1
|
Xu M, Lu X, Zhu F, Sun X, Yao H, Zhang J, Chen W, Zhu H, Liu F, Shi SL, Deng X. BRG1 mediates epigenetic regulation of TNFα-induced CCL2 expression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30535. [PMID: 38348687 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Strong evidence has indicated that upregulation of chemokine (CC motif) ligand-2 (CCL2) expression and the presence of an inflammatory tumor microenvironment significantly contribute to the migratory and invasive properties of oral squamous cell carcinoma, specifically oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). However, the precise epigenetic mechanism responsible for enhanced CCL2 expression in response to the inflammatory mediator tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in OTSCC remains inadequately elucidated. We have demonstrated that the production of CCL2 can be induced by TNF-α, and this induction is mediated by the chromatin remodel protein BRG1. Through the use of a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, we have found that BRG1 was involved in the recruitment of acetylated histones H3 and H4 at the CCL2 promoter, thereby activating TNF-α-induced CCL2 transcription. Furthermore, we have observed that recruitment of NF-κB p65 to the CCL2 promoter was increased following BRG1 overexpression and decreased after BRG1 knockdown in OTSCC cells. Our Re-ChIP assay has shown that BRG1 knockdown completely inhibits the recruitment of both acetylated histone H3 or H4 and NF-κB to the CCL2 promoter. In summary, the findings of our study demonstrate that BRG1 plays a significant role in mediating the production of CCL2 in OTSCC cells in response to TNF-α stimulation. This process involves the cooperative action of acetylated histone and NF-κB recruitment to the CCL2 promoter site. Our data suggest that BRG1 serves as a critical epigenetic mediator in the regulation of TNF-α-induced CCL2 transcription in OTSCC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Xu
- School of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College & Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Feixiang Zhu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hongfa Yao
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College & Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Weishi Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haohao Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The 908th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Song Lin Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sieviläinen M, Saavalainen J, Adnan-Awad S, Salo T, Al-Samadi A. IDO1 Inhibition Reduces Immune Cell Exclusion Through Inducing Cell Migration While PD-1 Blockage Increases IL-6 and -8 Secretion From T Cells in Head and Neck Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:812822. [PMID: 35359980 PMCID: PMC8963946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), primarily anti-PD-1, are currently used to treat patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, only a minority of patients benefit from these costly therapies. Therefore, there is an unmet need to better understand the effect of ICIs on immune effector cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a PD-1 antibody and an IDO1 inhibitor on different lymphocyte populations (NK, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells) in term of migration, cytotoxicity, and cytokine release in the presence of HNSCC cells.MethodsUsing a microfluidic chip, we injected HSC-3 cells (an oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line) embedded in a human tumor-derived matrix “myogel/fibrin” together with NK, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells in separate channels. The two channels were connected with microchannels. The PD-1 antibody nivolumab and IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat were added to the microfluidic chips. Lymphocyte migration and cytotoxicity were examined under fluorescent microscopy and cytokine release was measured using a FirePlex Human Discovery Cytokines Immunoassay.ResultsEpacadostat significantly increased the migration and infiltration of NK and CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, towards the cancer cells. Nivolumab did not exhibit a similar effect. While CD8+ T cells alone showed near to no migration, adding CD4+ T cells enhanced migration towards the cancer cells. There was a mild nonsignificant increase in apoptosis of HSC-3 cells after adding epacadostat to lymphocytes. In contrast, HSC-3 proliferation was not affected by lymphocytes regardless of ICIs. Nivolumab significantly increased release of MIP1-α, IL-6, and IL-8 from NK, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells, respectively.ConclusionsThis study revealed that each subpopulation of lymphocytes respond differently to ICIs. We also revealed the subpopulation of lymphocytes responsible for the increases in specific serum cytokines after ICI treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meri Sieviläinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Meri Sieviläinen,
| | - Jordan Saavalainen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shady Adnan-Awad
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Hematology Research Unit, Department of Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital (HUS), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ahmed Al-Samadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hourani T, Holden JA, Li W, Lenzo JC, Hadjigol S, O’Brien-Simpson NM. Tumor Associated Macrophages: Origin, Recruitment, Phenotypic Diversity, and Targeting. Front Oncol 2021; 11:788365. [PMID: 34988021 PMCID: PMC8722774 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.788365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is known to have a strong influence on tumorigenesis, with various components being involved in tumor suppression and tumor growth. A protumorigenic TME is characterized by an increased infiltration of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), where their presence is strongly associated with tumor progression, therapy resistance, and poor survival rates. This association between the increased TAMs and poor therapeutic outcomes are stemming an increasing interest in investigating TAMs as a potential therapeutic target in cancer treatment. Prominent mechanisms in targeting TAMs include: blocking recruitment, stimulating repolarization, and depletion methods. For enhancing targeting specificity multiple nanomaterials are currently being explored for the precise delivery of chemotherapeutic cargo, including the conjugation with TAM-targeting peptides. In this paper, we provide a focused literature review of macrophage biology in relation to their role in tumorigenesis. First, we discuss the origin, recruitment mechanisms, and phenotypic diversity of TAMs based on recent investigations in the literature. Then the paper provides a detailed review on the current methods of targeting TAMs, including the use of nanomaterials as novel cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson
