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August B, Matlob A, Kale-Pradhan PB. Sulbactam-Durlobactam in the Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infections. Ann Pharmacother 2024; 58:735-741. [PMID: 37817550 DOI: 10.1177/10600280231204566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of intravenous sulbactam-durlobactam (SUL-DUR) in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) infections. DATA SOURCES PubMed databases and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched using the following terms: Sulbactam Durlobactam, ETX2514, Xacduro, Sulbactam-ETX2514, ETX2514SUL. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Articles published in English between January 1985 and September 13, 2023, related to pharmacology, safety, efficacy, and clinical trials were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS A phase II trial compared SUL-DUR with placebo with imipenem and cilastatin in both groups. Overall treatment success in the microbiological intention-to-treat analysis was reported in 76.6% of patients in the SUL-DUR group compared with 81% patients in the placebo group. A phase III trial compared SUL-DUR with colistin in adults with confirmed CRAB infections. Patients received either SUL-DUR or colistin and background therapy with imipenem-cilastatin. SUL-DUR was noninferior to colistin for 28-day all-cause mortality (19% vs 32.3%, treatment difference -13.2%; 95% CI [-30.0 to 3.5]). RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE IN COMPARISON TO EXISTING DRUGS Clinicians have limited options to treat CRAB infections. SUL-DUR has demonstrated efficacy against CRAB in patients with pneumonia and may be considered a viable treatment option. Nonetheless, potential impact of concomitant imipenem-cilastatin as background therapy on clinical trial findings is unclear. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of SUL-DUR alone or in combination with other active antimicrobials for the treatment of CRAB infections. CONCLUSIONS SUL-DUR has shown to be predominantly noninferior to alternative antibiotics in the treatment of pneumonias caused by CRAB, making it a viable treatment option. Further postmarketing data is needed to ascertain its role in other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin August
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Henry Ford Hospital, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Matlob
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pramodini B Kale-Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Ascension St. John Hospital, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Farrar JE, Swanson JM, Hudson JQ, Byerly S, Filiberto DM, Dickerson RN. Validation of Two Scoring Tools to Predict Risk of Augmented Renal Clearance in Trauma Patients. J Surg Res 2024; 300:526-533. [PMID: 38875951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is prevalent in trauma populations. Identification is underrecognized by calculated creatinine clearance or estimated glomerular filtration rate equations. Predictive scores may assist with ARC identification. The goal of this study was to evaluate validity of the ARCTIC score and ARC Predictor to predict ARC in critically ill trauma patients. METHODS This single center, retrospective study was performed at an academic level 1 trauma center. Critically ill adult trauma patients undergoing 24-h urine-collection were included. Patients with serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL, kidney replacement therapy, suspected rhabdomyolysis, chronic kidney disease, or inaccurate urine collection were excluded. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for ARCTIC Score and ARC Predictor were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curves were created for ARCTIC score and ARC Predictor models. RESULTS One-hundred and twenty-two patients with ARC and 78 patients without ARC were included. The ARCTIC score sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 89%, 54%, 75%, and 75%, respectively. The ARC Predictor demonstrated sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 77%, 88%, 91%, and 71%, respectively. Regression analyses revealed both ARCTIC score ≥6 and ARC Predictor threshold >0.5 as significant risk factors for ARC in presence of traumatic brain injury, obesity, injury severity score, and negative nitrogen balance (ARCTIC ≥6: odds ratio 8.59 [95% confidence interval 3.90-18.92], P < 0.001; ARC Predictor >0.5: odds ratio 20.07 [95% confidence interval 8.53-47.19], P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings corroborate validity of two pragmatic prediction tools to identify patients at high risk of ARC. Future studies evaluating correlations between ARCTIC score, ARC Predictor, and clinical outcomes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Farrar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Joseph M Swanson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Joanna Q Hudson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Saskya Byerly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma/Surgical Critical Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee; Regional One Health, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dina M Filiberto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma/Surgical Critical Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee; Regional One Health, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Roland N Dickerson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee
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Dhont E, Van Der Heggen T, Snauwaert E, Willems J, Croubels S, Delanghe J, De Waele JJ, Colman R, Vande Walle J, De Paepe P, De Cock PA. Predictors of augmented renal clearance based on iohexol plasma clearance in critically ill children. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:1607-1616. [PMID: 37994980 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmented renal clearance (ARC) holds a risk of subtherapeutic drug concentrations. Knowledge of patient-, disease-, and therapy-related factors associated with ARC would allow predicting which patients would benefit from intensified dosing regimens. This study aimed to identify ARC predictors and to describe ARC time-course in critically ill children, using iohexol plasma clearance (CLiohexol) to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR). METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of data from the "IOHEXOL" study which validated GFR estimating formulas (eGFR) against CLiohexol. Critically ill children with normal serum creatinine were included, and CLiohexol was performed as soon as possible after pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission (CLiohexol1) and repeated (CLiohexol2) after 48-72 h whenever possible. ARC was defined as CLiohexol exceeding normal GFR for age plus two standard deviations. RESULTS Eighty-five patients were included; 57% were postoperative patients. Median CLiohexol1 was 122 mL/min/1.73 m2 (IQR 75-152). Forty patients (47%) expressed ARC on CLiohexol1. Major surgery other than cardiac surgery and eGFR were found as independent predictors of ARC. An eGFR cut-off value of 99 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 140 mL/min/1.73 m2 was suggested to identify ARC in children under and above 2 years, respectively. ARC showed a tendency to persist on CLiohexol2. CONCLUSIONS Our findings raise PICU clinician awareness about increased risk for ARC after major surgery and in patients with eGFR above age-specific thresholds. This knowledge enables identification of patients with an ARC risk profile who would potentially benefit from a dose increase at initiation of treatment to avoid underexposure. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05179564, registered retrospectively on January 5, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Dhont
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tatjana Van Der Heggen
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Snauwaert
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, ERKNet Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jef Willems
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan J De Waele
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roos Colman
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Vande Walle
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, ERKNet Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter De Paepe
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter A De Cock
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacy, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Liu L, Wang K, Sun Z, Yan P, Hu M, Liu X, Chen M, Wu N, Xiang X. Pharmacokinetics and exposure-safety relationship of ciprofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2024; 13:823-836. [PMID: 38440939 PMCID: PMC11098162 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ciprofol (HSK3486) is a newly developed, highly selective γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor potentiator that is recently approved for a new indication of sedation for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) in China. This analysis aimed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics (PopPKs) of ciprofol and evaluate the relationship of exposure with hypotension in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU. A total of 462 subjects with 3918 concentration measurements from two clinical trials of mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU, four clinical trials of elective surgical patients, and six clinical trials of healthy subjects were used in the PopPK analysis. Exposure-safety relationship for hypotension was evaluated based on the data gathered from 112 subjects in two clinical trials of mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU. Ciprofol pharmacokinetics (PKs) was adequately described by a three-compartment linear disposition model with first-order elimination. Body weight, age, sex, blood sampling site (vein vs. arterial), study design (long-term infusion vs. short-term infusion), and patient population (ICU vs. non-ICU) were identified as statistically significant covariates on the PKs of ciprofol. Within the exposure range of the mechanically ventilated ICU patient population, no meaningful association was observed between ciprofol exposure and the incidence of hypotension. These results support the dosing regimen currently used in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of PharmacyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kun Wang
- Shanghai Qiangshi Information Technology Co., Ltd.ShanghaiChina
| | - Zhongyi Sun
- Shanghai Qiangshi Information Technology Co., Ltd.ShanghaiChina
| | - Pangke Yan
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Mengyue Hu
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Xiao Liu
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Meixia Chen
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Nan Wu
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of PharmacyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Tesfamariam NS, Aboelezz A, Mahmoud SH. The Impact of Augmented Renal Clearance on Vancomycin Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Critically Ill Patients. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2317. [PMID: 38673590 PMCID: PMC11051385 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Augmented renal clearance (ARC), defined as a creatinine clearance (CrCl) > 130 mL/min/1.73 m2, is observed in 30-65% of critically ill patients. When following standard dosage guidelines, patients with ARC often experience subtherapeutic vancomycin levels, resulting in treatment failure due to accelerated drug elimination. This review aims to explore ARC's impact on vancomycin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) indices in ARC patients, seeking to identify an accurate dose adjustment method for this patient population. In September 2023, a comprehensive literature search was conducted on the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases to include all available studies providing information on the impact of ARC on vancomycin therapy in critically ill adults. Articles that studied the pediatric population and those with insufficient PK data were excluded. A total of 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. The findings revealed a positive correlation between CrCl and vancomycin clearance, indicating low serum concentrations. Therefore, upward dosing adjustments are necessary to improve treatment success. Younger age consistently emerged as a major contributor to ARC and vancomycin PK/PD alterations. This study summarizes the PK/PD alterations, current dosage recommendations and proposes preliminary recommendations on possible dosing approaches to decrease the risk of subtherapeutic exposure in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asma Aboelezz
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
| | - Sherif Hanafy Mahmoud
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
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6
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Metsu D, Cinq-Frais C, Camare C, Caspar-Bauguil S, Galinier A. Zinc unbound concentration as an anchor to drive individualize repletion. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1021-1023. [PMID: 38513551 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Zinc (Zn) quantification is of particular interest in many clinical condition (e.g. inflammatory disease, critical care). Currently, Zn status is assessed by measuring plasma/serum concentration. This concentration corresponds to the sum of unbound Zn (Zn-Cu) and Zn highly bound to albumin (Zn-Cb). METHODS Using a pharmacokinetic approach to the interpretation of total Zn concentration (Zn-Ct), taking into account Zn-Cu and the influence of hypoalbuminemia on Zn-Cb, it is possible to improve the individualization of Zn repletion. RESULTS Therefore, during pregnancy and in certain inflammatory disease situations, repletion may not be necessary. However, as in critical care, it would be more appropriate to perform Zn-Cu assays to improve Zn repletion. CONCLUSION Coupled total and unbound Zn should be monitored in order to individualize Zn repletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Metsu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Montauban Hospital, Montauban, France; Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Equipe MetaDiab, University of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.
