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Teerikorpi N, Lasser MC, Wang S, Kostyanovskaya E, Bader E, Sun N, Dea J, Nowakowski TJ, Willsey AJ, Willsey HR. Ciliary biology intersects autism and congenital heart disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.30.602578. [PMID: 39131273 PMCID: PMC11312554 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.30.602578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly co-occurs with congenital heart disease (CHD), but the molecular mechanisms underlying this comorbidity remain unknown. Given that children with CHD come to clinical attention by the newborn period, understanding which CHD variants carry ASD risk could provide an opportunity to identify and treat individuals at high risk for developing ASD far before the typical age of diagnosis. Therefore, it is critical to delineate the subset of CHD genes most likely to increase the risk of ASD. However, to date there is relatively limited overlap between high confidence ASD and CHD genes, suggesting that alternative strategies for prioritizing CHD genes are necessary. Recent studies have shown that ASD gene perturbations commonly dysregulate neural progenitor cell (NPC) biology. Thus, we hypothesized that CHD genes that disrupt neurogenesis are more likely to carry risk for ASD. Hence, we performed an in vitro pooled CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screen to identify CHD genes that disrupt NPC biology similarly to ASD genes. Overall, we identified 45 CHD genes that strongly impact proliferation and/or survival of NPCs. Moreover, we observed that a cluster of physically interacting ASD and CHD genes are enriched for ciliary biology. Studying seven of these genes with evidence of shared risk (CEP290, CHD4, KMT2E, NSD1, OFD1, RFX3, TAOK1), we observe that perturbation significantly impacts primary cilia formation in vitro. While in vivo investigation of TAOK1 reveals a previously unappreciated role for the gene in motile cilia formation and heart development, supporting its prediction as a CHD risk gene. Together, our findings highlight a set of CHD risk genes that may carry risk for ASD and underscore the role of cilia in shared ASD and CHD biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Teerikorpi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Micaela C. Lasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elina Kostyanovskaya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ethel Bader
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nawei Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeanselle Dea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tomasz J. Nowakowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
| | - A. Jeremy Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Helen Rankin Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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2
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Shorbaji A, Pushparaj PN, Bakhashab S, Al-Ghafari AB, Al-Rasheed RR, Siraj Mira L, Basabrain MA, Alsulami M, Abu Zeid IM, Naseer MI, Rasool M. Current genetic models for studying congenital heart diseases: Advantages and disadvantages. Bioinformation 2024; 20:415-429. [PMID: 39132229 PMCID: PMC11309114 DOI: 10.6026/973206300200415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) encompasses a diverse range of structural and functional anomalies that affect the heart and the major blood vessels. Epidemiological studies have documented a global increase in CHD prevalence, which can be attributed to advancements in diagnostic technologies. Extensive research has identified a plethora of CHD-related genes, providing insights into the biochemical pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying this pathological state. In this review, we discuss the advantages and challenges of various In vitro and in vivo CHD models, including primates, canines, Xenopus frogs, rabbits, chicks, mice, Drosophila, zebrafish, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Primates are closely related to humans but are rare and expensive. Canine models are costly but structurally comparable to humans. Xenopus frogs are advantageous because of their generation of many embryos, ease of genetic modification, and cardiac similarity. Rabbits mimic human physiology but are challenging to genetically control. Chicks are inexpensive and simple to handle; however, cardiac events can vary among humans. Mice differ physiologically, while being evolutionarily close and well-resourced. Drosophila has genes similar to those of humans but different heart structures. Zebrafish have several advantages, including high gene conservation in humans and physiological cardiac similarities but limitations in cross-reactivity with mammalian antibodies, gene duplication, and limited embryonic stem cells for reverse genetic methods. iPSCs have the potential for gene editing, but face challenges in terms of 2D structure and genomic stability. CRISPR-Cas9 allows for genetic correction but requires high technical skills and resources. These models have provided valuable knowledge regarding cardiac development, disease simulation, and the verification of genetic factors. This review highlights the distinct features of various models with respect to their biological characteristics, vulnerability to developing specific heart diseases, approaches employed to induce particular conditions, and the comparability of these species to humans. Therefore, the selection of appropriate models is based on research objectives, ultimately leading to an enhanced comprehension of disease pathology and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Shorbaji
