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Chang YY, Ting B, Chen DTL, Hsu WT, Lin SC, Kuo CY, Wang MF. Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Depression in the Elderly and Patients with Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:536. [PMID: 38470647 PMCID: PMC10931076 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12050536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation interventions in improving depression in patients with dementia. To achieve this objective, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from primary electronic databases, focusing on the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and depression in patients with dementia. The primary outcome was the impact of omega-3 fatty acids on post-intervention depression in patients with dementia, with subgroup analyses conducted based on the type of intervention (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) combination), duration of intervention (3 months, 6 months, 12 months, ≥24 months), cognitive function (ranging from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to severe dementia), and daily dosage (high, medium, low, applicable to both DHA and EPA). The study has been duly registered with PROSPERO (registration ID: CRD42023408744). A meta-analysis of five studies (n = 517) included in nine systematic reviews showed that omega-3 supplementation had a non-significant trend toward affecting depressive symptoms in patients with dementia (standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.147; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.324 to 0.049; p = 0.141). Subgroup analyses revealed that DHA supplementation significantly reduced depressive symptoms (SMD: -0.247; p = 0.039). There was no significant effect for high (SMD: -0.169; 95% CI: -0.454 to 0.116; p = 0.246) or medium (SMD: -0.061; 95% CI: -0.228 to 0.105; p = 0.470) doses of EPA. However, low doses of EPA were significantly effective (SMD: -0.953; 95% CI: -1.534 to -0.373; p = 0.001), with notable improvements in patients with MCI (SMD: -0.934; p < 0.001). The study concludes that omega-3 fatty acids, particularly through DHA supplementation, may alleviate depressive symptoms in patients with MCI. Given the limited sample size, further long-term RCTs are recommended to better understand the efficacy and optimal management of omega-3 supplementation in this population using different dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yun Chang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 433719, Taiwan;
| | - Berne Ting
- Ph.D. Program for Aging, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
| | - Daniel Tzu-Li Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan;
- College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ti Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan;
- College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Song-Chow Lin
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Yen Kuo
- Ph.D. Program in Health and Social Welfare for Indigenous Peoples, Providence University, Taichung 433719, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Fu Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 433719, Taiwan;
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Shen T, Thackray AE, King JA, Alotaibi TF, Alanazi TM, Willis SA, Roberts MJ, Lolli L, Atkinson G, Stensel DJ. Are There Interindividual Responses of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers to Acute Exercise? A Replicate Crossover Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:63-72. [PMID: 37703030 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using a replicated crossover design, we quantified the response heterogeneity of postprandial cardiovascular disease risk marker responses to acute exercise. METHODS Twenty men (mean (SD) age, 26 (6) yr; body mass index, 23.9 (2.4) kg·m -2 ) completed four 2-d conditions (two control, two exercise) in randomized orders. On days 1 and 2, participants rested and consumed two high-fat meals over 9 h. Participants ran for 60 min (61 (7)% of peak oxygen uptake) on day 1 (6.5 to 7.5 h) of both exercise conditions. Time-averaged total area under the curve (TAUC) for triacylglycerol, glucose, and insulin were calculated from 11 venous blood samples on day 2. Arterial stiffness and blood pressure responses were calculated from measurements at baseline on day 1 and at 2.5 h on day 2. Consistency of individual differences was explored by correlating the two replicates of control-adjusted exercise responses for each outcome. Within-participant covariate-adjusted linear mixed models quantified participant-by-condition interactions and individual response SDs. RESULTS Acute exercise reduced mean TAUC-triacylglycerol (-0.27 mmol·L -1 ·h; Cohen's d = 0.29, P = 0.017) and TAUC-insulin (-25 pmol·L -1 ·h; Cohen's d = 0.35, P = 0.022) versus control, but led to negligible changes in TAUC-glucose and the vascular outcomes (Cohen's d ≤ 0.36, P ≥ 0.106). Small-to-moderate, but nonsignificant, correlations were observed between the two response replicates ( r = -0.42 to 0.15, P ≥ 0.066). We did not detect any individual response heterogeneity. All participant-by-condition interactions were P ≥ 0.137, and all individual response SDs were small with wide 95% confidence intervals overlapping zero. CONCLUSIONS Large trial-to-trial within-subject variability inhibited detection of consistent interindividual variability in postprandial metabolic and vascular responses to acute exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
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Zakrzewski-Fruer JK, Thackray AE. Enhancing cardiometabolic health through physical activity and breakfast manipulations in children and adolescents: good for humans, good for the planet. Proc Nutr Soc 2023; 82:272-285. [PMID: 36356640 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665122002804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The human health benefits of cardiometabolic disease prevention can be accompanied by planetary co-benefits. Focusing efforts towards young people, including children and adolescents, is conducive to disease prevention. In the context of cardiometabolic disease prevention, this review paper critically summarises the available literature on the acute cardiometabolic responses to physical activity and breakfast manipulations among young people. Given the seriousness of global climate change, which will disproportionally affect our younger generations, this review paper offers new insights into the inherent interactions between child-adolescent behaviour and cardiometabolic health from an environmental sustainability perspective to aid climate change mitigation efforts, including exploring future research avenues. A growing evidence base suggests acute moderate- to high-intensity exercise bouts can attenuate postprandial plasma glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol concentrations for up to 24-48 h in young people. Whether accumulating physical activity throughout the day with short, frequent bouts promotes cardiometabolic risk marker attenuations is unclear. Breakfast consumption may enhance free-living physical activity and reduce glycaemic responses to subsequent meals for a possible additive impact. If repeated habitually, attenuations in these cardiometabolic risk factors would be conducive to disease prevention, reducing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with disease diagnosis and treatment. To progress current understanding with high public health and planetary relevance, research among samples of 'at risk' young people that span cellular-level responses to ecologically valid settings and address human and planetary health co-benefits is needed. Indeed, certain physical activity opportunities, such as active travel to school, offer important direct co-benefits to humans and planetary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Zakrzewski-Fruer
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
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Alvarez-Jimenez L, Moreno-Cabañas A, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Morales-Palomo F, Ortega JF, Mora-Rodriguez R. Effectiveness of statins vs. exercise on reducing postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in dyslipidemic population: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:567-577. [PMID: 34298253 PMCID: PMC9532610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals at risk of suffering cardiovascular disease (CVD) present with larger increases in blood triglyceride (TG) concentration after a high-fat meal than do healthy individuals. These postprandial hypertriglyceride levels are an independent risk factor for CVD. Prescription of statins and a bout of prolonged exercise are both effective in lowering postprandial hypertriglyceride levels. We aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of statins vs. a bout of aerobic exercise in reducing fasting and postprandial TG (PPTG) concentrations in individuals at high risk of developing CVD. METHODS Thirty-seven studies from a systematic literature search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were included in this review. The selected studies conducted trials involving statin therapy (n = 20) or a bout of aerobic exercise (n = 19) and measured their impact on PPTG levels as the outcome. Two studies analyzed both treatments and were included in duplicate. The meta-analysis was constructed using a random-effects model to calculate the mean difference (MD). The Student t test was used to compare the data sets for statins vs. exercise. RESULTS Overall, statin and exercise interventions showed similar reductions in PPTG levels, with an MD of -0.65 mmol/L for statins (95% confidence interval (95%CI): -0.54 to -0.77; p < 0.001) and -0.46 mmol/L for exercise (95%CI: -0.21 to -0.71; p < 0.01). However, statins lowered fasting TG levels more than exercise (MD = -1.54 mmol/L, 95%CI: -2.25 to -0.83; p = 0.009). CONCLUSION Although aerobic exercise is effective in lowering blood TG levels, statins seem to be more efficient, especially in the fasted state. A combination of exercise and statins might reveal a valuable approach to the treatment and prevention of CVD. More studies are required to determine the underlying mechanisms and the possible additive effects of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alvarez-Jimenez
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, Sports Science Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45004, Spain
| | - Alfonso Moreno-Cabañas
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, Sports Science Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45004, Spain
| | - Miguel Ramirez-Jimenez
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, Sports Science Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45004, Spain
| | - Felix Morales-Palomo
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, Sports Science Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45004, Spain
| | - Juan F Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, Sports Science Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45004, Spain
| | - Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, Sports Science Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45004, Spain.
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Effect of Prior Exercise on Postprandial Lipemia: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:501-518. [PMID: 36028221 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the results from current literature examining the effects of prior exercise on the postprandial triglyceride (TG) response to evaluate current literature and provide future direction. A quantitative review was performed using meta-analytic methods to quantify individual effect sizes. A moderator analysis was performed to investigate potential variables that could influence the effect of prior exercise on postprandial TG response. Two hundred and seventy-nine effects were retrieved from 165 studies for the total TG response and 142 effects from 87 studies for the incremental area under the curve TG response. There was a moderate effect of exercise on the total TG response (Cohen's d = -0.47; p < .0001). Moderator analysis revealed exercise energy expenditure significantly moderated the effect of prior exercise on the total TG response (p < .0001). Exercise modality (e.g., cardiovascular, resistance, combination of both cardiovascular and resistance, or standing), cardiovascular exercise type (e.g., continuous, interval, concurrent, or combined), and timing of exercise prior to meal administration significantly affected the total TG response (p < .001). Additionally, exercise had a moderate effect on the incremental area under the curve TG response (Cohen's d = -0.40; p < .0001). The current analysis reveals a more homogeneous data set than previously reported. The attenuation of postprandial TG appears largely dependent on exercise energy expenditure (∼2 MJ) and the timing of exercise. The effect of prior exercise on the postprandial TG response appears to be transient; therefore, exercise should be frequent to elicit an adaptation.