- Antimicrobial, Cancer Therapeutics and Vaccines (ACTV) Research Group, Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, Royal Dental Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Detection of CAF-1/p60 in peripheral blood as a potential biomarker of HNSCC tumors. Oral Oncol 2021; 120:105367. [PMID: 34237585 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To date, a very small number of serum biomarkers have been identified for clinical use in squamous carcinomas of the head and neck region. Chromatin Assembly Factor-1 (CAF-1) heterotrimeric complex subunit CAF1/p60 expression levels have been reported to be of prognostic value in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), as well as in other human solid tumors. Here our aim was to detect and quantify CAF1/p60 in the peripheral blood of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, and to investigate the possible associations between serum concentration of CAF-1/p60 and HNSCC tumors. A total of 63 HNSCC patients (51 OSCC, 8 OPSCC, 3 laryngeal SCC, and 1 rhinopharynx SCC) and 30 healthy controls were enrolled. The serum levels of CAF-1/p60 were measured by ELISA assay before and after surgery. Serum CAF-1/p60 concentration resulted significantly higher in cancer patients, compared with healthy controls, in pre-surgery samples (P < 0.05). Serum levels of CAF-1/p60 significantly decreased in serum samples taken after surgery (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrated that CAF-1/p60 may be detected in serum, suggesting a role for CAF-1/p60 as potential soluble biomarkers in HNSCC tumors.
Collapse
|
5
|
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor suppresses immunity to oral squamous cell carcinoma through immune checkpoint regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2012692118. [PMID: 33941684 PMCID: PMC8126867 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012692118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors represent some of the most important cancer treatments developed in the last 20 y. However, existing immunotherapy approaches benefit only a minority of patients. Here, we provide evidence that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a central player in the regulation of multiple immune checkpoints in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Orthotopic transplant of mouse OSCC cells from which the AhR has been deleted (MOC1AhR-KO) results, within 1 wk, in the growth of small tumors that are then completely rejected within 2 wk, concomitant with an increase in activated T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes (tdLNs) and T cell signaling within the tumor. By 2 wk, AhR+ control cells (MOC1Cas9), but not MOC1AhR-KO cells up-regulate exhaustion pathways in the tumor-infiltrating T cells and expression of checkpoint molecules on CD4+ T cells (PD-1, CTLA4, Lag3, and CD39) and macrophages, dendritic cells, and Ly6G+ myeloid cells (PD-L1 and CD39) in tdLNs. Notably, MOC1AhR-KO cell transplant renders mice 100% immune to later challenge with wild-type tumors. Analysis of altered signaling pathways within MOC1AhR-KO cells shows that the AhR controls baseline and IFNγ-induced Ido and PD-L1 expression, the latter of which occurs through direct transcriptional control. These observations 1) confirm the importance of malignant cell AhR in suppression of tumor immunity, 2) demonstrate the involvement of the AhR in IFNγ control of PD-L1 and IDO expression in the cancer context, and 3) suggest that the AhR is a viable target for modulation of multiple immune checkpoints.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Fossati P, Paganetti H, Ma L, Gillison M, Myers JN, Hug E, Frank SJ. The Biological Basis for Enhanced Effects of Proton Radiation Therapy Relative to Photon Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Part Ther 2021; 8:3-13. [PMID: 34285931 PMCID: PMC8270087 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-20-00070.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) often present as local-regionally advanced disease at diagnosis, for which a current standard of care is x-ray-based radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy. This approach provides effective local regional tumor control, but at the cost of acute and late toxicity that can worsen quality of life and contribute to mortality. For patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in particular, for whom the prognosis is generally favorable, de-escalation of the radiation dose to surrounding normal tissues without diminishing the radiation dose to tumors is desired to mitigate radiation-related toxic effects. Proton radiation therapy (PRT) may be an excellent de-escalation strategy because of its physical properties (that eliminate unnecessary radiation to surrounding tissues) and because of its biological properties (including tumor-specific variations in relative biological effectiveness [RBE] and linear energy transfer [LET]), in combination with concurrent systemic therapy. Early clinical evidence has shown that compared with x-ray-based radiation therapy, PRT offers comparable disease control with fewer and less severe treatment-related toxicities that can worsen the quality of life for patients with HNSCC. Herein, we review aspects of the biological basis of enhanced HNSCC cell response to proton versus x-ray irradiation in terms of radiation-induced gene and protein expression, DNA damage and repair, cell death, tumor immune responses, and radiosensitization of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Piero Fossati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Harald Paganetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maura Gillison
- Department of Thoracic-Head & Neck Med Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Myers
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eugen Hug
