71 currently exist. Using anti-virus-induced cytopathic effect assays, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-DCQA) from Ilex kaushue extracts was found to exert significant anti-EV-A71 activity, with a broad inhibitory spectrum against different EV-A71 genotypes. Time-of-drug-addition assays revealed that 3,4-DCQA affects the initial phase (entry step) of EV-A71 infection by directly targeting viral particles and disrupting viral attachment to host cells. Using resistant virus selection experiments, we found that 3,4-DCQA targets the glutamic acid residue at position 98 (E98) and the proline residue at position 246 (P246) in the 5-fold axis located within the VP1 structural protein. Recombinant viruses harboring the two mutations were resistant to 3,4-DCQA-elicited inhibition of virus attachment and penetration into human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Finally, we showed that 3,4-DCQA specifically inhibited the attachment of EV-A71 to the host receptor heparan sulfate (HS), but not to the scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL1). Molecular docking analysis confirmed that 3,4-DCQA targets the 5-fold axis to form a stable structure with the E98 and P246 residues through noncovalent and van der Waals interactions. The targeting of E98 and P246 by 3,4-DCQA was found to be specific; accordingly, HS binding of viruses carrying the K242A or K244A mutations in the 5-fold axis was successfully inhibited by 3,4-DCQA.The clinical utility of 3,4-DCQA in the prevention or treatment of EV-A71 infections warrants further scrutiny. IMPORTANCE The canyon region and the 5-fold axis of the EV-A71 viral particle located within the VP1 protein mediate the interaction of the virus with host surface receptors. The three most extensively investigated cellular receptors for EV-A71 include SCARB2, PSGL1, and cell surface heparan sulfate. In the current study, a RD cell-based anti-cytopathic effect assay was used to investigate the potential broad spectrum inhibitory activity of 3,4-DCQA against different EV-A71 strains. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that 3,4-DCQA disrupts the interaction between the 5-fold axis of EV-A71 and its heparan sulfate receptor; however, no effect was seen on the SCARB2 or PSGL1 receptors. Taken together, our findings show that this natural product may pave the way to novel anti-EV-A71 therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Yeo H, Chong CWH, Chen EW, Lim ZQ, Ng QY, Yan B, Chu JJH, Chow VTK, Alonso S. A Single Amino Acid Substitution in Structural Protein VP2 Abrogates the Neurotropism of Enterovirus A-71 in Mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:821976. [PMID: 35369482 PMCID: PMC8969769 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.821976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children and has been associated with neurological complications. With no specific treatment and a monovalent vaccine limited to the Chinese market, HFMD remains a serious public health concern and an economic burden to affected societies. The molecular mechanisms underpinning EV-A71 neurovirulence have yet to be fully elucidated. In this work, we provide experimental evidence that a single amino acid substitution (I to K) at position 149 in structural protein VP2 of a non-mouse-adapted EV-A71 strain completely and specifically abrogated its infectivity in murine motor neuron-like NSC-34 cells. We showed that VP2 I149K mutant was impaired in murine SCARB2-mediated entry step but retained the ability to attach at the cell surface. In vivo, VP2 I149K mutant was fully attenuated in a symptomatic mouse model of progressive limb paralysis. While viral titers in limb muscles were comparable to mice infected with parental wild-type strain, significantly lower viral titers were measured in the spinal cord and brain, with minimal tissue damage, therefore indicating that VP2 I149K mutant is specifically impaired in its ability to invade the central nervous system (CNS). This study highlights the key role of amino acid at position 149 in VP2 in EV-A71 neurovirulence, and lends further support that the EF loop of VP2 represents a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yeo
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Connie Wan Hui Chong
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elijah Weihua Chen
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ze Qin Lim
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Yong Ng
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benedict Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Diagnosis Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincent T. K. Chow
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Sylvie Alonso, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-7044-414X
