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Lee H, Song SJ, Kim CS, Park B. Polystyrene nanoplastics-induced intestinal barrier disruption via inflammation and apoptosis in zebrafish larvae (Danio Rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 274:107027. [PMID: 39098124 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Plastics are one of the most pervasive materials on Earth, to which humans are exposed daily. Polystyrene (PS) is a common plastic packaging material. However, the impact of PS on human health remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to identify intestinal damage induced by PS nanoplastics (PS-NPs) in zebrafish larvae which have a high homology with humans. Four days post fertilization (dpf), zebrafish larvae were exposed to 0-, 10-, and 50-ppm PS-NPs for 48 h Initially, to ascertain if 100 nm PS-NPs could accumulate in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of zebrafish larvae, the larvae were exposed to red fluorescence-labeled PS-NPs, and at 6 dpf, the larvae were examined using a fluorescence microscope. Analysis of the fluorescence intensity revealed that the GI tract of larvae exposed to 50-ppm exhibited a significantly stronger fluorescence intensity than the other groups. Nonfluorescent PS-NPs were then used in further studies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the spherical shape of the PS-NPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis revealed chemical alterations in the PS-NPs before and after exposure to larvae. The polydispersity index (PDI) value derived using a Zetasizer indicated a stable dispersion of PS-NPs in egg water. Whole-mount apoptotic signal analysis via TUNEL assay showed increased apoptosis in zebrafish larval intestines exposed to 50-ppm PS-NPs. Damage to the intestinal tissue was assessed by Alcian blue (AB) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. AB staining revealed increased mucin levels in the zebrafish larval intestines. Thin larval intestinal walls with a decrease in the density of intestinal epithelial cells were revealed by H&E staining. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by PS-NPs were identified and analyzed. In conclusion, exposure to PS-NPs may damage the intestinal barrier of zebrafish larvae due to increased intestinal permeability, and the in vivo gene network may change in larvae exposed to PS-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Lee
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; Korean Convergence Medical Science, University of Science Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeong Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, KS, USA
| | - Chan-Sik Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; Korean Convergence Medical Science, University of Science Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongkyun Park
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; Korean Convergence Medical Science, University of Science Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Cao Y, Bi L, Chen Q, Liu Y, Zhao H, Jin L, Peng R. Understanding the links between micro/nanoplastics-induced gut microbes dysbiosis and potential diseases in fish: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 352:124103. [PMID: 38734053 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
At present, the quantity of micro/nano plastics in the environment is steadily rising, and their pollution has emerged as a global environmental issue. The tendency of their bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms (especially fish) has intensified people's attention to their persistent ecotoxicology. This review critically studies the accumulation of fish in the intestines of fish through active or passive intake of micro/nano plastics, resulting in their accumulation in intestinal organs and subsequent disturbance of intestinal microflora. The key lies in the complex toxic effect on the host after the disturbance of fish intestinal microflora. In addition, this review pointed out the characteristics of micro/nano plastics and the effects of their combined toxicity with adsorbed pollutants on fish intestinal microorganisms, in order to fully understand the characteristics of micro/nano plastics and emphasize the complex interaction between MNPs and other pollutants. We have an in-depth understanding of MNPs-induced intestinal flora disorders and intestinal dysfunction, affecting the host's systemic system, including immune system, nervous system, and reproductive system. The review also underscores the imperative for future research to investigate the toxic effects of prolonged exposure to MNPs, which are crucial for evaluating the ecological risks posed by MNPs and devising strategies to safeguard aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Liuliu Bi
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yinai Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Renyi Peng
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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3
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de Chateauneuf-Randon S, Bresson B, Ripoll M, Huille S, Barthel E, Monteux C. The mechanical properties of lipid nanoparticles depend on the type of biomacromolecule they are loaded with. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10706-10714. [PMID: 38700424 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06543j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
For drug delivery systems, the mechanical properties of drug carriers are suspected to play a crucial role in the delivery process. However, there is a lack of reliable methods available to measure the mechanical properties of drug carriers, which hampers the establishment of a link between delivery efficiency and the mechanical properties of carriers. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are advanced systems for delivering nucleic acids to target cell populations for vaccination purposes (mRNA) or the development of new drugs. Hence, it is crucial to develop reliable techniques to measure the mechanical properties of LNPs. In this article, we used AFM to image and probe the mechanical properties of LNPs which are loaded with two different biopolymers either pDNA or mRNA. Imaging the LNPs before and after indentation, as well as recording the retraction curve, enables us to obtain more insight into how the AFM tip penetrates into the particle and to determine whether the deformation of the LNPs is reversible. For pDNA, the indentation by the tip leads to irreversible rupture of the LNPs, while the deformation is reversible for the mRNA-loaded LNPs. Moreover, the forces reached for pDNA are higher than for mRNA. These results pave the way toward the establishment of the link between the LNP formulation and the delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixtine de Chateauneuf-Randon
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, CNRS UMR 7615, PSL University, Sorbonne University, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Cedex 05 75231 Paris, France.
| | - Bruno Bresson
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, CNRS UMR 7615, PSL University, Sorbonne University, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Cedex 05 75231 Paris, France.
| | - Manon Ripoll
- Sanofi Pasteur, 1541 av Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Sylvain Huille
- Sanofi R & D, Impasse Des Ateliers, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France.
| | - Etienne Barthel
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, CNRS UMR 7615, PSL University, Sorbonne University, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Cedex 05 75231 Paris, France.
| | - Cécile Monteux
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, CNRS UMR 7615, PSL University, Sorbonne University, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Cedex 05 75231 Paris, France.