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Steven J. Frank
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kishimoto T, Fujimoto N, Ebara T, Omori T, Oguri T, Niimi A, Yokoyama T, Kato M, Usami I, Nishio M, Yoshikawa K, Tokuyama T, Tamura M, Yokoyama Y, Tsuboi K, Matsuo Y, Xu J, Takahashi S, Abdelgied M, Alexander WT, Alexander DB, Tsuda H. Serum levels of the chemokine CCL2 are elevated in malignant pleural mesothelioma patients. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1204. [PMID: 31823764 PMCID: PMC6905076 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a debilitating disease of the pleural cavity. It is primarily associated with previous inhalation of asbestos fibers. These fibers initiate an oxidant coupled inflammatory response. Repeated exposure to asbestos fibers results in a prolonged inflammatory response and cycles of tissue damage and repair. The inflammation-associated cycles of tissue damage and repair are intimately involved in the development of asbestos-associated cancers. Macrophages are a key component of asbestos-associated inflammation and play essential roles in the etiology of a variety of cancers. Macrophages are also a source of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and a variety of tumor-types express CCL2. High levels of CCL2 are present in the pleural effusions of mesothelioma patients, however, CCL2 has not been examined in the serum of mesothelioma patients. METHODS The present study was carried out with 50 MPM patients and 356 subjects who were possibly exposed to asbestos but did not have disease symptoms and 41 healthy volunteers without a history of exposure to asbestos. The levels of CCL2 in the serum of the study participants was determined using ELISA. RESULTS Levels of CCL2 were significantly elevated in the serum of patients with advanced MPM. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with the premise that the CCL2/CCR2 axis and myeloid-derived cells play an important role in MPM and disease progression. Therapies are being developed that target CCL2/CCR2 and tumor resident myeloid cells, and clinical trials are being pursued that use these therapies as part of the treatment regimen. The results of trials with patients with a similar serum CCL2 pattern as MPM patients will have important implications for the treatment of MPM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kishimoto
- Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Research Center for Asbestos-related Diseases, Okayama Rosai Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Fujimoto
- Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Research Center for Asbestos-related Diseases, Okayama Rosai Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ebara
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyonori Omori
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Management, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Oguri
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Niimi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takako Yokoyama
- Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Asahi Rosai Hospital, Owariasahi, Japan
| | - Munehiro Kato
- Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Asahi Rosai Hospital, Owariasahi, Japan
| | - Ikuji Usami
- Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Asahi Rosai Hospital, Owariasahi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nishio
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Daido Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kosho Yoshikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Daido Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokuyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Chuwa Hospital, Sakurai, Nara, Japan
| | - Mouka Tamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nara Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Yokoyama
- Department of Medicine and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nagoya City Koseiin Medical Welfare Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Tsuboi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jiegou Xu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Nanotoxicology Project Lab, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdelgied
- Nanotoxicology Project Lab, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - William T Alexander
- Nanotoxicology Project Lab, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - David B Alexander
- Nanotoxicology Project Lab, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuda
- Nanotoxicology Project Lab, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cai D, Xu Y, Ding R, Qiu K, Zhang R, Wang H, Huang L, Xie X, Yan H, Deng Y, Lin X, Shao J, Luo X, Duan C. Extensive serum biomarker analysis in patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Cytokine 2019; 126:154868. [PMID: 31629110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a common malignant disease, nearly 2.09 million new patients occurred last year. Approximately 85% of the patients are classified as non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is therefore important to identify new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for the early detection of this disease. The presented study identifies biomarkers in the serum of NSCLC patients. The expression of 274 cytokines was measured by a novel antibody array methodology and ELISA was applied to validate the array results. The levels of MIP-1 α, IL-8, MIP-1 β, Resistin, GDF-15, HGF, CA125, FLRG, VCAM-1, DKK-3, sTNF-R1, CTACK, Acrp30, CXCL-16 and LYVE-1 were significantly higher in serum from NSCLC patients, while the level of TIMP-2 and IGFBP-6 were lower. More importantly, the validation supported the result of the antibody array. The result of the antibody array indicates that these cytokines might be novel auxiliary biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Cai
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ding
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaifeng Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisi Huang
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Xie
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Deng
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghua Lin
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Shao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Medical Research Center, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Luo
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaohui Duan
