1
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Gutman EG, Fernandes RA, Raposo-Vedovi JV, Salvio AL, Duarte LA, Tardim CF, Costa VGC, Pereira VCSR, Bahia PRV, da Silva MM, Fontes-Dantas FL, Alves-Leon SV. Molecular Mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 Proteins and Human Self-Antigens Related with Autoimmune Central Nervous System (CNS) Disorders. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2902. [PMID: 38138047 PMCID: PMC10745528 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 can trigger autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) diseases in genetically susceptible individuals, a mechanism poorly understood. Molecular mimicry (MM) has been identified in other viral diseases as potential triggers of autoimmune CNS events. This study investigated if MM is the process through which SARS-CoV-2 induces the breakdown of immune tolerance. The frequency of autoimmune CNS disorders was evaluated in a prospective cohort with patients admitted to the COVID-19 Intense Care Unity (ICU) in Rio de Janeiro. Then, an in silico analysis was performed to identify the conserved regions that share a high identity between SARS-CoV-2 antigens and human proteins. The sequences with significant identity and antigenic properties were then assessed for their binding capacity to HLA subtypes. Of the 112 patients included, 3 were classified as having an autoimmune disorder. A total of eleven combinations had significant linear and three-dimensional overlap. NMDAR1, MOG, and MPO were the self-antigens with more significant combinations, followed by GAD65. All sequences presented at least one epitope with strong or intermediate binding capacity to the HLA subtypes selected. This study underscores the possibility that CNS autoimmune attacks observed in COVID-19 patients, including those in our population, could be driven by MM in genetically predisposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gouvea Gutman
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory (LabNet), Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20211-030, RJ, Brazil; (E.G.G.); (R.A.F.); (J.V.R.-V.); (A.L.S.); (L.A.D.)
- Clinical Medicine Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renan Amphilophio Fernandes
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory (LabNet), Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20211-030, RJ, Brazil; (E.G.G.); (R.A.F.); (J.V.R.-V.); (A.L.S.); (L.A.D.)
| | - Jéssica Vasques Raposo-Vedovi
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory (LabNet), Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20211-030, RJ, Brazil; (E.G.G.); (R.A.F.); (J.V.R.-V.); (A.L.S.); (L.A.D.)
| | - Andreza Lemos Salvio
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory (LabNet), Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20211-030, RJ, Brazil; (E.G.G.); (R.A.F.); (J.V.R.-V.); (A.L.S.); (L.A.D.)
| | - Larissa Araujo Duarte
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory (LabNet), Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20211-030, RJ, Brazil; (E.G.G.); (R.A.F.); (J.V.R.-V.); (A.L.S.); (L.A.D.)
- Clinical Medicine Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caio Faria Tardim
- Department of Neurology, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil; (C.F.T.); (V.C.S.R.P.); (M.M.d.S.)
| | | | - Valéria Coelho Santa Rita Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil; (C.F.T.); (V.C.S.R.P.); (M.M.d.S.)
| | - Paulo Roberto Valle Bahia
- Department of Radiology, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Marcos Martins da Silva
- Department of Neurology, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil; (C.F.T.); (V.C.S.R.P.); (M.M.d.S.)
| | - Fabrícia Lima Fontes-Dantas
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20950-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Soniza Vieira Alves-Leon
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory (LabNet), Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20211-030, RJ, Brazil; (E.G.G.); (R.A.F.); (J.V.R.-V.); (A.L.S.); (L.A.D.)
- Department of Neurology, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil; (C.F.T.); (V.C.S.R.P.); (M.M.d.S.)