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Powers HR, Sahoo D. SR-B1's Next Top Model: Structural Perspectives on the Functions of the HDL Receptor. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:277-288. [PMID: 35107765 PMCID: PMC8809234 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The binding of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to its primary receptor, scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), is critical for lowering plasma cholesterol levels and reducing cardiovascular disease risk. This review provides novel insights into how the structural elements of SR-B1 drive efficient function with an emphasis on bidirectional cholesterol transport. RECENT FINDINGS We have generated a new homology model of full-length human SR-B1 based on the recent resolution of the partial structures of other class B scavenger receptors. Interrogating this model against previously published observations allows us to generate structurally informed hypotheses about SR-B1's ability to mediate HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) transport. Furthermore, we provide a structural perspective as to why human variants of SR-B1 may result in impaired HDL-C clearance. A comprehensive understanding of SR-B1's structure-function relationships is critical to the development of therapeutic agents targeting SR-B1 and modulating cardiovascular disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley R. Powers
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Cardiovascular Center, H4930 Health Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhu W, Liu Z, Zheng X, Li J, Lu K, Jiang X, Zhang X, Ren F, Zhang X, Xu J, Wu Z, Sun M, Dong S. A broad and potent IgM antibody against tetra-EV-As induced by EVA71 and CVA16 co-immunization. Vaccine 2021; 39:6510-6519. [PMID: 34600750 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the potent and broad neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against enterovirus A (EV-A) in vitro and in vivo induced by enterovirus A71(EVA71) and coxsackievirus 16 (CVA16) co-immunization. METHODS The mAb was Generated by co-immunization with EVA71 and CVA16 through hybridomas technology. The characteristics and neutralizing ability of mAb were analysed in vitro and in mice. RESULTS We screened three mAb, the IgM antibody M20 and IgG antibody B1 and C31. All three antibodies showed cross-reactivity against tetra-EV-As. However, M20 showed potent and broad neutralizing ability against tetra-EV-As than B1 and C31. Meanwhile, M20 provided cross-antiviral efficacy in tetra-EV-As orally infected mice. Moreover, M20 binds to a conserved neutralizing epitope within the GH loop of tetra-EV-As VP1. CONCLUSIONS M20 and its property exhibited potent and broad antiviral activity against tetra-EV-As, and that is expected to be a potential preventive and therapeutic candidate against EV-As.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Zhu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zhuohang Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xuelin Zheng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Kongjie Lu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xuejian Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Fangfang Ren
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zhongxiang Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Shaozhong Dong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Luo SK, Hu WH, Lu ZJ, Li C, Fan YM, Chen QJ, Chen ZS, Ye JF, Chen SY, Tong JL, Wang LL, Mei J, Lu HY. Diabetes patients with comorbidities had unfavorable outcomes following COVID-19: A retrospective study. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1789-1808. [PMID: 34754379 PMCID: PMC8554366 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i10.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that diabetes mellitus is a common comorbidity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the effects of diabetes or anti-diabetic medication on the mortality of COVID-19 have not been well described.
AIM To investigate the outcome of different statuses (with or without comorbidity) and anti-diabetic medication use before admission of diabetic after COVID-19.
METHODS In this multicenter and retrospective study, we enrolled 1422 consecutive hospitalized patients from January 21, 2020, to March 25, 2020, at six hospitals in Hubei Province, China. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Epidemiological material, demographic information, clinical data, laboratory parameters, radiographic characteristics, treatment and outcome were extracted from electronic medical records using a standardized data collection form. Most of the laboratory data except fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were obtained in first hospitalization, and FPG was collected in the next day morning. Major clinical symptoms, vital signs at admission and comorbidities were collected. The treatment data included not only COVID-19 but also diabetes mellitus. The duration from the onset of symptoms to admission, illness severity, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and length of hospital stay were also recorded. All data were checked by a team of sophisticated physicians.