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4
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Bashabsheh RH, AL-Fawares O, Natsheh I, Bdeir R, Al-Khreshieh RO, Bashabsheh HH. Staphylococcus aureus epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and application of nano-therapeutics as a promising approach to combat methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:209-231. [PMID: 38006316 PMCID: PMC11221481 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2285187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium and one of the most prevalent infectious disease-related causes of morbidity and mortality in adults. This pathogen can trigger a broad spectrum of diseases, from sepsis and pneumonia to severe skin infections that can be fatal. In this review, we will provide an overview of S. aureus and discuss the extensive literature on epidemiology, transmission, genetic diversity, evolution and antibiotic resistance strains, particularly methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). While many different virulence factors that S. aureus produces have been investigated as therapeutic targets, this review examines recent nanotechnology approaches, which employ materials with atomic or molecular dimensions and are being used to diagnose, treat, or eliminate the activity of S. aureus. Finally, having a deeper understanding and clearer grasp of the roles and contributions of S. aureus determinants, antibiotic resistance, and nanotechnology will aid us in developing anti-virulence strategies to combat the growing scarcity of effective antibiotics against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad H.F. Bashabsheh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - O’la AL-Fawares
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Iyad Natsheh
- Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Roba Bdeir
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Rozan O. Al-Khreshieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
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Masoudi M, Mashreghi M, Zenhari A, Mashreghi A. Combinational antimicrobial activity of biogenic TiO 2 NP/ZnO NPs nanoantibiotics and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid against MDR-pathogens. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123821. [PMID: 38242259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The development of effective strategies against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens is an urgent need in modern medicine. Nanoantibiotics (nABs) offer a new hope in countering the surge of MDR-pathogens. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of two attractive nABs, TiO2 NPs and ZnO NPs, and their performance in improving the antimicrobial activity of defined antibiotics (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, amox-clav) against MDR-pathogens. The nABs were synthesized using a green method. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles were determined using standard methods. The results showed the formation of pure anatase TiO2 NPs and hexagonal ZnO NPs with an average particle size of 38.65 nm and 57.87 nm, respectively. The values of zeta potential indicated the high stability of the samples. At 8 mg/mL, both nABs exhibited 100 % antioxidant activity, while ZnO showed significantly higher activity at lower concentrations. The antibiofilm assay showed that both nABs could inhibit the formation of biofilms of Acinetobacter baumannii 80 and Escherichia coli 27G (MDR-isolates). However, ZnO NPs showed superior antibiofilm activity (100 %) against E. coli 27G. The MIC values were determined to be 8 (1), 2 (2), and 4 (4) mg/mL for amox-clav, TiO2 NPs, and ZnO NPs against A. baumannii 80 (E. coli 27G), respectively. The results showed that both nABs had synergistically enhanced antibacterial performance in combination with amox-clav. Specifically, an 8-fold reduction in MIC values of antibiotics was observed when they were combined with nABs. These findings highlight the potential of TiO2 NPs and ZnO NPs as effective nanoantibiotics against MDR-pathogens. The synergistic effect observed when combining nABs with antibiotics suggests a promising approach for combating antibiotic resistance. Further research and development in this area could lead to the development of more effective treatment strategies against MDR infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Masoudi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mansour Mashreghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Nano Research Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Alireza Zenhari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirala Mashreghi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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6
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Shaaban MT, Mohamed BS, Zayed M, El-Sabbagh SM. Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticancer activity of silver-nanoparticles synthesized from the cell-filtrate of Streptomyces enissocaesilis. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:8. [PMID: 38321442 PMCID: PMC10848522 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have a unique mode of action as antibacterial agents in addition to their anticancer and antioxidant properties. In this study, microbial nanotechnology is employed to synthesize Ag-NPs using the cell filtrate of Streptomyces enissocaesilis BS1. The synthesized Ag-NPs are confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Also, the effects of different factors on Ag-NPs synthesis were evaluated to set the optimum synthesis conditions. Also, the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticancer activity of Ag-NPs was assessed. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the sample and validated that the crystal structure under consideration is a face-centered cubic (FCC) pattern. The TEM examination displayed the spherical particles of the Ag-NPs and their average size, which is 32.2 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed significant changes in functionality after silver nanoparticle dispersion, which could be attributed to the potency of the cell filtrate of Streptomyces enissocaesilis BS1 to act as both a reducing agent and a capping agent. The bioactivity tests showed that our synthesized Ag-NPs exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against different pathogenic strains. Also, when the preformed biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Salmonella typhi ATCC 12023, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6598 were exposed to Ag NPs 50 mg/ml for 24 hours, the biofilm biomass was reduced by 10.7, 34.6, 34.75, and 39.08%, respectively. Furthermore, the Ag-NPs showed in vitro cancer-specific sensitivity against human breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines and colon cancer cell line Caco-2, and the IC50 was 0.160 mg/mL and 0.156 mg/mL, respectively. The results of this study prove the ease and efficiency of the synthesis of Ag-NPs using actinomycetes and demonstrate the significant potential of these Ag-NPs as anticancer and antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T Shaaban
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Briksam S Mohamed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Zayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Sabha M El-Sabbagh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
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7
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Rath S, Jema JP, Kesavan K, Mallick S, Pradhan J, Chainy GBN, Nayak D, Kaushik S, Dandapat J. Arsenic album 30C exhibits crystalline nano structure of arsenic trioxide and modulates innate immune markers in murine macrophage cell lines. Sci Rep 2024; 14:745. [PMID: 38185726 PMCID: PMC10772077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51319-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are associated with innate immune response and M1-polarized macrophages exhibit pro-inflammatory functions. Nanoparticles of natural or synthetic compounds are potential triggers of innate immunity. As2O3 is the major component of the homeopathic drug, Arsenic album 30C.This has been claimed to have immune-boosting activities, however, has not been validated experimentally. Here we elucidated the underlying mechanism of Ars. alb 30C-mediated immune priming in murine macrophage cell line. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) used for the structural analysis of the drug reveals the presence of crystalline As2O3 nanoparticles of cubic structure. Similarly, signatures of M1-macrophage polarization were observed by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in RAW 264.7 cells with concomitant over expression of M1 cell surface marker, CD80 and transcription factor, NF-κB, respectively. We also observed a significant increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines like iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2 expression with unaltered ROS and apoptosis in drug-treated cells. Enhanced expression of Toll-like receptors 3 and 7 were observed both in transcriptional and translational levels after the drug treatment. In sum, our findings for the first time indicated the presence of crystalline As2O3 cubic nanostructure in Ars. alb 30C which facilitates modulation of innate immunity by activating macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvasmita Rath
- Centre of Environment, Climate Change and Public Health, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jyoti Prava Jema
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Kamali Kesavan
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sagar Mallick
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jyotsnarani Pradhan
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Debadatta Nayak
- Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhash Kaushik
- Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, New Delhi, India
| | - Jagneshwar Dandapat
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
- Centre of Excellence in Integrated Omics and Computational Biology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India.
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8
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Abaszadeh F, Ashoub MH, Khajouie G, Amiri M. Nanotechnology development in surgical applications: recent trends and developments. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:537. [PMID: 38001554 PMCID: PMC10668503 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper gives a detailed analysis of nanotechnology's rising involvement in numerous surgical fields. We investigate the use of nanotechnology in orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, surgical oncology, heart surgery, vascular surgery, ophthalmic surgery, thoracic surgery, and minimally invasive surgery. The paper details how nanotechnology helps with arthroplasty, chondrogenesis, tissue regeneration, wound healing, and more. It also discusses the employment of nanomaterials in implant surfaces, bone grafting, and breast implants, among other things. The article also explores various nanotechnology uses, including stem cell-incorporated nano scaffolds, nano-surgery, hemostasis, nerve healing, nanorobots, and diagnostic applications. The ethical and safety implications of using nanotechnology in surgery are also addressed. The future possibilities of nanotechnology are investigated, pointing to a possible route for improved patient outcomes. The essay finishes with a comment on nanotechnology's transformational influence in surgical applications and its promise for future breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Abaszadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Muhammad Hossein Ashoub
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ghazal Khajouie
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Amiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran.