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2
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Zondo S. The cognitive remediation of attention in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): A meta-analysis and systematic review. F1000Res 2023; 12:1133. [PMID: 38778812 PMCID: PMC11109681 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132166.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite medical advances in Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), patients living with HIV continue to be at risk for developing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The optimization of non-HAART interventions, including cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT), shows promise in reversing the impact of HAND. No data exist indicating the efficacy of CRT in remediating attention skills following neuroHIV. This paper presents a meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to remediate attention skills following HIV CRT. Methods: The database search included literature from Google Scholar, ERIC, Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, PsycINFO, and grey literature published between 2013 and 2022. Inclusion criteria included studies with participants living with HIV who had undergone CRT intervention to remediate attention skills following neuroHIV. Exclusion criteria included case studies, non-human studies, and literature reviews. To assess study quality, including, randomisation, allocation concealment, participant and personnel blinding, the Cochrane Collaboration ratings system was applied. Results: A total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 532). There were significant pre- to post-intervention between-group benefits due to CRT in the experimental group relative to control conditions for the remediation of attention skills following HIV acquisition (Hedges g = 0.251, 95% CI = 0.005 to 0.497; p < 0.05). No significant effects (p > 0.05) were demonstrated for subgroup analysis. Conclusions: To the author's knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis that exclusively analyses the remediation of attention skills in the era of HAART and neuroHIV, where all studies included participants diagnosed with HIV. The overall meta-analysis effect indicates the efficacy of CRT in remediating attention skills in HIV and HAND. It is recommended that future cognitive rehabilitation protocols to remediate attention skills should be context and population-specific and that they be supplemented by objective biomarkers indicating the efficacy of the CRT. Registration: Protocols.io (01/03/2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizwe Zondo
- Department of Psychology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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3
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Asl FD, Mousazadeh M, Taji S, Bahmani A, Khashayar P, Azimzadeh M, Mostafavi E. Nano drug-delivery systems for management of AIDS: liposomes, dendrimers, gold and silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:279-302. [PMID: 37125616 PMCID: PMC10242436 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIDS causes increasing mortality every year. With advancements in nanomedicine, different nanomaterials (NMs) have been applied to treat AIDS and overcome its limitations. Among different NMs, nanoparticles (NPs) can act as nanocarriers due to their enhanced solubility, sustained release, targeting abilities and facilitation of drug-dose reductions. This review discusses recent advancements in therapeutics for AIDS/HIV using various NMs, mainly focused on three classifications: polymeric, liposomal and inorganic NMs. Polymeric dendrimers, polyethylenimine-NPs, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-NPs, chitosan and the use of liposomal-based delivery systems and inorganic NPs, including gold and silver NPs, are explored. Recent advances, current challenges and future perspectives on the use of these NMs for better management of HIV/AIDS are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Davarani Asl
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, 88138-33435, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Mousazadeh
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-154, Iran
| | - Shirinsadat Taji
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-154, Iran
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50674, Germany
| | - Abbas Bahmani
- Institute for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (INST), Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 14588-89694, Iran
| | - Patricia Khashayar
- Center for Microsystems Technology, Imec & Ghent University, Ghent, 9050, Belgium
| | - Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, 89195-999, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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Aggarwal N, Sachin, Nabi B, Aggarwal S, Baboota S, Ali J. Nano-based drug delivery system: a smart alternative towards eradication of viral sanctuaries in management of NeuroAIDS. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:27-48. [PMID: 33486689 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Even though the dawn of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) proved out to be a boon for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, management of HIV infections persists to be a major global health curse. A reduced efficacy with existing conventional therapy for brain targeting has been largely credited to the inability of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to transmigrate across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in productive concentrations. The review consists of nano-based drug delivery strategies rendering superior outcomes to delivery of ARV drugs to the viral sanctuaries in the brain. Nano-ART for ARV drugs promotes the development of an optimized dosage regimen, thereby improving the penetration of drugs across the BBB in an attempt to target the central reservoirs hosting viral population. Numerous efforts have been undertaken for making the drug more bioavailable and therapeutically effective by moulding them into various nanostructures. Polymeric nanocarriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, nanodiamonds, vesicle-based drug carriers, metal-based nanoparticles, and nano vaccines have been reported for their advancing role as a smart alternative for drug delivery to central nervous system. The high drug loading capacity of nanocarriers and their small size effectuating increased surface to volume ratio is accountable for improved efficacy of ARV drugs when formulated as nanotherapeutics. This review highlights the advancing role of nanotherapeutics in mediating a successful delivery of ARV drugs to eradicate viral loads in treating NeuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Bushra Nabi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Aggarwal