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Petridou A, Mougios V. Exercise to lower postprandial lipemia: why, when, what and how. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1013-1022. [PMID: 35345016 DOI: 10.1055/a-1810-5118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We review recent findings on the ability of exercise to lower postprandial lipemia (PPL). Specifically, we answer why exercise is important in lowering PPL, when it is most effective to exercise to achieve this, what the preferred exercise is and how exercise reduces PPL. Most findings confirm the power of exercise to lower PPL, which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exercise is most effective when performed on the day preceding a high- or moderate-fat meal. This effect lasts up to approximately two days; therefore, one should exercise frequently to maintain this benefit. However, the time of exercise relative to a meal is not that important in real-life conditions, since one consumes several meals during the day; thus, an exercise bout will inevitably exert its lowering effect on PPL in one or more of the subsequent meals. Although moderate-intensity continuous exercise, high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE), resistance exercise and accumulation of short bouts of exercise throughout the day are all effective in lowering PPL, submaximal, high-volume interval exercise seems to be superior, provided it is tolerable. Finally, exercise reduces PPL by both lowering the rate of appearance and increasing the clearance of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli Petridou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Farrow M, Maher JL, Oaten JR, Kreutzfeldt S, Thompson D, Bilzon JLJ. Prior arm crank exercise has no effect on postprandial lipaemia in non-disabled adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:681-689. [PMID: 35290755 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A single bout of cycling or running performed in the evening can reduce postprandial lipaemia (PPL) the following morning, although this is currently unknown for upper-body exercise. The aim of this study was to determine if a bout of arm crank exercise (high-intensity interval [HIIE] or moderate-intensity continuous [MICE]), can attenuate PPL in non-injured individuals. Eleven healthy and recreationally active participants (eight males, three females; age: 27 ± 7 yr; body mass index: 23.5 ± 2.5 kg · m-2) volunteered to participate in three trials: HIIE (10 x 60 s at 80% peak power output), MICE (50% peak power output of isocaloric duration), and a no-exercise control condition. Each exercise bout was performed at 18:00, and participants consumed a standardized evening meal at 20:00. Following an overnight fast, a 5-h mixed-macronutrient tolerance test was performed at 08:00. There were no significant differences in triglyceride incremental area under the curve between HIIE (192 ± 94 mmol. L-1 per 300 min), MICE (184 ± 111 mmol. L-1 per 300 min), and the no-exercise condition (175 ± 90 mmol. L-1 per 300 min) (P=0.46). There were no significant differences in incremental area under the curve for glucose (P=0.91) or insulin (P=0.59) between conditions. Upper-body MICE and HIIE performed in the evening do not influence PPL the following morning, in normotriglyceridemic individuals. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT04277091 Novelty: • Arm crank exercise has no effect on PPL when performed the evening prior to a mixed-macronutrient meal test • Upper-body sprint interval exercise should be investigated as a potential solution to reduce PPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Farrow
- University of Bath, 1555, Department for Health, Bath, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, BA2 7AY;
| | - Jennifer L Maher
- University of Bath, 1555, Department for Health, Bath, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Jack Robert Oaten
- University of Bath, 1555, Department for Health, Bath, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Saskia Kreutzfeldt
- University of Bath, 1555, Department for Health, Bath, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Dylan Thompson
- University of Bath, 1555, Department for Health, Bath, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - James Lee John Bilzon
- University of Bath, 1555, Department for Heath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
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Šarac I, Jovanović J, Zec M, Pavlović Z, Debeljak-Martačić J, Zeković M, Milešević J, Gurinović M, Glibetić M. Vitamin D Status and Its Correlation With Anthropometric and Biochemical Indicators of Cardiometabolic Risk in Serbian Underground Coal Miners in 2016. Front Nutr 2021; 8:689214. [PMID: 34490320 PMCID: PMC8417231 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.689214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The status of vitamin D in underground working coal miners and its association with their cardiometabolic health is rarely studied. This study aimed to examine vitamin D (VitD) status in Serbian underground coal miners and to correlate it with anthropometric and laboratory indicators of cardiometabolic risk. Nutritional data (food frequency questionnaire, FFQ, and two times repeated 24 h recall), anthropometric data (including segmental analysis by bio-impedance analyzer TANITA BC-545N), arterial tension, and biochemical and hematological data of 103 coal miners (aged 22-63 years) were correlated with their late summer (early September) serum 25 (OH)D levels (measured by HPLC). 68.9% of the studied coal miners were overweight/obese, and 48.5% had metabolic syndrome. Their mean VitD nutritional intakes were low: 5.3 ± 3.8 μg/day (FFQ) and 4.9 ± 8 μg/day (24 h recalls), but their mean serum 25 (OH)D levels were surprisingly high (143.7 ± 41.4 nmol/L). Only 2.9% of the coal miners had 25(OH)D levels lower than 75 nmol/L (indicating an insufficient/deficient status), while 63.2% had values above 125 nmol/L (upper optimal limit), and even 10.7% had values above 200 nmol/L. There were no statistical differences in 25 (OH)D levels in the coal miners with or without metabolic syndrome (or overweight/obesity). Interestingly, 25(OH)D levels had significant positive correlations with body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), fat mass percentage (FM%), limbs FM%, serum triglycerides, GGT, AST, ALT, and ALT/AST ratio, and had significant negative correlations with serum HDL-cholesterol and age. All these correlations were lost after corrections for age, FM, FM%, and legs FM%. In Serbian coal miners, high levels of early September VitD levels were observed, indicating sufficient non-working-hour sun exposure during the summer period. Furthermore, the unexpected positive correlations of VitD levels with anthropometric and biochemical parameters indicative of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and fatty liver disease were found. More research is needed on the VitD status of coal miners (particularly in the winter period) and its relationship with their cardiometabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Šarac
- Laboratory for Public Health Nutrition, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovica Jovanović
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Occupational Health, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Manja Zec
- Laboratory for Public Health Nutrition, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Pavlović
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Institute for Public Health Požarevac, Požarevac, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Debeljak-Martačić
- Laboratory for Public Health Nutrition, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Zeković
- Laboratory for Public Health Nutrition, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milešević
- Laboratory for Public Health Nutrition, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Gurinović
- Laboratory for Public Health Nutrition, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maria Glibetić
- Laboratory for Public Health Nutrition, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Nagayama C, Burns SF, Thackray AE, Stensel DJ, Miyashita M. Postprandial Metabolism and Physical Activity in Asians: A Narrative Review. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:953-966. [PMID: 34374040 PMCID: PMC8486483 DOI: 10.1055/a-1493-2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The widespread benefits of physical activity in enhancing health and lowering the risk of non-communicable chronic diseases are well established across populations globally. Nevertheless, the prevalence of several lifestyle-related chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, varies markedly across countries and ethnicities. Direct ethnic comparative studies on the health benefits of physical activity are sparse and evidence-based physical activity guidelines are not ethnicity-specific. Indeed, physical activity guidelines in some Asian countries were developed primarily based on data from Western populations even though the magnitude of potential benefit may not be the same among different ethnic groups. Unfavorable diurnal perturbations in postprandial triglycerides and glucose are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This narrative review summarizes differences in these risk factors primarily between individuals of Asian and white European descent but also within different Asian groups. Moreover, the variable effects of physical activity on mitigating risk factors among these ethnic groups are highlighted along with the underlying metabolic and hormonal factors that potentially account for these differences. Future ethnic comparative studies should include investigations in understudied ethnic groups, such as those of East Asian origin, given that the effectiveness of physical activity for ameliorating cardiovascular disease varies even among Asian groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nagayama
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Stephen F Burns
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Acute exercise improves glucose and TAG metabolism in young and older adults following high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal intake. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:687-695. [PMID: 34134790 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521002208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A single high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal (HFHC) results in elevated postprandial glucose (GLU), triglycerides (TAG) and metabolic load index (MLI; TAG (mg/dl) + GLU (mg/dl)) that contributes to chronic disease risk. While disease risk is higher in older adults (OA) compared to younger adults (YA), the acute effects of exercise on these outcomes in OA is understudied. Twelve YA (age 23.3 ± 3.9 yrs, n = 5 M/7 F) and 12 OA (age 67·7 ± 6.0 yrs, n = 8 M/4 F) visited the laboratory in random order to complete a HFHC with no exercise (NE) or acute exercise (EX) condition. EX was performed 12 hours prior to HFHC at an intensity of 65 % of maximal heart rate to expend 75 % of the kcals consumed in HFHC (Marie Callender's Chocolate Satin Pie; 12 kcal/kgbw; 57 % fat, 37 % CHO). Blood samples were taken at 0, 30, 60, 90 minutes, and then every hour until 6 hours post-meal. TAG levels increased to a larger magnitude in OA (Δ∼61 ± 31 %) compared to YA (Δ∼37 ± 34 %, P < 0·001), which were attenuated in EX compared to NE (P < 0·05) independent of age. There was no difference in GLU between OA and YA after the HFM, however, EX had attenuated GLU independent of age (NE: Δ∼21 ± 26 %; EX: Δ∼12 ± 18 %, P = 0·027). MLI was significantly lower after EX compared to NE in OA and YA (P < 0·001). Pre-prandial EX reduced TAG, GLU and MLI post-HFHC independent of age.