RESULTS Patients with diabetes were 10 years older than non-diabetic patients [(39 - 64) vs (56 - 70), P < 0.001] and had a higher prevalence of comorbidities such as hypertension (55.5% vs 21.4%, P < 0.001), coronary heart disease (CHD) (9.9% vs 3.5%, P < 0.001), cerebrovascular disease (CVD) (3% vs 2.2%, P < 0.001), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (4.7% vs 1.5%, P = 0.007). Mortality (13.6% vs 7.2%, P = 0.003) was more prevalent among the diabetes group. Further analysis revealed that patients with diabetes who took acarbose had a lower mortality rate (2.2% vs 26.1, P < 0.01). Multivariable Cox regression showed that male sex [hazard ratio (HR) 2.59 (1.68 - 3.99), P < 0.001], hypertension [HR 1.75 (1.18 - 2.60), P = 0.006), CKD [HR 4.55 (2.52-8.20), P < 0.001], CVD [HR 2.35 (1.27 - 4.33), P = 0.006], and age were risk factors for the COVID-19 mortality. Higher HRs were noted in those aged ≥ 65 (HR 11.8 [4.6 - 30.2], P < 0.001) vs 50-64 years (HR 5.86 [2.27 - 15.12], P < 0.001). The survival curve revealed that, compared with the diabetes only group, the mortality was increased in the diabetes with comorbidities group (P = 0.009) but was not significantly different from the non-comorbidity group (P = 0.59).
CONCLUSION Patients with diabetes had worse outcomes when suffering from COVID-19; however, the outcome was not associated with diabetes itself but with comorbidities. Furthermore, acarbose could reduce the mortality in diabetic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Kui Luo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei-Hua Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jingzhou, Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhan-Jin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan 430033, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ya-Meng Fan
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qi-Jian Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Hospital in Wuhan, Wuhan 430050, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zai-Shu Chen
- People's Hospital of Jiayu County, Jiayu 437200, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jian-Fang Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shi-Yan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun-Lu Tong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ling-Ling Wang
- Department of Gerontology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin Mei
- Anatomy Department, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
- Central Laboratory, Ningbo First Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Yun Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fan X, Chen G, Shan F, Ma F, Gong P, Liang Y, Meng C, Xu J. Molecular Insights into the mechanisms of mucosal immunity induced by Brucella abortus infection in nasal-associated lymphoid tissues. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1972348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xutao Fan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guowu Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenglian Shan
- Infectious Diseases Division, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengyu Ma
- Department of Spine Surgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pihao Gong
- Graduate School of Jining Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhu Liang
- Graduate School of Jining Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Meng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
- Neuropathic Pain Institute for Spinal Nerve of Jining Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Infectious Diseases Division, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Functional Insights into Silymarin as an Antiviral Agent against Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168757. [PMID: 34445463 PMCID: PMC8395941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major neurovirulent agent capable of causing severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) associated with neurological complications and death. Currently, no FDA-approved antiviral is available for the treatment of EV-A71 infections. The flavonoid silymarin was shown to exert virucidal effects, but the binding site on the capsid was unknown. In this study, the ligand interacting site of silymarin was determined in silico and validated in vitro. Moreover, the potential of EV-A71 to develop resistance against silymarin was further evaluated. Molecular docking of silymarin with the capsid of EV-A71 indicated that silymarin binds to viral protein 1 (VP1) of EV-A71, specifically at the GH loop of VP1. The in vitro binding of silymarin with VP1 of EV-A71 was validated using recombinant VP1 through ELISA competitive binding assay. Continuous passaging of EV-A71 in the presence of silymarin resulted in the emergence of a mutant carrying a substitution of isoleucine by threonine (I97T) at position 97 of the BC loop of EV-A71. The mutation was speculated to overcome the inhibitory effects of silymarin. This study provides functional insights into the underlying mechanism of EV-A71 inhibition by silymarin, but warrants further in vivo evaluation before being developed as a potential therapeutic agent.
