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Kataoka H, Nakayama D. Online In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Automated Analysis of Four Sulfated Steroid Metabolites in Saliva Samples. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103225. [PMID: 35630701 PMCID: PMC9145352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate measurement of sulfated steroid metabolite concentrations can not only enable the elucidation of the mechanisms regulating steroid metabolism, but also lead to the diagnosis of various related diseases. The present study describes a simple and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of four sulfated steroid metabolites in saliva, pregnenolone sulfate (PREGS), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol sulfate (CRTS), and 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate (E2S), by online coupling of in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) and stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These compounds were extracted and concentrated on Supel-Q PLOT capillary tubes by IT-SPME and separated and detected within 6 min by LC-MS/MS using an InertSustain swift C18 column and negative ion mode multiple reaction monitoring systems. These operations were fully automated by an online program. Calibration curves using their stable isotope-labeled internal standards showed good linearity in the range of 0.01-2 ng mL-1 for PREGS, DHEAS, and CRTS and of 0.05-10 ng mL-1 for E2S. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) of PREGS, DHEAS, CRTS, and E2S were 0.59, 0.30, 0.80, and 3.20 pg mL-1, respectively. Moreover, intraday and interday variations were lower than 11.1% (n = 5). The recoveries of these compounds from saliva samples were in the range of 86.6-112.9%. The developed method is highly sensitive and specific and can easily measure sulfated steroid metabolite concentrations in 50 μL saliva samples.
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Powers JB, Campagna SR. Design and Evaluation of a Gas Chromatograph-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Interface for an Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2369-2379. [PMID: 31512224 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Various separation and mass spectrometric (MS) techniques have furthered our ability to study complex mixtures, and the desire to measure every analyte in a system is of continual interest. For many complex mixtures, such as the total molecular content of a cell, it is becoming apparent that no one single separation technique or analysis is likely to achieve this goal. Therefore, having a variety of tools to measure the complexity of these mixtures is prudent. Orbitrap MSs are broadly used in systems biology studies due to their unique performance characteristics. However, GC-Orbitraps have only recently become available, and instruments that can use gas chromatography (GC) cannot use liquid chromatography (LC) and vice versa. This limits small molecule analyses, such as those that would be employed for metabolomics, lipidomics, or toxicological studies. Thus, a simple, temporary interface was designed for a GC and Thermo Scientific™ Ion Max housing unit. This interface enables either GC or LC separation to be used on the same MS, an Exactive™ Plus Orbitrap, and utilizes an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. The GC-APCI interface was tested against a commercially available atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) interface for three types of analytes that span the breadth of typical GC analyses: fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and saturated hydrocarbons. The GC-APCI-Orbitrap had similar or improved performance to the APPI and other reported methods in that it had a lower limit of quantitation, better signal to noise, and lower tendency to fragment analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, USA
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, USA.
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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3
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Albertsdóttir AD, Coppieters G, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Gas chromatography−mass spectrometry analysis of non‐hydrolyzed sulfated steroids by degradation product formation. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1656-1665. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | | | - Gilles Coppieters
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
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4
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Xu H, Xia YK, Li CJ, Zhang JY, Liu Y, Yi W, Qin ZY, Chen L, Shi ZF, Quan K, Yang ZX, Guan KL, Xiong Y, Ng HK, Ye D, Hua W, Mao Y. Rapid diagnosis of IDH1-mutated gliomas by 2-HG detection with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Transl Med 2019; 99:588-598. [PMID: 30573870 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic genes encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1, 2) are frequently mutated in gliomas. Mutation of IDH defines a distinct subtype of glioma and predicts therapeutic response. IDH mutation has a remarkable neomorphic activity of converting α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which is now commonly referred to as an oncometabolite and biomarker for gliomas. PCR-sequencing (n = 220), immunohistochemistry staining (IHC, n = 220), and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS, n = 87) were applied to identify IDH mutation in gliomas, and the sensitivity and specificity of these strategies were compared. PCR-sequencing and IHC staining are reliable for retrospective assessment of IDH1 mutation in gliomas, but both methods usually take 1-2 days, which hinders their application for rapid diagnosis. GC-MS-based methods can detect 2-HG qualitatively and quantitatively, offering information on the IDH1 mutation status in gliomas with the sensitivity and specificity being 100%. Further optimization of the GC-MS based methodology (so called as the mini-column method) enabled us to determine 2-HG within 40 min in glioma samples without complex or time-consuming preparation. Most importantly, the ratio of 2-HG/glutamic acid was shown to be a reliable parameter for determination of mutation status. The mini-column method enables rapid identification of 2-HG, providing a promising strategy for intraoperative diagnosis of IDH1-mutated gliomas in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Kun Xia