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Sacchetti M, Haxhi J, Sgrò P, Scotto di Palumbo A, Nicolò A, Bellini A, Bazzucchi I, di Luigi L. Effects of exercise before and/or after a mixed lunch on postprandial metabolic responses in healthy male individuals. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:3437-3447. [PMID: 33635408 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise plays an important role in preventing and treating postprandial dysmetabolism. We investigated the postprandial metabolic responses to a standard lunch when a session of aerobic exercise is performed in the early postprandial phase or divided between the pre- and postprandial period. METHODS Nine healthy volunteers consumed a standardised mixed lunch and rested for the following 3 h (Con) or performed 40 min of cycling at 65% V̇O2max after lunch (CPPEx), or two 20-min sessions, one before (SplitEx1) and the other after lunch (SplitEx2), at the same intensity. RESULTS At 1-h post-lunch, a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in glycaemia was observed for CPPEx (- 25 ± 10%) and SplitEx (- 34 ± 7%) compared to Con. Yet, a post-exercise rebound lessened the exercise effect on the glycaemic area under the curve (AUC) at 2 and 3 h. At 1 h, a significant reduction (P < 0.009) in plasma insulin (SplitEx - 53 ± 31%; CCPEx - 48 ± 20%) and C-peptide (SplitEx - 57 ± 20%; CCPEx - 47 ± 24%) was observed compared to Con. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) increased after the meal, without differences between conditions. Compared with SplitEx1, cortisol response was attenuated during SplitEx2 and CPPEx. At 3 hours, triglyceride AUC was significantly higher (P = 0.039) in SplitEx compared to Con (+ 19 ± 8%). CONCLUSION Forty minutes of postprandial exercise or 20 min of pre- and postprandial exercise are both effective at attenuating the glycaemic and insulinaemic response to a mixed lunch, while a higher lipaemia was found in the pre- and postprandrial exercise condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Sacchetti
- Unit of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Jonida Haxhi
- Unit of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Sgrò
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Scotto di Palumbo
- Unit of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Nicolò
- Unit of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Bellini
- Unit of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Bazzucchi
- Unit of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi di Luigi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
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12
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Nagayama C, Burns SF, Stensel DJ, Thackray AE, Takahashi M, Miyashita M. Effects of a single bout of walking on postprandial triglycerides in men of Chinese, European and Japanese descent: a multisite randomised crossover trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000928. [PMID: 33376598 PMCID: PMC7745685 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elevated non-fasting triglyceride (TG) concentrations are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases but can be reduced after acute exercise. Ethnic-based differences in the magnitude of postprandial lipaemia and the extent that acute exercise reduces postprandial TG are poorly characterised across some ethnicities including those of East Asian origin. This paper describes the protocol of a multisite randomised crossover study comparing the effect of acute walking on postprandial TG in two groups of East Asian men with European men. Methods and analysis Twenty Japanese, 20 Singaporean Chinese and 20 white British healthy men (21–39 years) recruited from Japan, Singapore and the UK, respectively, will complete two, 2-day trials. Fasted and postprandial venous blood samples and arterial blood pressure measurements will be taken over 6 hours the day after either: (1) 60-min treadmill walking; or (2) a rest day of normal living. The primary outcome is the difference in postprandial TG among ethnic groups after rest and walking. Secondary outcomes include cholesterol, glucose, insulin, ketone bodies, preheparin lipoprotein lipase, C-reactive protein and systolic/diastolic blood pressure. Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee on Research with Human Subjects of Waseda University and the Nanyang Technological University Institutional Review Board. Relevant approval will be obtained from the UK site. Research findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publication and health conferences. Trial registration number UMIN000038625.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nagayama
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Stephen F Burns
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - David J Stensel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alice E Thackray
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Singapore
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13
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Chiu CH, Chen CH, Wu MH, Ding YF. Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis-Induced Energy Shortage Improves Postprandial Lipemia and Fat Oxidation. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090166. [PMID: 32867156 PMCID: PMC7555676 DOI: 10.3390/life10090166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study investigated the effect of nonexercise activity thermogenesis on postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations; (2) Methods: Ten healthy males completed a sedentary trial (ST) and a physical activity trial (PA) in a random order separated by at least 7 days. After each intervention on day 1, the participants consumed a high-fat test meal on the next day. The blood samples and gas sample were observed in the fasted state and for 4 h after consuming the oral fat tolerance test; (3) Results: The postprandial TG concentrations of total (AUC) (p = 0.008) and incremental area under the curve (IAUC) (p = 0.023) in the plasma of participants in the PA trial were significantly lower than those in the plasma of participants in the ST trial. The postprandial fat oxidation rate AUC of the PA trial was significantly higher than that of the ST trial (p = 0.009); (4) Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that nonexercise energy expenditure decrease the postprandial TG concentration and increase the fat oxidation the next day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hui Chiu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2221-3108 (ext. 3486)
| | - Che-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Sports Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Min-Huan Wu
- Sport Recreation and Health Management Degree Program, Tunghai University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Yin-Fu Ding
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
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14
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Loh R, Stamatakis E, Folkerts D, Allgrove JE, Moir HJ. Effects of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting with Physical Activity Breaks on Blood Glucose, Insulin and Triacylglycerol Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:295-330. [PMID: 31552570 PMCID: PMC6985064 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) breaks in sitting time might attenuate metabolic markers relevant to the prevention of type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this paper was to systematically review and meta-analyse trials that compared the effects of breaking up prolonged sitting with bouts of PA throughout the day (INT) versus continuous sitting (SIT) on glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol (TAG) measures. A second aim was to compare the effects of INT versus continuous exercise (EX) on glucose, insulin and TAG measures. METHODS The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Eligibility criteria consisted of trials comparing INT vs. SIT or INT vs. one bout of EX before or after sitting, in participants aged 18 or above, who were classified as either metabolically healthy or impaired, but not with other major health conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or peripheral arterial disease. RESULTS A total of 42 studies were included in the overall review, whereas a total of 37 studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was a standardised mean difference (SMD) of - 0.54 (95% CI - 0.70, - 0.37, p = 0.00001) in favour of INT compared to SIT for glucose. With respect to insulin, there was an SMD of - 0.56 (95% CI - 0.74, - 0.38, p = 0.00001) in favour of INT. For TAG, there was an SMD of - 0.26 (95% CI - 0.44, - 0.09, p = 0.002) in favour of INT. Body mass index (BMI) was associated with glucose responses (β = - 0.05, 95% CI - 0.09, - 0.01, p = 0.01), and insulin (β = - 0.05, 95% CI - 0.10, - 0.006, p = 0.03), but not TAG (β = 0.02, 95% CI - 0.02, 0.06, p = 0.37). When energy expenditure was matched, there was an SMD of - 0.26 (95% CI - 0.50, - 0.02, p = 0.03) in favour of INT for glucose, but no statistically significant SMDs for insulin, i.e. 0.35 (95% CI - 0.37, 1.07, p = 0.35), or TAG i.e. 0.08 (95% CI - 0.22, 0.37, p = 0.62). It is worth noting that there was possible publication bias for TAG outcomes when PA breaks were compared with sitting. CONCLUSION The use of PA breaks during sitting moderately attenuated post-prandial glucose, insulin, and TAG, with greater glycaemic attenuation in people with higher BMI. There was a statistically significant small advantage for PA breaks over continuous exercise for attenuating glucose measures when exercise protocols were energy matched, but no statistically significant differences for insulin and TAG. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42017080982. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42017080982.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Loh
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dirk Folkerts
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK.,Faculty of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Judith E Allgrove
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Hannah J Moir
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK.
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15
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Alvarez-Jimenez L, Moreno-Cabañas A, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Morales-Palomo F, Ortega JF, Mora-Rodriguez R. Effects of statins and exercise on postprandial lipoproteins in metabolic syndrome vs metabolically healthy individuals. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:955-964. [PMID: 32598033 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine if the combination of exercise and statin could normalize postprandial triglyceridaemia (PPTG) in hypercholesteraemic individuals. METHODS Eight hypercholesteraemic (blood cholesterol 182 ± 38 mg dL-1 ; low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-c] 102 ± 32 mg dL-1 ) overweight (body mass index 30 ± 4 kg m-2 ) individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) were compared to a group of 8 metabolically healthy (MetH) controls (blood cholesterol 149 ± 23 mg dL-1 ; LDL-c 77 ± 23 mg dL-1 , and body mass index 23 ± 2 kg m-2 ). Each group underwent 2 PPTG tests, either 14 hours after a bout of intense exercise or without previous exercise. Additionally, MetS individuals were tested 96 hours after withdrawal of their habitual statin medication to study medication effects. RESULTS A bout of exercise before the test meal did not reduce PPTG in MetS (P = .347), but reduced PPTG by 46% in MetH (413 ± 267 to 224 ± 142 mg dL-1 for 5 h incremental area under the curve; P = .02). In both trials (i.e., either after a bout of intense exercise or without previous exercise), statin withdrawal in MetS greatly increased PPTG (average 65%; P < .01), mean LDL-c (average 25%; P < .01), total cholesterol (average 16%; P < .01) and apolipoprotein (Apo) B48 (24%; P < .01), without interference from exercise. However, Apo B100 was not affected by statin withdrawal. CONCLUSION Hypercholesteraemic MetS individuals (compared to MetH controls) fail to show an effect of exercise on reducing PPTG. However, chronic statin medication blunts the elevations in triglyceride after a fat meal (i.e., incremental area under the curve of PPTG) reducing their cardiovascular risk associated with their atherogenic dyslipidaemia. Statin decreases PPTG by reducing the secretion or accelerating the catabolism of intestinal Apo B48.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juan F Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
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16
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Allerton DM, West DJ, Stevenson EJ. Whey protein consumption following fasted exercise reduces early postprandial glycaemia in centrally obese males: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:999-1011. [PMID: 32572617 PMCID: PMC7900064 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Acute submaximal exercise and whey protein supplementation have been reported to improve postprandial metabolic and appetite responses to a subsequent meal independently. We aimed to examine the combination of these strategies on postprandial responses to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast. Methods Twelve centrally obese males (age 41 ± 3 years, waist circumference 123.4 ± 2.9 cm), completed three trials in a single-blind, crossover design. Participants rested for 30 min (CON) or completed 30 min low–moderate-intensity treadmill walking (51 ± 1% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}O}}_{\text{2peak}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak) followed immediately by ingestion of 20 g whey protein (EX + PRO) or placebo (EX). After 15 min, a standardised breakfast was consumed and blood, expired gas and subjective appetite were sampled postprandially. After 240 min, an ad libitum lunch meal was provided to assess energy intake. Results During EX + PRO, post-breakfast peak blood glucose was reduced when compared with EX and CON (EX + PRO: 7.6 ± 0.4 vs EX: 8.4 ± 0.3; CON: 8.3 ± 0.3 mmol l−1, p ≤ 0.04). Early postprandial glucose AUC0–60 min was significantly lower under EX + PRO than EX (p = 0.011), but not CON (p = 0.12). Over the full postprandial period, AUC0–240 min during EX + PRO did not differ from other trials (p > 0.05). Peak plasma insulin concentrations and AUC0–240 min were higher during EX + PRO than CON, but similar to EX. Plasma triglyceride concentrations, substrate oxidation and subjective appetite responses were similar across trials and ad libitum energy intake was not influenced by prior fasted exercise, nor its combination with whey protein supplementation (p > 0.05). Conclusion Following fasted low–moderate-intensity exercise, consuming whey protein before breakfast may improve postprandial glucose excursions, without influencing appetite or subsequent energy intake, in centrally obese males. Trial registration number NCT02714309.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Allerton
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel J West
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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17
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Mora-Rodriguez R, Ortega JF, Morales-Palomo F, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Moreno-Cabañas A. Effects of statin therapy and exercise on postprandial triglycerides in overweight individuals with hypercholesterolaemia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:1089-1099. [PMID: 31925809 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine the effects of statins on postprandial lipaemia (PPL) and to study if exercise could enhance statin actions. METHODS Ten hypercholesteraemic (blood cholesterol 204 ± 36 mg dL-1 ; low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol 129 ± 32 36 mg dL-1 ) overweight (body mass index 30 ± 4 kg m-2 ), metabolic syndrome individuals chronically medicated with statins (>6 months) underwent 5-hour PPL tests in 4 occasions in a randomized order: (i) substituting their habitual statin medication by placebo for 96 hours (PLAC trial); (ii) taking their habitual statin medicine (STA trial); (iii) placebo combined with a bout of intense aerobic exercise (EXER+PLAC trial); and (iv) combining exercise and statin medicine (EXER+STA trial). RESULTS Before the fat meal, statin withdrawal (i.e. PLAC and EXER+PLAC) increased blood triglycerides (TG; 24%), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (31%) and total cholesterol (19%; all P < .05) evidencing treatment compliance. After the meal, statin withdrawal increased 5-hour postprandial TG (PPTG) compared to its matched trials (94% higher PLAC vs STA and 45% higher EXER+PLAC vs EXER+STA; P < .05). EXER+PLAC trial did not lower PPTG below PLAC (i.e. incremental AUC of 609 ± 152 vs 826 ± 190 mg dL-1 5 h; P = .09). Adding exercise to statin did not result in larger reductions in PPTG (i.e. EXER+STA vs STA incremental area under the curve of 421 ± 87 vs 421 ± 84 mg dL-1 5 h; P = .99). CONCLUSION In hypercholesteraemic metabolic syndrome individuals, chronic statin therapy blunts the elevations in TG after a fat meal (i.e. incremental area under the curve of PPTG) reducing the cardiovascular risk associated to their atherogenic dyslipidaemia. However, a single bout of intense aerobic exercise before the high fat meal, does not reduce PPTG but also does not interfere with the effects of statin treatment.
