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van Meijgaarden KE, van Veen S, Tsonaka R, Ruibal P, Roukens AHE, Arbous SM, Manniën J, Cannegieter SC, Ottenhoff THM, Joosten SA. Longitudinal soluble marker profiles reveal strong association between cytokine storms resulting from macrophage activation and disease severity in COVID-19 disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12882. [PMID: 38839796 PMCID: PMC11153563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV2 infection results in a range of disease severities, but the underlying differential pathogenesis is still not completely understood. At presentation it remains difficult to estimate and predict severity, in particular, identify individuals at greatest risk of progression towards the most severe disease-states. Here we used advanced models with circulating serum analytes as variables in combination with daily assessment of disease severity using the SCODA-score, not only at single time points but also during the course of disease, to correlate analyte levels and disease severity. We identified a remarkably strong pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine profile with high levels for sCD163, CCL20, HGF, CHintinase3like1 and Pentraxin3 in serum which correlated with COVID-19 disease severity and overall outcome. Although precise analyte levels differed, resulting biomarker profiles were highly similar at early and late disease stages, and even during convalescence similar biomarkers were elevated and further included CXCL3, CXCL6 and Osteopontin. Taken together, strong pro-inflammatory marker profiles were identified in patients with COVID-19 disease which correlated with overall outcome and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista E van Meijgaarden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Veen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roula Tsonaka
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paula Ruibal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna H E Roukens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sesmu M Arbous
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Manniën
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C Cannegieter
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Sunny S, Tran A, Lee J, Abdallah M, Chaudhry N, Quale J. Comparison of Tocilizumab vs Baricitinib in Clinical Outcomes Among Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: Experience From a Public Hospital System in New York City. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad426. [PMID: 37608917 PMCID: PMC10442059 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tocilizumab and baricitinib are immunomodulators that have been repurposed for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Whether one medication should be preferred over the other has not been established. Methods This multicenter retrospective cohort study comprised hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who received either tocilizumab or baricitinib. The primary outcome was improvement in respiratory status (at least 1-point reduction on the respiratory ordinal scale) at day 7 and up to day 28. Secondary outcomes included mortality, disposition, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or positive blood culture. Outcomes were stratified by baseline respiratory status and variant-predominating periods. Results were reported for the overall and propensity-matched cohorts. Results A total of 921 patients received tocilizumab and 638 received baricitinib. The propensity-matched cohort included 597 patients in each group. At day 7 in the overall and propensity-matched cohorts, significantly more patients had improvement in respiratory status in the baricitinib group. These improvements were seen in patients requiring supplemental oxygen and noninvasive ventilation/high-flow oxygen but not in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Favorable outcomes with baricitinib were observed during the Alpha and Omicron periods. By day 28, there were no differences in the changes of respiratory status for the treatment groups in either cohort. Also, no differences were seen in mortality, disposition, development of deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, or bloodstream infections. Conclusions Baricitinib treatment was associated with more favorable respiratory improvement at day 7 when compared with tocilizumab, but no differences were observed up to day 28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Sunny
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Ami Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Marie Abdallah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Nimra Chaudhry
- Department of Pharmacy, NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens, Queens, New York, USA
| | - John Quale
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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Swets MC, Moss RJ, Kor F, Hilarius D, Moes DJAR, Berkhout WE, van den Toorn LM, van den Oever NCG, de Valk R, Rosendaal FR, Hunfeld N, Groeneveld GH, de Boer MGJ. A comparison of the effectiveness of different doses of tocilizumab and sarilumab in the treatment of severe COVID-19: a natural experiment due to drug shortages. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 129:57-62. [PMID: 36738957 PMCID: PMC9893803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interleukin (IL)-6 inhibitors are administered to treat patients hospitalized with COVID-19. In 2021, due to shortages, different dosing regimens of tocilizumab, and a switch to sarilumab, were consecutively implemented. Using real-world data, we compare the effectiveness of these IL-6 inhibitors. METHODS Hospitalized patients with COVID-19, treated with IL-6 inhibitors, were included in this natural experiment study. Sixty-day survival, hospital- and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, and progression to ICU or death were compared between 8 mg/kg tocilizumab, fixed-dose tocilizumab, low-dose tocilizumab, and fixed-dose sarilumab treatment groups. RESULTS A total of 5485 patients from 49 hospitals were included. After correction for confounding, increased hazard ratios (HRs) for 60-day mortality were observed for fixed-dose tocilizumab (HR 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.39), low-dose tocilizumab (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.97-1.31), and sarilumab (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.08-1.42), all relative to 8 mg/kg. The 8 mg/kg dosing regimen had lower odds of progression to ICU or death. Both hospital- and ICU length of stay were shorter for low-dose tocilizumab than for the 8 mg/kg group. CONCLUSION We found differences in the probability of 60-day survival and the incidence of the combined outcome of mortality or ICU admission, mostly favoring 8 mg/kg tocilizumab. Because of potential time-associated residual confounding, further clinical studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike C Swets
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob J Moss
- Dutch National Medication Coordination Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Flip Kor
- LOGEX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Doranne Hilarius
- Department of Pharmacy, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan A R Moes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Leon M van den Toorn
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Hunfeld
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert H Groeneveld