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Jie Li
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Ye Zhang
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Yi
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Xiao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yue Xiong
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Southern China in Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Ye
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and The Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Dong J, Ning W, Mans DJ, Mans JD. A binary matrix for the rapid detection and characterization of small-molecule cardiovascular drugs by MALDI-MS and MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2018; 10:572-578. [PMID: 30319716 PMCID: PMC6178826 DOI: 10.1039/c7ay02583a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A mixture of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 1,5-diaminonaphthalene was discovered as a novel binary matrix for the qualitative analysis of 14 small-molecule (~250-550 Da) cardiovascular drugs by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and MS/MS in either positive or negative ion mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Wenjing Ning
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Daniel J Mans
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jamie D Mans
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Ma L, Yates SR, Ashworth D. Parent and conjugated estrogens and progestagens in surface water of the Santa Ana River: Determination, occurrence, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2657-2664. [PMID: 27061433 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the occurrence of 13 parent and conjugated estrogens and progestagens in surface water of the Santa Ana River. With the exception of the synthetic hormones 17α-ethynylestradiol and mestranol, other compounds were detected at least twice at 10 representative sites, with the ubiquitous estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate as the dominant compounds quantified (0.24-6.37 ng/L and 0.49-9.25 ng/L, respectively). Sites near dairy farms exhibited high levels of conjugates, whereas those close to a sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent outlet displayed relatively high concentrations of E1. Principle component analysis coupled with multiple linear regression revealed dairy farms and the STP as the 2 significant contamination sources, accounting for 69.9% and 31.1% of the total hormone burden, respectively. Risk assessment results suggested E1 and 17β-estradiol (E2) as the 2 hormones with the largest risks to aquatic organisms, and which combined, contributed >90% of the total estrogenicity. Most of the sites investigated showed that E1 and E2 posed a medium risk (0.1 < risk quotient < 1), whereas each induced a high risk (risk quotient >1) at sites severely impacted by the STP and dairy farms. These results suggest that river health would benefit from effective treatment of waste at the STP and dairy farms prior to discharge. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2657-2664. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
- Contaminant Fate and Transport Unit, Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, USA.
| | - Scott R Yates
- Contaminant Fate and Transport Unit, Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Daniel Ashworth
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Contaminant Fate and Transport Unit, Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, USA
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New Potential Biomarker for Methasterone Misuse in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101628. [PMID: 27669235 PMCID: PMC5085661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, methasterone urinary metabolic profiles were investigated by liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) in full scan and targeted MS/MS modes with accurate mass measurement. A healthy male volunteer was asked to take the drug and liquid-liquid extraction was employed to process urine samples. Chromatographic peaks for potential metabolites were hunted out with the theoretical [M - H](-) as a target ion in a full scan experiment and actual deprotonated ions were studied in targeted MS/MS experiment. Fifteen metabolites including two new sulfates (S1 and S2), three glucuronide conjugates (G2, G6 and G7), and three free metabolites (M2, M4 and M6) were detected for methasterone. Three metabolites involving G4, G5 and M5 were obtained for the first time in human urine samples. Owing to the absence of helpful fragments to elucidate the steroid ring structure of methasterone phase II metabolites, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to obtain structural information of the trimethylsilylated phase I metabolite released after enzymatic hydrolysis and the potential structure was inferred using a combined MS method. Metabolite detection times were also analyzed and G2 (18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-2α, 17α-dimethyl-androst-13-en-3α-ol-ξ-O-glucuronide) was thought to be new potential biomarker for methasterone misuse which can be detected up to 10 days.