| | - C Cinq-Frais
- Department of Biochemistry, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - C Camare
- Department of Biochemistry, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France; Institute for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), UMR 1297, INSERM, University of Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - S Caspar-Bauguil
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Equipe MetaDiab, University of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Department of Biochemistry, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - A Galinier
- Department of Biochemistry, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France; Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Gordon M, Lantz E, Mentzer C, Hall A. Clinical Outcomes of Protocolized Antibiotic Dosing in Critically Ill Surgical Patients With Bacteremia and Augmented Renal Clearance Compared With Critically Ill Surgical Patients Without Augmented Renal Clearance. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2024; 25:155-159. [PMID: 38335446 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2023.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is a phenomenon observed in critically ill patients, leading to supraphysiologic drug clearance and concern for suboptimal antibiotic concentrations. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of our institutional protocolized antibiotic dosing regimen in critically ill patients with bacteremia and ARC compared with critically ill patients without ARC. Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective study comparing the efficacy of an institutional protocolized antibiotic dosing regimen in critically ill patients with bacteremia and ARC compared with critically ill patients without ARC. The primary end point was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, days requiring mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, development of drug resistance to index antibiotic agent, and documented clearance of blood cultures within 72 hours. Results: There were 75 patients included in this study. Twenty percent of patients in the ARC group died in the hospital versus 31% in the non-ARC group (p = 0.26). The results for the ARC group versus the non-ARC group for the secondary outcomes of ICU mortality (20% vs. 26%; p = 0.56), ICU LOS (14.7 days vs. 7 days; p = 0.07), hospital LOS (28.3 days vs. 21.6 days; p = 0.03), days requiring mechanical ventilation (14 days vs. 12 days; p = 0.49), duration of antibiotic therapy (7.5 days vs. 9.0 days; p = 0.39), documented clearance of blood cultures within 72 hours (41% vs. 33%; p = 0.56), and the development of drug resistance to the index antibiotic agent (0% vs. 0%; p > 0.99) were also calculated. Conclusions: Among critically ill patients with bacteremia and ARC, there was no difference in in-hospital mortality compared with critically ill patients without ARC. There was a difference in hospital LOS, with a shorter duration of stay for the non-ARC group. There was no development of multi-drug-resistant organisms in either group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gordon
- Department of Pharmacy, Spartanburg Medical Center, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Evan Lantz
- Department of Pharmacy, Spartanburg Medical Center, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Caleb Mentzer
- Department of Surgery, Spartanburg Medical Center, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Abigail Hall
- Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, South Carolina, USA
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Kamidani R, Okada H, Kawasaki Y, Shimada T, Tamaoki Y, Nakashima Y, Nishio A, Fukuda H, Minamiyama T, Yoshida T, Yoshimura G, Miura T, Ishihara T, Fukuta T, Kitagawa Y, Suzuki K, Miyake T, Doi T, Yoshida T, Tetsuka N, Yoshida S, Ogura S. Impact of augmented renal clearance on anticoagulant therapy in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective cohort study. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:111-117. [PMID: 37717607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to determine the impact of augmented renal clearance (ARC) on anticoagulation therapy in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS This retrospective cohort study included adult patients with severe COVID-19 with ARC who had been treated at our hospital between 2020 and 2021. We measured the estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula (eGFRCKD-EPI) every morning, and ARC condition was defined as eGFRCKD-EPI ≥ 130 mL/min/1.73 m2. Multivariate regression analysis with Huber-White sandwich estimator was performed to examine the association of unfractionated heparin (UH) dosage between blood test timings with activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) compared with and without ARC. RESULTS We identified 38 enrolled patients: seven and 31 in the ARC and non-ARC groups, respectively. In the ARC coexisting condition, a higher dose of UH, which corresponded to the total dose in 24 h from the previous day, was required to achieve the same APTT prolongation, with a significant difference (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that careful monitoring and consideration of higher UH doses in critically ill patients with COVID-19 is necessary because anticoagulation failure can occur during ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kamidani
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan; Abuse Prevention Center, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Hideshi Okada
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kawasaki
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Takuto Shimada
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Yuto Tamaoki
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nakashima
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Ayane Nishio
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Hirotsugu Fukuda
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Toru Minamiyama
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Yoshida
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Genki Yoshimura
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Tomotaka Miura
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan; Department of Infection Control, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Takuma Ishihara
- Innovative and Clinical Research Promotion Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Fukuta
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Kitagawa
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Kodai Suzuki
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Takahito Miyake
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Doi
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Yoshida
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Tetsuka
- Department of Infection Control, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Shozo Yoshida
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan; Abuse Prevention Center, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Shinji Ogura
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
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Dejaco A, Dorn C, Paal M, Gruber M, Graf BM, Kees MG. Determination of glomerular filtration rate "en passant" after high doses of iohexol for computed tomography in intensive care medicine-a proof of concept. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1346343. [PMID: 38362152 PMCID: PMC10867190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1346343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate assessment of renal function is of great clinical and scientific importance, as it is an important pharmacokinetic covariate of pivotal drugs. The iohexol clearance is nearly identical to the glomerular filtration rate, but its determination usually requires an intravenous injection and therefore bears intrinsic risks. This motivates to showcase an "en passant" approach to quantification of renal function without additional risk or blood sampling beyond routine care using real-world data. We enrolled 37 intensive care patients who received high doses of iohexol for computed tomography imaging, and quantified series of iohexol plasma concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). Iohexol clearance was derived by both log-linear regression and nonlinear least squares fitting and compared to glomerular filtration rate estimated by the CKD-EPI-2021 formulas. Nonlinear fitting not only turned out to be more accurate but also more robust in handling the irregularly timed data points. Concordance of iohexol clearance against estimations based on both creatinine and cystatin C showed a slightly higher bias (-3.44 mL/min/1.73 m2) compared to estimations based on creatinine alone (-0.76 mL/min/1.73 m2), but considerably narrower limits of agreement (±42.8 vs. 56 mL/min/1.73 m2) and higher Lin's correlation (0.84 vs. 0.72). In summary, we have demonstrated the feasibility and performance of the "en passant" variant of the iohexol method in intensive care medicine and described a working protocol for its application in clinical practice and pharmacologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dejaco
- Department of Anesthesia, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Dorn
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Paal
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Gruber
- Department of Anesthesia, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard M. Graf
- Department of Anesthesia, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin G. Kees
- Department of Anesthesia, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Xu Y, Tang J, Yuan B, Luo X, Liang P, Liu N, Dong D, Jin L, Ge W, Gu Q. A descriptive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of ceftazidime-avibactam in a case series of critically ill patients with augmented renal clearance. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e01163. [PMID: 38149723 PMCID: PMC10751856 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To describe the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of a 2 h infusion of ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) in critically ill patients with augmented renal clearance (ARC). A retrospective review of all critically ill patients with ARC who were treated with CAZ-AVI between August 2020 and May 2023 was conducted. Patients whose 12-h creatinine clearance prior to CAZ-AVI treatment and steady-state concentration (Css) of CAZ-AVI were both monitored were enrolled. The free fraction (fCss) of CAZ-AVI was calculated from Css. The joint PK/PD targets of CAZ-AVI were considered optimal when a Css/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio for CAZ ≥4 (equivalent to 100% fT > 4 MIC) and a Css/CT ratio of AVI >1 (equivalent to 100% fT > CT 4.0 mg/L) were reached simultaneously, quasioptimal when only one of the two targets was reached, and suboptimal when neither target was reached. The relationship between PK/PD goal achievement, microbial eradication and the clinical efficacy of CAZ-AVI was evaluated. Four patients were included. Only one patient achieved optimal joint PK/PD targets, while the other three reached suboptimal targets. The patient with optimal PK/PD targets achieved microbiological eradication, while the other three patients did not, but all four patients achieved good clinical efficacy. Standard dosages may not enable most critically ill patients with ARC to reach the optimal joint PK/PD targets of CAZ-AVI. Optimal drug dose adjustment of CAZ-AVI in ARC patients requires dynamic drug concentration monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Intensive Care UnitDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Jian Tang
- Intensive Care UnitDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Xuemei Luo
- Department of PharmacyDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of PharmacyDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Ning Liu
- Intensive Care UnitDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Danjiang Dong
- Intensive Care UnitDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of PharmacyDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Weihong Ge
- Department of PharmacyDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Qin Gu
- Intensive Care UnitDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina
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11
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Xu WX, Qu Q, Teng XQ, Zhuang HH, Liu SF, Wang Y, Qu J. Personalized application of antimicrobial drugs in pediatric patients with augmented renal clearance: a review of literature. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:51-60. [PMID: 37861791 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of renal functional status on drug metabolism is a crucial consideration for clinicians when determining the appropriate dosage of medications to administer. In critically ill patients, there is often a significant increase in renal function, which leads to enhanced drug metabolism and potentially inadequate drug exposure. This phenomenon, known as augmented renal clearance (ARC), is commonly observed in pediatric critical care settings. The findings of the current study underscore the significant impact of ARC on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial drugs in critically ill pediatric patients. Moreover, the study reveals a negative correlation between increased creatinine clearance and blood concentrations of antimicrobial drugs. The article provides a comprehensive review of ARC screening in pediatric patients, including its definition, risk factors, and clinical outcomes. Furthermore, it summarizes the dosages and dosing regimens of commonly used antibacterial and antiviral drugs for pediatric patients with ARC, and recommendations are made for dose and infusion considerations and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring. CONCLUSION ARC impacts antimicrobial drugs in pediatric patients. WHAT IS KNOWN • ARC is inextricably linked to the failure of antimicrobial therapy, recurrence of infection, and subtherapeutic concentrations of drugs. WHAT IS NEW • This study provides an updated overview of the influence of ARC on medication use and clinical outcomes in pediatric patients. • In this context, there are several recommendations for using antibiotics in pediatric patients with ARC: 1) increase the dose administered; 2) prolonged or continuous infusion administration; 3) use of TDM; and 4) use alternative drugs that do not undergo renal elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Hospital Management, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, China
| | - Xin-Qi Teng
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Hui Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Fan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, China.