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ling Z, Yang X, Chen X, Xia J, Cheng B, Tao X. CCL2 promotes cell migration by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:477-482. [PMID: 31077446 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a few studies suggested that the chemokine CCL2 might be involved in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the exact mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine the resource of CCL2 in lesions and explored a potential mechanism that CCL2 promotes tumor progression. The study was an effort to provide new insights into the pathological role of CCL2 in OSCC. METHODS Specimens of OSCC and normal oral mucosa were stained using immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess the CCL2 expression. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the difference of CCL2 between OSCC and normal oral mucosa cell lines. In addition, we treated OSCC cells with exogenous rCCL2 combined with or without CCL2 neutralizing antibody and then determined the changes of in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and cell migration capacity using immunofluorescence, Western blotting, transwell migration, and wound healing assays. RESULTS We have found that CCL2 expression was upregulated significantly in both lesions and cell culture supernatant of OSCC compared with controls. IHC staining demonstrated that CCL2 expression was primarily located in the cytoplasm and cell membrane of cells. We have also found that rCCL2 could effectively induce EMT through upregulating Snail in OSCC cells, which was demonstrated by the decrease of E-cadherin and the increase of vimentin. In addition, we have found that CCL2 neutralizing antibody could block EMT induced by CCL2 in OSCC. CONCLUSIONS CCL2 secreted by cancer cells can promote cell migration by inducing EMT via paracrine or autocrine in OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Medicine, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Medicine, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Medicine, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Medicine, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoan Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Medicine, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kalamegam G, Sait KHW, Anfinan N, Kadam R, Ahmed F, Rasool M, Naseer MI, Pushparaj PN, Al-Qahtani M. Cytokines secreted by human Wharton's jelly stem cells inhibit the proliferation of ovarian cancer (OVCAR3) cells in vitro. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4521-4531. [PMID: 30944641 PMCID: PMC6444458 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines enhance tumour cell recognition via cytotoxic effector cells and are therefore effectively used in cancer immunotherapy. Mesenchymal stem cells have efficient homing potential and have been used to target and inhibit various types of cancer mediated by the release of soluble/bioactive factors. Initial evaluation of the human Wharton's jelly stem cell conditioned medium (hWJSC-CM) and cell lysate (hWJSC-CL) against an ovarian cancer cell line (OVCAR3) demonstrated their inhibitory effect in vitro. The secreted cytokine profile was then studied to understand whether the OVCAR3 inhibitory effect was mediated by the cytokines. Expression of cytokines in OVCAR3 following 48 h treatment with hWJSC extracts, namely the hWJSC-CM (50%) and hWJSC-CL (10 µg/ml), was evaluated using multiplex cytokine assay. Paclitaxel (5 nM) was used as a positive control. Cytokines tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IL-1β and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, reported to be involved in tumour growth, invasion and migration, were significantly decreased. Cytokines with antitumour effects, namely IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-2, IL-2 receptor, IL-5, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-γ, were mildly increased or decreased. Only the increases in IL-1RA (with paclitaxel, hWJSC-CM and hWJSC-CL) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (with hWJSC-CL) were statistically significant. The chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β and Regulated Upon Activation, Normally T-Expressed, and Secreted were significantly decreased while monokine induced by IFN-γ, IFN-γ induced protein 10 and Eotaxin demonstrated mild decreases. The growth factors basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor were significantly decreased. Heatmaps demonstrated differential fold changes in cytokines and hierarchical cluster analysis revealed 3 major and 7 minor sub-clusters of associated cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. In conclusion, the hWJSC extracts decreased the expression of oncogenic cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which mediated the inhibition of OVCAR3 cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gauthaman Kalamegam
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Hussein Wali Sait
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 22252, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisreen Anfinan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 22252, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Roaa Kadam
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Farid Ahmed
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Rasool
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Imran Naseer
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee YJ, Lee SB, Beak SK, Han YD, Cho MS, Hur H, Lee KY, Kim NK, Min BS. Temporal changes in immune cell composition and cytokines in response to chemoradiation in rectal cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7565. [PMID: 29765096 PMCID: PMC5953940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25970-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured systemic changes in the immune response in 92 patients receiving preoperative chemoradiation therapy (CRT) and subsequent surgery for rectal cancer. The peripheral blood was sampled five times from the onset of CRT until surgery. Lymphocytes decreased continuously during CRT but increased after CRT. The increased lymphocyte population was predominantly CD8+ T lymphocytes, which accounted for a significantly larger proportion in patients without residual lymph node metastasis than in those with residual lymph node metastasis. Neutrophils and monocytes decreased during the initial two weeks of CRT but were maintained or increased afterwards. Neutrophil and monocyte counts were significantly lower in patients with a pCR (pathologic complete response) than in those without a pCR two weeks after CRT began but not at the initiation of CRT. All cytokines showed dramatic changes one month after the termination of CRT. Cytokines related to the antitumour immune response increased, and those related to tumour progression decreased. The predictive value of cytokines was not clear. In short, we observed that immune components in peripheral blood are affected by CRT and show dynamic changes over time. We identified biomarker candidates to predict the pathologic response in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Joon Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sat Byol Lee