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18
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Diekmann C, Huber H, Preuß M, Preuß P, Predel HG, Stoffel-Wagner B, Fimmers R, Stehle P, Egert S. Moderate Postmeal Walking Has No Beneficial Effects Over Resting on Postprandial Lipemia, Glycemia, Insulinemia, and Selected Oxidative and Inflammatory Parameters in Older Adults with a Cardiovascular Disease Risk Phenotype: A Randomized Crossover Trial. J Nutr 2019; 149:1930-1941. [PMID: 31318033 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that postprandial events, as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), are influenced by meal composition and exercise. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of walking versus rest on postprandial metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative events following the consumption of test meals reflecting 2 different dietary patterns in older adults with an increased CVD risk. METHODS A randomized crossover trial was conducted in 26 men and women (aged 70 ± 5 y; BMI 30.3 ± 2.3 kg/m2). Each adult participated in 4 treatments combining 1 of 2 iso-energetic (4300 kJ) meals [Western diet high-fat meal (WD): total fat, 59.4 g; saturated fatty acids, 32.0 g, dietary fiber, 4.2 g; or Mediterranean-type diet meal (MD): total fat, 40.1 g; saturated fatty acids, 5.1 g; dietary fiber, 14.5 g] with 30 min walking (4.6 ± 0.1 km/h) or rest. Primary (serum triglycerides) and secondary [serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs); parameters of glucose metabolism, inflammation, endothelial activation, oxidation; blood pressure/heart rate] outcomes were measured at fasting and 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 h postprandially. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models. RESULTS Triglycerides were higher after the WD than after the MD [AUC in mmol/L × min: Western diet high-fat meal plus postprandial walking (WD-W), 218 ± 15.2; Western diet high-fat meal plus postprandial resting (WD-R), 207 ± 12.6; Mediterranean-type diet meal plus postprandial walking (MD-W), 139 ± 9.83; Mediterranean-type diet meal plus postprandial resting (MD-R), 149 ± 8.15; P < 0.001]. No meal or activity effect was observed for NEFAs based on AUC data (WD-W, -43.5 ± 7.08; WD-R, -49.2 ± 6.94; MD-W, -48.0 ± 11.6; MD-R, -67.6 ± 7.58). Plasma glucose was higher after the MD than after the WD (WD-W, 222 ± 34.9; WD-R, 177 ± 32.8; MD-W, 314 ± 44.4; MD-R, 275 ± 57.8; P < 0.001), as was serum insulin (AUC in nmol/L × min: WD-W, 82.0 ± 10.3; WD-R, 88.6 ± 12.8; MD-W, 129 ± 14.7; MD-R, 138 ± 20.5; P < 0.001). Plasma IL-6 was higher after walking than after resting (AUC in pg/mL × min: WD-W, 72.0 ± 34.0; WD-R, 14.3 ± 38.8; MD-W, 70.8 ± 39.4; MD-R, 5.60 ± 26.0; P < 0.05). Plasma vitamin C was higher after the MD than after the WD (P < 0.001) and after walking than after resting (P < 0.05; AUC in mg/L × min: WD-W, -305 ± 59.6; WD-R, -396 ± 84.0; MD-W, 113 ± 56.4; MD-R, -44.5 ± 48.1). We observed no meal or activity effects on parameters of oxidation and endothelial adhesion molecules. Our data revealed no significant meal × activity effects on all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In older adults with an increased CVD risk, the MD was associated with superior effects on several postprandial parameters (e.g., triglycerides), in comparison to the WD. Data revealed no relevant differences regarding the effects of postmeal walking and resting. None of the 4 treatments can be rated as superior regarding their acute effects on the shown postprandial metabolic, oxidative, and inflammatory parameters. The trial was registered at German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS; http://www.germanctr.de and http://www.drks.de) under identifier DRKS00012409.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Diekmann
- Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hanna Huber
- Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuela Preuß
- Human Resources Development and Career, Healthy Campus Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Preuß
- University Sports, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Predel
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Stoffel-Wagner
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rolf Fimmers
- Informatics and Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biometry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Stehle
- Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Egert
- Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Combining Plant Sterols With Walking Lowers Postprandial Triacylglycerol More Than Walking Only in Chinese Men With Elevated Body Mass Index. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:576-582. [PMID: 31034251 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined if plant sterols and walking reduce postprandial triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations in Chinese men with elevated body mass index (≥ 23.5 kg/m2). Fifteen Chinese men (mean [SD]: age = 25 [3] years and body mass index = 26.2 [1.5] kg/m2] completed four 10-day trials in random order with a 7- to 10-day washout between trials: (a) daily consumption of a control margarine while sedentary (C-S), (b) daily consumption of margarine containing 2 g/day of plant sterols while sedentary (PS-S), (c) daily consumption of a control margarine with 30-min daily walking (C-W), and (d) daily consumption of margarine containing 2 g/day of plant sterols with 30-min daily walking (PS-W). On Day 11 of each trial, postprandial TAG was measured after a high-fat milkshake. The 5-hr total area under the TAG curve was 22%, 25%, and 12% lower on PS-W (mean [SD]: 8.9 [4.3] mmol·5 hr/L) than C-S (11.4 [4.5] mmol·5 hr/L; p = .005; d = 0.56), PS-S (11.9 [4.9] mmol·5 hr/L; p = .004; d = 0.67), and C-W (10.1 [4.4] mmol·5 hr/L; p = .044; d = 0.27) trials, respectively. Similarly, 5-hr incremental area for PS-W (4.5 [2.7] mmol·5 hr/L) was 31%, 32%, and 18% lower than C-S (6.6 [3.3] mmol·5 hr/L; p = .005; d = 0.62), PS-S (6.6 [3.4] mmol·5 hr/L; p = .004; d = 0.64), and C-W (5.5 [2.8] mmol·5 hr/L; p = .032; d = 0.29). Ten days of daily plant sterol intake combined with walking presents an intervention strategy to lower postprandial TAG in Chinese men with elevated body mass index.