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12
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Ippolito M, Cortegiani A. Empirical decision-making for antimicrobial therapy in critically ill patients. BJA Educ 2023; 23:480-487. [PMID: 38009140 PMCID: PMC10667614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjae.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ippolito
- University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy
| | - A. Cortegiani
- University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy
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13
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Nelson NR, Mendoza C, Rhoney DH. Augmented Renal Clearance in the Hematology and Oncology Populations: A Scoping Review for Pharmacists. J Pharm Pract 2023; 36:1485-1497. [PMID: 35972988 DOI: 10.1177/08971900221121362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Until recently, interest in renal function has focused on impairment to limit drug toxicity and increase medication safety. Augmented renal clearance (ARC) has been increasingly studied in multiple patient populations, including oncology, and could lead to decreased drug efficacy from faster elimination resulting in subtherapeutic concentrations. This scoping review sought to summarize ARC literature in cancer and identify areas of research to better inform pharmacy practitioners. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases were searched for English articles related to augmented/enhanced renal function/clearance following a framework for scoping reviews. DATA SYNTHESIS Fourteen articles were analyzed, divided according to article objective: descriptive studies or ARC's impact on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. ARC was most defined as creatinine clearance >130 mL/min/1.73 m2, reported in 10%-100% of patients. Febrile neutropenia in adult and pediatric patients, and age <50-65 years, hematologic malignancy, and lower serum creatinine in adult patients were notable risk factors for ARC. The impact of ARC has only been evaluated with antimicrobial agents consistently resulting in lower than anticipated trough levels. Identified gaps include: elucidation of ARC's mechanism and associated biomarkers, an inclusive ARC definition for relative renal enhancement, and study of additional drug classes to ascertain the breadth of ARC impact on drug therapy. CONCLUSIONS ARC is proving to be a frequent phenomenon in patients with cancer which pharmacists could play a vital role. Further research is needed to better understand the impact of ARC in patient care and a potential need to stage ARC based on degree of renal enhancement to establish specific drug dosing recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Nelson
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chelsea Mendoza
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Denise H Rhoney
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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14
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Monti G, Redaelli MB, Zangrillo A. Meropenem Administration in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis-Reply. JAMA 2023; 330:1801-1802. [PMID: 37962655 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.17736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Monti
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Baiardo Redaelli
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zangrillo
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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15
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Bosco K, Lynch S, Sandaradura I, Khatami A. Therapeutic Phage Monitoring: A Review. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:S384-S394. [PMID: 37932121 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the global rise in antimicrobial resistance, there has been a renewed interest in the application of therapeutic phages to treat bacterial infections. Therapeutic phage monitoring (TPM) is proposed as an essential element of phage therapy (PT) protocols to generate data and fill knowledge gaps regarding the in vivo efficacy of therapeutic phages, patients' immune responses to PT, and the wider ecological effects of PT. By monitoring phage concentrations in blood and tissues, together with immune responses and possible ecological changes during PT, TPM may enable the optimization of dosing and the implementation of precision medicine approaches. Furthermore, TPM can validate diagnostic surrogates of efficacy, direct research efforts, and establish quality assurance indicators for therapeutic phage products. Thus, TPM holds great potential for enhancing our understanding of the multidirectional phage-bacteria-host interactions and advancing "best practice" PT, ultimately improving patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bosco
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie Lynch
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Indy Sandaradura
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ameneh Khatami
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Charco Roca LM, Ortega Cerrato A, Tortajada Soler JJ. Glomerular hyperfiltration in patients with severe trauma. Nefrologia 2023; 43:714-720. [PMID: 38185578 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Augmented renal clearance or glomerular hyperfiltration (GHF) can significantly affect the clinical outcomes of renally eliminated drugs by promoting subtherapeutic drug exposure. The aggression suffered in patients who suffer severe trauma is a predisposition to manifest GHF and the identification of these patients remains a clinical challenge. The main objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of GHF in a cohort of critically ill trauma patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective observational study of a cohort of adult patients admitted after suffering severe trauma or polytrauma in the Anesthesiology ICU of the University Hospital of Albacete (Spain). Creatinine clearance (ClCr) was calculated in a 4-h urine collection sample at 24, 72 and 168 h after admission applying the formula; CrCl: [Diuresis in ml (urine/4 h) × Creatinine in urine (mg/dl)] ÷ [240 (minutes) × Creatinine in plasma (mg/dl)]. A CrCl above 130 mL/min was considered GHF. The analyses were performed with the statistical software R version 4.0.4. RESULTS 85 patients were included. The median age of the patients was 51 years (IQR 26), 78.82% male. 68 patients were male (78.82%). 75.29% of the patients were polytraumatized. 61 patients (71.76%) presented GHF at some point in the CrCl determination. At 24 h of admission, 56.34% of the patients presented GHF with a mean CrCl of 195.8 ml/min, 61.11% of the patients presented it at 72 h with a mean CrCl of /min and 56.52% presented GHF at 168 h of admission with a mean CrCl of 207 ml/min. A significant positive relationship (p = 0.07) was found between GHF manifested at 72 h and at 168 h. We observed a statistically significant relationship between this phenomenon with younger ages, lower ISS scores and lower plasma creatinines. CONCLUSIONS GHF are a common condition in critically ill patients admitted for severe trauma. We recommend the use of CrCl to assess renal function and make dosage adjustments. Studies are required to understand the clinical impact of these phenomena on drug elimination and to be able to establish the ideal dosage in those cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa María Charco Roca
- Área de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Cuidados Intensivos, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.
| | | | - Juan José Tortajada Soler
- Área de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Cuidados Intensivos, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
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17
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Almohaish S, Cook AM, Brophy GM, Rhoney DH. Personalized antiseizure medication therapy in critically ill adult patients. Pharmacotherapy 2023; 43:1166-1181. [PMID: 36999346 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine has the potential to have a significant impact on both drug development and patient care. It is crucial to not only provide prompt effective antiseizure treatment for critically ill patients after seizures start but also have a proactive mindset and concentrate on epileptogenesis and the underlying cause of the seizures or seizure disorders. Critical illness presents different treatment issues compared with the ambulatory population, which makes it challenging to choose the best antiseizure medications and to administer them at the right time and at the right dose. Since there is a paucity of information available on antiseizure medication dosing in critically ill patients, therapeutic drug monitoring is a useful tool for defining each patient's personal therapeutic range and assisting clinicians in decision-making. Use of pharmacogenomic information relating to pharmacokinetics, hepatic metabolism, and seizure etiology may improve safety and efficacy by individualizing therapy. Studies evaluating the clinical implementation of pharmacogenomic information at the point-of-care and identification of biomarkers are also needed. These studies may make it possible to avoid adverse drug reactions, maximize drug efficacy, reduce drug-drug interactions, and optimize medications for each individual patient. This review will discuss the available literature and provide future insights on precision medicine use with antiseizure therapy in critically ill adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Almohaish
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Clinical Pharmacy College, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aaron M Cook
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gretchen M Brophy
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Denise H Rhoney
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Wang F, Zhou M, Wang W, Zhu Z, Yan Y. Age-associated augmented renal clearance and low BMI trigger suboptimal vancomycin trough concentrations in children with haematologic diseases: data of 1453 paediatric patients from 2017 to 2022. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:528. [PMID: 37880633 PMCID: PMC10601245 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is usually difficult for the trough concentration of vancomycin to reach the recommended lower limit of 10 mg/L per the label dose in the paediatric population. Moreover, children with haematologic diseases who suffer from neutropenia are more likely to have lower exposure of vancomycin, and the risk factors have been poorly explored. METHOD We reviewed and analysed the initial trough concentration of vancomycin and synchronous cytometry and biochemical parameters in the blood of 1453 paediatric patients with haematologic diseases over a 6 year period, from 2017 to 2022. RESULTS Forty-five percent of the enrolled children had vancomycin trough concentrations below 5 mg/L after receiving a dose of 40 mg/kg/day, and the multiple regression showed that age (OR = 0.881, 95% CI 0.855 to 0.909, P < 0.001), BMI (OR = 0.941, 95% CI 0.904 to 0.980, P = 0.003) and the glomerular filtration rate (OR = 1.006, 95% CI 1.004 to 1.008, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors. A total of 79.7% of the children experienced augmented renal clearance, which was closely correlated to age-associated levels of serum creatinine. The vancomycin trough concentration was higher in children with aplastic anaemia than in those with other haematologic diseases due to a higher BMI and a lower glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION Age-associated augmented renal clearance and low BMI values contributed to suboptimal trough concentrations of vancomycin in children with haematologic diseases, and the effects of long-term use of cyclosporine and glucocorticoids need to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, 92# Street Zhongnan, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, 92# Street Zhongnan, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, 92# Street Zhongnan, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zengyan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, 92# Street Zhongnan, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yinghui Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, 92# Street Zhongnan, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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Yang YC, Chen YS, Liao WC, Yin CH, Lin YS, Chen MW, Chen JS. Significant perioperative parameters affecting postoperative complications within 30 days following craniotomy for primary malignant brain tumors. Perioper Med (Lond) 2023; 12:54. [PMID: 37872604 PMCID: PMC10594926 DOI: 10.1186/s13741-023-00343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of postoperative complications within 30 days (PC1M) of a craniotomy for the removal of a primary malignant brain tumor has been associated with a poor prognosis. However, it is still unclear to early predict the occurrence of PC1M. This study aimed to identify the potential perioperative predictors of PC1M from its preoperative, intraoperative, and 24-h postoperative parameters. METHODS Patients who had undergone craniotomy for primary malignant brain tumor (World Health Organization grades III and IV) from January 2011 to December 2020 were enrolled from a databank of Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan. The patients were classified into PC1M and nonPC1M groups. PC1M was defined according to the classification by Landriel et al. as any deviation from an uneventful 30-day postoperative course. In both groups, data regarding the baseline characteristics and perioperative parameters of the patients, including a new marker-kinetic estimated glomerular filtration rate, were collected. Logistic regression was used to analyze the predictability of the perioperative parameters. RESULTS The PC1M group included 41 of 95 patients. An American Society of Anesthesiologists score of > 2 (aOR, 3.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-8.45; p = 0.021), longer anesthesia duration (aOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.69-0.88; p < 0.001), 24-h postoperative change in hematocrit by > - 4.8% (aOR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.22-9.73; p = 0.0019), and 24-h postoperative change in kinetic estimated glomerular filtration rate of < 0 mL/min (aOR, 3.99; 95% CI, 1.52-10.53; p = 0.005) were identified as independent risk factors for PC1M via stepwise logistic regression analysis. When stratified according to the age of ≥ 65 years (OR, 11.55; 95% CI, 1.30-102.79; p = 0.028), the reduction of kinetic estimated glomerular filtration rate was more robustly associated with a higher risk of PC1M. CONCLUSIONS Four parameters were demonstrated to significantly influence the risk of PC1M in patients undergoing primary malignant brain tumor removal. Measuring and verifying these markers, especially kinetic estimated glomerular filtration rate, would help early recognition of PC1M risk in clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chung Yang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Department of Administration, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 81362, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chuan Liao
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Yin
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Institute of Health Care Management, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Shang Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Wei Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Force General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shuen Chen
- Department of Administration, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 81362, Taiwan.