- Open NBI Convergence Technology Laboratory, Avison Biomedical Research Centre, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kyung Beak
- Open NBI Convergence Technology Laboratory, Avison Biomedical Research Centre, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Dae Han
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Cho
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Hur
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Young Lee
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Soh Min
- Open NBI Convergence Technology Laboratory, Avison Biomedical Research Centre, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rai V, Mukherjee R, Ghosh AK, Routray A, Chakraborty C. "Omics" in oral cancer: New approaches for biomarker discovery. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 87:15-34. [PMID: 29247855 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this review paper, we explored the application of "omics" approaches in the study of oral cancer (OC). It will provide a better understanding of how "omics" approaches may lead to novel biomarker molecules or molecular signatures with potential value in clinical practice. A future direction of "omics"-driven research in OC is also discussed. METHODS Studies on "omics"-based approaches [genomics/proteomics/transcriptomics/metabolomics] were investigated for differentiating oral squamous cell carcinoma,oral sub-mucous fibrosis, oral leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, oral erythroplakia from normal cases. Electronic databases viz., PubMed, Springer, and Google Scholar were searched. RESULTS One eighty-one studies were included in this review. The review shows that the fields of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics-based marker identification have implemented advanced tools to screen early changes in DNA, RNA, protein, and metabolite expression in OC population. CONCLUSIONS It may be concluded that despite advances in OC therapy, symptomatic presentation occurs at an advanced stage, where various curative treatment options become very limited. A molecular level study is essential for detecting an OC biomarker at an early stage. Modern "Omics" strategies can potentially make a major contribution to meet this need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vertika Rai
- School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT Kharagpur, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Davidson MA, Shanks EJ. 3q26-29 Amplification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a review of established and prospective oncogenes. FEBS J 2017; 284:2705-2731. [PMID: 28317270 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is significantly underrepresented in worldwide cancer research, yet survival rates for the disease have remained static for over 50 years. Distant metastasis is often present at the time of diagnosis, and is the primary cause of death in cancer patients. In the absence of routine effective targeted therapies, the standard of care treatment remains chemoradiation in combination with (often disfiguring) surgery. A defining characteristic of HNSCC is the amplification of a region of chromosome 3 (3q26-29), which is consistently associated with poorer patient outcome. This review provides an overview of the role the 3q26-29 region plays in HNSCC, in terms of both known and as yet undiscovered processes, which may have potential clinical relevance.
Collapse
|
14
|
Effects of proton versus photon irradiation on (lymph)angiogenic, inflammatory, proliferative and anti-tumor immune responses in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e354. [PMID: 28671677 PMCID: PMC5541708 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The proximity of organs at risk makes the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) challenging by standard radiotherapy. The higher precision in tumor targeting of proton (P) therapy could promote it as the treatment of choice for HNSCC. Besides the physical advantage in dose deposition, few is known about the biological impact of P versus photons (X) in this setting. To investigate the comparative biological effects of P versus X radiation in HNSCC cells, we assessed the relative biological effectiveness (RBE), viability, proliferation and mRNA levels for genes involved in (lymph)angiogenesis, inflammation, proliferation and anti-tumor immunity. These parameters, particularly VEGF-C protein levels and regulations, were documented in freshly irradiated and/or long-term surviving cells receiving low/high-dose, single (SI)/multiple (MI) irradiations with P/X. The RBE was found to be 1.1 Key (lymph)angiogenesis and inflammation genes were downregulated (except for vegf-c) after P and upregulated after X irradiation in MI surviving cells, demonstrating a more favorable profile after P irradiation. Both irradiation types stimulated vegf-c promoter activity in a NF-κB-dependent transcriptional regulation manner, but at a lesser extent after P, as compared to X irradiation, which correlated with mRNA and protein levels. The cells surviving to MI by P or X generated tumors with higher volume, anarchic architecture and increased density of blood vessels. Increased lymphangiogenesis and a transcriptomic analysis in favor of a more aggressive phenotype were observed in tumors generated with X-irradiated cells. Increased detection of lymphatic vessels in relapsed tumors from patients receiving X radiotherapy was consistent with these findings. This study provides new data about the biological advantage of P, as compared to X irradiation. In addition to its physical advantage in dose deposition, P irradiation may help to improve treatment approaches for HNSCC.