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherin Bakhashab
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat B Al-Ghafari
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana R Al-Rasheed
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahad research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Loubna Siraj Mira
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Abdullah Basabrain
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Alsulami
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isam M Abu Zeid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran Naseer
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Rasool
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Colleluori V, Khokha MK. Mink1 regulates spemann organizer cell fate in the xenopus gastrula via Hmga2. Dev Biol 2023; 495:42-53. [PMID: 36572140 PMCID: PMC10116378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect and leading cause of infant mortality, yet molecular mechanisms explaining CHD remain mostly unknown. Sequencing studies are identifying CHD candidate genes at a brisk rate including MINK1, a serine/threonine kinase. However, a plausible molecular mechanism connecting CHD and MINK1 is unknown. Here, we reveal that mink1 is required for proper heart development due to its role in left-right patterning. Mink1 regulates canonical Wnt signaling to define the cell fates of the Spemann Organizer and the Left-Right Organizer, a ciliated structure that breaks bilateral symmetry in the vertebrate embryo. To identify Mink1 targets, we applied an unbiased proteomics approach and identified the high mobility group architectural transcription factor, Hmga2. We report that Hmga2 is necessary and sufficient for regulating Spemann's Organizer. Indeed, we demonstrate that Hmga2 can induce Spemann Organizer cell fates even when β-catenin, a critical effector of the Wnt signaling pathway, is depleted. In summary, we discover a transcription factor, Hmga2, downstream of Mink1 that is critical for the regulation of Spemann's Organizer, as well as the LRO, defining a plausible mechanism for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughn Colleluori
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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4
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Nie S. Use of Frogs as a Model to Study the Etiology of HLHS. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:51. [PMID: 36826547 PMCID: PMC9965361 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A frog is a classical model organism used to uncover processes and regulations of early vertebrate development, including heart development. Recently, we showed that a frog also represents a useful model to study a rare human congenital heart disease, hypoplastic left heart syndrome. In this review, we first summarized the cellular events and molecular regulations of vertebrate heart development, and the benefit of using a frog model to study congenital heart diseases. Next, we described the challenges in elucidating the etiology of hypoplastic left heart syndrome and discussed how a frog model may contribute to our understanding of the molecular and cellular bases of the disease. We concluded that a frog model offers its unique advantage in uncovering the cellular mechanisms of hypoplastic left heart syndrome; however, combining multiple model organisms, including frogs, is needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Nie
- School of Biological Sciences, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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5
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Rosenthal SB, Willsey HR, Xu Y, Mei Y, Dea J, Wang S, Curtis C, Sempou E, Khokha MK, Chi NC, Willsey AJ, Fisch KM, Ideker T. A convergent molecular network underlying autism and congenital heart disease. Cell Syst 2021; 12:1094-1107.e6. [PMID: 34411509 PMCID: PMC8602730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, have an elevated incidence of congenital heart disease, but the extent to which these conditions share molecular mechanisms remains unknown. Here, we use network genetics to identify a convergent molecular network underlying autism and congenital heart disease. This network is impacted by damaging genetic variants from both disorders in multiple independent cohorts of patients, pinpointing 101 genes with shared genetic risk. Network analysis also implicates risk genes for each disorder separately, including 27 previously unidentified genes for autism and 46 for congenital heart disease. For 7 genes with shared risk, we create engineered disruptions in Xenopus tropicalis, confirming both heart and brain developmental abnormalities. The network includes a family of ion channels, such as the sodium transporter SCN2A, linking these functions to early heart and brain development. This study provides a road map for identifying risk genes and pathways involved in co-morbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Brin Rosenthal
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Helen Rankin Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuxiao Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuan Mei
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeanselle Dea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Charlotte Curtis
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Emily Sempou
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Neil C Chi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arthur Jeremy Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Fisch