- Division of ECD, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
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5
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Akilesh M S, Wadhwani A. Novel Applications of Nanotechnology in Controlling HIV and HSV Infections. Curr Drug Res Rev 2020; 13:120-129. [PMID: 33238862 DOI: 10.2174/2589977512999201124121931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases have been prevalent since many decades and viral pathogens have caused global health crisis and economic meltdown on a devastating scale. High occurrence of newer viral infections in the recent years, in spite of the progress achieved in the field of pharmaceutical sciences defines the critical need for newer and more effective antiviral therapies and diagnostics. The incidence of multi-drug resistance and adverse effects due to the prolonged use of anti-viral therapy is also a major concern. Nanotechnology offers a cutting edge platform for the development of novel compounds and formulations for biomedical applications. The unique properties of nano-based materials can be attributed to the multi-fold increase in the surface to volume ratio at the nano-scale, tunable surface properties of charge and chemical moieties. Idealistic pharmaceutical properties such as increased bioavailability and retention times, lower toxicity profiles, sustained release formulations, lower dosage forms and most importantly, targeted drug delivery can be achieved through the approach of nanotechnology. The extensively researched nano-based materials are metal and polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers and micelles, nano-drug delivery vesicles, liposomes and lipid based nanoparticles. In this review article, the impact of nanotechnology on the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) viral infections during the last decade are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Akilesh M
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research - JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty - 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Ashish Wadhwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research - JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty - 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. India
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6
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Saxena SK, Maurya VK, Kumar S, Bhatt MLB. Modern Approaches in Nanomedicine for NeuroAIDS and CNS Drug Delivery. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9898-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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7
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Sarma A, Das MK. Nose to brain delivery of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of neuroAIDS. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2020; 1:15. [PMID: 34765998 PMCID: PMC7725542 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NeuroAIDS (Neuro Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) or HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) associated neuronal abnormality is continuing to be a significant health issue among AIDS patients even under the treatment of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Injury and damage to neurons of the brain are the prime causes of neuroAIDS, which happens due to the ingress of HIV by direct permeation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or else via peripherally infected macrophage into the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB performs as a stringent barricade for the delivery of therapeutics drugs. The intranasal route of drug administration exhibits as a non-invasive technique to bypass the BBB for the delivery of antiretroviral drugs and other active pharmaceutical ingredients inside the brain and CNS. This method is fruitful for the drugs that are unable to invade the BBB to show its action in the CNS and thus erase the demand of systemic delivery and thereby shrink systemic side effects. Drug delivery from the nose to the brain/CNS takes very less time through both olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Intranasal delivery does not require the involvement of any receptor as it occurs by an extracellular route. Nose to brain delivery also involves nasal associated lymphatic tissues (NALT) and deep cervical lymph nodes. However, very little research has been done to explore the utility of nose to brain delivery of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of neuroAIDS. This review focuses on the potential of nasal route for the effective delivery of antiretroviral nanoformulations directly from nose to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Sarma
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004 India.,Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam 781026 India
| | - Malay K Das
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004 India
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8
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Varghese NM, Senthil V, Jose S, Thomas C, Harindran J. Development and Validation of a Specific RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Anti-retroviral Drugs: Application to Nanoparticulate Formulation System. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180621110432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
A simple, accurate and economical reverse phase- high performance liquid chromatographic
method has been developed for the simultaneous quantitative estimation of two anti-retro
viral drugs, Etravirine and Elvitegravir in nanoparticulate formulations for the first time. This method is
a novel analytical technique for the detection of the both the drugs concurrently, as there is no method
available for their simultaneous quantification, to the best of our knowledge.
Methods:
Optimization and validation of the chromatographic conditions were completed according to
the standard ICH guidelines. The separation was done on a C18 column (250 mm x 4.6mm, 5μm) using
methanol and phosphate buffer of pH (5.6) as the mobile phase in the ratio 78:22 v/v at a flow rate of
1ml/min for a short run time of 13 min. The detection wavelength was 285nm and the column temperature
was maintained at 32oC.
Results:
The developed method was linear over 10 to 160 μg/ml with a regression coefficient of 0.999
for each. The LOD values were 4.83 and 9.25 µg/ml while LOQ values were 14.63 and 28.01 µg/ml for
etravirine and elvitegravir respectively. The recovery values obtained by etravirine and elvitegravir
were between 97.6% and 100.8%.
Conclusion:
The method was specific, precise, fast and accurate with good inter and intra day precision.