Collapse
|
15
|
Biomarkers in diagnosis and therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:722-730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
16
|
Gao L, Wang FQ, Li HM, Yang JG, Ren JG, He KF, Liu B, Zhang W, Zhao YF. CCL2/EGF positive feedback loop between cancer cells and macrophages promotes cell migration and invasion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:87037-87051. [PMID: 27888616 PMCID: PMC5349969 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents the most frequent malignancy in the head and neck region, and the survival rate has not been improved significantly over the past three decades. It has been reported the infiltrated macrophages contribute to the malignant progression of HNSCC. However, the crosstalk between macrophages and cancer cells remains poorly understood. In the present study, we explored interactions between monocytes/macrophages and HNSCC cells by establishing the direct co-culture system, and found that the crosstalk promoted the migration and invasion of cancer cells by enhancing the invadopodia formation through a CCL2/EGF positive feedback loop. Our results demonstrated HNSCC cells educated monocytes into M2-like macrophages by releasing C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2, or MCP-1). And the M2-like macrophages secreted epithelial growth factor (EGF), which increased the motility of HNSCC cells by enhancing the invadopodia formation. These subcellular pseudopodia degraded extracellular matrix (ECM), facilitating tumor local invasion and distant metastasis. Moreover, EGF up-regulated CCL2 expression in HNSCC cells, which recruited monocytes and turned them into M2-like macrophages, thus forming a positive feedback paracrine loop. Finally, we reported that curcumin, a powerful natural drug, suppressed the production of EGF and CCL2 in macrophages and cancer cells, respectively, blocking the feedback loop and suppressing the migration and invasion of HNSCC cells. These results shed light on the possibilities and approaches based on targeting the crosstalk between cancer cells and monocytes/macrophages in HNSCC for potential cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Feng-qin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Stomatology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Hui-min Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jie-gang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jian-Gang Ren
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ke-fei He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yi-Fang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
-2518 A/G MCP-1 but not -403 G/A RANTES gene polymorphism is associated with enhanced risk of basal cell carcinoma. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2016; 33:381-385. [PMID: 27881944 PMCID: PMC5110628 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2016.62846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polymorphic variants of MCP-1 and RANTES genes and their protein serum levels have been implicated in the increased risk and severity of several malignancies. However, the subject has not been explored in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) patients so far. Aim To investigate the association between monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) (–2518 A/G) and RANTES (–403 G/A) polymorphism and risk and clinical course of BCC. Material and methods The study group consisted of 150 unrelated patients with BCC and 140 healthy, unrelated, age- and sex-matched volunteers. The polymorphisms were analysed using the amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction method (ARMS-PCR) and single specific primer-polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR). Serum cytokine levels were measured with ELISA. Results The presence of the MCP-1 –2518 GG genotype was statistically more frequent in BCC patients and it increased the risk of BCC (OR = 2.63, p = 0.003). Genotype –330 GG was statistically more common in patients with less advanced tumours (OR = 2.8, p = 0.017). Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 serum level was statistically higher with GG genotype. In the BCC group MCP-1 serum levels were decreased. Neither polymorphic variants of RANTES nor the chemokine serum concentration differed significantly between the study groups. Conclusions These findings suggest that –2518 A/G MCP-1 polymorphism may be involved in BCC pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Liao YY, Tsai HC, Chou PY, Wang SW, Chen HT, Lin YM, Chiang IP, Chang TM, Hsu SK, Chou MC, Tang CH, Fong YC. CCL3 promotes angiogenesis by dysregulation of miR-374b/ VEGF-A axis in human osteosarcoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4310-25. [PMID: 26713602 PMCID: PMC4826207 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent bone tumor, characterized by a high metastatic potential. However, the crosstalk between chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3), which facilitates tumor progression and metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), an angiogenesis inducer and a highly specific mitogen for endothelial cells, has not been well explored in human osteosarcoma. Here we demonstrate the correlation of CCL3 and VEGF-A expressions, quantified by immunohistochemistry, with the tumor stage of human osteosarcoma tissues. Furthermore, CCL3 promotes VEGF-A expression in human osteosarcoma cells that subsequently induces human endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) migration and tube formation. Phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38 was found after CCL3 stimulation. In addition, JNK, ERK, and p38 inhibitors also abolished CCL3-induced VEGF-A expression and angiogenesis. We noted that CCL3 reduces the expression of miR-374b and miR-374b mimic by reversing CCL3-promoted VEGF-A expression and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. This study shows that CCL3 promotes VEGF-A expression and angiogenesis in human osteosarcoma cells by down-regulating miR-374b expression via JNK, ERK, and p38 signaling pathways. Thus, CCL3 may be a new molecular therapeutic target in osteosarcoma angiogenesis and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ya Liao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Chou
- Department of Nursing, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Te Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Lin
- Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopaedics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ping Chiang
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Keh Hsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Chou
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Panda S, Padhiary SK, Routray S. Chemokines accentuating protumoral activities in oral cancer microenvironment possess an imperious stratagem for therapeutic resolutions. Oral Oncol 2016; 60:8-17. [PMID: 27531867 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, the chemotactic cytokines have established their role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Studies, which explored their role in oral cancer for protumoral activity, point towards targeting chemokines for oral squamous cell carcinoma therapy. The need of the hour is to emphasize/divulge in the activities of chemokine ligands and their receptors in the tumor microenvironment for augmentation of such stratagems. This progressing sentience of chemokines and their receptors has inspired this review which is an endeavour to comprehend their role as an aid in accentuating hallmarks of cancer and targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swagatika Panda
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751030, India.