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20
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Wilhelmsen A, Mallinson J, Jones R, Cooper S, Taylor T, Tsintzas K. Chronic effects of high-intensity interval training on postprandial lipemia in healthy men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1763-1771. [PMID: 31622161 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00131.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the chronic (≥72 h postexercise) effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on postprandial lipemia and metabolic markers in healthy volunteers. Eight physically active young men (mean ± SD: age 22 ± 3 yr, height 1.77 ± 0.07 m, body mass 67.7 ± 6.2 kg) underwent two 6-h mixed-meal tolerance tests and resting vastus lateralis muscle biopsies before the first session and ≥72 h after the final session of 4 wk of HIIT [16 sessions in total; 10 × 60-s bouts of cycling at 90% maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max), interspersed with 60-s intervals at 45% V̇o2max]. Arterialized and deep venous blood samples from across the forearm, brachial artery blood flow measurements, and whole-body indirect calorimetry data were obtained before, and at regular intervals for 6 h after, consumption of a standardized mixed meal. The main findings revealed that, when assessed ≥72 h postexercise, postprandial free fatty acid (FFA) uptake across the forearm was increased in response to exercise training (P = 0.025). However, 4 wk of HIIT did not alter fasting or postprandial circulating triglyceride concentrations or their tissue uptake, despite a 10.2% ± 7.7% improvement in V̇o2max (P = 0.004). Protein content of adipose triglyceride lipase in the vastus lateralis at rest was reduced by 25% ± 21% (P = 0.01). Collectively, these findings suggest that 4 wk of HIIT enhances postprandial clearance of FFA when assessed ≥72 h postexercise but does not confer persisting (training) adaptations in postprandial triglyceridemia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY When assessed ≥72 h after the last exercise session, 4 wk of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) did not improve triglyceridemia but enhanced free fatty acid uptake into muscle with a concurrent reduction in skeletal muscle adipose triglyceride lipase protein content. This suggests that previously reported acute reductions in postprandial triglyceridemia following a single bout of HIIT do not translate to sustained improvements after 4 wk of HIIT, supporting the concept of frequent exercise for the maintenance of lipemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wilhelmsen
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Mallinson
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Jones
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Cooper
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tariq Taylor
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Paul DJ, Bangsbo J, Cherif A, Nassis GP. The Effects of a Single Versus Three Consecutive Sessions of Football Training on Postprandial Lipemia: a Randomized, Controlled Trial in Healthy, Recreationally Active Males. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2019; 5:38. [PMID: 31440862 PMCID: PMC6706479 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise frequency is important for maintaining health; however, its effects on postprandial responses remain largely unknown. Better understanding this during popular sports activities such as football may influence exercise habits. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of playing one single versus three consecutive days of 60-min small-sided football matches on postprandial lipemia. METHODS Fifteen males performed either one (1FOOT; n = 7) or three 60-min football (3FOOT; n = 8) sessions across an 8-day trial period. On day 1, a blood sample was collected at fasted (0 min) and 0.75, 2, 4, 6 h after a high-fat meal. Participants were then randomly allocated to the 1FOOT (day 7) or 3FOOT (days 5, 6, 7) condition. On day 8, they repeated the high-fat meal and blood sampling for 6 h following the meal. Postprandial total and incremental area under the curve (AUC, iAUC, respectively) were calculated. RESULTS The postprandial triglyceride iAUC was 41% lower from pre- to post-measures for the 1FOOT (p < 0.05; ES = 1.02) and 15.7% lower for the 3FOOT (ns; ES = 0.41). Total triglyceride AUC was lower (26%) post-football matches in the 3FOOT group only (p < 0.01; ES = 1.23). In 3FOOT, insulin concentration was lower for post- compared to pre-measures at 0.75 and 2 h, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION One single 60-min small-sided football match lowered postprandial TG incremental area under the curve while performing three consecutive days of football matches did not result in a greater attenuation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN17934193 , registered 06 April 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J. Paul
- Aspetar – Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Scientific Support and Research, PO BOX 29222, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anissa Cherif
- Anti Doping Laboratory of Qatar (ADLQ, Research Department), Doha, Qatar
| | - George P. Nassis
- Department of Sports Science, City Unity College, 10562 Athens, Greece
- School of Physical Education and Sports Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
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Smallcombe JW, Barrett LA, Sherar LB, Sedgwick MJ, Slater T, Tolfrey K. Short Sprints Accumulated at School Modulate Postprandial Metabolism in Boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:67-76. [PMID: 31403611 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the efficacy of maximal sprint running accumulated during a typical school day to modulate postprandial metabolism in adolescent boys. METHODS Nineteen adolescent boys completed three 2-d experimental conditions: a standard-practice control (CON), an accumulated in-school sprint running (ACC), and a single block of afterschool sprint running (BLO). On day 1, a fasting capillary blood sample was taken at 0735 h in the school. Three subsequent postprandial blood samples were taken at predetermined times after consumption of standardized breakfast and lunch. During ACC, participants accumulated four sets of 10 × 30-m maximal-intensity sprint runs across natural breaks in lessons. During BLO, participants performed the same number of sprints (40) in a single after-school exercise session. The blood samples from day 1 were replicated on the day after exercise (day 2). RESULTS On day 1, no significant differences in total area under the plasma triacylglycerol concentration versus time curve (TAUC-TAG) were observed between conditions (P = 0.126). However, TAUC-insulin was lower in ACC compared with BLO (-26%, effect size [ES] = 0.86, P = 0.001) and CON (-22%, ES = 0.72, P = 0.010). On day 2, TAUC-TAG was 12% lower after ACC (ES = 0.49; P = 0.002) and 10% lower after BLO (ES = 0.37; P = 0.019) compared with CON. No significant differences were observed between conditions on day 2 for postprandial insulin or glucose (P ≥ 0.738). CONCLUSION Four sets of 10 × 30-m sprints, accumulated in four separate bouts (<5 min) during the school day, reduced postprandial triacylglycerol and insulin concentrations in adolescent boys and may represent an effective in-school exercise strategy to promote metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Smallcombe
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Laura A Barrett
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Lauren B Sherar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Matthew J Sedgwick
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Tommy Slater
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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Paul DJ, Nassis GP, Kerouani AC, Bangsbo J. Postprandial lipaemia 10 and 34 hours after playing football: Does playing frequency affect the response? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218043. [PMID: 31265450 PMCID: PMC6605649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated postprandial triglyceride (TG) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The time window for the last bout beneficial effect on postprandial lipaemia after football play is unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine whether playing affects postprandial TG during 1.5 day of reduced activity. Eighteen males were randomly allocated to perform either 1 (1FOOT; n = 9; age = 33.0 ± 5.0 yrs; body mass index = 24.2 ± 3.6 kg/m2) or 3 (3FOOT) consecutive days of 60-min 5 vs 5 football (n = 9; age = 32.8 ± 5.2 yrs; body mass index = 26.2 ± 4.1 kg/m2) matches across a 5-day study period. They arrived to the laboratory 10 hrs and 34 hrs after the final football session and blood samples were collected at fasted (0 min) and 45, 90, 240 and 360 min post a high fat load meal. There were non significant increase for postprandial TG AUC (9.1%; p = 0.17; 95%CI = -0.43 to 2.0; ES = -0.23) and iAUC (14.2%; p = 0.43; 95%CI = -0.92 to 1.9; ES = -0.24) between 10 and 34 hrs after the 1FOOT. For the 3FOOT, there was a non significant decrease in postprandial TG AUC (-2.7%; p = 0.73; 95%CI = -2.0 to 1.5; ES = 0.05) and iAUC (-17.5%; p = 0.41; 95%ci = -2.5 to 1.1; ES = 0.31) from 10 to 34 hrs, respectively. Performing three consecutive days of football exercise may offer no greater protective effect for postprandial TG before a period of reduced activity, compared to a single session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J. Paul
- Aspetar – Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Exercise Sport Science Department, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
| | - George P. Nassis
- Department of Sports Science, City Unity College, Athens, Greece
- School of Physical Education and Sports Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Anissa C. Kerouani
- Aspetar – Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athletes Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Effects of Regular Aerobic Exercise and Resistance Training on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Taiwanese Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16112003. [PMID: 31195651 PMCID: PMC6603984 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) can improve endothelial function. This may help reduce cardiovascular risks and mortality. Evidence has been provided on the association between cardiometabolic traits, such as HDL-C and exercise modalities. However, there is the absence of studies investigating this association in Taiwan. We assessed the relationship between exercise type and HDL-C among Taiwanese adults. Data were collected from Taiwan Biobank (TWB), a national biomedical research database that contains the genetic information of ethnic Taiwanese residents gathered from 2008 to 2016. We enrolled 24,856 participants aged 30 to 70 years who completed a questionnaire about their recent health behaviors including smoking, drinking, and exercise. Regular exercise was categorized as non-aerobic exercise (separated as weight training, ball game, and mixed exercise) and strict aerobic exercise. Linear regression models were used to assess the effects of exercise in a questionnaire-based manner. After multivariate adjustments, HDL-C was positively associated with aerobic (β = 1.33748, p < 0.0001) and non-aerobic (β = 2.56210; p < 0.0001) exercise. Positive associations were also found for resistance training (β = 4.01828, p = 0.0020), ballgame (β = 2.43815, p = 0.0001), and mixed exercise (β = 2.47021, p < 0.0001). This study demonstrated that both aerobic and non-aerobic exercise have positive effects on HDL-C among Taiwanese adults. Among the non-aerobic exercise groups, resistance training had the greatest effect.