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9
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Le Q, Lee J, Ko S, Kim H, Vu TY, Choe YS, Oh Y, Shim G. Enzyme-responsive macrocyclic metal complexes for biomedical imaging. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10478. [PMID: 37693046 PMCID: PMC10487310 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal chelator-based contrast agents are used as tumor navigators for cancer diagnosis. Although approved metal chelators show excellent contrast performance in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), large doses are required for cancer diagnoses due to rapid clearance and nonspecific accumulation throughout the body, which can compromise safety. The present study describes an enzyme-responsive metal delivery system, in which enzyme overexpressed in the tumor microenvironment selectively activates the tumor uptake of gadolinium (Gd). Gd was loaded into enzyme-responsive macrocyclam (ErMC) modified with a PEGylated enzyme-cleavable peptide resulting in Gd@ErMC. The PEGylated shell layer protected Gd@ErMC from nonspecific binding in the blood, increasing the half-life of the contrast agent. Specific cleavage of the PEGylated shell layer by the enzyme selectively liberated Gd from Gd@ErMC at the tumor site. Evaluation of the in vivo distribution of Gd@ErMC in tumor-bearing mice by MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) showed that Gd@ErMC had an extended half-life and was highly specific. Histological and serological analysis of Gd@ErMC-treated mice showed that this agent was safe. This novel enzyme-responsive contrast agent delivery system shows promise as specific theranostic agent for MR-guided radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc‐Viet Le
- Faculty of PharmacyTon Duc Thang UniversityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Jaiwoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Seungbeom Ko
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Thien Y Vu
- Faculty of PharmacyTon Duc Thang UniversityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Yearn Seong Choe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHSTSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yu‐Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Gayong Shim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science and Integrative Institute of Basic SciencesSoongsil UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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10
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Jeong DI, Kim S, Koo JS, Lee SY, Kim M, Kim KY, Azad MOK, Karmakar M, Chu S, Chae BJ, Kang WS, Cho HJ. Manganese Sulfate Nanocomposites Fabricated by Hot-Melt Extrusion for Chemodynamic Therapy of Colorectal Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1831. [PMID: 37514021 PMCID: PMC10383399 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of metal salts-based nanocomposites is highly desired for the Fenton or Fenton-like reaction-based chemodynamic therapy of cancer. Manganese sulfate (MnSO4)-dispersed nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated with a hot-melt extrusion (HME) system for the chemodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer in this study. MnSO4 was homogeneously distributed in polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (as a hydrophilic polymer) with the aid of surfactants (Span 80 and Tween 80) by HME processing. Nano-size distribution was achieved after dispersing the pulverized extrudate of MnSO4-based composite in the aqueous media. The distribution of MnSO4 in HME extrudate and the interactions between MnSO4 and pharmaceutical additives were elucidated by Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Hydroxyl radical generation efficiency by the Fenton-like chemistry capability of Mn2+ ion was also confirmed by catalytic assays. By using the intrinsic H2O2 in cancer cells, MnSO4 NPs provided an elevated cellular reactive oxygen species level, apoptosis induction capability, and antiproliferation efficiency. The designed HME-processed MnSO4 formulation can be efficiently used for the chemodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da In Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Seong Koo
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Applied Humanimal Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Yeol Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Darby Genetics Inc., Anseong 17529, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Obyedul Kalam Azad
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Food and Dairy Innovation Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Karmakar
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongnam Chu
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Daehwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul 06699, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Jo Chae
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wie-Soo Kang
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Sarfraz MH, Muzammil S, Hayat S, Khurshid M, Sayyid AH. Fabrication of chitosan and Trianthema portulacastrum mediated copper oxide nanoparticles: Antimicrobial potential against MDR bacteria and biological efficacy for antioxidant, antidiabetic and photocatalytic activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124954. [PMID: 37211075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymer based metal oxide nanoparticles, prepared by eco-friendly approach, are gaining interest owing to their wide range of applications. In this study, aqueous extract of Trianthema portulacastrum was used for the green synthesis of chitosan base copper oxide (CH-CuO) nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized through UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, SEM, TEM, FTIR and XRD analysis. These techniques provided evidence for the successful synthesis of the nanoparticles, having poly-dispersed spherical shaped morphology with average crystallite size of 17.37 nm. The antibacterial activity for the CH-CuO nanoparticles was determined against multi-drug resistant (MDR), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative), Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive). Maximum activity was obtained against Escherichia coli (24 ± 1.99 mm) while least activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus (17 ± 1.54 mm). In-vitro analysis for biofilm inhibition, EPS and cell surface hydrophobicity showed >60 % inhibitions for all the bacterial isolates. Antioxidant and photocatalytic assays for the nanoparticles showed significant activities of radical scavenging (81 ± 4.32 %) and dye degradation (88 %), respectively. Antidiabetic activity for the nanoparticles, determined by in-vitro analysis of alpha amylase inhibition, showed enzyme inhibition of 47 ± 3.29 %. The study signifies the potential of CH-CuO nanoparticle as an effective antimicrobial agent against MDR bacteria along with the antidiabetic and photocatalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saima Muzammil
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sumreen Hayat
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abid Hussain Sayyid
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lim C, Shin Y, Kang K, Husni P, Lee D, Lee S, Choi HG, Lee ES, Youn YS, Oh KT. Effects of PEG-Linker Chain Length of Folate-Linked Liposomal Formulations on Targeting Ability and Antitumor Activity of Encapsulated Drug. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1615-1630. [PMID: 37020691 PMCID: PMC10069508 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s402418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ligand-conjugated liposomes are promising for the treatment of specific receptor-overexpressing cancers. However, previous studies have shown inconsistent results because of the varying properties of the ligand, presence of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating on the liposome, length of the linker, and density of the ligand. Methods Here, we prepared PEGylated liposomes using PEG-linkers of various lengths conjugated with folate and evaluated the effect of the PEG-linker length on the nanoparticle distribution and pharmacological efficacy of the encapsulated drug both in vitro and in vivo. Results When folate was conjugated to the liposome surface, the cellular uptake efficiency in folate receptor overexpressed KB cells dramatically increased compared to that of the normal liposome. However, when comparing the effect of the PEG-linker length in vitro, no significant difference between the formulations was observed. In contrast, the level of tumor accumulation of particles in vivo significantly increased when the length of the PEG-linker was increased. The tumor size was reduced by >40% in the Dox/FL-10K-treated group compared to that in the Dox/FL-2K- or 5K-treated groups. Discussion Our study suggests that as the length of PEG-linker increases, the tumor-targeting ability can be enhanced under in vivo conditions, which can lead to an increase in the antitumor activity of the encapsulated drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaemin Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuseon Shin
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kioh Kang
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Patihul Husni
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoon Lee
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehwa Lee
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Eun Seong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Taek Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: Kyung Taek Oh, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea, Tel +82-2-824-5617, Email