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20
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Monteiro E, Fraga Pereira M, Barroso I, Dias CC, Czosnyka M, Paiva JA, Dias C. Creatinine Clearance in Acute Brain Injury: A Comparison of Methods. Neurocrit Care 2023; 39:514-521. [PMID: 37016059 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-023-01714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the measurement of glomerular filtration rate is very complex and costly, so its daily evaluation is performed using endogenous markers, of which creatinine is the most frequently used. It allows the estimation of glomerular filtration rate by means of its clearance or by formulas based on its serum and urine concentration. Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is frequent among critically ill patients and is defined as creatinine clearance (CrCl) > 130 ml/min/1.73 m2. The aim of this study was to compare measured CrCl (MCC) and estimated CrCl obtained with the Cockcroft-Gault formula (CG), the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation (MDRD), and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula (CKD-EPI) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. The second aim was to assess the incidence of ARC in this population of neurocritical patients. METHODS This was a prospective, observational, single center study from a cohort of 74 patients admitted to the neurocritical intensive care unit due to traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Serum creatinine (at 7 a.m.) and a 6-h urine collection were analyzed, and CrCl was measured and estimated by using CG, MDRD, and CKD-EPI. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was evaluated for each pair, and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess clinical significance. RESULTS Among 74 patients, the median age was 53 (interquartile range [IQR] 36-65), and the median Glasgow Coma Scale score at admission was 6. The median MCC at admission was 176 (IQR 135-214). The medians of CG, MDRD and CKD-EPI were, respectively, 129 ml/min/1.73 m2 (IQR 95-176), 158 (IQR 115-202), and 116 (97-132). An ICC was applied to evaluate the correlation between MCC and estimated methods and showed a weak correlation between MCC and estimated CrCl obtained with the three different methods. The strongest ICC statistical correlation was found between MCC and MDRD, and the weakest correlation was found between MCC and CKD-EPI. Bland-Altman plots showed that differences between each pair were not clinically acceptable. ARC was present in 78% of measurements, using MCC. A weak correlation was observed between MCC and calculated CrCl. CG, MDRD, and CKD-EPI overestimated MCC when MCC ≤ 130 ml/min/1.73 m2 and underestimated it when MCC > 130 ml/min/1.73 m2. CONCLUSIONS In this population, there was a weak statistical correlation between measured and estimated methods. In patients with ARC, formulas underestimated MCC. MCC should probably be the preferred methodology for renal function assessment in the clinical setting to better adjust drug dosage and guarantee drug effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Monteiro
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | - Isaac Barroso
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative, Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Camila Dias
- Knowledge Management Unit and Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
- RISE, Health Research Network, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marek Czosnyka
- Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - José Artur Paiva
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celeste Dias
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, De Caterina R. Pharmacokinetic relevance of glomerular hyperfiltration for drug dosing. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1580-1586. [PMID: 37779850 PMCID: PMC10539217 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, hypofiltration may lead to the accumulation of drugs that are cleared mainly by the kidney and, vice versa, hyperfiltration may cause augmented renal excretion of the same drugs. In this review we mainly focus on the issue of whether hyperfiltration significantly impacts the renal clearance of drugs and whether the same alteration may demand an up-titration of the doses applied in clinical practice. About half of severely ill, septic patients and patients with burns show glomerular hyperfiltration and this may lead to enhanced removal of drugs such as hydrophilic antibiotics and a higher risk of antibiotic treatment failure. In general, hyperfiltering obese individuals show higher absolute drug clearances than non-obese control subjects, but this depends on the body size descriptor adopted to adjust for fat excess. Several mechanisms influence pharmacokinetics in type 2 diabetes, including renal hyperfiltration, reduced tubular reabsorption and augmented tubular excretion. However, no consistent pharmacokinetic alteration has been identified in hyperfiltering obese subjects and type 2 diabetics. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have exhibited lower plasma concentrations in hyperfiltering patients in some studies in patients with atrial fibrillation, but a recent systematic review failed to document any excess risk for stroke and systemic embolism in these patients. Hyperfiltration is common among severely ill patients in intensive care units and drug levels should be measured whenever possible in these high-risk patients to prevent underdosing and treatment failure. Hyperfiltration is also common in patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes, but no consistent pharmacokinetic alteration has been described in these patients. No NOAC dose adjustment is indicated in patients with atrial fibrillation being treated with these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Zoccali
- Renal Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (Biogem), Ariano Irpino, Italy
- Associazione Ipertensione Nefrologia Trapianto Renal (IPNET), c/o Nefrologia, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesca Mallamaci
- Nefrologia and CNR Unit, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Chair of Cardiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Cardiology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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Sánchez-Sanz B, Caro-Teller JM, Gonzalez-Barrios I, Rodríguez-Quesada PP, Hernández-Ramos JA, Ferrari-Piquero JM. Influence of augmented renal clearance on the lower incidence of linezolid-related hematological toxicity. FARMACIA HOSPITALARIA 2023; 47:190-195. [PMID: 37394377 DOI: 10.1016/j.farma.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Linezolid is an oxazolidin commonly related to the development of hematological toxicity, being renal clearance the major factor involved in the drug clearance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of increased filtration rates in the incidence of linezolid-induced hematological toxicity by comparing augmented renal clearance (ARC) patients versus normal renal function patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective, observational study was conducted on hospitalized patients treated with linezolid for 5 days or more during 2014-2019 period. Patients with a filtration rate of ≥130 mL/min versus reference patients (60-90 mL/min) were compared. Hematological toxicity was defined as a decrease of 25% in platelets, of 25% in hemoglobin and/or 50% in neutrophils from baseline. Toxicity relevance was classified according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v5. Incidence of hematological toxicity between groups was studied by chi-square and Fisher test. Furthermore, percentaje disminution of all three parameters was calculated and compared by Mann-Whitney test and treatment interruption and tranfusion requirements were registered. RESULTS 30 ARC patients and 38 reference patients were included. Hematological toxicity was observed in 16.66% of ARC patients vs 44.74% of reference patients (p = 0.014); thrombocytopenia in 13.33% vs 36.84% (p = 0.051), anemia in 3.3% vs 10.52% (p = 0.374) and neutropenia in 10% vs 23.68% (p = 0.204). Median percentaje of platelets decrease in ARC patients was -10.36 (-193.33-62.03) vs 2.68 (-163.16-82.71) in reference patients (p = 0.333), while hemoglobin decrease was 2.50 (-12.12-25.93) vs 9.09 (-17.72-30.63) (p = 0.047) and neutrophils decrease was 9.14 (-73.91-76.47) vs 27.33 (-86.66-90.90) (p = 0.093). 10.5% of normal renal function patients reported at least one adverse event grade 3 or superior while 2.6% of them interrupted treatment and 5.2% had tranfusion requirements. No major events or interruptions were reported in ARC patients. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a lower incidence and clinical relevance of hematological toxicity in augmented renal clearance patients. Thrombocytopenia was the major event in both populations. This might be related to a lower exposure to the drug due to the higher clearance and likely lower therapeutic efficiency. These results suggest a potential benefit of therapeutic drug monitoring on high risk patients.
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Sánchez-Sanz B, Caro-Teller JM, González-Barrios I, Rodríguez-Quesada PP, Hernández-Ramos JA, Ferrari-Piquero JM. [Translated article] Influence of augmented renal clearance in the lower incidence of linezolid-related haematological toxicity. FARMACIA HOSPITALARIA 2023; 47:T190-T195. [PMID: 37679220 DOI: 10.1016/j.farma.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Linezolid is an oxazolidin commonly related to the development of haematological toxicity, being renal clearance the major factor involved in the drug clearance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of increased filtration rates in the incidence of linezolid-induced haematological toxicity by comparing augmented renal clearance (ARC) patients versus normal renal function patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective, observational study was conducted on hospitalized patients treated with linezolid for 5 days or more during 2014-2019 period. Patients with a filtration rate of ≥130 mL/min versus reference patients (60-90 mL/min) were compared. Haematological toxicity was defined as a decrease of 25% in platelets, of 25% in haemoglobin, and/or 50% in neutrophils from baseline. Toxicity relevance was classified according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v5. Incidence of haematological toxicity between groups was studied by chi-square and Fisher test. Furthermore, percentage diminution of all 3 parameters was calculated and compared by Mann-Whitney test and treatment interruption and transfusion requirements were registered. RESULTS 30 ARC patients and 38 reference patients were included. Haematological toxicity was observed in 16.66% of ARC patients vs 44.74% of reference patients (P=.014); thrombocytopenia in 13.33% vs 36.84% (P=.051), anaemia in 3.3% vs 10.52% (P=.374) and neutropenia in 10% vs 23.68% (P=.204). Median percentage of platelets decrease in ARC patients was -10.36 (-193.33-62.03) vs 2.68 (-163.16-82.71) in reference patients (P=.333), while haemoglobin decrease was 2.50 (-12.12-25.93) vs 9.09 (-17.72-30.63) (P=.047) and neutrophils decrease was 9.14 (-73.91-76.47) vs 27.33 (-86.66-90.90) (P=.093). 10.5% of normal renal function patients reported at least 1 adverse event grade 3 or superior while 2.6% of them interrupted treatment and 5.2% had transfusion requirements. No major events or interruptions were reported in ARC patients. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a lower incidence and clinical relevance of haematological toxicity in augmented renal clearance patients. Thrombocytopenia was the major event in both populations. This might be related to a lower exposure to the drug due to the higher clearance and likely lower therapeutic efficiency. These results suggest a potential benefit of therapeutic drug monitoring on high risk patients.
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Charco Roca LM, Ortega Cerrato A, Tortajada Soler JJ. Concordance between glomerular filtration rate estimation equations and 4-hour urinary creatinine clearance in critically ill patients with severe trauma. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA Y REANIMACION 2023; 70:381-386. [PMID: 37541328 DOI: 10.1016/j.redare.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE There is a growing body of evidence that the equations used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are not suitable in critically ill patients, a population whose GFR fluctuates continuously. Glomerular filtration is usually estimated by measuring urine creatinine clearance (CrCl) at various time points. The aim of our study was to evaluate the performance of the most widely used GFR calculators in the subpopulation of critically ill patients admitted for severe trauma, and to compare the results against determinations of CrCl in urine collected over a 4-h period (4h-CrCl). MATERIAL AND METHODS Observational study in patients hospitalized for severe trauma. We measured the 4h-CrCl and estimated GFR using the Cockcroft-Gault, modified Jelliffe, MDRD, t-MDRD, and CKD-EPI equations, adjusting the results for body surface area (BSA) (ml/min/1.73m2). Data were analysed using R version 4.0.4. RESULTS A total of 85 patients were included. Median age was 51 years, and 68 were men (78.82%). The mean BSA-adjusted 4h-CrCl (4h-ClCr/1.73m2) was 84.5 ml/min/1.73m2. We found that GFR estimated using the t-MDRD equation correlated significantly with 4h-CrCl/1.73m2. The Cockcroft-Gault equation correlated significantly with 4h-CrCl/1.73m2 when GFR was greater than 130ml/min/m2. CONCLUSIONS In ICU patients, glomerular filtration can be reliably estimated by determining urine CrCl, but GFR calculators are not accurate in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Charco Roca
- Área de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.