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Akins JD, Crawford CK, Burton HM, Wolfe AS, Vardarli E, Coyle EF. Inactivity induces resistance to the metabolic benefits following acute exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1088-1094. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00968.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise improves postprandial lipemia, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity, all of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, recent research suggests that prolonged sedentary behavior might abolish these healthy metabolic benefits. Accordingly, this study aimed to elucidate the impact of an acute bout of exercise on postprandial plasma triglyceride, glucose, and insulin concentrations after 4 days of prolonged sitting (~13.5 h/day). Ten untrained to recreationally active men ( n = 5) and women ( n = 5) completed a counterbalanced, crossover study. Four days of prolonged sitting without exercise (SIT) were compared with 4 days of prolonged sitting with a 1-h bout of treadmill exercise (SIT + EX; 63.1 ± 5.2% V̇o2max) on the evening of the fourth day. The following morning, participants completed a high-fat/glucose tolerance test (HFGTT), during which plasma was collected over a 6-h period and analyzed for triglycerides, glucose, and insulin. No differences between trials ( P > 0.05) were found in the overall plasma triglyceride, glucose, or insulin responses during the HFGTT. This lack of difference between trials comes with similarly low physical activity (~3,500–4,000 steps/day) on each day except for the 1-h bout of exercise during SIT + EX the day before the HFGTT. These data indicate that physical inactivity (e.g., sitting ~13.5 h/day and <4,000 steps/day) creates a condition whereby people become “resistant” to the metabolic improvements that are typically derived from an acute bout of aerobic exercise (i.e., exercise resistance). NEW & NOTEWORTHY In people who are physically inactive and sitting for a majority of the day, a 1-h bout of vigorous exercise failed to improve lipid, glucose, and insulin metabolism measured the next day. It seems that something inherent to inactivity and/or prolonged sitting makes the body resistant to the 1 h of exercise preventing the normally derived metabolic improvements following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Akins
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Charles K. Crawford
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Heath M. Burton
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Anthony S. Wolfe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Emre Vardarli
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Edward F. Coyle
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Mitchell BD, Kalra G, Ryan KA, Zhang M, Sztalryd C, Steinle NI, Taylor SI, Snitker S, Lewis JP, Miller M, Shuldiner AR, Xu H. Increased usual physical activity is associated with a blunting of the triglyceride response to a high-fat meal. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 13:109-114. [PMID: 30553757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial lipemia (PPL), defined as a prolonged or elevated rise in triglycerides that accompanies fat feeding, is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease and associated comorbidities. The impact of PPL on coronary heart disease risk is underscored by the preponderance of each day spent in the postprandial state. OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluated cross-sectionally the association between usual (ie, noninterventional) physical activity and the 6-hour triglyceride response to a standardized high-fat meal. METHODS The high-fat meal intervention was carried out in 671 apparently healthy individuals as part of the Heredity and Phenotype Intervention Heart Study. Triglyceride levels were measured in the fasting state and during 6 hours after administration of a standardized fat challenge. We defined PPL response as the triglyceride area under the fat load curve (AUC) and measured physical activity using accelerometers that were worn continuously over a 7-day period. RESULTS Physical activity levels decreased with increasing age and were higher in men than women (both P < .001). The triglyceride AUC increased with increasing age in both men and women (both P < .001) and was also higher in men than in women (age-adjusted P = 9.2 × 10-12). Higher physical activity levels were associated with a lower triglyceride AUC (P = .003), adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and fasting low-density lipoprotein. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the protective benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular health may operate, at least in part, through reduction of the PPL triglyceride response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braxton D Mitchell
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Gurmannat Kalra
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Man Zhang
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Carole Sztalryd
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nanette I Steinle
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Simeon I Taylor
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Soren Snitker
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joshua P Lewis
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael Miller
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Huichun Xu
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Farinha JB, Macedo CEO, Rodrigues-Krause J, Krüger RL, Boeno FP, Macedo RCO, Queiroz JN, Teixeira BC, Reischak-Oliveira A. Effects of Two Combined Exercise Designs Associated With High-Fat Meal Consumption on Postprandial Lipemia, Insulinemia, and Oxidative Stress. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1422-1430. [PMID: 28486335 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Farinha, JB, Macedo, CEO, Rodrigues-Krause, J, Krüger, RL, Boeno, FP, Macedo, RCO, Queiroz, JN, Teixeira, BC, and Reischak-Oliveira, A. Effects of two combined exercise designs associated with high-fat meal consumption on postprandial lipemia, insulinemia, and oxidative stress. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1422-1430, 2018-Impaired postprandial lipemia (PPL) response after the consumption of a high-fat meal (HFM) is linked to diabetes, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to investigate lipid and glucose metabolism and oxidative stress responses of 2 different combined exercise designs associated with HFM consumption. Eleven healthy and physically active men (27.36 ± 5.04 years) participated in this study. After the pretrial visits, participants were randomly assigned to perform 2-day trials in 3 different conditions (interspaced by at least 1 week): resting (REST), circuit combined exercise (CIRC), or traditional combined exercise (COMB), on the evening of day 1. On the morning of day 2, an HFM was provided and blood samples were obtained before and after 1, 3, and 5 hours of HFM consumption. No differences were found with respect to glucose, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, or total thiol levels in between time points or conditions. One-way analysis of variance demonstrated a difference between REST and CIRC (p = 0.029; reduction of 35.29%) and between REST and COMB (p = 0.041; reduction of 33.41%) conditions with incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for triacylglycerol levels. A difference between REST and CIRC (p = 0.03; reduction of 34.22%) conditions in terms of iAUC for insulin was also found. Both CIRC and COMB exercise designs can reduce PPL associated with HFM consumption. Moreover, CIRC reduces the iAUC for insulin, suggesting additional benefits for prescribing this type of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano B Farinha
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ernani O Macedo
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Josianne Rodrigues-Krause
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata L Krüger
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Francesco P Boeno
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C O Macedo
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica N Queiroz
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Teixeira
- Physical Education School, Integrated Regional University of Upper Uruguay and Missions, São Luiz Gonzaga, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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LEE CHIALUN, KUO YUHSUAN, CHENG CHINGFENG. Acute High-Intensity Interval Cycling Improves Postprandial Lipid Metabolism. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:1687-1696. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Macedo RCO, Boeno FP, Farinha JB, Ramis TR, Rodrigues-Krause J, Vieira AF, Queiroz J, Moritz CEJ, Reischak-Oliveira A. Acute and residual effects of aerobic exercise on fructose-induced postprandial lipemia on lean male subjects. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:2293-2303. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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O'Doherty AF, Sathyapalan T, Rigby AS, Ingle L, Carroll S. The repeatability of the abbreviated (4-h) Oral Fat Tolerance Test and influence of prior acute aerobic exercise. Eur J Nutr 2018; 57:309-318. [PMID: 27743129 PMCID: PMC5847029 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Oral Fat Tolerance Test (OFTT) is regarded as a repeatable measure used to assess postprandial triglyceride (TAG) levels, with higher levels observed in cardio-metabolic disorders. Acute aerobic exercise intervention before OFTT reduces the TAG response, but the repeatability of this effect is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the repeatability of the abbreviated 4-h OFTT with and without immediate prior aerobic exercise. METHODS On four separate days, healthy adult male participants underwent two 4-h OFTT (n = 10) and another two 4-h OFTT with 1-h of standardised moderate intensity aerobic exercise performed immediately before meal ingestion (n = 11). The OFTT meal composition included 75.4 g total fat, 21.7 g carbohydrate and 13.7 g protein. Venous blood was sampled at baseline and hourly up to 4 h after the OFTT meal ingestion, and TAG area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. RESULTS Nonparametric Bland-Altman analysis of 4-h TAG AUC revealed that 9 of 10 repeat measurements fell within ±15 % of the median TAG AUC for the OFTT. By contrast, two of 11 repeat measurements fell within ±15 % of the median TAG AUC for the OFTT undertaken with 1-h prior aerobic exercise. CONCLUSIONS The 4-h OFTT is a repeatable test of postprandial TAG responses in healthy men. However, aerobic exercise performed immediately before OFTT considerably increases the variability of TAG AUC. These findings have implications for interpretation of research studies investigating exercise intervention performed immediately before OFTT. Future studies should also investigate the repeatability of exercise performed 8-24 h before OFTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F O'Doherty
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - T Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - A S Rigby
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - L Ingle
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - S Carroll
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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Emerson SR, Kurti SP, Emerson EM, Cull BJ, Casey K, Haub MD, Rosenkranz SK. Postprandial Metabolic Responses Differ by Age Group and Physical Activity Level. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:145-153. [PMID: 29300434 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the postprandial metabolic responses to a high-fat meal in healthy adults who differ by age and physical activity level. DESIGN Cross-sectional, quasi-experimental design. SETTING Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC) at Kansas State University (Manhattan, KS, USA). PARTICIPANTS Twenty-two healthy adults: 8 younger active (YA) adults (4M/4W; 25 ± 5 yr), 8 older active (OA) adults (4M/4W; 67 ± 5 yr), and 6 older inactive (OI) adults (3M/3W; 68 ± 7 yr). INTERVENTION Following an overnight (10-hour) fast and having abstained from exercise for 2 days, participants consumed a high-fat meal (63% fat, 34% CHO; 12 kcal/kg body mass; 927 ± 154 kcal). To assess the metabolic response, blood draws were performed at baseline and each hour following the meal for 6 hours. MEASUREMENTS Fasting and postprandial triglycerides (TG), glucose, Total-C, and HDL-C were measured. Metabolic load index (MLI) and LDL-C were calculated. RESULTS There were significant group x time interactions for TG (p < 0.0001) and MLI (p = 0.004). The TG total area-under-the-curve (tAUC) response was significantly lower in YA (407.9 ± 115.1 mg/dL 6 hr) compared to OA (625.6 ± 169.0 mg/dL 6 hr; p = 0.02) and OI (961.2 ± 363.6 mg/dL 6 hr; p = 0.0002), while the OA group TG tAUC was lower than the OI group (p = 0.02). The TG peak was significantly lower in YA (90.5 ± 27.0 mg/dL) than OA (144.0 ± 42.2 mg/dL; p = 0.03) and OI (228.2 ± 96.1 mg/dL; p = 0.0003), and was lower in the OA group compared to the OI group (p = 0.03). Glucose was significantly lower 1 hour after the meal in YA (89.4 ± 10.1 mg/dL; p = 0.01) and OA (87.3 ± 22.3 mg/dL; p = 0.005) versus OI (110.7 ± 26.9 mg/dL). MLI tAUC was significantly lower in YA (936.8 ± 137.7 mg/dL 6 hr; p = 0.0007) and OA (1133.0 ± 207.4 mg/dL; p = 0.01) versus OI (1553.8 ± 394.3 mg/dL), with no difference (p = 0.14) between YA and OA groups. Total-C and LDL-C were generally lower in younger compared to older participants at baseline and throughout the postprandial period, while no group or time effects were evident in HDL-C. CONCLUSION Both physical activity status and aging appear to affect the postprandial metabolic, namely TG, response to a high-fat meal. These findings point to an inherently diminished metabolic capacity with aging, but suggest that physical activity may help minimize this decrement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Emerson
- Sam R. Emerson, 1324 Lovers Lane, 212 Justin Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, Telephone: (972) 342-6473,
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Recreational football practice attenuates postprandial lipaemia in normal and overweight individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:261-270. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Thackray AE, Barrett LA, Tolfrey K. Sex differences in postprandial lipaemia after acute high-intensity interval running in young people. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1673-1681. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1409610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. Thackray
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Laura A. Barrett