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Zambonino MC, Quizhpe EM, Mouheb L, Rahman A, Agathos SN, Dahoumane SA. Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles in Biomedical Sciences: Properties, Current Trends, Novel Opportunities and Emerging Challenges in Theranostic Nanomedicine. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:424. [PMID: 36770385 PMCID: PMC9921003 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Selenium is an important dietary supplement and an essential trace element incorporated into selenoproteins with growth-modulating properties and cytotoxic mechanisms of action. However, different compounds of selenium usually possess a narrow nutritional or therapeutic window with a low degree of absorption and delicate safety margins, depending on the dose and the chemical form in which they are provided to the organism. Hence, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are emerging as a novel therapeutic and diagnostic platform with decreased toxicity and the capacity to enhance the biological properties of Se-based compounds. Consistent with the exciting possibilities offered by nanotechnology in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, SeNPs are useful tools in current biomedical research with exceptional benefits as potential therapeutics, with enhanced bioavailability, improved targeting, and effectiveness against oxidative stress and inflammation-mediated disorders. In view of the need for developing eco-friendly, inexpensive, simple, and high-throughput biomedical agents that can also ally with theranostic purposes and exhibit negligible side effects, biogenic SeNPs are receiving special attention. The present manuscript aims to be a reference in its kind by providing the readership with a thorough and comprehensive review that emphasizes the current, yet expanding, possibilities offered by biogenic SeNPs in the biomedical field and the promise they hold among selenium-derived products to, eventually, elicit future developments. First, the present review recalls the physiological importance of selenium as an oligo-element and introduces the unique biological, physicochemical, optoelectronic, and catalytic properties of Se nanomaterials. Then, it addresses the significance of nanosizing on pharmacological activity (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) and cellular interactions of SeNPs. Importantly, it discusses in detail the role of biosynthesized SeNPs as innovative theranostic agents for personalized nanomedicine-based therapies. Finally, this review explores the role of biogenic SeNPs in the ongoing context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and presents key prospects in translational nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie C. Zambonino
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hacienda San José s/n, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
| | - Ernesto Mateo Quizhpe
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hacienda San José s/n, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
| | - Lynda Mouheb
- Laboratoire de Recherche de Chimie Appliquée et de Génie Chimique, Hasnaoua I, Université Mouloud Mammeri, BP 17 RP, Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria
| | - Ashiqur Rahman
- Center for Midstream Management and Science, Lamar University, 211 Redbird Ln., Beaumont, TX 77710, USA
| | - Spiros N. Agathos
- Earth and Life Institute, Catholic University of Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Si Amar Dahoumane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18, Ave Antonine-Maillet, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
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14
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Wei W, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Wu X, Fan W, Chen J. Advances, challenge and prospects in cell-mediated nanodrug delivery for cancer therapy: a review. J Drug Target 2023; 31:1-13. [PMID: 35857432 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2104299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine offers considerable opportunities to improve drugability and reduce toxicity for tumour therapy. However, the application of nanomedicine has achieved little success in clinical trials due to multiple physiological barriers to drug delivery. Circulating cells are expected to improve the physical distribution of drugs and enhance the therapeutic effect by overcoming various biological barriers in collaboration with nano-drug delivery systems owing to excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and a long-circulation time and strong binding specificity. Nonetheless, we have noticed some limitations in implementing tthe strategy. In this article, we intend to introduce the latest progress in research and application of circulating cell-mediated nano-drug delivery systems, describe the main cell-related drug delivery modes, sum up the relevant points of the transport systems in the process of loading, transport and release, and lastly discuss the advantages, challenges and future development trends in cell-mediated nano-drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuhao Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | | | | | - Xin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Shanghai Wei Er Lab, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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15
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Gharoonpour A, Simiyari D, Yousefzadeh A, Badragheh F, Rahmati M. Autophagy modulation in breast cancer utilizing nanomaterials and nanoparticles. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1150492. [PMID: 37213283 PMCID: PMC10196239 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1150492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy regenerates cellular nutrients, recycles metabolites, and maintains hemostasis through multistep signaling pathways, in conjunction with lysosomal degradation mechanisms. In tumor cells, autophagy has been shown to play a dual role as both tumor suppressor and tumor promoter, leading to the discovery of new therapeutic strategies for cancer. Therefore, regulation of autophagy is essential during cancer progression. In this regard, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) is a promising technique in the clinic to modulate autophagy pathways. Here, we summarized the importance of breast cancer worldwide, and we discussed its classification, current treatment strategies, and the strengths and weaknesses of available treatments. We have also described the application of NPs and nanocarriers (NCs) in breast cancer treatment and their capability to modulate autophagy. Then the advantages and disadvantaged of NPs in cancer therapy along with future applications will be disscussed. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information on NPs used in breast cancer treatment and their impacts on autophagy pathways for researchers.
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16
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Le XT, Lee J, Nguyen NT, Lee WT, Lee ES, Oh KT, Choi HG, Shin BS, Youn YS. Combined phototherapy with metabolic reprogramming-targeted albumin nanoparticles for treating breast cancer. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:7117-7132. [PMID: 36350285 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01281b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by rapid tumor growth and resistance to cancer therapy, and has a poor prognosis. Accumulating data have revealed that cancer metabolism relies on both the Warburg effect and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which are strongly related to the high proliferation and chemoresistance of cancer cells. Phototherapy is considered as a non-invasive method to precisely control drug activity with reduced side effects. Herein, our group introduced an Abraxane-like nanoplatform, named LCIR NPs, which significantly eradicates cancer cells via synergism between metabolic reprogramming and phototherapy effects. Endowed with mitochondria-targeting residues, the nanoparticles efficiently inhibited mitochondrial complexes I and IV as well as hexokinase II, leading to the depletion of intracellular ATP. Consequently, the photodynamic and photothermal effect triggered by NIR irradiation was enhanced due to the alleviation of hypoxia and the thermoresistance mechanism that rely on mitochondrial metabolism. In vivo experiments showed that the tumor size of mice that received the combination treatment was only 50.7 mm3, which was 21 times smaller than that of the untreated group and was much lower than those of other single treatments after 21 days. Additionally, almost no systemic undesired toxicity was detected during the observation period. We believe that the concept of LCIR as presented here offers a potential platform to overcome the resistance to conventional therapies by the incorporation with the energy metabolism inhibition approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Thien Le
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junyeong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nguyen Thi Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Tak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Seong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Taek Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Padilla Espinosa IM, Jacobs TDB, Martini A. Atomistic Simulations of the Elastic Compression of Platinum Nanoparticles. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 17:96. [PMID: 36190663 PMCID: PMC9530103 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The elastic behavior of nanoparticles depends strongly on particle shape, size, and crystallographic orientation. Many prior investigations have characterized the elastic modulus of nanoscale particles using experiments or simulations; however their reported values vary widely depending on the methods for measurement and calculation. To understand these discrepancies, we used classical molecular dynamics simulation to model the compression of platinum nanoparticles with two different polyhedral shapes and a range of sizes from 4 to 20 nm, loaded in two different crystal orientations. Multiple standard methods were used to calculate the elastic modulus from stress-vs-strain data for each nanoparticle. The magnitudes and particle-size dependence of the resulting moduli varied with calculation method and, even for larger nanoparticles where bulk-like behavior may be expected, the effective elastic modulus depended strongly on shape and orientation. Analysis of per-atom stress distributions indicated that the shape- and orientation-dependence arise due to stress triaxiality and inhomogeneity across the particle. When the effective elastic modulus was recalculated using a representative volume element in the center of a large nanoparticle, the elastic modulus had the expected value for each orientation and was shape independent. It is only for single-digit nanoparticles that meaningful differences emerged, where even the very center of the particle had a lower modulus due to the effect of the surface. These findings provide better understanding of the elastic properties of nanoparticles and disentangle geometric contributions (such as stress triaxiality and spatial inhomogeneity) from true changes in elastic properties of the nanoscale material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M Padilla Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Merced, 5200 Lake Rd, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Tevis D B Jacobs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara St., Benedum Hall, Room 636, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Merced, 5200 Lake Rd, Merced, CA, 95340, USA.