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Trey Ideker
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Willsey HR, Exner CRT, Xu Y, Everitt A, Sun N, Wang B, Dea J, Schmunk G, Zaltsman Y, Teerikorpi N, Kim A, Anderson AS, Shin D, Seyler M, Nowakowski TJ, Harland RM, Willsey AJ, State MW. Parallel in vivo analysis of large-effect autism genes implicates cortical neurogenesis and estrogen in risk and resilience. Neuron 2021; 109:788-804.e8. [PMID: 33497602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gene Ontology analyses of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) risk genes have repeatedly highlighted synaptic function and transcriptional regulation as key points of convergence. However, these analyses rely on incomplete knowledge of gene function across brain development. Here we leverage Xenopus tropicalis to study in vivo ten genes with the strongest statistical evidence for association with ASD. All genes are expressed in developing telencephalon at time points mapping to human mid-prenatal development, and mutations lead to an increase in the ratio of neural progenitor cells to maturing neurons, supporting previous in silico systems biological findings implicating cortical neurons in ASD vulnerability, but expanding the range of convergent functions to include neurogenesis. Systematic chemical screening identifies that estrogen, via Sonic hedgehog signaling, rescues this convergent phenotype in Xenopus and human models of brain development, suggesting a resilience factor that may mitigate a range of ASD genetic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Rankin Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cameron R T Exner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yuxiao Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Amanda Everitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nawei Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Belinda Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeanselle Dea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Galina Schmunk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yefim Zaltsman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nia Teerikorpi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Albert Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Aoife S Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David Shin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Meghan Seyler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Richard M Harland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - A Jeremy Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Matthew W State
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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7
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Xia J, Meng Z, Ruan H, Yin W, Xu Y, Zhang T. Heart Development and Regeneration in Non-mammalian Model Organisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:595488. [PMID: 33251221 PMCID: PMC7673453 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a serious threat to human health and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Recent years have witnessed exciting progress in the understanding of heart formation and development, enabling cardiac biologists to make significant advance in the field of therapeutic heart regeneration. Most of our understanding of heart development and regeneration, including the genes and signaling pathways, are driven by pioneering works in non-mammalian model organisms, such as fruit fly, fish, frog, and chicken. Compared to mammalian animal models, non-mammalian model organisms have special advantages in high-throughput applications such as disease modeling, drug discovery, and cardiotoxicity screening. Genetically engineered animals of cardiovascular diseases provide valuable tools to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathogenesis and to evaluate therapeutic strategies. A large number of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) non-mammalian models have been established and tested for the genes and signaling pathways involved in the diseases. Here, we reviewed the mechanisms of heart development and regeneration revealed by these models, highlighting the advantages of non-mammalian models as tools for cardiac research. The knowledge from these animal models will facilitate therapeutic discoveries and ultimately serve to accelerate translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Xia
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongxuan Meng
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyue Ruan
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenguang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Hoppler S, Conlon FL. Xenopus: Experimental Access to Cardiovascular Development, Regeneration Discovery, and Cardiovascular Heart-Defect Modeling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037200. [PMID: 31767648 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus has been used to study a wide array of developmental processes, benefiting from vast quantities of relatively large, externally developing eggs. Xenopus is particularly amenable to examining the cardiac system because many of the developmental processes and genes involved in cardiac specification, differentiation, and growth are conserved between Xenopus and human and have been characterized in detail. Furthermore, compared with other higher vertebrate models, Xenopus embryos can survive longer without a properly functioning heart or circulatory system, enabling investigation of later consequences of early embryological manipulations. This biology is complemented by experimental technology, such as embryonic explants to study the heart, microinjection of overexpression constructs, and, most recently, the generation of genetic mutations through gene-editing technologies. Recent investigations highlight Xenopus as a powerful experimental system for studying injury/repair and regeneration and for congenital heart disease (CHD) modeling, which reinforces why this model system remains ideal for studying heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hoppler