| | - A Ortega Cerrato
- Área de Nefrología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - J J Tortajada Soler
- Área de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
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Shi AX, Qu Q, Zhuang HH, Teng XQ, Xu WX, Liu YP, Xiao YW, Qu J. Individualized antibiotic dosage regimens for patients with augmented renal clearance. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1137975. [PMID: 37564179 PMCID: PMC10410082 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1137975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is a state of enhanced renal function commonly observed in 30%-65% of critically ill patients despite normal serum creatinine levels. Using unadjusted standard dosing regimens of renally eliminated drugs in ARC patients often leads to subtherapeutic concentrations, poor clinical outcomes, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. We summarized pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic research on the definition, underlying mechanisms, and risk factors of ARC to guide individualized dosing of antibiotics and various strategies for optimizing outcomes. Methods: We searched for articles between 2010 and 2022 in the MEDLINE database about ARC patients and antibiotics and further provided individualized antibiotic dosage regimens for patients with ARC. Results: 25 antibiotic dosage regimens for patients with ARC and various strategies for optimization of outcomes, such as extended infusion time, continuous infusion, increased dosage, and combination regimens, were summarized according to previous research. Conclusion: ARC patients, especially critically ill patients, need to make individualized adjustments to antibiotics, including dose, frequency, and method of administration. Further comprehensive research is required to determine ARC staging, expand the range of recommended antibiotics, and establish individualized dosing guidelines for ARC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Xi Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Hai-Hui Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin-Qi Teng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei-Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Ping Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Wen Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
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Huang CY, Güiza F, Wouters P, Mebis L, Carra G, Gunst J, Meersseman P, Casaer M, Van den Berghe G, De Vlieger G, Meyfroidt G. Development and validation of the creatinine clearance predictor machine learning models in critically ill adults. Crit Care 2023; 27:272. [PMID: 37415234 PMCID: PMC10327364 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In critically ill patients, measured creatinine clearance (CrCl) is the most reliable method to evaluate glomerular filtration rate in routine clinical practice and may vary subsequently on a day-to-day basis. We developed and externally validated models to predict CrCl one day ahead and compared them with a reference reflecting current clinical practice. METHODS A gradient boosting method (GBM) machine-learning algorithm was used to develop the models on data from 2825 patients from the EPaNIC multicenter randomized controlled trial database. We externally validated the models on 9576 patients from the University Hospitals Leuven, included in the M@tric database. Three models were developed: a "Core" model based on demographic, admission diagnosis, and daily laboratory results; a "Core + BGA" model adding blood gas analysis results; and a "Core + BGA + Monitoring" model also including high-resolution monitoring data. Model performance was evaluated against the actual CrCl by mean absolute error (MAE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE). RESULTS All three developed models showed smaller prediction errors than the reference. Assuming the same CrCl of the day of prediction showed 20.6 (95% CI 20.3-20.9) ml/min MAE and 40.1 (95% CI 37.9-42.3) ml/min RMSE in the external validation cohort, while the developed model having the smallest RMSE (the Core + BGA + Monitoring model) had 18.1 (95% CI 17.9-18.3) ml/min MAE and 28.9 (95% CI 28-29.7) ml/min RMSE. CONCLUSIONS Prediction models based on routinely collected clinical data in the ICU were able to accurately predict next-day CrCl. These models could be useful for hydrophilic drug dosage adjustment or stratification of patients at risk. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yuan Huang
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabian Güiza
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Wouters
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liese Mebis
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Carra
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Gunst
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Meersseman
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Casaer
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet De Vlieger
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Meyfroidt
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Dalfino L, Stufano M, Bavaro DF, Diella L, Belati A, Stolfa S, Romanelli F, Ronga L, Di Mussi R, Murgolo F, Loconsole D, Chironna M, Mosca A, Montagna MT, Saracino A, Grasso S. Effectiveness of First-Line Therapy with Old and Novel Antibiotics in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: A Real Life, Prospective, Observational, Single-Center Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1048. [PMID: 37370367 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence-based, standard antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is a relevant unmet clinical need in the intensive care unit (ICU). We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of first-line therapy with old and novel CRAB active antibiotics in monomicrobial VAP caused by CRAB. A prospective, observational study was performed in a mixed non-COVID-19 ICU. The primary outcome measure was clinical failure upon first-line targeted therapy. Features independently influencing failure occurrence were also investigated via Cox proportional multivariable analysis. To account for the imbalance in antibiotic treatment allocation, a propensity score analysis with an inverse probability treatment weighting approach was adopted. Of the 90 enrolled patients, 34 (38%) experienced clinical failure. Compared to patients who experienced a clinical resolution of VAP, those who had clinical failure were of an older age (median age 71 (IQR 64-78) vs. 62 (IQR 52-69) years), and showed greater burden of comorbidities (median Charlson comorbidity index 8 (IQR 6-8) vs. 4 (IQR 2-6)), higher frequency of immunodepression (44% vs. 21%), and greater clinical severity at VAP onset (median SOFA score 10 (IQR 9-11) vs. 9 (IQR 7-11)). Lower rates of use of fast molecular diagnostics for nosocomial pneumonia (8.8% vs. 30.3%) and of timely CRAB active therapy administration (65% vs. 89%), and higher rates of colistin-based targeted therapy (71% vs. 46%) were also observed in patients who failed first-line therapy. Overall, CRAB active iv regimens were colistin-based in 50 patients and cefiderocol-based in 40 patients, both always combined with inhaled colistin. According to the backbone agent of first-line regimens, clinical failure was lower in the cefiderocol group, compared to that in the colistin group (25% vs. 48%, respectively). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, the burden of comorbid conditions independently predicted clinical failure occurrence (Charlson index aHR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.04-1.42, p = 0.01), while timely targeted antibiotic treatment (aHR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.19-0.84, p = 0.01) and cefiderocol-based first-line regimens (aHR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.17-0.85, p = 0.02) strongly reduced failure risk. In patients with VAP caused by CRAB, timely active therapy improves infection outcomes and cefiderocol holds promise as a first-line therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Dalfino
- Intensive Care Unit II, Department of Precision Medicine, Ionic Area, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Stufano
- Intensive Care Unit II, Department of Precision Medicine, Ionic Area, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Fiore Bavaro
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Diella
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Belati
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Stolfa
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Romanelli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Ronga
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Di Mussi
- Intensive Care Unit II, Department of Precision Medicine, Ionic Area, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Murgolo
- Intensive Care Unit II, Department of Precision Medicine, Ionic Area, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Loconsole
- Hygiene Section, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Chironna
- Hygiene Section, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Adriana Mosca
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Montagna
- Hygiene Section, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Saracino
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Grasso
- Intensive Care Unit II, Department of Precision Medicine, Ionic Area, University of Bari "A. Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
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Kanna G, Patodia S, Annigeri RA, Ramakrishnan N, Venkataraman R. Prevalence of Augmented Renal Clearance (ARC), Utility of Augmented Renal Clearance Scoring System (ARC score) and Augmented Renal Clearance in Trauma Intensive Care Scoring System (ARCTIC score) in Predicting ARC in the Intensive Care Unit: Proactive Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2023; 27:433-443. [PMID: 37378369 PMCID: PMC10291663 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to study the prevalence of augmented renal clearance (ARC) and validate the utility of ARC and ARCTIC scores. We also aimed to assess the correlation and agreement between estimated GFR (eGFR-EPI) and 8-hour measured creatinine clearance (8 hr-mCLcr). Study design and methodology This was a prospective, observational study done in the mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) and 90 patients were recruited. 8 hr-mCLcr, ARC, and ARCTIC scores and eGFR-EPI were calculated for all patients. ARC was said to be present if 8 hr-mCLcr was ≥ 130 mL/min. Results Four patients were excluded from the analysis. The prevalence of ARC was 31.4%. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of ARC and ARCTIC scores were found to be 55.6, 84.7, 62.5, 80.6, and 85.2, 67.8, 54.8, and 90.9 respectively. AUROC for ARC and ARCTIC scores were 0.802 and 0.765 respectively. A strong positive correlation and poor agreement were observed between eGFR-EPI and 8 hr-mCLcr. Conclusion The prevalence of ARC was significant and the ARCTIC score showed good potential as a screening tool to predict ARC. Lowering the cut-off of ARC score to ≥5 improved its utility in predicting ARC. Despite its poor agreement with 8 hr-mCLcr, eGFR-EPI with a cut-off ≥114 mL/min showed utility in predicting ARC. How to cite this article Kanna G, Patodia S, Annigeri RA, Ramakrishnan N, Venkataraman R. Prevalence of Augmented Renal Clearance (ARC), Utility of Augmented Renal Clearance Scoring System (ARC score) and Augmented Renal Clearance in Trauma Intensive Care Scoring System (ARCTIC score) in Predicting ARC in the Intensive Care Unit: Proactive Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(6):433-443.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Kanna
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sristi Patodia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajeev A Annigeri
- Department of Nephrology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ramesh Venkataraman
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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29
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De Corte T, Verhaeghe J, Dhaese S, Van Vooren S, Boelens J, G Verstraete A, Stove V, Ongenae F, De Bus L, Depuydt P, Van Hoecke S, J De Waele J. Pathogen-based target attainment of optimized continuous infusion dosing regimens of piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem in surgical ICU patients: a prospective single center observational study. Ann Intensive Care 2023; 13:35. [PMID: 37119362 PMCID: PMC10148758 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-023-01129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have indicated that commonly used piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) and meropenem (MEM) dosing regimens lead to suboptimal plasma concentrations for a range of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) targets in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. These targets are often based on a hypothetical worst-case scenario, possibly overestimating the percentage of suboptimal concentrations. We aimed to evaluate the pathogen-based clinically relevant target attainment (CRTA) and therapeutic range attainment (TRA) of optimized continuous infusion dosing regimens of TZP and MEM in surgical ICU patients. METHODS A single center prospective observational study was conducted between March 2016 and April 2019. Free plasma concentrations were calculated by correcting total plasma concentrations, determined on remnants of blood gas samples by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, for their protein binding. Break points (BP) of identified pathogens were derived from epidemiological cut-off values. CRTA was defined as a corrected measured total serum concentration above the BP and calculated for increasing BP multiplications up to 6 × BP. The upper limit of the therapeutic range was set at 157.2 mg/L for TZP and 45 mg/L for MEM. As a worst-case scenario, a BP of 16 mg/L for TZP and 2 mg/L for MEM was used. RESULTS 781 unique patients were included with 1036 distinctive beta-lactam antimicrobial prescriptions (731 TZP, 305 MEM) for 1003 unique infections/prophylactic regimens (750 TZP, 323 MEM). 2810 samples were available (1892 TZP, 918 MEM). The median corrected plasma concentration for TZP was 86.4 mg/L [IQR 56.2-148] and 16.2 mg/L [10.2-25.5] for MEM. CRTA and TRA was consistently higher for the pathogen-based scenario than for the worst-case scenario, but nonetheless, a substantial proportion of samples did not attain commonly used PK/PD targets. CONCLUSION Despite these pathogen-based data demonstrating that CRTA and TRA is higher than in the often-used theoretical worst-case scenario, a substantial proportion of samples did not attain commonly used PK/PD targets when using optimised continuous infusion dosing regimens. Therefore, more dosing optimization research seems warranted. At the same time, a 'pathogen-based analysis' approach might prove to be more sensible than a worst-case scenario approach when evaluating target attainment and linked clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas De Corte