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18
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Choi HI, Zeb A, Kim MS, Rana I, Khan N, Qureshi OS, Lim CW, Park JS, Gao Z, Maeng HJ, Kim JK. Controlled therapeutic delivery of CO from carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs). J Control Release 2022; 350:652-667. [PMID: 36063960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) has been regarded as a "silent killer" for its toxicity toward biological systems. However, a low concentration of endogenously produced CO has shown a number of therapeutic benefits such as anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-apoptosis, and cytoprotective activities. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) have been developed as alternatives to direct CO inhalation, which requires a specialized setting for strict dose control. CORMs are efficient CO donors, with central transition metals (such as ruthenium, iron, cobalt, and manganese) surrounded by CO as a ligand. CORMs can stably store and subsequently release their CO payload in the presence of certain triggers including solvent, light, temperature, and ligand substitution. However, CORMs require appropriate delivery strategies to improve short CO release half-life and target specificity. Herein, we highlighted the therapeutic potential of inhalation and CORMs-delivered CO. The applications of conjugate and nanocarrier systems for controlling CO release and improving therapeutic efficacy of CORMs are also described in detail. The review concludes with some of the hurdles that limit clinical translation of CORMs. Keeping in mind the tremendous potential and growing interest in CORMs, this review would be helpful for designing controlled CO release systems for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Ik Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Alam Zeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Min-Su Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Isra Rana
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Namrah Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Omer Salman Qureshi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Chang-Wan Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sook Park
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhonggao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Ki Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
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Iron oxide nanoparticles-loaded hydrogels for effective topical photothermal treatment of skin cancer. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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20
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Blood-declustering excretable metal clusters assembled in DNA matrix. Biomaterials 2022; 289:121754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Galangin/β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex as a Drug-Delivery System for Improved Solubility and Biocompatibility in Breast Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144521. [PMID: 35889394 PMCID: PMC9318178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of a newly modified cyclodextrin derivative, water-soluble β-cyclodextrin–epichlorohydrin (β-CD), as an effective drug carrier to enhance the poor solubility and bioavailability of galangin (GAL), a poorly water-soluble model drug. In this regard, inclusion complexes of GAL/β-CDP were prepared. UV-VIS spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray crystallography (XRD), zeta potential analysis, particle size analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to characterize the synthesized GAL/β-CD. Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7; human breast cancer cells) and rat embryo fibroblast (REF; normal cells) were employed to examine the in vitro cytotoxic effects of GAL/β-CD using various parameters. The dye-based tests of MTT and crystal violet clearly exhibited that GAL/β-CD-treated cells had a reduced proliferation rate, an influence that was not found in the normal cell line. The cells’ death was found to follow apoptotic mechanisms, as revealed by the dye-based test of acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr), with the involvement of the mitochondria via caspase-3-mediated events, as manifested by the Rh 123 test. We also included a mouse model to examine possible in vivo toxic effects of GAL/β-CD. It appears that the inclusion complex does not have a significant influence on normal cells, as indicated by serum levels of kidney and liver enzymatic markers, as well as thymic and splenic mass indices. A similar conclusion was reached on the histological level, as manifested by the absence of pathological alterations in the liver, kidney, thymus, spleen, heart, and lung.
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22
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Tumor-originated pH-responsive nanovaccine mixture to treat heterogeneous tumors. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Development of a pH-Responsive Polymer Based on Hyaluronic Acid Conjugated with Imidazole and Dodecylamine for Nanomedicine Delivery. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-022-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Choi J, Bastatas L, Lee E, Mutiso KT, Park S. Mechanical characterization of multi-layered lipid nanoparticles using high-resolution AFM force spectroscopy. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Functionalization of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems and Its Influence in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051113. [PMID: 35631699 PMCID: PMC9145684 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into the application of nanocarriers in the delivery of cancer-fighting drugs has been a promising research area for decades. On the other hand, their cytotoxic effects on cells, low uptake efficiency, and therapeutic resistance have limited their therapeutic use. However, the urgency of pressing healthcare needs has resulted in the functionalization of nanoparticles' (NPs) physicochemical properties to improve clinical outcomes of new, old, and repurposed drugs. This article reviews recent research on methods for targeting functionalized nanoparticles to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, the use of relevant engineering techniques for surface functionalization of nanocarriers (liposomes, dendrimers, and mesoporous silica) and their critical roles in overcoming the current limitations in cancer therapy-targeting ligands used for targeted delivery, stimuli strategies, and multifunctional nanoparticles-were all reviewed. The limitations and future perspectives of functionalized nanoparticles were also finally discussed. Using relevant keywords, published scientific literature from all credible sources was retrieved. A quick search of the literature yielded almost 400 publications. The subject matter of this review was addressed adequately using an inclusion/exclusion criterion. The content of this review provides a reasonable basis for further studies to fully exploit the potential of these nanoparticles in cancer therapy.