The method was also effectively employed for the characterization and simultaneous quantification
of both drugs in nanoparticulate formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nila Mary Varghese
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ootacamund, Mysuru, India
| | - Venkatachalam Senthil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ootacamund, Mysuru, India
| | - Sajan Jose
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Professional and Advanced Studies Cheruvandoor, Ettumanoor, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Cinu Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for professional and advanced studies Cheruvandoor, Ettumanoor, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Jyoti Harindran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for professional and advanced studies Cheruvandoor, Ettumanoor, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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9
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Santerre M, Wang Y, Arjona S, Allen C, Sawaya BE. Differential Contribution of HIV-1 Subtypes B and C to Neurological Disorders: Mechanisms and Possible Treatments. AIDS Rev 2019; 21:76-83. [PMID: 31332398 DOI: 10.24875/aidsrev.19000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the introduction of combinatory antiretroviral therapy, patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can live much longer than before. However, the identification of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), especially HIV-associated dementia in 15-20% of patients infected with HIV-1, indicates additional complexity. These disorders turn out to be subtype dependent. Recently, many studies are ongoing trying to understand how the virus induces neuronal injury which could lead to neurological dysfunction. Most of these studies are focusing on the HIV-1 release of proteins such as Tat. However, the exact role of these proteins and their involvement in neuronal degeneration remains unidentified; this is especially true since viral proteins from different HIV-1 subtypes differ in their ability to cause neuronal damage. This review describes the role of different HIV-1 subtypes, identifies probable pathways involved in neuronal damage, the contribution of different HIV-1 subtypes to the progression of HAND, and potential treatments for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Santerre
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, FELS Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, FELS Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sterling Arjona
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, FELS Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles Allen
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, FELS Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bassel E Sawaya
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Lu M, Dong H, Bao D, Liu B, Liu H. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate induces pheochromocytoma cells apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 844:139-144. [PMID: 30529468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the triumph of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in anti-HIV infection, more than half of the HIV infection individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy acquire HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Previously researches had reported that the HAART neurotoxicity is implicated in HAND-related morbidity. The molecular mechanism of HAND is not clear. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a novel nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), which was recommended as first-line therapeutic schedule for free AIDS antiviral drugs. Whether the neurotoxicity of TDF is associated with HAND is not well known. In this study, the cell viability of TDF-treated pheochromocytoma cells (PC-12) line was detected using MTT assay, while apoptosis was evaluated by Hoechst 33342 staining, TUNEL assay, as well as flow cytometry. In addition, the level of reactive oxygen species and BAX protein expression were evaluated using DCFH-DA staining and western blotting. The results showed that the proliferation of PC-12 cells was significantly inhibited by TDF. The morphological assay, TUNEL assay and flow cytometry showed that TDF efficiently triggered apoptosis in PC-12 cells. The reactive oxygen species levels were BAX expression was markedly up-regulated in PC-12 cells after treatment with TDF. These findings indicated that TDF may induce PC-12 cell apoptosis. TDF has neural toxicity effect that is relevant to the cell apoptosis, which may be related to the increasing prevalence of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Lu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Hongjing Dong
- Henan Health Cadre College, Zhenzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Dengke Bao
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Nursing College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China.
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11
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Chen H, Wang G, Sun L, Zhang H, Sun M, Sun J, Shang L, Luo C. Regulating the alky chain length of fatty acid-didanosine prodrugs and evaluating its role in albumin binding. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:21-31. [PMID: 28944416 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rational design of prodrugs for efficient albumin binding shows distinct advantages in drug delivery in terms of drug availability, systemic circulation, and potential targeting effect. And fatty acids are good candidates due to their high affinity to albumin. However, how the alkyl chain length of fatty acids affects the binding dynamics between prodrugs and albumin, despite its importance, is still unclear. In the present study, three prodrugs of didanosine (DDI) and fatty acids were designed and synthesized to evaluate the effect of the alkyl chain length on prodrug-albumin binding process, including capric acid-didanosine (CA-DDI), myristic acid-didanosine (MA-DDI), and stearic acid-didanosine (SA-DDI). The binding dynamics between these prodrugs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied by fluorometry, circular dichroism (CD), UV analysis, and molecular docking. It turned out that DDI itself showed poor binding affinity to BSA. In contrast, CA-DDI, MA-DDI, and SA-DDI demonstrated significantly improved binding affinity. Interestingly, the binding affinity between DDI prodrugs and BSA was correlated with the alkyl chain length of fatty acids, and the binding constant significantly increased with the extension of alkyl chain length (KCA-DDI = 5.86 × 103 M-1, KMA-DDI = 8.57 × 103 M-1, and KSA-DDI = 11.42 × 103 M-1 at 298 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanzhen Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Huicong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengchi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Thomas MB, Gnanadhas DP, Dash PK, Machhi J, Lin Z, McMillan J, Edagwa B, Gelbard H, Gendelman HE, Gorantla S. Modulating cellular autophagy for controlled antiretroviral drug release. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2139-2154. [PMID: 30129397 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Pharmacologic agents that affect autophagy were tested for their abilities to enhance macrophage nanoformulated antiretroviral drug (ARV) depots and its slow release. METHODS These agents included URMC-099, rapamycin, metformin, desmethylclomipramine, 2-hydroxy-β-cyclodextrin (HBC) and clonidine. Each was administered with nanoformulated atazanavir (ATV) nanoparticles to human monocyte-derived macrophages. ARV retention, antiretroviral activity and nanocrystal autophagosomal formation were evaluated. RESULTS URMC-099, HBC and clonidine retained ATV. HBC, URMC-099 and rapamycin improved intracellular ATV retention. URMC-099 proved superior among the group in affecting antiretroviral activities. CONCLUSION Autophagy inducing agents, notably URMC-099, facilitate nanoformulated ARV depots and lead to sustained release and improved antiretroviral responses. As such, they may be considered for development as part of long acting antiretroviral treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midhun B Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Divya Prakash Gnanadhas
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Prasanta K Dash
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Harris Gelbard
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Centre, Rochester, NY 14618, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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13
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Kumar S, Maurya VK, Dandu HR, Bhatt ML, Saxena SK. Global Perspective of Novel Therapeutic Strategies for the Management of NeuroAIDS. Biomol Concepts 2018; 9:33-42. [PMID: 29742062 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals, around two-thirds of patients present with neuroAIDS, where HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), and HIV-associated dementia (HAD) are the most prevailing neurological complications. The neuropathology of neuroAIDS can be characterized by the presence of HIV infected macrophages and microglia in the brain, with the formation of multinucleated giant cells. Global predominant subtypes of HIV-1 clade B and C infections influence the differential effect of immune and neuronal dysfunctions, leading to clade-specific clinical variation in neuroAIDS patient cohorts. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) enhances the survival rate among AIDS patients, but due to the inability to cross the Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB), incidence of neuroAIDS during disease progression may be envisaged. The complex structure of blood-brain-barrier, and poor pharmacokinetic profile coupled with weak bio-distribution of antiretroviral drugs, are the principle barriers for the treatment of neuroAIDS. In the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era, the frequency of HAD has decreased; however the incidence of asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI) and minor neurocognitive disorder (MND) remains consistent. Therefore, several effective novel nanotechnology based therapeutic approaches have been developed to improve the availability of antiretroviral drugs in the brain for the management of neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swatantra Kumar
- Center for Advanced Research (CFAR)-Stem Cell/Cell Culture Unit, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Vimal K Maurya
- Center for Advanced Research (CFAR)-Stem Cell/Cell Culture Unit, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Himanshu R Dandu
- Center for Advanced Research (CFAR)-Stem Cell/Cell Culture Unit, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Madan Lb Bhatt
- Center for Advanced Research (CFAR)-Stem Cell/Cell Culture Unit, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Shailendra K Saxena
- Center for Advanced Research (CFAR)-Stem Cell/Cell Culture Unit, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, 226003, India.,CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, UppalRoad, Hyderabad, 500007, India
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14
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Loucif H, Gouard S, Dagenais-Lussier X, Murira A, Stäger S, Tremblay C, Van Grevenynghe J. Deciphering natural control of HIV-1: A valuable strategy to achieve antiretroviral therapy termination. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:90-98. [PMID: 29778137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced HIV-1-associated morbidity and mortality, and has transformed HIV-1 infection into a manageable chronic condition by suppressing viral replication. However, despite recent patient care improvements, ART still fails to cure HIV-1 infection due to the inability to counteract immune defects and metabolic disturbances that are associated with residual inflammation alongside viral persistence. Life-long drug administration also results in multiple side-effects in patients including lipodystrophy and insulin resistance. Thus, it is critical to find new ways to reduce the length of treatment and facilitate the termination of ART, for example by boosting protective immunity. The rare ability of some individuals to naturally control HIV-1 infection despite residual inflammation could be exploited to identify molecular mechanisms involved in host protection that may function as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we highlight evidence illustrating the molecular and metabolic advantages of HIV-1 controllers over ART treated patients that contribute to the maintenance of effective antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Loucif
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Steven Gouard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Xavier Dagenais-Lussier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Armstrong Murira
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada.