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Sofie Dhaese
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Van Vooren
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jerina Boelens
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain G Verstraete
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Stove
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Liesbet De Bus
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Depuydt
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jan J De Waele
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Huang CY, Güiza F, Gijsen M, Spriet I, Dauwe D, Debaveye Y, Peetermans M, Wauters J, Van den Berghe G, Meyfroidt G, De Vlieger G. External Validation of the Augmented Renal Clearance Predictor in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040698. [PMID: 37107060 PMCID: PMC10135364 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ARC predictor is a prediction model for augmented renal clearance (ARC) on the next intensive care unit (ICU) day that showed good performance in a general ICU setting. In this study, we performed a retrospective external validation of the ARC predictor in critically ill coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients admitted to the ICU of the University Hospitals Leuven from February 2020 to January 2021. All patient-days that had serum creatinine levels available and measured creatinine clearance on the next ICU day were enrolled. The performance of the ARC predictor was evaluated using discrimination, calibration, and decision curves. A total of 120 patients (1064 patient-days) were included, and ARC was found in 57 (47.5%) patients, corresponding to 246 (23.1%) patient-days. The ARC predictor demonstrated good discrimination and calibration (AUROC of 0.86, calibration slope of 1.18, and calibration-in-the-large of 0.14) and a wide clinical-usefulness range. At the default classification threshold of 20% in the original study, the sensitivity and specificity were 72% and 81%, respectively. The ARC predictor is able to accurately predict ARC in critically ill COVID-19 patients. These results support the potential of the ARC predictor to optimize renally cleared drug dosages in this specific ICU population. Investigation of dosing regimen improvement was not included in this study and remains a challenge for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yuan Huang
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabian Güiza
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Gijsen
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Spriet
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Dauwe
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Debaveye
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Peetermans
- Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Wauters
- Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Meyfroidt
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet De Vlieger
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Belabbas T, Yamada T, Egashira N, Hirota T, Suetsugu K, Mori Y, Kato K, Akashi K, Ieiri I. Population pharmacokinetic model and dosing optimization of vancomycin in hematologic malignancies with neutropenia and augmented renal clearance. J Infect Chemother 2023; 29:391-400. [PMID: 36682608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Data on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and area under the curve (AUC)-based dosing strategy of vancomycin (VCM) in hematologic malignancies are limited. According to our preliminary narrative review, only a few population PK analyses in hematologic malignancies have been performed. Therefore, we aimed to develop a population PK model, investigate the factors influencing VCM PK, and propose an optimal dosing regimen for hematologic malignancies. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted in patients with underlying hematologic malignancies treated with VCM. A total of 148 patients were enrolled for population PK modeling. Simulation analyses were performed to identify dosing regimens achieving a target exposure of AUC0-24 of 400-600 mg h/L at the steady-state. RESULTS The VCM PK data were best described with a one-compartment model. Significant covariates included creatinine clearance (Ccr), diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and neutropenia on VCM clearance (CL), and body weight (WT) on the volume of distribution (Vd). The typical values of CL and Vd were 3.09 L/h (normalized to Ccr value of 90 mL/min) and 122 L/70 kg, respectively. Concerning the effect on VCM dosing, AML patients required 15% higher doses than non-AML patients, independently of renal function. In contrast, for neutropenic patients, only those with augmented renal clearance (ARC, Ccr value ≥ 130 mL/min) required a 10% dose increase compared to non-neutropenic patients. CONCLUSION AML patients with neutropenia and ARC represent a critical population with a higher risk of VCM underexposure. Thus, individualized dosing adjustment and therapeutic drug monitoring are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassadit Belabbas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yamada
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Egashira
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirota
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Suetsugu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koji Kato
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Kanji S, Williamson D, Hartwick M. Potential pharmacological confounders in the setting of death determined by neurologic criteria: a narrative review. Can J Anaesth 2023; 70:713-723. [PMID: 37131030 PMCID: PMC10202973 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-023-02415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Guidelines for the determination of death by neurologic criteria (DNC) require an absence of confounding factors if clinical examination alone is to be used. Drugs that depress the central nervous system suppress neurologic responses and spontaneous breathing and must be excluded or reversed prior to proceeding. If these confounding factors cannot be eliminated, ancillary testing is required. These drugs may be present after being administered as part of the treatment of critically ill patients. While measurement of serum drug concentrations can help guide the timing of assessments for DNC, they are not always available or feasible. In this article, we review sedative and opioid drugs that may confound DNC, along with pharmacokinetic factors that govern the duration of drug action. Pharmacokinetic parameters including a context-sensitive half-life of sedatives and opioids are highly variable in critically ill patients because of the multitude of clinical variables and conditions that can affect drug distribution and clearance. Patient-, disease-, and treatment-related factors that influence the distribution and clearance of these drugs are discussed including end organ function, age, obesity, hyperdynamic states, augmented renal clearance, fluid balance, hypothermia, and the role of prolonged drug infusions in critically ill patients. In these contexts, it is often difficult to predict how long after drug discontinuation the confounding effects will take to dissipate. We propose a conservative framework for evaluating when or if DNC can be determined by clinical criteria alone. When pharmacologic confounders cannot be reversed, or doing so is not feasible, ancillary testing to confirm the absence of brain blood flow should be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salmaan Kanji
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - David Williamson
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Pharmacy Department, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal and CIUSSS-Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montreal Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Hartwick
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
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Mikami R, Hayakawa M, Imai S, Sugawara M, Takekuma Y. Onset timing and duration of augmented renal clearance in a mixed intensive care unit. J Intensive Care 2023; 11:13. [PMID: 36959656 PMCID: PMC10035487 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-023-00660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is associated with lower blood plasma concentrations of renally excreted drugs; however, its time course is unknown. The current study aimed to determine the onset timing/duration of ARC, its risk factors, and its association with clinical outcomes by continuous monitoring of urinary creatinine clearance (CrCl) in critically ill patients. METHODS Data were retrospectively obtained from the medical records of 2592 critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) from January 2019 to June 2022 at a tertiary emergency hospital. Among these, patients with continuously measured urinary CrCl were selected and observed over time. We evaluated the onset timing and duration of ARC by plotting Kaplan-Meier curves. Furthermore, by multivariate analyses, factors associated with the onset and persistence of ARC were analyzed, and the association between the ARC time course and clinical outcomes was evaluated. RESULTS The prevalence of ARC was 33.4% (245/734). ARC onset was within 3 days of admission in approximately half of the cases, and within 1 week in most of the other cases. In contrast, the persistence duration of ARC varied widely (median, 5 days), and lasted for more than a month in some cases. Multivariate analysis identified younger age, male sex, lower serum creatinine at admission, admission with central nervous system disease, no medical history, use of mechanically assisted ventilation, and vasopressor use as onset factors for ARC. Furthermore, factors associated with ARC persistence such as younger age and higher urinary CrCl on ARC day 1 were detected. The onset of ARC was significantly associated with reduced mortality, but persistent of ARC was significantly associated with fewer ICU-free days. CONCLUSIONS Despite the early onset of ARC, its duration varied widely and ARC persisted longer in younger patients with higher urinary CrCl. Since the duration of ARC was associated with fewer ICU-free days, it may be necessary to consider a long-term increased-dose regimen of renally excreted drugs beginning early in patients who are predicted to have a persistent ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusei Mikami
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Mineji Hayakawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Shungo Imai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sugawara
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yoh Takekuma
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan.
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Stašek J, Keller F, Kočí V, Klučka J, Klabusayová E, Wiewiorka O, Strašilová Z, Beňovská M, Škardová M, Maláska J. Update on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Critically Ill Patients—A Narrative Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030568. [PMID: 36978435 PMCID: PMC10044408 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-lactam antibiotics remain one of the most preferred groups of antibiotics in critical care due to their excellent safety profiles and their activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. The cornerstone of appropriate therapy with beta-lactams is to achieve an adequate plasmatic concentration of a given antibiotic, which is derived primarily from the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the specific pathogen. In a critically ill patient, the plasmatic levels of drugs could be affected by many significant changes in the patient’s physiology, such as hypoalbuminemia, endothelial dysfunction with the leakage of intravascular fluid into interstitial space and acute kidney injury. Predicting antibiotic concentration from models based on non-critically ill populations may be misleading. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has been shown to be effective in achieving adequate concentrations of many drugs, including beta-lactam antibiotics. Reliable methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography, provide the accurate testing of a wide range of beta-lactam antibiotics. Long turnaround times remain the main drawback limiting their widespread use, although progress has been made recently in the implementation of different novel methods of antibiotic testing. However, whether the TDM approach can effectively improve clinically relevant patient outcomes must be proved in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stašek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Simulation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Keller
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Kočí
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Klučka
- Department of Simulation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, 662 63 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Klabusayová
- Department of Simulation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, 662 63 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Wiewiorka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Laboratory Methods, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Strašilová
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Laboratory Methods, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Beňovská
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Laboratory Methods, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Škardová
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Maláska
- Department of Simulation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, 662 63 Brno, Czech Republic
- 2nd Department of Anaesthesiology University Hospital Brno, 620 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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Critically Ill Patients with Renal Hyperfiltration: Optimizing Antibiotic Dose. Int J Nephrol 2023; 2023:6059079. [PMID: 36896122 PMCID: PMC9991472 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6059079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal hyperfiltration (RHF) is a prevalent phenomenon in critically ill patients characterized by augmented renal clearance (ARC) and increased of elimination of renally eliminated medications. Multiple risk factors had been described and potential mechanisms may contribute to the occurrence of this condition. RHF and ARC are associated with the risk of suboptimal exposure to antibiotics increasing the risk of treatment failure and unfavorable patient outcomes. The current review discusses the available evidence related to the RHF phenomenon, including definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pharmacokinetic variability, and considerations for optimizing the dosage of antibiotics in critically ill patients.