| | - Subrat Kumar Padhiary
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751030, India.
| | - Samapika Routray
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751030, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Eckert AW, Wickenhauser C, Salins PC, Kappler M, Bukur J, Seliger B. Clinical relevance of the tumor microenvironment and immune escape of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Transl Med 2016; 14:85. [PMID: 27044404 PMCID: PMC4820994 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in the tumor microenvironment and immune surveillance represent crucial hallmarks of various kinds of cancer, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and a close crosstalk of hypoxia regulating genes, an activation of chemokines and immune cells has been described. METHODS A review about the pivotal role of HIF-1, its crosstalk to various cornerstones in OSCC tumorigenesis is presented. RESULTS Hypoxia is a frequent event in OSCC and leads to a reprogramming of the cellular metabolism in order to prevent cell death. Hypoxic OSCC cells induce different adaptive changes such as anaerobic glycolysis, pH stabilisation and alterations of the gene and protein expression profile. This complex metabolic program is orchestrated by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1, the master regulator of early tumor progression. Hypoxia-dependent and -independent alterations in immune surveillance lead to different immune evasion strategies, which are partially mediated by alterations of the tumor cells, changes in the frequency, activity and repertoire of immune cell infiltrates and of soluble and environmental factors of the tumor micromilieu with consecutive generation of an immune escape phenotype, progression of disease and poor clinical outcome of OSCC patients. CONCLUSIONS This review focusses on the importance of HIF-1 in the adaption and reprogramming of the metabolic system to reduced oxygen values as well as on the role of the tumor microenvironment for evasion of OSCC from immune recognition and destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Eckert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institute of Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06110, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Paul C Salins
- Mazumdar Shaw Cancer Center and Narayana Hrudayalaya Multi Specialty Hospital, 258/A, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Matthias Kappler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Juergen Bukur
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06110, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06110, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kao YY, Tu HF, Kao SY, Chang KW, Lin SC. The increase of oncogenic miRNA expression in tongue carcinogenesis of a mouse model. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:1103-12. [PMID: 26525105 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the oncogenic miRNA level in the tissue and biofluids in the Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide (4NQO)-induced mouse tongue carcinogenesis model for potential diagnostic or therapeutic application. MATERIALS AND METHODS The histological examination, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, quantitative PCR analysis and bioinformatic algorithms were performed to unravel the signaling activation and miRNA expression in female murine samples. RESULTS The increase of miR-21 and miR-31 staining, and EGFR activation paralleled the severity of 4NQO-induced epithelial pathogenesis in tongue epithelium. A progressive increase of miR-21, miR-31 and miR-146a in both saliva and plasma samples was also noted. miR-31 was the earliest emerging miRNA in the saliva. The increase of plasma miR-146a, miR-184 and miR-372 was detectable early in the induction, and it was particularly eminent at the most advanced lesion state. The combined analysis of the multiple oncogenic miRNAs in the plasma signified a potent discriminative capacity between normal and pathological states. As the blockage of EGFR or AKT activation drastically reverted the miR-21, miR-31 and miR-146a expression induced by 4NQO in human oral carcinoma cell lines, the results implicated a mechanistic linkage of the oncogenic miRNAs' induction through EGFR/AKT activation. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show the dysregulation of oncogenic miRNAs in murine tongue tumorigenesis, which simulates human counterparts. Increased multiple miRNAs in the biofluids may be valuable non-invasive markers in detecting oral carcinogenesis at an early stage. This animal model may also be useful for developing liquid biopsies and prevention strategies against oral carcinoma by abrogating EGFR or oncogenic miRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yu Kao
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Feng Tu
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Yen Kao
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang T, Liu G, Wang L, Liu H. Elevated Serum Gas6 Is a Novel Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26207647 PMCID: PMC4514879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study explored the level and clinical significance of serum Gas6 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods A total of 128 OSCC patients and 145 normal controls were selected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect Gas6 concentration in sera from the OSCC patients and controls. The correlations of serum Gas6 concentration and clinicopathological characteristics of OSCC patients were assessed, and the prognostic significance of serum Gas6 was evaluated with a Kaplan–Meier curve and log-rank test. Results The results showed that serum Gas6 concentration was significantly higher in OSCC patients than in controls (P < 0.05). OSCC patients with late TNM stage (III, IV) had a relatively high serum Gas6 concentration compared with those with early stage (I, II) (P < 0.01) and patients with