Collapse
|
38
|
Cao Y, Lei E, Li L, Ren J, He X, Yang J, Wang S. Antiviral activity of Mulberroside C against enterovirus A71 in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 906:174204. [PMID: 34051220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the main causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease which seriously threatens young children's health and lives. However, there is no effective therapy currently available for treating these infections. Therefore, effective drugs to prevent and treat EV-A71 infections are urgently needed. Here, we identified Mulberroside C potently against the proliferation of EV-A71. The in-vitro anti-EV-A71 activity of Mulberroside C was assessed by cytopathic effect inhibition and viral plaque reduction assays, and the results showed that Mulberroside C significantly inhibited EV-A71 infection. The downstream assays affirmed that Mulberroside C inhibited viral protein and RNA synthesis. Furthermore, Mulberroside C effectively reduced clinical symptoms in EV-A71 infected mice and reduced mortality at higher concentrations. The mechanism study indicated that Mulberroside C bound to the hydrophobic pocket of viral capsid protein VP1, thereby preventing viral uncoating and genome release. Taken together, our study indicated that Mulberroside C could be a promising EV-A71 inhibitor and worth extensive preclinical investigation as a lead compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - En Lei
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jin Ren
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang He
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China.
| | - Shengqi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hao D, Wang H, Zang Y, Zhang L, Yang Z, Zhang S. Mechanism of Glycans Modulating Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein: Unveiled by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 62:5246-5257. [PMID: 33858135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) has been considered as a promising way for the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for three decades. However, clinical trials of several CETP inhibitors with various potencies have been marginally successful at best, raising doubts on the target drugability of CETP. The in-depth understanding of the glycosylated CETP structure could be beneficial to more definitive descriptions of the CETP function and the underlying mechanism. In this work, large-scale molecular dynamics simulations were performed to thoroughly explore the mechanism of glycans modulating CETP. Here, the extensive simulation results intensely suggest that glycan88 tends to assist CETP in forming a continuous tunnel throughout interacting with the upper-right region of the N-barrel, while it also could prevent the formation of a continuous tunnel by swinging toward the right-rear of the N-barrel. Furthermore, glycan240 formed stable H-bonds with Helix-B and might further stabilize the central cavity of CETP. Furthermore, the nonspecific involvement of the hydroxyl groups from the various glycans with protein core interactions and the similar influence of different glycans trapped at similar regions on the protein structure suggest that physiological glycan may lead to a similar effect. This study would provide valuable insights into devising novel methods for CVD treatment targeting CETP and functional studies about glycosylation for other systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - He Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yongjian Zang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bioinformatics-based prediction of conformational epitopes for Enterovirus A71 and Coxsackievirus A16. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5701. [PMID: 33707530 PMCID: PMC7952546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and CV-A10 are the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The conformational epitopes play a vital role in monitoring the antigenic evolution, predicting dominant strains and preparing vaccines. In this study, we employed a Bioinformatics-based algorithm to predict the conformational epitopes of EV-A71 and CV-A16 and compared with that of CV-A10. Prediction results revealed that the distribution patterns of conformational epitopes of EV-A71 and CV-A16 were similar to that of CV-A10 and their epitopes likewise consisted of three sites: site 1 (on the "north rim" of the canyon around the fivefold vertex), site 2 (on the "puff") and site 3 (one part was in the "knob" and the other was near the threefold vertex). The reported epitopes highly overlapped with our predicted epitopes indicating the predicted results were reliable. These data suggested that three-site distribution pattern may be the basic distribution role of epitopes on the enteroviruses capsids. Our prediction results of EV-A71 and CV-A16 can provide essential information for monitoring the antigenic evolution of enterovirus.