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Frank L Conlon
- Department of Biology and Genetics, University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, USA
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9
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Federspiel JD, Tandon P, Wilczewski CM, Wasson L, Herring LE, Venkatesh SS, Cristea IM, Conlon FL. Conservation and divergence of protein pathways in the vertebrate heart. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000437. [PMID: 31490923 PMCID: PMC6750614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the western world. Attaining a mechanistic understanding of human heart development and homeostasis and the molecular basis of associated disease states relies on the use of animal models. Here, we present the cardiac proteomes of 4 model vertebrates with dual circulatory systems: the pig (Sus scrofa), the mouse (Mus musculus), and 2 frogs (Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis). Determination of which proteins and protein pathways are conserved and which have diverged within these species will aid in our ability to choose the appropriate models for determining protein function and to model human disease. We uncover mammalian- and amphibian-specific, as well as species-specific, enriched proteins and protein pathways. Among these, we find and validate an enrichment in cell-cycle-associated proteins within Xenopus laevis. To further investigate functional units within cardiac proteomes, we develop a computational approach to profile the abundance of protein complexes across species. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of these data sets for predicting appropriate model systems for studying given cardiac conditions by testing the role of Kielin/chordin-like protein (Kcp), a protein found as enriched in frog hearts compared to mammals. We establish that germ-line mutations in Kcp in Xenopus lead to valve defects and, ultimately, cardiac failure and death. Thus, integrating these findings with data on proteins responsible for cardiac disease should lead to the development of refined, species-specific models for protein function and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panna Tandon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Caralynn M. Wilczewski
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lauren Wasson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Herring
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Frank L. Conlon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Hwang WY, Marquez J, Khokha MK. Xenopus: Driving the Discovery of Novel Genes in Patient Disease and Their Underlying Pathological Mechanisms Relevant for Organogenesis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:953. [PMID: 31417417 PMCID: PMC6682594 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Frog model organisms have been appreciated for their utility in exploring physiological phenomena for nearly a century. Now, a vibrant community of biologists that utilize this model organism has poised Xenopus to serve as a high throughput vertebrate organism to model patient-driven genetic diseases. This has facilitated the investigation of effects of patient mutations on specific organs and signaling pathways. This approach promises a rapid investigation into novel mechanisms that disrupt normal organ morphology and function. Considering that many disease states are still interrogated in vitro to determine relevant biological processes for further study, the prospect of interrogating genetic disease in Xenopus in vivo is an attractive alternative. This model may more closely capture important aspects of the pathology under investigation such as cellular micro environments and local forces relevant to a specific organ's development and homeostasis. This review aims to highlight recent methodological advances that allow investigation of genetic disease in organ-specific contexts in Xenopus as well as provide examples of how these methods have led to the identification of novel mechanisms and pathways important for understanding human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mustafa K. Khokha