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Sansone A, Hassenklöver T, Offner T, Fu X, Holy TE, Manzini I. Dual processing of sulfated steroids in the olfactory system of an anuran amphibian. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:373. [PMID: 26441543 PMCID: PMC4585043 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical communication is widespread in amphibians, but if compared to later diverging tetrapods the available functional data is limited. The existing information on the vomeronasal system of anurans is particularly sparse. Amphibians represent a transitional stage in the evolution of the olfactory system. Most species have anatomically separated main and vomeronasal systems, but recent studies have shown that in anurans their molecular separation is still underway. Sulfated steroids function as migratory pheromones in lamprey and have recently been identified as natural vomeronasal stimuli in rodents. Here we identified sulfated steroids as the first known class of vomeronasal stimuli in the amphibian Xenopus laevis. We show that sulfated steroids are detected and concurrently processed by the two distinct olfactory subsystems of larval Xenopus laevis, the main olfactory system and the vomeronasal system. Our data revealed a similar but partially different processing of steroid-induced responses in the two systems. Differences of detection thresholds suggest that the two information channels are not just redundant, but rather signal different information. Furthermore, we found that larval and adult animals excrete multiple sulfated compounds with physical properties consistent with sulfated steroids. Breeding tadpole and frog water including these compounds activated a large subset of sensory neurons that also responded to synthetic steroids, showing that sulfated steroids are likely to convey intraspecific information. Our findings indicate that sulfated steroids are conserved vomeronasal stimuli functioning in phylogenetically distant classes of tetrapods living in aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sansone
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany ; Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hassenklöver
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany ; Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Offner
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany ; Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Timothy E Holy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ivan Manzini
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany ; Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain Göttingen, Germany
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Jeanneret F, Tonoli D, Rossier MF, Saugy M, Boccard J, Rudaz S. Evaluation of steroidomics by liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry as a powerful analytical strategy for measuring human steroid perturbations. J Chromatogr A 2015. [PMID: 26195035 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review presents the evolution of steroid analytical techniques, including gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), immunoassay (IA) and targeted liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and it evaluates the potential of extended steroid profiles by a metabolomics-based approach, namely steroidomics. Steroids regulate essential biological functions including growth and reproduction, and perturbations of the steroid homeostasis can generate serious physiological issues; therefore, specific and sensitive methods have been developed to measure steroid concentrations. GC-MS measuring several steroids simultaneously was considered the first historical standard method for analysis. Steroids were then quantified by immunoassay, allowing a higher throughput; however, major drawbacks included the measurement of a single compound instead of a panel and cross-reactivity reactions. Targeted LC-MS methods with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) were then introduced for quantifying a small steroid subset without the problems of cross-reactivity. The next step was the integration of metabolomic approaches in the context of steroid analyses. As metabolomics tends to identify and quantify all the metabolites (i.e., the metabolome) in a specific system, appropriate strategies were proposed for discovering new biomarkers. Steroidomics, defined as the untargeted analysis of the steroid content in a sample, was implemented in several fields, including doping analysis, clinical studies, in vivo or in vitro toxicology assays, and more. This review discusses the current analytical methods for assessing steroid changes and compares them to steroidomics. Steroids, their pathways, their implications in diseases and the biological matrices in which they are analysed will first be described. Then, the different analytical strategies will be presented with a focus on their ability to obtain relevant information on the steroid pattern. The future technical requirements for improving steroid analysis will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Jeanneret
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Human Protein Sciences Department, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Human Protein Sciences Department, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel F Rossier
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland; Institut Central (ICHV), Hôpital du Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Sánchez-Guijo A, Oji V, Hartmann MF, Schuppe HC, Traupe H, Wudy SA. High levels of oxysterol sulfates in serum of patients with steroid sulfatase deficiency. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:403-12. [PMID: 25502769 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency is the underlying cause of the skin condition known as recessive X-linked ichthyosis (RXLI). RXLI patients show scales on their skin caused by high concentrations of cholesterol sulfate (CS), as they are not capable of releasing the sulfate group from its structure to obtain free cholesterol. CS has been reported, so far, as the sole sulfated steroid with increased concentrations in the blood of RXLI patients. A non-targeted LC-MS approach in negative mode detection (LC-MS precursor ion scan mode) was applied to serum samples of 12 RXLI patients and 19 healthy males. We found that CS was not the only sulfated compound consistently elevated in RXLI patients, because a group of compounds with a m/z of 481 was found in high concentrations too. Further LC-MS/MS demonstrated that the main contributor to the m/z 481 signal in RXLI serum is 27-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate (27OHC3S). Accordingly, a new method for 27OHC3S quantification in the context of RXLI has been developed and validated. Other hydroxycholesterol sulfate compounds were elevated as well in RXLI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Oji
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Schuppe
- Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Yan Y, Ubukata M, Cody RB, Holy TE, Gross ML. High-energy collision-induced dissociation by MALDI TOF/TOF causes charge-remote fragmentation of steroid sulfates. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1404-11. [PMID: 24781458 PMCID: PMC4108546 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0901-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A method for structural elucidation of biomolecules dating to the 1980s utilized high-energy collisions (~10 keV, laboratory frame) that induced charge-remote fragmentations (CRF), a class of fragmentations particularly informative for lipids, steroids, surfactants, and peptides. Unfortunately, the capability for high-energy activation has largely disappeared with the demise of magnetic sector instruments. With the latest designs of tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometers (TOF/TOF), however, this capability is now being restored to coincide with the renewed interest in metabolites and lipids, including steroid-sulfates and other steroid metabolites. For these metabolites, structure determinations are required at concentration levels below that appropriate for NMR. To meet this need, we explored CRF with TOF/TOF mass spectrometry for two groups of steroid sulfates, 3-sulfates and 21-sulfates. We demonstrated that the current generation of MALDI TOF/TOF instruments can generate charge-remote fragmentations for these materials. The resulting collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra are useful for positional isomer differentiation and very often allow the complete structure determination of the steroid. We also propose a new nomenclature that directly indicates the cleavage sites on the steroid ring with carbon numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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