Collapse
|
41
|
Chang CS, Liao CC, Liou AT, Chou YC, Yu YY, Lin CY, Lin JS, Suen CS, Hwang MJ, Shih C. Novel Naturally Occurring Mutations of Enterovirus 71 Associated With Disease Severity. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:610568. [PMID: 33519765 PMCID: PMC7838335 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.610568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the re-emerging enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is associated with a wide range of disease severity, including herpangina, encephalitis, and cardiopulmonary failure. At present, there is no FDA-approved therapeutics for EV-A71. Early diagnosis for the high-risk children is the key to successful patient care. We examined viral genome sequences at the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and the capsid protein VP1 from 36 mild and 27 severe cases. We identified five EV-A71 mutations associated with severe diseases, including (1) the 5′ UTR mutations C580U, A707G, C709U; (2) a VP1 alanine-to-threonine mutation at position 280 (280T), and (3) a VP1 glutamic acid-to-(non-glutamic acid) at position 145 [145(non-E)]. SCARB2 is a known entry receptor for EV-A71. Based on a recent cryoEM structure of the EV-A71-SCARB2 binding complex, VP1-280T is near the binding interface between the VP1-VP2 complex and its entry receptor SCARB2. A de novo created hydrogen bonding between the mutant VP1-280T and the VP2-139T, could help strengthen a web-like interaction structure of the VP1-VP2 complex. A stabilized loop turn of VP2, once in contact with SCARB2, can enhance interaction with the host SCARB2 receptor for viral entry. Our findings here could facilitate early detection of severe cases infected with EV-A71 in clinical medicine. In addition, it opens up the opportunity of functional studies via infectious cDNA cloning, site-directed mutagenesis, and animal models in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Shin Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Ting Liou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yen Yu
- Section of Clinical Virology and Molecular Diagnosis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yung Lin
- Section of Clinical Virology and Molecular Diagnosis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Shiou Lin
- Section of Clinical Virology and Molecular Diagnosis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shu Suen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jing Hwang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiaho Shih
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Recombinant Human SCARB2 Expressed in Escherichia coli and its Potential in Enterovirus 71 Blockage. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. TRANSACTION A, SCIENCE 2021; 45:455-461. [PMID: 33424194 PMCID: PMC7781817 DOI: 10.1007/s40995-020-01025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common viral infectious disease caused by enteroviruses, including coxsackie A16 (CVA16) and enterovirus 71 (EV71). HFMD can cause severe symptoms in children which can be fatal. Human scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) is a cellular receptor for EV71 and CVA16, providing a potential approach for preventing EV71 infection and transmission. In this present study, we constructed and assessed the potential of recombinant SCARB2, using E. coli expression system. To generate this construct, scarb2 gene was cloned into pET22b vector and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The expression of SCARB2 was induced by 0.1 mM IPTG and analyzed using SDS-PAGE, followed by Western blot. Expressed SCARB2 was in inclusion bodies and refolded to obtain the soluble form with recovery efficacy of 100%. This recombinant protein was then validated for binding with EV71 via indirect ELISA in two different pHs (7.4 and 5.5), which partially revealed the mechanism of virus–receptor interaction. These results envisaged potential applications for utilizing recombinant SCARB2 in preventing the virus transmission.
Collapse
|
43
|
Hsieh CF, Jheng JR, Lin GH, Chen YL, Ho JY, Liu CJ, Hsu KY, Chen YS, Chan YF, Yu HM, Hsieh PW, Chern JH, Horng JT. Rosmarinic acid exhibits broad anti-enterovirus A71 activity by inhibiting the interaction between the five-fold axis of capsid VP1 and cognate sulfated receptors. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1194-1205. [PMID: 32397909 PMCID: PMC7448925 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1767512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), a positive-stranded RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family, may cause neurological complications or fatality in children. We examined specific factors responsible for this virulence using a chemical genetics approach. Known compounds from an anti-EV-A71 herbal medicine, Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), were screened for anti-EV-A71. We identified a natural product, rosmarinic acid (RA), as a potential inhibitor of EV-A71 by cell-based antiviral assay and in vivo mouse model. Results also show that RA may affect the early stage of viral infection and may target viral particles directly, thereby interfering with virus-P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL1) and virus-heparan sulfate interactions without abolishing the interaction between the virus and scavenger receptor B2 (SCARB2). Sequencing of the plaque-purified RA-resistant viruses revealed a N104K mutation in the five-fold axis of the structural protein VP1, which contains positively charged amino acids reportedly associated with virus-PSGL1 and virus-heparan sulfate interactions via electrostatic attraction. The plasmid-derived recombinant virus harbouring this mutation was confirmed to be refractory to RA inhibition. Receptor pull-down showed that this non-positively charged VP1-N104 is critical for virus binding to heparan sulfate. As the VP1-N104 residue is conserved among different EV-A71 strains, RA may be useful for inhibiting EV-A71 infection, even for emergent virus variants. Our study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of virus-host interactions and identifies a promising new class of inhibitors based on its antiviral activity and broad spectrum effects against a range of EV-A71.