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, The Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Lasser M, Pratt B, Monahan C, Kim SW, Lowery LA. The Many Faces of Xenopus: Xenopus laevis as a Model System to Study Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. Front Physiol 2019; 10:817. [PMID: 31297068 PMCID: PMC6607408 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a rare developmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability and various physical malformations including craniofacial, skeletal, and cardiac defects. These phenotypes, as they involve structures that are derived from the cranial neural crest, suggest that WHS may be associated with abnormalities in neural crest cell (NCC) migration. This syndrome is linked with assorted mutations on the short arm of chromosome 4, most notably the microdeletion of a critical genomic region containing several candidate genes. However, the function of these genes during embryonic development, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the disorder, are still unknown. The model organism Xenopus laevis offers a number of advantages for studying WHS. With the Xenopus genome sequenced, genetic manipulation strategies can be readily designed in order to alter the dosage of the WHS candidate genes. Moreover, a variety of assays are available for use in Xenopus to examine how manipulation of WHS genes leads to changes in the development of tissue and organ systems affected in WHS. In this review article, we highlight the benefits of using X. laevis as a model system for studying human genetic disorders of development, with a focus on WHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Lasser
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Benjamin Pratt
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Connor Monahan
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Seung Woo Kim
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
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Musunuru K, Bernstein D, Cole FS, Khokha MK, Lee FS, Lin S, McDonald TV, Moskowitz IP, Quertermous T, Sankaran VG, Schwartz DA, Silverman EK, Zhou X, Hasan AAK, Luo XZJ. Functional Assays to Screen and Dissect Genomic Hits: Doubling Down on the National Investment in Genomic Research. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2019; 11:e002178. [PMID: 29654098 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.118.002178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The National Institutes of Health have made substantial investments in genomic studies and technologies to identify DNA sequence variants associated with human disease phenotypes. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute has been at the forefront of these commitments to ascertain genetic variation associated with heart, lung, blood, and sleep diseases and related clinical traits. Genome-wide association studies, exome- and genome-sequencing studies, and exome-genotyping studies of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded epidemiological and clinical case-control studies are identifying large numbers of genetic variants associated with heart, lung, blood, and sleep phenotypes. However, investigators face challenges in identification of genomic variants that are functionally disruptive among the myriad of computationally implicated variants. Studies to define mechanisms of genetic disruption encoded by computationally identified genomic variants require reproducible, adaptable, and inexpensive methods to screen candidate variant and gene function. High-throughput strategies will permit a tiered variant discovery and genetic mechanism approach that begins with rapid functional screening of a large number of computationally implicated variants and genes for discovery of those that merit mechanistic investigation. As such, improved variant-to-gene and gene-to-function screens-and adequate support for such studies-are critical to accelerating the translation of genomic findings. In this White Paper, we outline the variety of novel technologies, assays, and model systems that are making such screens faster, cheaper, and more accurate, referencing published work and ongoing work supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's R21/R33 Functional Assays to Screen Genomic Hits program. We discuss priorities that can accelerate the impressive but incomplete progress represented by big data genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Musunuru
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.).
| | - Daniel Bernstein
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - F Sessions Cole
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Frank S Lee
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Shin Lin
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Thomas V McDonald
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Ivan P Moskowitz
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Vijay G Sankaran
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - David A Schwartz
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Edwin K Silverman
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Ahmed A K Hasan
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
| | - Xiao-Zhong James Luo
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine (K.M.), Department of Genetics (K.M.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.S.L.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pediatrics (D.B.), Cardiovascular Institute (D.B., T.Q.), and Department of Medicine (T.Q.), Stanford University, CA. Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (F.S.C.). St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (F.S.C.). Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.K.K.). Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.L.). Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (T.V.M.). Department of Pediatrics (I.P.M.), Department of Pathology (I.P.M.), and Department of Human Genetics (I.P.M.), The University of Chicago, IL. Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (V.G.S.). Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (V.G.S.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.K.S., X.Z.), Harvard Medical School, Boston. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (V.G.S.). University of Colorado, Aurora (D.A.S.). Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.A.K.H., X.-z.J.L.)