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15
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Lembo D, Donalisio M, Civra A, Argenziano M, Cavalli R. Nanomedicine formulations for the delivery of antiviral drugs: a promising solution for the treatment of viral infections. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2017; 15:93-114. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1360863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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16
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Gnanadhas DP, Dash PK, Sillman B, Bade AN, Lin Z, Palandri DL, Gautam N, Alnouti Y, Gelbard HA, McMillan J, Mosley RL, Edagwa B, Gendelman HE, Gorantla S. Autophagy facilitates macrophage depots of sustained-release nanoformulated antiretroviral drugs. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:857-873. [PMID: 28134625 PMCID: PMC5330738 DOI: 10.1172/jci90025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-acting anti-HIV products can substantively change the standard of care for patients with HIV/AIDS. To this end, hydrophobic antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) were recently developed for parenteral administration at monthly or longer intervals. While shorter-acting hydrophilic drugs can be made into nanocarrier-encased prodrugs, the nanocarrier encasement must be boosted to establish long-acting ARV depots. The mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK-3) inhibitor URMC-099 provides this function by affecting autophagy. Here, we have shown that URMC-099 facilitates ARV sequestration and its antiretroviral responses by promoting the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB). In monocyte-derived macrophages, URMC-099 induction of autophagy led to retention of nanoparticles containing the antiretroviral protease inhibitor atazanavir. These nanoparticles were localized within macrophage autophagosomes, leading to a 4-fold enhancement of mitochondrial and cell vitality. In rodents, URMC-099 activation of autophagy led to 50-fold increases in the plasma drug concentration of the viral integrase inhibitor dolutegravir. These data paralleled URMC-099-mediated induction of autophagy and the previously reported antiretroviral responses in HIV-1-infected humanized mice. We conclude that pharmacologic induction of autophagy provides a means to extend the action of a long-acting, slow, effective release of antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prasanta K. Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Brady Sillman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Aditya N. Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Diana L. Palandri
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Nagsen Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Harris A. Gelbard
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC), Rochester, New York, USA
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
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17
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Marban C, Forouzanfar F, Ait-Ammar A, Fahmi F, El Mekdad H, Daouad F, Rohr O, Schwartz C. Targeting the Brain Reservoirs: Toward an HIV Cure. Front Immunol 2016; 7:397. [PMID: 27746784 PMCID: PMC5044677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the top research priorities of the international AIDS society by the action “Towards an HIV Cure” is the purge or the decrease of the pool of all latently infected cells. This strategy is based on reactivation of latently reservoirs (the shock) followed by an intensifying combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) to kill them (the kill). The central nervous system (CNS) has potential latently infected cells, i.e., perivascular macrophages, microglial cells, and astrocytes that will need to be eliminated. However, the CNS has several characteristics that may preclude the achievement of a cure. In this review, we discuss several limitations to the eradication of brain reservoirs and how we could circumvent these limitations by making it efforts in four directions: (i) designing efficient latency-reversal agents for CNS-cell types, (ii) improving cART by targeting HIV transcription, (iii) improving delivery of HIV drugs in the CNS and in the CNS-cell types, and (iv) developing therapeutic immunization. As a prerequisite to these efforts, we also believe that a better comprehension of molecular mechanisms involved in establishment and persistence of HIV latency in brain reservoirs are essential to design new molecules for strategies aiming to achieve a cure for instance the “shock and kill” strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Marban
- INSERM UMR 1121 Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | | | - Amina Ait-Ammar
- EA7292, DHPI, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Faiza Fahmi
- EA7292, DHPI, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Hala El Mekdad
- EA7292, DHPI, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; IUT Louis Pasteur de Schiltigheim, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Fadoua Daouad
- EA7292, DHPI, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Olivier Rohr
- EA7292, DHPI, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; IUT Louis Pasteur de Schiltigheim, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Christian Schwartz
- EA7292, DHPI, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; IUT Louis Pasteur de Schiltigheim, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, France
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