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Fan Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Rong Jheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Hua Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Yuan Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jou Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Yang Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Siao Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Ming Yu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Haur Chern
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jim-Tong Horng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections and Healthy Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Huang KYA, Zhou D, Fry EE, Kotecha A, Huang PN, Yang SL, Tsao KC, Huang YC, Lin TY, Ren J, Stuart DI. Structural and functional analysis of protective antibodies targeting the threefold plateau of enterovirus 71. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5253. [PMID: 33067459 PMCID: PMC7567869 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71)-neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection and have potential as therapeutic agents. We isolate and characterize a panel of plasmablast-derived monoclonal antibodies from an infected child whose antibody response focuses on the plateau epitope near the icosahedral 3-fold axes. Eight of a total of 19 antibodies target this epitope and three of these potently neutralize the virus. Representative neutralizing antibodies 38-1-10A and 38-3-11A both confer effective protection against lethal EV71 challenge in hSCARB2-transgenic mice. The cryo-electron microscopy structures of the EV71 virion in complex with Fab fragments of these potent and protective antibodies reveal the details of a conserved epitope formed by residues in the BC and HI loops of VP2 and the BC and HI loops of VP3 spanning the region around the 3-fold axis. Remarkably, the two antibodies interact with the epitope in quite distinct ways. These plateau-binding antibodies provide templates for promising candidate therapeutics.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/chemistry
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Enterovirus A, Human/chemistry
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutralization Tests
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ying A Huang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Daming Zhou
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Elizabeth E Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Peng-Nien Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chien Tsao
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzou-Yien Lin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang K, Zhu L, Sun Y, Li M, Zhao X, Cui L, Zhang L, Gao GF, Zhai W, Zhu F, Rao Z, Wang X. Structures of Echovirus 30 in complex with its receptors inform a rational prediction for enterovirus receptor usage. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4421. [PMID: 32887891 PMCID: PMC7474057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor usage that determines cell tropism and drives viral classification closely correlates with the virus structure. Enterovirus B (EV-B) consists of several subgroups according to receptor usage, among which echovirus 30 (E30), a leading causative agent for human aseptic meningitis, utilizes FcRn as an uncoating receptor. However, receptors for many EVs remain unknown. Here we analyzed the atomic structures of E30 mature virion, empty- and A-particles, which reveals serotype-specific epitopes and striking conformational differences between the subgroups within EV-Bs. Of these, the VP1 BC loop markedly distinguishes E30 from other EV-Bs, indicative of a role as a structural marker for EV-B. By obtaining cryo-electron microscopy structures of E30 in complex with its receptor FcRn and CD55 and comparing its homologs, we deciphered the underlying molecular basis for receptor recognition. Together with experimentally derived viral receptor identifications, we developed a structure-based in silico algorithm to inform a rational prediction for EV receptor usage. Echovirus 30 (E30) belongs to the Enterovirus-B group and causes aseptic meningitis in humans. Here, the authors present the cryo-EM structures of the E30 E-particle, A-particle and the mature virion, as well as structures of E30 in complex with its receptor FcRn and CD55, and furthermore they describe a structure-based algorithm that allows the prediction of EV receptor usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Minhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lunbiao Cui
- NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Li Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Zihe Rao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yan J, Wang M, Wang M, Dun Y, Zhu L, Yi Z, Zhang S. Involvement of VCP/UFD1/Nucleolin in the viral entry of Enterovirus A species. Virus Res 2020; 283:197974. [PMID: 32289342 PMCID: PMC7151541 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Valosin-containing protein (VCP) plays roles in various cellular activities. Recently, Enterovirus A71 (EVA71) infection was found to hijack the VCP protein. However, the mechanism by which VCP participates in the EVA71 life cycle remains unclear. Using chemical inhibitor, RNA interference and dominant negative mutant, we confirmed that the VCP and its ATPase activity were critical for EVA71 infection. To identify the factors downstream of VCP in enterovirus infection, 31 known VCP-cofactors were screened in the siRNA knockdown experiments. The results showed that UFD1 (ubiquitin recognition factor in ER associated degradation 1), but not NPL4 (NPL4 homolog, ubiquitin recognition factor), played critical roles in infections by EVA71. UFD1 knockdown suppressed the activity of EVA71 pseudovirus (causing single round infection) while it did not affect the viral replication in replicon RNA transfection assays. In addition, knockdown of VCP and UFD1 reduced viral infections by multiple human Enterovirus A serotypes. Mechanistically, we found that knockdown of UFD1 significantly decreased the binding and the subsequent entry of EVA71 to host cells through modulating the levels of nucleolin protein, a coreceptor of EVA71. Together, these data reveal novel roles of VCP and its cofactor UFD1 in the virus entry by EVA71.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Dun
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuyao Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Yi
- Department of Pathogen Diagnosis and Biosafety, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rivadulla E, Romalde JL. A Comprehensive Review on Human Aichi Virus. Virol Sin 2020; 35:501-516. [PMID: 32342286 PMCID: PMC7223127 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus and Astrovirus are considered the most important viral agents transmitted by food and water, in recent years other viruses, such as Aichi virus (AiV), have emerged as responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with different foods. AiV belongs to the genus Kobuvirus of the family Picornaviridae. It is a virus with icosahedral morphology that presents a single stranded RNA genome with positive sense (8280 nucleotides) and a poly (A) chain. AiV was first detected from clinical samples and in recent years has been involved in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks from different world regions. Furthermore, several studies conducted in Japan, Germany, France, Tunisia and Spain showed a high prevalence of AiV antibodies in adults (between 80% and 99%), which is indicative of a large exposure to this virus. The aim of this review is to bring together all the discovered information about the emerging pathogen human Aichi virus (AiV), discussing the possibles routes of transmission, new detection techniques and future research. Although AiV is responsible for a low percentage of gastroenteritis outbreaks, the high seroprevalence shown by human populations indicates an evident role as an enteric agent. The low percentage of AiV detection could be explained by the fact that the pathogen is more associated to subclinical infections. Further studies will be needed to clarify the real impact of AiV in human health and its importance as a causative gastroenteritis agent worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rivadulla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago, Spain
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Feng Q, Zhou H, Zhang X, Liu X, Wang J, Zhang C, Ma X, Quan C, Zheng Z. Acarbose, as a potential drug, effectively blocked the dynamic metastasis of EV71 from the intestine to the whole body. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104210. [PMID: 32004757 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the main pathogens causing hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). The nose and mouth are usually the main infection entries of EV71 virus. However, its dynamic transport pathway from mouth to the whole body remains unknown. The reveal of this physiological mechanism in vivo will help to understand its transport direction, find its key proliferation nodes, and develop new preventive strategies. We trained a new strain of GFP-EV71 virus to be susceptible to mice brain by intracranial injection of mice. The adapted virus was oral-administrated to suckling mice. Then, the dynamic distributions of the virus in vivo were detected by living image system and fluorescence quantitation polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We figured out the dynamic pathway of EV71 transport in vivo from intestine to peripheral tissue, then to the other organs. Small intestine was identified as a gateway for EV71 infection in vivo. Ileum was proved to be the main part of proliferation and transport of EV71 in small intestine of mice. EV71 was verified to enter small intestinal villus of mice through the infection of small intestinal epithelial cell. Acarbose displayed a good preventive effect on EV71 infection both in vivo and in vitro. Acarbose possibly decreased the intestinal