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Jin G, Ngo HV, Wang J, Cui JH, Cao QR, Park C, Lee BJ. Electrostatic molecular effect of differently charged surfactants on the solubilization capacity and physicochemical properties of salt-caged nanosuspensions containing pH-dependent and poorly water-soluble rebamipide. Int J Pharm 2022; 619:121686. [PMID: 35314274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the electrostatic molecular effect of differently charged surfactants on the solubilization capacity and physicochemical properties of salt-caged nanosuspensions (NSPs) containing poorly water-soluble drug was investigated. Anionic rebamipide (RBM) was chosen as a model drug because of its poor water solubility in low pH condition and ionizable acidic forms. Negatively charged sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and positively charged cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were selected as surfactants for the preparation of NSPs or in the dissolution medium. Salt-caged NSPs surrounded by NaCl were prepared by the HCl-NaOH neutralization method in the presence of poloxamer 407. Interestingly, the addition of positively charged CTAB in the preparation process or the dissolution media could interfere with the solubilization capacity of salt-caged NSPs containing a negatively charged drug via intermolecular electrostatic attraction. In the presence of positively charged CTAB, the salt-caged NSP was disordered in structure via electrostatic attractive interaction with partially ionizable anionic RBM resulting in changes in the physicochemical properties of the salt-caged NSP such as low drug content, increased particle size, decreased dissolution rate, and the formation of water-insoluble precipitates with rough and irregular crystals. This inhibitory effect of CTAB on the dissolution rate of pure RBM and the salt-caged NSP in pH 6.8 intestinal fluid was pronounced in a concentration-dependent manner mainly owing to the formation of precipitates, so-called poorly soluble complexes. When the salt-caged NSP (F1) was dissolved in DW containing CTAB, the dissolution rate decreased more significantly, dissolving less than 20% within 2 h. Depending on the surfactant charges, the charge density and the initial potential were varied during the dissolution of NSPs in deionized water (DW). In contrast, the negatively charged SLS did not significantly change the physicochemical properties of the salt-caged NSP. For example, the dissolution rate of the salt-caged NSP containing SLS in DW or pH 1.2 gastric fluid remained over 90% for 2 h. Surfactants for the formulation or dissolution media should be chosen carefully because of their effect on the physicochemical properties and solubilization capacity of salt-caged NSPs containing poorly water-soluble and ionizable drugs via electrostatic molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, PR China.
| | - Hai V Ngo
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jie Wang
- Student Affairs Department, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, PR China.
| | - Jing-Hao Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Qing-Ri Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Chulhun Park
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Biosynthesis, characterization, biological and photo catalytic investigations of Elsholtzia blanda and chitosan mediated copper oxide nanoparticles. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Li X, Montague EC, Pollinzi A, Lofts A, Hoare T. Design of Smart Size-, Surface-, and Shape-Switching Nanoparticles to Improve Therapeutic Efficacy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104632. [PMID: 34936204 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple biological barriers must be considered in the design of nanomedicines, including prolonged blood circulation, efficient accumulation at the target site, effective penetration into the target tissue, selective uptake of the nanoparticles into target cells, and successful endosomal escape. However, different particle sizes, surface chemistries, and sometimes shapes are required to achieve the desired transport properties at each step of the delivery process. In response, this review highlights recent developments in the design of switchable nanoparticles whose size, surface chemistry, shape, or a combination thereof can be altered as a function of time, a disease-specific microenvironment, and/or via an externally applied stimulus to enable improved optimization of nanoparticle properties in each step of the delivery process. The practical use of such nanoparticles in chemotherapy, bioimaging, photothermal therapy, and other applications is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
| | - E Coulter Montague
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Angela Pollinzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Andrew Lofts
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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Keum T, Noh G, Seo JE, Bashyal S, Sohn DH, Lee S. Examination of Effective Buccal Absorption of Salmon Calcitonin Using Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Conjugated Liposomal Drug Delivery System. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:697-710. [PMID: 35210769 PMCID: PMC8857984 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s335774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The buccal route has been considered an attractive alternative delivery route for injectable formulations. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are gaining increased attention for their cellular uptake and tissue permeation effects. This study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro and ex vivo permeation-enhancing effect of penetratin-conjugated liposomes for salmon calcitonin (sCT) in TR146 human buccal cells and porcine buccal tissues. Methods Penetratin was conjugated to phospholipids through a maleimide-thiol reaction. Liposomes were prepared and sCT was encapsulated using a thin-film hydration method. Physical properties such as particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and morphological images via transmission electron microscopy were obtained. Cellular uptake studies were conducted using flow cytometry (FACS) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). A cell permeation study was performed using a Transwell® assay, and permeation through porcine buccal tissue was evaluated. The amount of sCT permeated was quantified using an ELISA kit and was optically observed using CLSM. Results The particle size of penetratin-conjugated liposomes was approximately 123.0 nm, their zeta potential was +29.6 mV, and their calcitonin encapsulation efficiency was 18.0%. In the cellular uptake study using FACS and CLSM, stronger fluorescence was observed in penetratin-conjugated liposomes compared with the solution containing free sCT and control liposomes. Likewise, the amount of sCT permeated from penetratin-conjugated liposomes was higher than that from the free sCT solution and control liposomes by 5.8-fold across TR146 cells and 91.5-fold across porcine buccal tissues. Conclusion Penetratin-conjugated liposomes are considered a good drug delivery strategy for sCT via the buccal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekwang Keum
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyubin Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo-Eun Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Santosh Bashyal
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Sohn
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: Sangkil Lee, College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea, Tel +82-53-580-6655, Fax +82-53-580-5164, Email
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Preparation and Characterization of Fenofibrate Microparticles with Surface-Active Additives: Application of a Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Spray-Drying Process. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122061. [PMID: 34959341 PMCID: PMC8709266 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, supercritical fluid-assisted spray-drying (SA-SD) was applied to achieve the micronization of fenofibrate particles possessing surface-active additives, such as d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), sucrose mono palmitate (Sucroester 15), and polyoxyethylene 52 stearate (Myrj 52), to improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of fenofibrate. For comparison, the same formulation was prepared using a spray-drying (SD) process, and then both methods were compared. The SA-SD process resulted in a significantly smaller mean particle size (approximately 2 μm) compared to that of unprocessed fenofibrate (approximately 20 μm) and SD-processed particles (approximately 40 μm). There was no significant difference in the effect on the particle size reduction among the selected surface-active additives. The microcomposite particles prepared with surface-active additives using SA-SD exhibited remarkable enhancement in their dissolution rate due to the synergistic effect of comparably moderate wettability improvement and significant particle size reduction. In contrast, the SD samples with the surface-active additives exhibited a decrease in dissolution rate compared to that of the unprocessed fenofibrate due to the absence of particle size reduction, although wettability was greatly improved. The results of zeta potential and XPS analyses indicated that the surface-active additive coverage on the surface layer of the SD-processed particles with a better wettability was higher than that of the SA-SD-processed composite particles. Additionally, after rapid depletion of hydrophilic additives that were excessively distributed on the surfaces of SD-processed particles, the creation of a surface layer rich in poorly water-soluble fenofibrate resulted in a decrease in the dissolution rate. In contrast, the surface-active molecules were dispersed homogeneously throughout the particle matrix in the SA-SD-processed microparticles. Furthermore, improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics were observed for the SA-SD-processed fenofibrate microparticles compared to those for the SD-processed fenofibrate particles. Therefore, the SA-SD process incorporating surface-active additives can efficiently micronize poorly water-soluble drugs and optimize their physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characteristics.