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Stewart SD, Allen S, Eisenberg B, Sakakeeny K, Hammond TN, Schneider B, Mochel J, Zhou T. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of continuous and intermittent infusions of ampicillin-sulbactam in dogs with septic peritonitis. Am J Vet Res 2022; 84:ajvr.22.08.0139. [PMID: 36520648 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.08.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the time-course of ampicillin-sulbactam and percentage of time that its concentration is above a given MIC (T% > MIC) in dogs with septic peritonitis when delivered as either a continuous infusion (CI) or intermittent infusion (II). ANIMALS 11 dogs with septic peritonitis. PROCEDURES Dogs were randomized to receive ampicillin-sulbactam as either CI or II. Continuous infusions were delivered as a 50 mg/kg bolus IV followed by a rate of 0.1 mg/kg/min. Intermittent infusions were administered as 50 mg/kg IV q8h. Serum ampicillin-sulbactam concentrations were measured at hours 0, 1, 6, and every 12 hours after until patients were transitioned to an oral antimicrobial equivalent. All other care was at the discretion of the attending clinician. Statistical analysis was used to determine each patient's percentage of time T% > MIC for 4 MIC breakpoints (0.25, 1.25, 8, and 16 µg/mL). RESULTS No dogs experienced adverse events related to ampicillin-sulbactam administration. Both CI and II maintained a T% > MIC of 100% of MIC 0.25 µg/mL and MIC 1.25 µg/mL. The CI group maintained a higher T% > MIC for MIC 8 µg/mL and MIC 16 µg/mL; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance (P = .15 and P = .12, respectively). CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study could not demonstrate that ampicillin-sulbactam CI maintains a greater T% > MIC in dogs with septic peritonitis than II; however, marginal differences were noted at higher antimicrobial breakpoints. While these data support the use of antimicrobial CI in septic and critically ill patients, additional prospective trials are needed to fully define the optimal doses and the associated clinical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Stewart
- Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, MA
| | - Sarah Allen
- Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, MA
| | - Beth Eisenberg
- Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, MA
| | - Katie Sakakeeny
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment and Specialties, Walpole, MA
| | - Tara N Hammond
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment and Specialties, Walpole, MA
| | | | - Jonathan Mochel
- SMART Pharmacology, Iowa State College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA
| | - Tianjian Zhou
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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When and How to Use MIC in Clinical Practice? Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121748. [PMID: 36551405 PMCID: PMC9774413 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a global public health problem. The choice of the most effective antibiotic and the use of an adapted dose in the initial phase of the infection are essential to limit the emergence of resistance. This will depend on (i) the isolated bacteria and its resistance profile, (ii) the pharmacodynamic (PD) profile of the antibiotic used and its level of toxicity, (iii) the site of infection, and (iv) the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of the patient. In order to take account of both parameters to optimize the administered treatment, a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination associated with therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and their combined interpretation are required. The objective of this narrative review is thus to suggest microbiological, pharmacological, and/or clinical situations for which this approach could be useful. Regarding the microbiological aspect, such as the detection of antibiotic resistance and its level, the preservation of broad-spectrum β-lactams is particularly discussed. PK-PD profiles are relevant for difficult-to-reach infections and specific populations such as intensive care patients, cystic fibrosis patients, obese, or elderly patients. Finally, MIC and TDM are tools available to clinicians, who should not hesitate to use them to manage their patients.
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Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Dosing Considerations of Novel β-Lactams and β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitors in Critically Ill Adult Patients: Focus on Obesity, Augmented Renal Clearance, Renal Replacement Therapies, and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11236898. [PMID: 36498473 PMCID: PMC9738279 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11236898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dose optimization of novel β-lactam antibiotics (NBLA) has become necessary given the increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant infections in intensive care units coupled with the limited number of available treatment options. Unfortunately, recommended dose regimens of NBLA based on PK/PD indices are not well-defined for critically ill patients presenting with special situations (i.e., obesity, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), augmented renal clearance (ARC), and renal replacement therapies (RRT)). This review aimed to discuss and summarize the available literature on the PK/PD attained indices of NBLA among critically ill patients with special circumstances. DATA SOURCES PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Embase databases were searched for studies published between January 2011 and May 2022. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Articles relevant to NBLA (i.e., ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, cefiderocol, ceftobiprole, imipenem/relebactam, and meropenem/vaborbactam) were selected. The MeSH terms of "obesity", "augmented renal clearance", "renal replacement therapy", "extracorporeal membrane oxygenation", "pharmacokinetic", "pharmacodynamic" "critically ill", and "intensive care" were used for identification of articles. The search was limited to adult humans' studies that were published in English. A narrative synthesis of included studies was then conducted accordingly. DATA SYNTHESIS Available evidence surrounding the use of NBLA among critically ill patients presenting with special situations was limited by the small sample size of the included studies coupled with high heterogeneity. The PK/PD target attainments of NBLA were reported to be minimally affected by obesity and/or ECMO, whereas the effect of renal functionality (in the form of either ARC or RRT) was more substantial. CONCLUSION Critically ill patients presenting with special circumstances might be at risk of altered NBLA pharmacokinetics, particularly in the settings of ARC and RRT. More robust, well-designed trials are still required to define effective dose regimens able to attain therapeutic PK/PD indices of NBLA when utilized in those special scenarios, and thus aid in improving the patients' outcomes.
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Sahraei Z, Saffaei A, Alavi Darazam I, Salamzadeh J, Shabani M, Shokouhi S, Sarvmeili N, Hajiesmaeili M, Zangi M. Evaluation of vancomycin pharmacokinetics in patients with augmented renal clearances: A randomized clinical trial. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1041152. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1041152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Vancomycin is a narrow therapeutic window glycopeptide antibiotic that acts against Gram-positive bacteria. As it is renally eliminated, therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended for vancomycin, especially in case of kidney function alteration. Augmented renal clearance (ARC), defined as a creatinine clearance of more than 130 ml/min, is a risk factor for sub-therapeutic concentrations of vancomycin. This study aimed to evaluate the vancomycin pharmacokinetics following the administration of two different regimens in ARC patients.Methods: A randomized clinical trial (IRCT20180802040665N1) was conducted on patients in need of vancomycin therapy. Eight hours of urine was collected and 56 patients divided into two groups with creatinine clearance of more than 130 ml/min were included in the study. The first group received 15 mg/kg of vancomycin every 12 h and the second group 15 mg/kg every 8 h. After four doses, the peak and trough concentrations were measured from two blood samples. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients who attainted AUC more than 400. The occurrence of acute kidney injury also was evaluated after seven days.Results: The mean age of patients in the every 12 h and every 8 h groups was 44.04 ± 16.55 and 42.86 ± 11.83 years, respectively. While neurosurgical issues were the most common causes of hospitalization, central nervous infections were the most common indications for vancomycin initiation. Urinary creatinine clearance was 166.94 ± 41.32 ml/min in the every 12 h group and 171.78 ± 48.56 ml/min in the every 8 h group. 46.42% of patients in the every 12 h group and 82.14% of patients in the every 8 h group attained AUC/MIC of more than 400 mg × hr/L. None of the patients in the every 12 h group reached more than 15 mcg/ml concentration. At the 7-day follow-up, 10.7% patients in the BD group and 28.6% patients in the TDS group developed acute kidney injury (p = 0.089).Conclusion: Administration of vancomycin at a dose of 15 mg/kg every 8 h is associated with higher pharmacokinetic attainment in ARC patients. The occurrence of acute kidney injury also was not significantly higher in this therapeutic regimen. AUC/MIC monitoring is necessary in this population.
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Bulman ZP, Wicha SG, Nielsen EI, Lenhard JR, Nation RL, Theuretzbacher U, Derendorf H, Tängdén T, Zeitlinger M, Landersdorfer CB, Bulitta JB, Friberg LE, Li J, Tsuji BT. Research priorities towards precision antibiotic therapy to improve patient care. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2022; 3:e795-e802. [PMID: 35777386 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance presents an incessant threat to our drug armamentarium that necessitates novel approaches to therapy. Over the past several decades, investigation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PKPD) principles has substantially improved our understanding of the relationships between the antibiotic, pathogen, and infected patient. However, crucial gaps in our understanding of the pharmacology of antibacterials and their optimal use in the care of patients continue to exist; simply attaining antibiotic exposures that are considered adequate based on traditional targets can still result in treatment being unsuccessful and resistance proliferation for some infections. It is this salient paradox that points to key future directions for research in antibiotic therapeutics. This Personal View discusses six priority areas for antibiotic pharmacology research: (1) antibiotic-pathogen interactions, (2) antibiotic targets for combination therapy, (3) mechanistic models that describe the time-course of treatment response, (4) understanding and modelling of host response to infection, (5) personalised medicine through therapeutic drug management, and (6) application of these principles to support development of novel therapies. Innovative approaches that enhance our understanding of antibiotic pharmacology and facilitate more accurate predictions of treatment success, coupled with traditional pharmacology research, can be applied at the population level and to individual patients to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackery P Bulman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sebastian G Wicha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Justin R Lenhard
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Roger L Nation
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Hartmut Derendorf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Tängdén
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia B Landersdorfer
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jürgen B Bulitta
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Lena E Friberg
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian T Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Egea A, Dupuis C, de Montmollin E, Wicky PH, Patrier J, Jaquet P, Lefèvre L, Sinnah F, Marzouk M, Sonneville R, Bouadma L, Souweine B, Timsit JF. Augmented renal clearance in the ICU: estimation, incidence, risk factors and consequences-a retrospective observational study. Ann Intensive Care 2022; 12:88. [PMID: 36156744 PMCID: PMC9510087 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-022-01058-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Augmented renal clearance (ARC) remains poorly evaluated in ICU. The objective of this study is to provide a full description of ARC in ICU including prevalence, evolution profile, risk factors and outcomes. Methods This was a retrospective, single-center, observational study. All the patients older than 18 years admitted for the first time in Medical ICU, Bichat, University Hospital, APHP, France, between January 1, 2017, and November 31, 2020 and included into the Outcomerea database with an ICU length of stay longer than 72 h were included. Patients with chronic kidney disease were excluded. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated each day during ICU stay using the measured creatinine renal clearance (CrCl). Augmented renal clearance (ARC) was defined as a 24 h CrCl greater than 130 ml/min/m2. Results 312 patients were included, with a median age of 62.7 years [51.4; 71.8], 106(31.9%) had chronic cardiovascular disease. The main reason for admission was acute respiratory failure (184(59%)) and 196(62.8%) patients had SARS-COV2. The median value for SAPS II score was 32[24; 42.5]; 146(44%) and 154(46.4%) patients were under vasopressors and invasive mechanical ventilation, respectively. The overall prevalence of ARC was 24.6% with a peak prevalence on Day 5 of ICU stay. The risk factors for the occurrence of ARC were young age and absence of cardiovascular comorbidities. The persistence of ARC during more than 10% of the time spent in ICU was significantly associated with a lower risk of death at Day 30. Conclusion ARC is a frequent phenomenon in the ICU with an increased incidence during the first week of ICU stay. Further studies are needed to assess its impact on patient prognosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13613-022-01058-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Egea
- Service d'Anesthésie Réanimation, CHU Saint Antoine, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Claire Dupuis
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHU Clermont Ferrand, CHU Hôpital Gabriel-Montpied, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont Ferrand, France.