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine- Acute Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark G J de Boer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Standing JF. Could Metabolomics Be the Key to Unlocking Precision Dosing in the Clinic? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 113:207-209. [PMID: 36693112 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Standing
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
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Tavlueva EV, Zernova EV, Kutepova MP, Kostina NE, Lesina VS, Mould DR, Ito K, Zinchenko AV, Dolgorukova AN, Nikolskaya MV, Lemak MS, Filon OV, Samsonov MY. CHARACTERISTICS OF OLOKIZUMAB PHARMACOKINETICS IN PATIENTS WITH NOVEL CORONAVIRUS INFECTION COVID-19. PHARMACY & PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.19163/2307-9266-2022-10-5-460-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the article is to study pharmacokinetic characteristics of intravenous olokizumab in patients with moderate COVID-19 to relieve a hyperinflammation syndrome.Materials and methods. The pharmacokinetic study was conducted as a part of a phase III clinical study (RESET, NCT05187793) on the efficacy and safety of a new olokizumab regimen (intravenous, at the doses of 128 mg or 256 mg) in COVID-19 patients. Plasma concentrations of olokizumab were determined by the enzyme immunoassay. The population analysis was performed using a previously developed pharmacokinetic model based on a linear two compartment.Results. The pharmacokinetic analysis included the data from 8 moderate COVID-19 patients who had been administrated with olokizumab intravenously at the dose of 128 mg. According to the analysis results in this population, there was an increase in the drug clearance, compared with the data obtained in healthy volunteers and the patients with rheumatoid arthritis: 0.435, 0.178 and 0.147 l/day, respectively. The parameters analysis within the framework of a population pharmacokinetic model showed that the main factors for the increased olokizumab clearance are a high body mass index. In addition, the presence of COVID-19 itself is an independent factor in increasing the drug clearance.Conclusion. After the intravenous olokizumab administration, an increase in the drug clearance is observed in moderate COVID-19 patients against the background of the disease course. The main contribution to the increased clearance is made by the characteristics of the population of COVID-19 patients associated with the risk of a severe disease and inflammation. When administered intravenously at the dose of 128 mg, a therapeutically significant olokizumab level was maintained throughout the acute disease phase for 28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - K. Ito
- Projections Research, Inc
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Barletta JF, Erstad BL. Drug dosing in hospitalized obese patients with COVID-19. Crit Care 2022; 26:60. [PMID: 35287690 PMCID: PMC8919144 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-03941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is highly prevalent in hospitalized patients admitted with COVID-19. Evidence based guidelines are available for COVID-19-related therapies but dosing information specific to patients with obesity is lacking. Failure to account for the pharmacokinetic alterations that exist in this population can lead to underdosing, and treatment failure, or overdosing, resulting in an adverse effect. The objective of this manuscript is to provide clinicians with guidance for making dosing decisions for medications used in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. A detailed literature search was conducted for medications listed in evidence-based guidelines from the National Institutes of Health with an emphasis on pharmacokinetics, dosing and obesity. Retrieved manuscripts were evaluated and the following prioritization strategy was used to form the decision framework for recommendations: clinical outcome data > pharmacokinetic studies > adverse effects > physicochemical properties. Most randomized controlled studies included a substantial number of patients who were obese but few had large numbers of patients more extreme forms of obesity. Pharmacokinetic data have described alterations with volume of distribution and clearance but this variability does not appear to warrant dosing modifications. Future studies should provide more information on size descriptors and stratification of data according to obesity and body habitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey F Barletta
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, 19555 N 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ, 85038, USA.
| | - Brian L Erstad
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1295 N Martin Ave, PO Box 210202, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Leung E, Crass RL, Jorgensen SCJ, Raybardhan S, Langford BJ, Moore WJ, Rhodes NJ. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Considerations of Alternate Dosing Strategies of Tocilizumab in COVID-19. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 61:155-165. [PMID: 34894345 PMCID: PMC8665708 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tocilizumab is one of few treatments that have been shown to improve mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but increased demand has led to relative global shortages. Recently, it has been suggested that lower doses, or fixed doses, of tocilizumab could be a potential solution to conserve the limited global supply while conferring equivalent therapeutic benefit to the dosing regimens studied in major trials. The relationship between tocilizumab dose, exposure, and response in COVID-19 has not been adequately characterized. There are a number of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters that likely differ between patients with severe COVID-19 and patients in whom tocilizumab was studied during the US FDA approval process. Likewise, it is unclear whether a threshold exposure is necessary for tocilizumab efficacy. The safety and efficacy of fixed versus weight-based dosing of tocilizumab has been evaluated outside of COVID-19, but it is uncertain if these observations are generalizable to severe or critical COVID-19. In the current review, we consider the potential advantages and limitations of alternative tocilizumab dosing strategies. Leveraging PK models and simulation analyses, we demonstrate that a fixed single dose of tocilizumab 400 mg is unlikely to produce PK exposures equivalent to those achieved in the REMAP-CAP trial, although weight-stratified dosing appears to produce more uniform exposure distribution. Data from current and future trials could provide PK/pharmacodynamic insight to better inform dosing strategies at the bedside. Ultimately, rational dosing strategies that balance available limited supply with patient needs are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Leung
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Ryan L Crass
- Ann Arbor Pharmacometrics Group, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah C J Jorgensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - W Justin Moore
- Department of Pharmacy, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Rhodes
- Department of Pharmacy, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy Downers Grove Campus, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
- Pharmacometrics Center of Excellence, College of Pharmacy Downers Grove Campus, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
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