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Park H, Kim JS, Kim S, Ha ES, Kim MS, Hwang SJ. Pharmaceutical Applications of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Emulsions for Micro-/Nanoparticle Formation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111928. [PMID: 34834343 PMCID: PMC8625501 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-/nanoparticle formulations containing drugs with or without various biocompatible excipients are widely used in the pharmaceutical field to improve the physicochemical and clinical properties of the final drug product. Among the various micro-/nanoparticle production technologies, emulsion-based particle formation is the most widely used because of its unique advantages such as uniform generation of spherical small particles and higher encapsulation efficiency (EE). For this emulsion-based micro-/nanoparticle technology, one of the most important factors is the extraction efficiency associated with the fast removal of the organic solvent. In consideration of this, a technology called supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions (SFEE) that uses the unique mass transfer mechanism and solvent power of a supercritical fluid (SCF) has been proposed to overcome the shortcomings of several conventional technologies such as solvent evaporation, extraction, and spray drying. This review article presents the main aspects of SFEE technology for the preparation of micro-/nanoparticles by focusing on its pharmaceutical applications, which have been organized and classified according to several types of drug delivery systems and active pharmaceutical ingredients. It was definitely confirmed that SFEE can be applied in a variety of drugs from water-soluble to poorly water-soluble. In addition, it has advantages such as low organic solvent residual, high EE, desirable release control, better particle size control, and agglomeration prevention through efficient and fast solvent removal compared to conventional micro-/nanoparticle technologies. Therefore, this review will be a good resource for determining the applicability of SFEE to obtain better pharmaceutical quality when researchers in related fields want to select a suitable manufacturing process for preparing desired micro-/nanoparticle drug delivery systems containing their active material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, 33, Samyangro 144-gil, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, Korea; (H.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Jeong-Soo Kim
- Dong-A ST Co. Ltd., 21, Geumhwa-ro 105beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17073, Korea;
| | - Sebin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, 33, Samyangro 144-gil, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, Korea; (H.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Eun-Sol Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.-S.K.); (S.-J.H.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2813 (M.-S.K.)
| | - Sung-Joo Hwang
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-S.K.); (S.-J.H.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2813 (M.-S.K.)
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Amatya R, Hwang S, Park T, Min KA, Shin MC. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of PEGylated Starch-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photothermal Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:871. [PMID: 34204840 PMCID: PMC8231641 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) possess versatile utility in cancer theranostics, thus, they have drawn enormous interest in the cancer research field. Herein, we prepared polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated and starch-coated IONPs ("PEG-starch-IONPs"), and assessed their applicability for photothermal treatment (PTT) of cancer. The prepared PEG-starch-IONPs were investigated for their physical properties by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The pharmacokinetic study results showed a significant extension in the plasma half-life by PEGylation, which led to a markedly increased (5.7-fold) tumor accumulation. When PEG-starch-IONPs were evaluated for their photothermal activity, notably, they displayed marked and reproducible heating effects selectively on the tumor site with laser irradiation. Lastly, efficacy studies demonstrated that PEG-starch-IONPs-based PTT may be a promising mode of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeju Amatya
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju Daero, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea; (R.A.); (T.P.)
| | - Seungmi Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae 50834, Gyeongnam, Korea;
| | - Taehoon Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju Daero, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea; (R.A.); (T.P.)
| | - Kyoung Ah Min
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae 50834, Gyeongnam, Korea;
| | - Meong Cheol Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju Daero, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea; (R.A.); (T.P.)
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Subcutaneously Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel for Sustained Release of Donepezil with Reduced Initial Burst Release: Effect of Hybridization of Microstructured Lipid Carriers and Albumin. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060864. [PMID: 34208289 PMCID: PMC8230846 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The daily oral administration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease features low patient compliance and can lead to low efficacy or high toxicity owing to irregular intake. Herein, we developed a subcutaneously injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel (MLC/HSA hydrogel) hybridized with microstructured lipid carriers (MLCs) and human serum albumin (HSA) for the sustained release of donepezil (DNP) with reduced initial burst release. The lipid carrier was designed to have a microsized mean diameter (32.6 ± 12.8 µm) to be well-localized in the hydrogel. The hybridization of MLCs and HSA enhanced the structural integrity of the HA hydrogel, as demonstrated by the measurements of storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″), and viscosity. In the pharmacokinetic study, subcutaneous administration of MLC/HSA hydrogel in rats prolonged the release of DNP for up to seven days and reduced the initial plasma concentration, where the Cmax value was 0.3-fold lower than that of the control hydrogel without a significant change in the AUClast value. Histological analyses of the hydrogels supported their biocompatibility for subcutaneous injection. These results suggest that a new hybrid MLC/HSA hydrogel could be promising as a subcutaneously injectable controlled drug delivery system for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Shin Y, Husni P, Kang K, Lee D, Lee S, Lee E, Youn Y, Oh K. Recent Advances in pH- or/and Photo-Responsive Nanovehicles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:725. [PMID: 34069233 PMCID: PMC8157172 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of nanotechnology and chemotherapy has resulted in more effective drug design via the development of nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) for tumor targeting. Stimulus-responsive DDSs in response to internal or external signals can offer precisely controlled delivery of preloaded therapeutics. Among the various DDSs, the photo-triggered system improves the efficacy and safety of treatment through spatiotemporal manipulation of light. Additionally, pH-induced delivery is one of the most widely studied strategies for targeting the acidic micro-environment of solid tumors. Accordingly, in this review, we discuss representative strategies for designing DDSs using light as an exogenous signal or pH as an endogenous trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuseon Shin
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University and College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-dong, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.S.); (P.H.); (K.K.); (D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Patihul Husni
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University and College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-dong, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.S.); (P.H.); (K.K.); (D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Kioh Kang
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University and College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-dong, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.S.); (P.H.); (K.K.); (D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Dayoon Lee
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University and College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-dong, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.S.); (P.H.); (K.K.); (D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Sehwa Lee
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University and College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-dong, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.S.); (P.H.); (K.K.); (D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Eunseong Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea;
| | - Yuseok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Kyungtaek Oh
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University and College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-dong, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.S.); (P.H.); (K.K.); (D.L.); (S.L.)