poorly differentiated tumors had a higher level of serum Gas6 than those with well-differentiated tumors (P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that high serum Gas6 was an independent risk factor for lymph nodal metastases in OSCC patients (OR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.72–4.48). For predicting OSCC development, ROC curve analysis showed a sensitivity of 0.63 with a specificity of 0.92 (AUC = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.74–0.85). Cox analysis revealed that high serum Gas6 was an independent biomarker for predicting poor overall survival in OSCC patients (HR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.79–3.62). In addition, we found that Gas6 expression was increased in OSCC tissues and it may significantly decrease E-cadherin expression, and increase P-cadherin and N-cadherin expression, in OSCC cells. Further, Gas6 could promote the migratory and invasive ability of OSCC cells in vitro. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest that Gas6 increases the metastatic capacity of OSCC cells and serum Gas6 could be a candidate biomarker for diagnostic and prognostic use in OSCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of General Dentistry, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoxia Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongchen Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Peng X, Li W, Johnson WD, Torres KEO, McCormick DL. Overexpression of lipocalins and pro-inflammatory chemokines and altered methylation of PTGS2 and APC2 in oral squamous cell carcinomas induced in rats by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116285. [PMID: 25635769 PMCID: PMC4312057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) induced in F344 rats by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) demonstrate considerable phenotypic similarity to human oral cancers. Gene expression studies (microarray and PCR) were coupled with methylation analysis of selected genes to identify molecular markers of carcinogenesis in this model and potential biochemical and molecular targets for oral cancer chemoprevention. Microarray analysis of 11 pairs of OSCC and site-matched phenotypically normal oral tissues from 4-NQO-treated rats identified more than 3500 differentially expressed genes; 1735 genes were up-regulated in rat OSCC versus non-malignant tissues, while 1803 genes were down-regulated. In addition to several genes involved in normal digestion, genes demonstrating the largest fold increases in expression in 4-NQO-induced OSCC include three lipocalins (VEGP1, VEGP2, LCN2) and three chemokines (CCL, CXCL2, CXCL3); both classes are potentially druggable targets for oral cancer chemoprevention and/or therapy. Down-regulated genes in 4-NQO-induced OSCC include numerous keratins and keratin-associated proteins, suggesting that alterations in keratin expression profiles may provide a useful biomarker of oral cancer in F344 rats treated with 4-NQO. Confirming and extending our previous results, PTGS2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and several cyclooxygenase-related genes were significantly up-regulated in 4-NQO-induced oral cancers; up-regulation of PTGS2 was associated with promoter hypomethylation. Rat OSCC also demonstrated increased methylation of the first exon of APC2; the increased methylation was correlated with down-regulation of this tumor suppressor gene. Overexpression of pro-inflammatory chemokines, hypomethylation of PTGS2, and hypermethylation of APC2 may be causally linked to the etiology of oral cancer in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Peng
- Life Sciences Group, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, 60616, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Wenping Li
- Life Sciences Group, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, 60616, United States of America
| | - William D. Johnson
- Life Sciences Group, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, 60616, United States of America
| | | | - David L. McCormick
- Life Sciences Group, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, 60616, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Min A, Zhu C, Wang J, Peng S, Shuai C, Gao S, Tang Z, Su T. Focal Adhesion Kinase Knockdown in Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts Inhibits Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastasis via Downregulating MCP-1/CCL2 Expression. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 29:70-6. [PMID: 25199511 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Min
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha 410008 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha 410008 People's Republic of China
- School of Stomatology; Central South University; Changsha 410008 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- School of Stomatology; Central South University; Changsha 410008 People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Dentistry; Hong Kong University; Hong Kong People's Republic of China
| | - Shuping Peng
- Cancer Research Institute; Central South University; Changsha 410008 People's Republic of China
| | - Cijun Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing; Central South University; Changsha 410008 People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Gao
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Department of Molecular Biology; University of Aarhus; Aarhus C DK-8000 Denmark
- School of Stomatology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin 300000 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangui Tang
- School of Stomatology; Central South University; Changsha 410008 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Xiangya Stomatological Hospital; Central South University; Changsha 410008 People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Su
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha 410008 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|