| | - Etienne de Montmollin
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France.,IAME UMR 1137, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Paul-Henry Wicky
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Patrier
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Jaquet
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Lefèvre
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, iCAN, Institut de Cardiologie, Sorbonne Université Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Sinnah
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Marzouk
- Réanimation Polyvalente/Surveillance Continue, Hôpitaux Publics de l'Artois, Lens, France
| | - Romain Sonneville
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMR1148, Team 6, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Lila Bouadma
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France.,IAME UMR 1137, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Souweine
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHU Clermont Ferrand, CHU Hôpital Gabriel-Montpied, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-François Timsit
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France.,IAME UMR 1137, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
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Zou D, Ji M, Du T, Wang Q, Zhang H, Yu H, Hou N. The application of antimicrobials in VAP patients requiring ECMO supportive treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:918175. [PMID: 36210821 PMCID: PMC9538395 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.918175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dongna Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Ji
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hengcai Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ning Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Hou,
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Xu Y, Kong X, Zhu Y, Xu J, Mao H, Li J, Zhang J, Zhu X. Contribution of gut microbiota toward renal function in sepsis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:985283. [PMID: 36147845 PMCID: PMC9486003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.985283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis most often involves the kidney and is one of the most common causes of acute kidney injury. The prevalence of septic acute kidney injury has increased significantly in recent years. The gut microbiota plays an important role in sepsis. It interacts with the kidney in a complex and multifactorial process, which is not fully understood. Sepsis may lead to gut microbiota alteration, orchestrate gut mucosal injury, and cause gut barrier failure, which further alters the host immunological and metabolic homeostasis. The pattern of gut microbiota alteration also varies with sepsis progression. Changes in intestinal microecology have double-edged effects on renal function, which also affects intestinal homeostasis. This review aimed to clarify the interaction between gut microbiota and renal function during the onset and progression of sepsis. The mechanism of gut–kidney crosstalk may provide potential insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Xu
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangmei Kong
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueniu Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayue Xu
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyun Mao
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiru Li
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jianhua Zhang,
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Xiaodong Zhu,
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Hussain K, Salat MS, Rauf S, Rathi M, Khan M, Naz F, Khan WA, Ikram R, Ambreen G. Practical approaches to improve vancomycin-related patient outcomes in pediatrics- an alternative strategy when AUC/MIC is not feasible. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:64. [PMID: 35987842 PMCID: PMC9392299 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anecdotal experience and studies have shown that most pediatric patients fail to reach target therapeutic vancomycin trough levels (VTLs) and required higher total daily doses (TDD). This retrospective study aims to evaluate the frequency of hospitalized children who achieved target VTLs with a vancomycin (VNCO) dosing regimen of 40-60 mg/kg/d q6h and to assess the VNCO-TDD required to attain the target and their effects on clinical outcomes in pediatric patients. Methods After ethical approval, patients of 3 month-12 years were evaluated in this chart review study who received ≥ 3 intravenous-VNCO doses and appropriately drawn blood samples of VTLs between October 2019 to June 2020. Data were retrieved for demographic and clinical characteristics, culture reports, VNCO-regimen, subsequent steady-state VTLs, concomitant nephrotoxic medications, and serum creatinine. Clinical pharmacists made interventions in VNCO therapy and higher VNCO-TDD were used. Safety of higher vs standard daily doses and their clinical impact on duration of therapy, hospital stay, and survival were evaluated. Results A total of 89 (39.1%) patients achieved target VTLs (SD-group). The smallest proportion (18.2%) of 2–6 years patients achieved target VTLs and reported the lowest mean value of 10.1 ± 0.2 mg/L which was a significant difference (p < 0.05) from all subgroups. Subtherapeutic VTLs were observed in 139 (60.9%) cases (HD-group), who received higher VNCO-TDD of 72 ± 8.9 mg/kg/d q6h to achieve the targets. Duration of therapy in culture-proven septic patients was significantly (p = 0.025) longer in SD-group [18.4 ± 12.2 days] than HD-group [15.1 ± 8.9 days]. Nephrotoxicity and electrolyte imbalance were comparable in groups. Length of hospital stay was significantly (p = 0.011) longer [median 22 (range 8–55) days] in SD-group compared to HD-group [median 16 (range 8–37) days]. Number of patients survived in HD-group were significantly (p = 0.008) higher than SD-group [129 (92.8%) vs 75 (84.3%)]. Conclusion Initial Vancomycin doses of 72 ± 8.9 mg/kg/day q6h are required to achieve therapeutic target in 3 months to 12 years patients. High doses are not associated with higher nephrotoxicity than reported with low doses. In addition, efficient pharmacist intervention for the use of higher VNCO-TDD may improve clinical outcomes in terms of duration of therapy, hospital stay, and survival.
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Charco Roca LM, Ortega Cerrato A, Tortajada Soler JJ. Hiperfiltración glomerular en el paciente traumático grave. Nefrologia 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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De Sutter P, Van Haeverbeke M, Van Braeckel E, Van Biervliet S, Van Bocxlaer J, Vermeulen A, Gasthuys E. Altered intravenous drug disposition in people living with cystic fibrosis: A meta‐analysis integrating top‐down and bottom‐up data. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2022; 11:951-966. [PMID: 35748042 PMCID: PMC9381904 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) has been linked to altered drug disposition in various studies. However, the magnitude of these changes, influencing factors, and underlying mechanisms remain a matter of debate. The primary aim of this work was therefore to quantify changes in drug disposition (top‐down) and the pathophysiological parameters known to affect pharmacokinetics (PKs; bottom‐up). This was done through meta‐analyses and meta‐regressions in addition to theoretical PK simulations. Volumes of distribution and clearances were found to be elevated in people living with CF. These increases were larger in studies which included patients with pulmonary exacerbations. Differences in clearance were smaller in more recent studies and when results were normalized to body surface area or lean body mass instead of body weight. For the physiological parameters investigated, measured glomerular filtration rate and serum cytokine concentrations were found to be elevated in people living with CF, whereas serum albumin and creatinine levels were decreased. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms for these alterations relate to renal hyperfiltration, increases in free fraction, and inflammation. No differences were detected for cardiac output, body fat, fat free mass, hematocrit, creatinine clearance, and the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes. These findings imply that, in general, lower total plasma concentrations of drugs can be expected in people living with CF, especially when pulmonary exacerbations are present. Given the potential effect of CF on plasma protein binding and the variability in outcome observed between studies, the clinical relevance of adapting existing dosage regimens should be evaluated on a case‐by‐case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter‐Jan De Sutter
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Maxime Van Haeverbeke
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, KERMIT Research Unit Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Eva Van Braeckel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Stephanie Van Biervliet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium
| | - Jan Van Bocxlaer
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - An Vermeulen
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Elke Gasthuys
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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Bing E, Archambault K, Sananikone A, Nguyen KD, Fang YT, Jabamikos C, Gras C, Marsot A, Duceppe MA, Perreault MM. Risk factors associated with augmented renal clearance in a mixed intensive care unit population: a retrospective study. Int J Clin Pharm 2022; 44:1277-1286. [PMID: 35834093 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-022-01458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmented renal clearance is increasingly recognized in critically ill patients. This condition may lead to suboptimal dosing of renally excreted medications. AIM Our primary objective was to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with augmented renal clearance in a mixed critically ill population. METHOD This retrospective single center observational cohort study evaluated patients admitted in a mixed adult intensive care unit for augmented renal clearance, defined as a creatinine clearance of ≥ 130 ml/min/1.73m2, through weekly 24-h urine collection. Variables associated with augmented renal clearance were identified using univariate analysis, then served as covariates in a backward stepwise logistic regression. Goodness-of-fit of the model was assessed and receiver operating characteristic curve was generated. RESULTS Augmented renal clearance was observed in 25.3% of the study cohort (n = 324). Age below 50 years (adjusted odds ratio 7.32; 95% CI 4.03-13.29, p < 0.001), lower serum creatinine at intensive care admission (adjusted odds ratio 0.97; 95% CI 0.96-0.99, p < 0.001) and trauma admission (adjusted odds ratio 2.26; 95% CI 1.12-4.54, p = 0.022) were identified as independent risk factors. Our model showed acceptable discrimination in predicting augmented renal clearance (Area under receiver operating characteristic curve (0.810; 95% CI 0.756-0.864, p < 0.001)). CONCLUSION We identified age below 50 years, lower serum creatinine upon intensive care admission and trauma as independent risk factors for augmented renal clearance, consistent with the literature suggesting that patients with low serum creatinine upon admission could have a higher risk of developing augmented renal clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bing
- Department of Pharmacy, McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kym Archambault
- Department of Pharmacy, McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Alice Sananikone
- Department of Pharmacy, McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kim-Dan Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Yi Tong Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Caren Jabamikos
- Department of Pharmacy, McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Cécile Gras
- Département de Pharmacie, Centre Hospitalier de Montpellier, 91 av. du Doyen Giraud, 34295, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Amélie Marsot
- Faculté de Pharmacie de L'Université de Montréal, Pavillon Jean-Coutu 2940, Chemin de Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marc-Alexandre Duceppe
- Department of Pharmacy, McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marc M Perreault
- Faculté de Pharmacie de L'Université de Montréal, Pavillon Jean-Coutu 2940, Chemin de Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacy, McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.
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Dreesen E, Gijsen M, Elkayal O, Annaert P, Debaveye Y, Wauters J, Karlsson MO, Spriet I. Ceftriaxone dosing based on the predicted probability of augmented renal clearance in critically ill patients with pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2479-2488. [PMID: 35815604 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES PTA of protein-unbound ceftriaxone may be compromised in critically ill patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with augmented renal clearance (ARC). We aimed to determine an optimized ceftriaxone dosage regimen based on the probability of developing ARC on the next day (PARC,d+1; www.arcpredictor.com). PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-three patients enrolled in a prospective cohort study were admitted to the ICU with severe CAP and treated with ceftriaxone 2 g once daily. Patients contributed 259 total ceftriaxone concentrations, collected during 1 or 2 days (±7 samples/day). Unbound fractions of ceftriaxone were determined in all peak and trough samples (n = 76). Population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation were performed using NONMEM7.4. Target attainment was defined as an unbound ceftriaxone concentration >4 mg/L throughout the dosing interval. RESULTS A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model described the data well. The maximal protein-bound ceftriaxone concentration decreased with lower serum albumin. Ceftriaxone clearance increased with body weight and PARC,d+1 determined on the previous day. A high PARC,d+1 was identified as a clinically relevant predictor for underexposure on the next day (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve 0.77). Body weight had a weak predictive value and was therefore considered clinically irrelevant. Serum albumin had no predictive value. An optimal PARC,d+1 threshold of 5.7% was identified (sensitivity 73%, specificity 69%). Stratified once- or twice-daily 2 g dosing when below or above the 5.7% PARC,d+1 cut-off, respectively, was predicted to result in 81% PTA compared with 47% PTA under population-level once-daily 2 g dosing. CONCLUSIONS Critically ill patients with CAP with a high PARC,d+1 may benefit from twice-daily 2 g ceftriaxone dosing for achieving adequate exposure on the next day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Dreesen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Uppsala Pharmacometrics Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthias Gijsen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Pharmacy Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Omar Elkayal
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,BioNotus, Niel, Belgium
| | - Yves Debaveye
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Wauters
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mats O Karlsson
- Uppsala Pharmacometrics Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Isabel Spriet
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Pharmacy Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Qi Y, Liu G. A UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of eight special-grade antimicrobials in human plasma and application in TDM. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 220:114964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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50
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β-Lactam Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Critically Ill Patients: Weighing the Challenges and Opportunities to Assess Clinical Value. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4:e0726. [PMID: 35815181 PMCID: PMC9259115 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: DATA SOURCES: STUDY SELECTION: DATA EXTRACTION: DATA SYNTHESIS: CONCLUSIONS:
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