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Dias CB, Moughan PJ, Wood LG, Singh H, Garg ML. Postprandial lipemia: factoring in lipemic response for ranking foods for their healthiness. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:178. [PMID: 28923057 PMCID: PMC5604516 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the limitations for ranking foods and meals for healthiness on the basis of the glycaemic index (GI) is that the GI is subject to manipulation by addition of fat. Postprandial lipemia, defined as a rise in circulating triglyceride containing lipoproteins following consumption of a meal, has been recognised as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Many non-modifiable factors (pathological conditions, genetic background, age, sex and menopausal status) and life-style factors (physical activity, smoking, alcohol and medication use, dietary choices) may modulate postprandial lipemia. The structure and the composition of a food or a meal consumed also plays an important role in the rate of postprandial appearance and clearance of triglycerides in the blood. However, a major difficulty in grading foods, meals and diets according to their potential to elevate postprandial triglyceride levels has been the lack of a standardised marker that takes into consideration both the general characteristics of the food and the food’s fat composition and quantity. The release rate of lipids from the food matrix during digestion also has an important role in determining the postprandial lipemic effects of a food product. This article reviews the factors that have been shown to influence postprandial lipemia with a view to develop a novel index for ranking foods according to their healthiness. This index should take into consideration not only the glycaemic but also lipemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Botelho Dias
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity & Nutrition, University of Newcastle, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lisa G Wood
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, Australia
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Manohar L Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia. .,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. .,Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity & Nutrition, University of Newcastle, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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Raman spectral characteristics of neck and head of femur in low-density lipoprotein receptor gene knockout mice submitted to treadmill aerobic training. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 173:92-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Littlefield LA, Papadakis Z, Rogers KM, Moncada-Jiménez J, Taylor JK, Grandjean PW. The effect of exercise intensity and excess postexercise oxygen consumption on postprandial blood lipids in physically inactive men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:986-993. [PMID: 28558252 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reductions in postprandial lipemia have been observed following aerobic exercise of sufficient energy expenditure. Increased excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) has been documented when comparing high- versus low-intensity exercise. The contribution of EPOC energy expenditure to alterations in postprandial lipemia has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of low- and high-intensity exercise on postprandial lipemia in healthy, sedentary, overweight and obese men (age, 43 ± 10 years; peak oxygen consumption, 31.1 ± 7.5 mL·kg-1·min-1; body mass index, 31.8 ± 4.5 kg/m2) and to determine the contribution of EPOC to reductions in postprandial lipemia. Participants completed 4 conditions: nonexercise control, low-intensity exercise at 40%-50% oxygen uptake reserve (LI), high-intensity exercise at 70%-80% oxygen uptake reserve (HI), and HI plus EPOC re-feeding (HI+EERM), where the difference in EPOC energy expenditure between LI and HI was re-fed in the form of a sports nutrition bar (Premier Nutrition Corp., Emeryville, Calif., USA). Two hours following exercise participants ingested a high-fat (1010 kcals, 99 g sat fat) test meal. Blood samples were obtained before exercise, before the test meal, and at 2, 4, and 6 h postprandially. Triglyceride incremental area under the curve was significantly reduced following LI, HI, and HI+EERM when compared with nonexercise control (p < 0.05) with no differences between the exercise conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusions, prior LI and HI exercise equally attenuated postprandial triglyceride responses to the test meal. The extra energy expended during EPOC does not contribute significantly to exercise energy expenditure or to reductions in postprandial lipemia in overweight men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A Littlefield
- a College of Health and Human Sciences, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation (HHPR), One Bear Place no. 97313, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Zacharias Papadakis
- a College of Health and Human Sciences, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation (HHPR), One Bear Place no. 97313, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Katie M Rogers
- a College of Health and Human Sciences, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation (HHPR), One Bear Place no. 97313, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - José Moncada-Jiménez
- b Department of Human Movement Sciences, Human Movement Sciences Research Center, University of Costa Rica, PO Box 239-1200, San José, Costa Rica
| | - J Kyle Taylor
- c Medical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Auburn University Montgomery, PO Box 244023, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA
| | - Peter W Grandjean
- a College of Health and Human Sciences, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation (HHPR), One Bear Place no. 97313, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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Thackray AE, Barrett LA, Tolfrey K. High-Intensity Running and Energy Restriction Reduce Postprandial Lipemia in Girls. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:402-11. [PMID: 26460628 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the potency of combining acute high-intensity exercise and energy intake restriction on postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations ([TAG]) in healthy girls. METHODS Sixteen 11- to 13-yr-old girls (mean (SD) body mass, 45.1 (7.6) kg; peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2), 43 (6) mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) completed three 2-d conditions in a counterbalanced crossover design separated by 14 d. On day 1, participants completed 10 × 1-min interval runs (HIIR) or 5 × 1-min interval runs combined with 0.82 (0.19) MJ energy intake restriction (HIIR-ER) or rested (CON). Exercise was completed at 100% maximal aerobic speed determined from an incremental peak V˙O2 test, with 1-min recovery between intervals. On day 2, capillary blood samples were taken in the fasted state and at predetermined intervals throughout the 6.5-h postprandial period. A standardized breakfast and lunch were consumed immediately and 4 h after the fasting sample, respectively. RESULTS Based on ratios of the geometric means (95% confidence intervals (CI) for ratios), fasting [TAG] was 16% and 8% lower than CON in HIIR (-24% to -7%; effect size (ES), 0.49; P = 0.002) and HIIR-ER (-17% to 1%; ES, 0.24; P = 0.09), respectively; HIIR was 8% lower than HIIR-ER (-17% to 1%; ES, 0.25; P = 0.08). The total area under the [TAG] versus time curve was 10% and 9% lower than CON in HIIR (-16% to -3%; ES, 0.30; P = 0.01) and HIIR-ER (-15% to -2%; ES, 0.28; P = 0.01), respectively; HIIR-ER and HIIR were similar (-1%; -8% to 6%; P = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS Manipulations of HIIR and ER reduce postprandial [TAG] in girls. The magnitude of effect was marginally, although not meaningfully, greater after HIIR than that after HIIR-ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Thackray
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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90 Minutes of Moderate-Intensity Exercise does not Attenuate Postprandial Triglycerides in Older Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2016; 9:677-684. [PMID: 27990228 PMCID: PMC5154720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether 90 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, prior to a high fat meal, attenuates postprandial triglycerides (PPT) in older adults. Eight sedentary older adult volunteers (mean ± SD age = 58 ± 8 years, BMI 26.5 ± 4.2); completed two trials consisting of exercise and a no-exercise control. Exercise trials involved 90 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise 60% heart rate reserve (HRR). Following exercise, an overnight fast of 12-16 hours was performed. Participants were given a high fat meal that consisted of 146 grams of CHO, and 92 grams of fat and instructed to rest. Lipid levels were collected at pre-feeding, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours post feeding. The control trial involved no exercise, performed an overnight fast of 12-16 hours, and was given the high fat meal followed by four hours of rest and data collection. There was no difference in PPT between the control and exercise trials (p < 0.05). Triglycerides (TG) increased in both trials over pre-feeding values (pre-feeding 123.13 ± 65.03 con. 111 ± 53.9 ex., 1hr 161.50 ± 83.77 con. 149 ± 71.03 ex., 2hrs 208.25 ± 120.69 con. 177 ± 97.29 ex., 3hrs 228 ± 146.99 con. 147.25 ± 87.64 ex., 4hrs 211.75 ± 140.15 con. 169.5 ± 68.14 ex). No difference in triglycerides over time was observed among older adults between the exercise and control trials.
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Chu A, Boutcher YN, Boutcher SH. Effect of acute interval sprinting exercise on postprandial lipemia of sedentary young men. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:9-14. [PMID: 27298807 PMCID: PMC4899899 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.03.20.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Postprandial lipemia (PPL) contributesto the development of atherosclerosis. In females, repeated 8-second bouts of interval sprinting exercise reduced PPL, however, the effect of 8-second bouts of interval sprinting on PPL of overweight males is undetermined. Thus, the effect of 8-secondsof interval sprinting for 20 min, the night before ingestion of a high-fat meal (HFM), on plasma triacylglycerol(TG) levelswas examined. [Methods] Ten overweight males acted as participants (BMI = 26±3.0kg/m2, age 22 ± 2.5 years). A crossover design was employed withinterval sprinting and a noexercise condition separated by 7days. Participants consumed a milkshake (high-fat meal;HFM = 4170 kJ/993 Kcal) the morning after an overnight fast, followed by 4 hourly blood samples. Participants performedone bout of interval sprinting (8seconds sprinting at 110-115rpm, 12seconds active recovery at ~60rpm for 20 minutes) the evening before the consumption of the HFM. [Results] Postprandial TG was 22.5% lower in the interval sprinting compared to the noexercise condition when comparing the change in total area under the curve (ΔAUCT): ISE(7.15±1.90mmolL-1h-1) versus noexercise (9.22±3.44mmolL-1h-1), p=.014. The correlation between fasting TG levels in the noexercise condition and total reduction in AUCT between the conditions was significant (r=.87, p=.001). [Conclusion] One 20-min bout of interval sprinting,the night before consumption of a HFM,significantly attenuated the PPL response of sedentary males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Chu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia
| | - Yati N Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia
| | - Stephen H Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia
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Hepatic insulin resistance both in prediabetic and diabetic patients determines postprandial lipoprotein metabolism: from the CORDIOPREV study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:68. [PMID: 27095446 PMCID: PMC4837552 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aims Previous evidences have shown the presence of a prolonged and exaggerated postprandial response in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its relation with an increase of cardiovascular risk. However, the response in prediabetes population has not been established. The objective was to analyze the degree of postprandial lipemia response in the CORDIOPREV clinical trial (NCT00924937) according to the diabetic status. Methods 1002 patients were submitted to an oral fat load test meal (OFTT) with 0.7 g fat/kg body weight [12 % saturated fatty acids (SFA), 10 % polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 43 % monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 10 % protein and 25 % carbohydrates]. Serial blood test analyzing lipid fractions were drawn at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h during postprandial state. Postprandial triglycerides (TG) concentration at any point >2.5 mmol/L (220 mg/dL) has been established as undesirable response. We explored the dynamic response in 57 non-diabetic, 364 prediabetic and 581 type 2 diabetic patients. Additionally, the postprandial response was evaluated according to basal insulin resistance subgroups in patients non-diabetic and diabetic without pharmacological treatment (N = 642). Results Prevalence of undesirable postprandial TG was 35 % in non-diabetic, 48 % in prediabetic and 59 % in diabetic subgroup, respectively (p < 0.001). Interestingly, prediabetic patients displayed higher plasma TG and large triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRLs-TG) postprandial response compared with those non-diabetic patients (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003 respectively). Moreover, the area under the curve (AUC) of TG and AUC of TRLs-TG was greater in the prediabetic group compared with non-diabetic patients (p < 0.001 and p < 0.005 respectively). Patients with liver insulin resistance (liver-IR) showed higher postprandial response of TG compared with those patients with muscle-IR or without any insulin-resistance respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that prediabetic patients show a lower phenotypic flexibility after external aggression, such as OFTT compared with nondiabetic patients. The postprandial response increases progressively according to non-diabetic, prediabetic and type 2 diabetic state and it is higher in patients with liver insulin-resistance. To identify this subgroup of patients is important to treat more intensively in order to avoid future cardiometabolic complications.