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Blum M, Ott T. Mechanical strain, novel genes and evolutionary insights: news from the frog left-right organizer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 56:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nenni MJ, Fisher ME, James-Zorn C, Pells TJ, Ponferrada V, Chu S, Fortriede JD, Burns KA, Wang Y, Lotay VS, Wang DZ, Segerdell E, Chaturvedi P, Karimi K, Vize PD, Zorn AM. Xenbase: Facilitating the Use of Xenopus to Model Human Disease. Front Physiol 2019; 10:154. [PMID: 30863320 PMCID: PMC6399412 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
At a fundamental level most genes, signaling pathways, biological functions and organ systems are highly conserved between man and all vertebrate species. Leveraging this conservation, researchers are increasingly using the experimental advantages of the amphibian Xenopus to model human disease. The online Xenopus resource, Xenbase, enables human disease modeling by curating the Xenopus literature published in PubMed and integrating these Xenopus data with orthologous human genes, anatomy, and more recently with links to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man resource (OMIM) and the Human Disease Ontology (DO). Here we review how Xenbase supports disease modeling and report on a meta-analysis of the published Xenopus research providing an overview of the different types of diseases being modeled in Xenopus and the variety of experimental approaches being used. Text mining of over 50,000 Xenopus research articles imported into Xenbase from PubMed identified approximately 1,000 putative disease- modeling articles. These articles were manually assessed and annotated with disease ontologies, which were then used to classify papers based on disease type. We found that Xenopus is being used to study a diverse array of disease with three main experimental approaches: cell-free egg extracts to study fundamental aspects of cellular and molecular biology, oocytes to study ion transport and channel physiology and embryo experiments focused on congenital diseases. We integrated these data into Xenbase Disease Pages to allow easy navigation to disease information on external databases. Results of this analysis will equip Xenopus researchers with a suite of experimental approaches available to model or dissect a pathological process. Ideally clinicians and basic researchers will use this information to foster collaborations necessary to interrogate the development and treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi J Nenni
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Malcolm E Fisher
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christina James-Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Troy J Pells
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Virgilio Ponferrada
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stanley Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joshua D Fortriede
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kevin A Burns
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vaneet S Lotay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dong Zhou Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Erik Segerdell
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kamran Karimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Peter D Vize
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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15
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Naert T, Vleminckx K. CRISPR/Cas9 disease models in zebrafish and Xenopus: The genetic renaissance of fish and frogs. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 28:41-52. [PMID: 30205880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The speed by which clinical genomics is currently identifying novel potentially pathogenic variants is outperforming the speed by which these can be functionally (genotype-phenotype) annotated in animal disease models. However, over the past few years the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 as a straight-forward genome editing technology has revolutionized disease modeling in vertebrate non-mammalian model organisms such as zebrafish, medaka and Xenopus. It is now finally possible, by CRISPR/Cas9, to rapidly establish clinically relevant disease models in these organisms. Interestingly, these can provide both cost-effective genotype-phenotype correlations for gene-(variants) and genomic rearrangements obtained from clinical practice, as well as be exploited to perform translational research to improve prospects of disease afflicted patients. In this review, we show an extensive overview of these new CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disease models and provide future prospects that will allow increasingly accurate modeling of human disease in zebrafish, medaka and Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Naert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Vleminckx
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium.
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16
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Naert T, Vleminckx K. Methods for CRISPR/Cas9 Xenopus tropicalis Tissue-Specific Multiplex Genome Engineering. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1865:33-54. [PMID: 30151757 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8784-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we convey a state-of-the art update to the 2014 Nakayama protocol for CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering in Xenopus tropicalis (X. tropicalis). We discuss in depth, gRNA design software and rules, gRNA synthesis, and procedures for tissue- and tissue-specific CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing by targeted microinjection in X. tropicalis embryos. We demonstrate the methodology by which any standard equipped Xenopus researcher with microinjection experience can generate F0 CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mosaic mutants (crispants) within one to two work-week(s). The described methodology allows CRISPR/Cas9 efficiencies to be high enough to read out phenotypic consequences, and thus perform gene function analysis, in the F0 crispant. Additionally, we provide the framework for performing multiplex tissue-specific CRISPR/Cas9 experiments generating crispants mosaic mutant in up to four genes simultaneously, which can be of importance for Laevis researchers aiming to target by CRISPR/Cas9 both the S and L homeolog of a gene simultaneously. Finally, we discuss off-target concerns, how to minimize these and ways to rapidly bypass reviewer off-target critique by exploiting the advantages of X. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Naert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Vleminckx
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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