infection of EV71 by blocking the receptor-binding sites on the surface of EV71 virion or by inhibiting various glycolic receptors on the cell surface. Thus, acarbose and its analogue may be the potential medicines to prevent EV71 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Huiting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiyue Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chunju Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhongliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang F, Pan H, Yao X, He H, Liu L, Luo Y, Zhou H, Zheng M, Zhang R, Ma Y, Cai L. Bioorthogonal Metabolic Labeling Utilizing Protein Biosynthesis for Dynamic Visualization of Nonenveloped Enterovirus 71 Infection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:3363-3370. [PMID: 31845579 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal metabolic labeling through the endogenous cellular metabolic pathways (e.g., phospholipid and sugar) is a promising approach for effectively labeling live viruses. However, it remains a big challenge to label nonenveloped viruses due to lack of host-derived envelopes. Herein, a novel bioorthogonal labeling strategy is developed utilizing protein synthesis pathway to label and trace nonenveloped viruses. The results show that l-azidohomoalanine (Aha), an azido derivative of methionine, is more effective than azido sugars to introduce azido motifs into viral capsid proteins by substituting methionine residues during viral protein biosynthesis and assembly. The azide-modified EV71 (N3-EV71) particles are then effectively labeled with dibenzocyclooctyl (DBCO)-functionalized fluorescence probes through an in situ bioorthogonal reaction with well-preserved viral infectivity. Dual-labeled imaging clearly clarifies that EV71 virions primarily bind to scavenger receptors and are internalized through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The viral particles are then transported into early and late endosomes where viral RNA is released in a low-pH dependent manner at about 70 min postinfection. These results first reveal viral trafficking and uncoating mechanisms, which may shed light on the pathogenesis of EV71 infection and contribute to antiviral drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Hong Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Xiangjie Yao
- Shenzhen Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen 518100 , P. R. China
| | - Huamei He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Yingmei Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| | - Haimei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| | - Mingbin Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| | - Renli Zhang
- Shenzhen Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen 518100 , P. R. China
| | - Yifan Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
- HRYZ Biotech Co. , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease. EV-A71 infection is sometimes associated with severe neurological diseases such as acute encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and cardiopulmonary failure. Therefore, EV-A71 is a serious public health concern. Scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) is a type III transmembrane protein that belongs to the CD36 family and is a major receptor for EV-A71. SCARB2 supports attachment and internalization of the virus and initiates conformational changes that lead to uncoating of viral RNA in the cytoplasm. The three-dimensional structure of the virus-receptor complex was elucidated by cryo-electron microscopy. Two α-helices in the head domain of SCARB2 bind to the G-H loop of VP1 and the E-F loop of VP2 capsid proteins of EV-A71. Uncoating takes place in a SCARB2- and low pH-dependent manner. In addition to SCARB2, other molecules support cell surface binding of EV-A71. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, sialylated glycan, annexin II, vimentin, fibronectin, and prohibitin enhance viral infection by retaining the virus on the cell surface. These molecules are known as “attachment receptors” because they cannot initiate uncoating. In vivo, SCARB2 expression was observed in EV-A71 antigen-positive neurons and epithelial cells in the crypts of the palatine tonsils in patients that died of EV-A71 infection. Adult mice are not susceptible to infection by EV-A71, but transgenic mice that express human SCARB2 become susceptible to EV-A71 infection and develop neurological diseases similar to those observed in humans. Attachment receptors may also be involved in EV-A71 infection in vivo. Although heparan sulfate proteoglycans are expressed by many cultured cell lines and enhance infection by a subset of EV-A71 strains, they are not expressed by cells that express SCARB2 at high levels in vivo. Thus, heparan sulfate-positive cells merely adsorb the virus and do not contribute to replication or dissemination of the virus in vivo. In addition to these attachment receptors, cyclophilin A and human tryptophanyl aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase act as an uncoating regulator and an entry mediator that can confer susceptibility to non-susceptibile cells in the absence of SCARB2, respectively. The roles of attachment receptors and other molecules in EV-A71 pathogenesis remain to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyousuke Kobayashi
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koike
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|