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Thackray AE, Barrett LA, Tolfrey K. Energy replacement diminishes the effect of exercise on postprandial lipemia in boys. Metabolism 2016; 65:496-506. [PMID: 26975542 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute bouts of exercise reduce postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations ([TAG]) in healthy boys and girls; however, it is not known whether this effect is mediated by the energy deficit. This study examined whether the exercise-induced reduction in postprandial [TAG] persists after immediate dietary replacement of the exercise energy expenditure (EE). METHODS Eighteen healthy 11- to 13-year-old boys (mean (SD): body mass 41.3 (8.4)kg; peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2) 55 (5)mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) completed three, 2-day conditions in a within-measures, crossover design separated by 14days. On day 1, participants rested (CON), exercised at 60% peak V̇O2 inducing a net EE of 32kJ·kg(-1) body mass (EX-DEF) or completed the same exercise with the net EE replaced immediately (EX-REP). On day 2, capillary blood samples were taken in the fasted state and at pre-determined intervals throughout the 6.5h postprandial period. A standardised breakfast and lunch meal were consumed immediately and 4h, respectively, after the fasting sample. RESULTS Based on ratios of the geometric means (95% confidence intervals (CI) for ratios), EX-DEF fasting [TAG] was 19% and 15% lower than CON (-32 to -4%, ES=1.15, P=0.02) and EX-REP (-29 to 0%, ES=0.91, P=0.05) respectively; CON and EX-REP were similar (-4%; P=0.59). The EX-DEF total area under the [TAG] versus time curve was 15% and 16% lower than CON (-27 to 0%, ES=0.55, P=0.05) and EX-REP (-29 to -2%, ES=0.62, P=0.03) respectively; CON and EX-REP were not different (2%; -13 to 20%, P=0.80). CONCLUSION Immediate replacement of the exercise-induced energy deficit negates the reduction in postprandial [TAG] in boys; this highlights the importance of maintaining a negative energy balance immediately post-exercise to maximise the metabolic health benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Thackray
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Laura A Barrett
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Krüger RL, Farinha JB, Teixeira BC, Reischak-Oliveira A. Estresse oxidativo e a função endotelial: efeitos do exercício físico associado à lipemia pós-prandial. J Vasc Bras 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resumo Estratégias que possam prevenir o aparecimento da aterosclerose são de extrema importância para a saúde pública. O aumento da lipemia pós-prandial tem sido investigado, dentre os fatores de risco modificáveis para o desenvolvimento dessa doença, pois pode induzir dano oxidativo e disfunção endotelial. Nesse sentido, o exercício físico é indicado na prevenção do desenvolvimento desses fatores de risco. Esta revisão tem como objetivo realizar um levantamento e comparar os estudos publicados na literatura acerca dos efeitos agudos e subagudos do exercício físico associado à lipemia pós-prandial sobre o estresse oxidativo e a função endotelial. A busca foi realizada nos idiomas português, espanhol e inglês, compreendendo trabalhos publicados até fevereiro de 2015. Com base nos estudos selecionados, conclui-se que os efeitos agudos e subagudos do exercício físico podem ser capazes de atenuar os parâmetros de risco cardiovascular após o consumo de refeição hiperlipídica.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Costa Teixeira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Universidade Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Brasil
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Arjunan SP, Deighton K, Bishop NC, King J, Reischak-Oliveira A, Rogan A, Sedgwick M, Thackray AE, Webb D, Stensel DJ. The effect of prior walking on coronary heart disease risk markers in South Asian and European men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2641-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Maraki MI, Sidossis LS. Physiology in Medicine: update on lifestyle determinants of postprandial triacylglycerolemia with emphasis on the Mediterranean lifestyle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E440-9. [PMID: 26152767 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00245.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review updates the effect of lifestyle on plasma triacylglycerols (TAG) in the postprandial state, commonly reported as postprandial lipemia (PPL), an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Numerous studies have shown that Mediterranean diet may reduce PPL. However, most of these studies were focused on the type of fat (i.e., monounsaturated fat from olive oil), and the other components of the Mediterranean lifestyle were neglected. Physical activity, an integral part of this lifestyle, is widely investigated on its own and shown to reduce PPL. In addition, preliminary results of studies examining other Mediterranean "ingredients", such as legumes, fish, and herbs, showed additional benefits; however, data on the long-term effects are limited. More studies are needed to confirm short-term results and investigate the effects of the whole Mediterranean lifestyle on PPL and whether these effects mediate its protective role on CVD. Moreover, investigation of the effects in nonhealthy populations and the underlying mechanisms would be clinically helpful in individualizing the appropriate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Maraki
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Labros S Sidossis
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece; and Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Departments of Internal Medicine and Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas
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Burns SF, Miyashita M, Stensel DJ. High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Postprandial Triacylglycerol. Sports Med 2015; 45:957-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gordon B, Chen S, Durstine JL. The effects of exercise training on the traditional lipid profile and beyond. Curr Sports Med Rep 2015; 13:253-9. [PMID: 25014391 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information regarding the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise training on the traditional blood lipid and lipoprotein profile. In addition, emerging coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors, such as postprandial lipemia (PPL) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), are reviewed. Numerous studies report that aerobic exercise combined with weight loss significantly reduces blood cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) while improving high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Both aerobic and resistance training demonstrated a reduction in non-HDL-C independent of changes in body weight. Transient beneficial effects of a single session of aerobic exercise are observed for PPL. Nonetheless further research is needed to provide a better understanding of the potential mechanisms for reducing PPL. Exercise as an intervention for patients with MetS leads to improved CAD risk factors including atherogenic dyslipidemia, blood pressure, body composition, insulin sensitivity, and fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gordon
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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Sedgwick MJ, Morris JG, Nevill ME, Barrett LA. Effect of repeated sprints on postprandial endothelial function and triacylglycerol concentrations in adolescent boys. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:806-16. [PMID: 25357120 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.964749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether repeated, very short duration sprints influenced endothelial function (indicated by flow-mediated dilation) and triacylglycerol concentrations following the ingestion of high-fat meals in adolescent boys. Nine adolescent boys completed two, 2-day main trials (control and exercise), in a counter-balanced, cross-over design. Participants were inactive on day 1 of the control trial but completed 40 × 6 s maximal cycle sprints on day 1 of the exercise trial. On day 2, capillary blood samples were collected and flow-mediated dilation measured prior to, and following, ingestion of a high-fat breakfast and lunch. Fasting flow-mediated dilation and plasma triacylglycerol concentration were similar in the control and exercise trial (P > 0.05). In the control trial, flow-mediated dilation was reduced by 20% and 27% following the high-fat breakfast and lunch; following exercise these reductions were negated (main effect trial, P < 0.05; interaction effect trial × time, P < 0.05). The total area under the plasma triacylglycerol concentration versus time curve was 13% lower on day 2 in the exercise trial compared to the control trial (8.65 (0.97) vs. 9.92 (1.16) mmol · l(-1) · 6.5 h, P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that repeated 6 s maximal cycle sprints can have beneficial effects on postprandial endothelial function and triacylglycerol concentrations in adolescent boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sedgwick
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
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Ogawa A, Kadooka Y, Kato K, Shirouchi B, Sato M. Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 reduces postprandial and fasting serum non-esterified fatty acid levels in Japanese hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:36. [PMID: 24548293 PMCID: PMC3944925 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) inhibits dietary fat absorption in rats and exerts preventive effects on abdominal adiposity in rats and humans. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of LG2055 on postprandial serum lipid responses in Japanese subjects with hypertriacylglycerolemia after the intake of oral fat-loading test (OFLT) meals. METHODS We conducted a single-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject, repeated-measure intervention trial. Twenty subjects initially ingested the fermented milk (FM) without LG2055 for 4 weeks (control FM period), followed by a 4-week washout period, and then consumed FM containing LG2055 for 4 weeks (active FM period). The subjects were asked to consume FM at 200 g/day. At the end of each 4-week period, an 8-h OFLT was conducted. Blood samples were collected at fasting and every hour for 8 h after OFLT meal intake. Thereafter, postprandial serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) levels and fasting blood parameters were measured. RESULTS The OFLT showed that the postprandial serum NEFA levels from 120 to 480 min and the postprandial serum TAG level at 120 min in the active FM period were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those in the control FM period. The fasting serum NEFA level in the active FM period significantly (P < 0.001) decreased at week 4 from the initial period compared with the control FM period. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of probiotic LG2055 reduced postprandial and fasting serum NEFA levels, suggesting its possible contribution to the reduction of the risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN000011605.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Masao Sato
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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