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Bashyal S, Seo JE, Keum T, Noh G, Lamichhane S, Lee S. Development, Characterization, and Ex Vivo Assessment of Elastic Liposomes for Enhancing the Buccal Delivery of Insulin. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040565. [PMID: 33923670 PMCID: PMC8073108 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Buccal drug delivery is a suitable alternative to invasive routes of drug administration. The buccal administration of insulin for the management of diabetes has received substantial attention worldwide. The main aim of this study was to develop and characterize elastic liposomes and assess their permeability across porcine buccal tissues. Sodium-cholate-incorporated elastic liposomes (SC-EL) and sodium-glycodeoxycholate-incorporated elastic liposomes (SGDC-EL) were prepared using the thin-film hydration method. The prepared liposomes were characterized and their ex vivo permeability attributes were investigated. The distribution of the SC-EL and SGDC-EL across porcine buccal tissues was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The SGDC-EL were the most superior nanocarriers since they significantly enhanced the permeation of insulin across porcine buccal tissues, displaying a 4.33-fold increase in the permeability coefficient compared with the insulin solution. Compared with the SC-EL, the SGDC-EL were better at facilitating insulin permeability, with a 3.70-fold increase in the permeability coefficient across porcine buccal tissue. These findings were further corroborated based on bioimaging analysis using CLSM. SGDC-ELs showed the greatest fluorescence intensity in buccal tissues, as evidenced by the greater shift of fluorescence intensity toward the inner buccal tissue over time. The fluorescence intensity ranked as follows: SGDC-EL > SC-EL > FITC–insulin solution. Conclusively, this study highlighted the potential nanocarriers for enhancing the buccal permeability of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Bashyal
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (S.B.); (J.-E.S.); (T.K.); (G.N.); (S.L.)
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Jo-Eun Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (S.B.); (J.-E.S.); (T.K.); (G.N.); (S.L.)
| | - Taekwang Keum
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (S.B.); (J.-E.S.); (T.K.); (G.N.); (S.L.)
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Gyubin Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (S.B.); (J.-E.S.); (T.K.); (G.N.); (S.L.)
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Shrawani Lamichhane
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (S.B.); (J.-E.S.); (T.K.); (G.N.); (S.L.)
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Sangkil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (S.B.); (J.-E.S.); (T.K.); (G.N.); (S.L.)
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-6655; Fax: +82-53-580-5164
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BSA/Silver Nanoparticle-Loaded Hydrogel Film for Local Photothermal Treatment of Skin Cancer. Pharm Res 2021; 38:873-883. [PMID: 33835356 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a hydrogel film containing bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated silver nanoparticles (BSA/AgNP) and evaluate its applicability for topical photothermal treatment (PTT) of skin cancer. METHODS BSA/AgNP-loaded hydrogel films were prepared and their swelling, bioadhesive, mechanical, and photothermal properties were characterized in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The synthesized BSA/AgNP exhibited a narrow size distribution with good size stability and, notably, possessed great photothermal activity that could stably maintain through repetitive laser irradiation. The BSA/AgNP-loaded hydrogel films showed favorable swelling, bioadhesive, tensile, and photothermal properties. Based on these results, when tested the anti-cancer effects in B16F10 s.c. tumor-bearing mice, the PTT with the topical treatment of BSA/AgNP-loaded hydrogel films could significantly inhibit the tumor growth by a single treatment with no apparent toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that the BSA/AgNP-loaded hydrogel films may serve as an effective but safe topical PTT agent for the treatment of skin cancer.
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Jin M, Kim BS, Seo SH, Kim M, Kang YG, Shin JW, Cho KH, Shin MC, Yoon C, Min KA. Synergistic Effect of Growth Factor Releasing Polymeric Nanoparticles and Ultrasound Stimulation on Osteogenic Differentiation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040457. [PMID: 33801692 PMCID: PMC8066944 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively used in the tissue regeneration therapy. Ex vivo therapy with well-differentiated osteogenic cells is known as an efficient treatment for musculoskeletal diseases, including rheumatoid diseases. However, along with its high cost, the current therapy has limitations in terms of restoring bone regeneration procedures. An efficient process for the cell differentiation to obtain a large number of functionalized osteogenic cells is necessary. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to develop strategies to produce sufficient numbers of well-differentiated osteogenic cells from the MSCs. In general, differentiation media with growth factors have been used to facilitate cell differentiation. In the present study, the poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles incorporating the growth factors were included in the media, resulting in releasing growth factors (dexamethasone and β-glycerophosphate) in the media in the controlled manner. Stable growth and early differentiation of osteogenic cells were achieved by the PLGA-based growth factor releasing system. Moreover, low intensity pulsed ultrasound was applied to this system to induce cell differentiation process. The results revealed that, as a biomarker at early stage of osteogenic cell differentiation, Lamin A/C nuclear protein was efficiently expressed in the cells growing in the presence of PLGA-based growth factor reservoirs and ultrasound. In conclusion, our results showed that the ultrasound stimulation combined with polymeric nanoparticles releasing growth factors could potentially induce osteogenic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minki Jin
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae 50834, Gyeongnam, Korea; (M.J.); (K.H.C.)
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Bo Seok Kim
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae 50834, Gyeongnam, Korea; (B.S.K.); (S.H.S.)
| | - Sung Ho Seo
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae 50834, Gyeongnam, Korea; (B.S.K.); (S.H.S.)
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae 50834, Gyeongnam, Korea; (M.K.); (Y.G.K.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Yun Gyeong Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae 50834, Gyeongnam, Korea; (M.K.); (Y.G.K.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Jung-Woog Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae 50834, Gyeongnam, Korea; (M.K.); (Y.G.K.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Kwan Hyung Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae 50834, Gyeongnam, Korea; (M.J.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Meong Cheol Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju Daero, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea;
| | - Changhan Yoon
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae 50834, Gyeongnam, Korea; (B.S.K.); (S.H.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae 50834, Gyeongnam, Korea; (M.K.); (Y.G.K.); (J.-W.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (K.A.M.); Tel.: +82-55-320-3301 (C.Y.); +82-55-320-3459 (K.A.M.)
| | - Kyoung Ah Min
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae 50834, Gyeongnam, Korea; (M.J.); (K.H.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (K.A.M.); Tel.: +82-55-320-3301 (C.Y.); +82-55-320-3459 (K.A.M.)
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Husni P, Shin Y, Kim JC, Kang K, Lee ES, Youn YS, Rusdiana T, Oh KT. Photo-Based Nanomedicines Using Polymeric Systems in the Field of Cancer Imaging and Therapy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E618. [PMID: 33339198 PMCID: PMC7765596 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of photo-based nanomedicine in imaging and therapy has grown rapidly. The property of light in converting its energy into different forms has been exploited in the fields of optical imaging (OI) and phototherapy (PT) for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The development of nanotechnology offers numerous advantages to overcome the challenges of OI and PT. Accordingly, in this review, we shed light on common photosensitive agents (PSAs) used in OI and PT; these include fluorescent and bioluminescent PSAs for OI or PT agents for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). We also describe photo-based nanotechnology systems that can be used in photo-based diagnostics and therapies by using various polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patihul Husni
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (P.H.); (Y.S.); (J.C.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Yuseon Shin
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (P.H.); (Y.S.); (J.C.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Jae Chang Kim
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (P.H.); (Y.S.); (J.C.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Kioh Kang
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (P.H.); (Y.S.); (J.C.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Eun Seong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si 14662, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Taofik Rusdiana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia;
| | - Kyung Taek Oh
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (P.H.); (Y.S.); (J.C.K.); (K.K.)
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