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Hernández-Trujillo JA, González-Rivera MD, Romero-Franco N, González-Hernández JM. Acute effects of voluntary isometric contractions at maximal shortening vs. ballistic stretching on flexibility, strength and jump. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17819. [PMID: 39099661 PMCID: PMC11296302 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Isometric training is used in sport, conventional physical activity and rehabilitation. Understandably, there is a great deal of research related to its effect on performance. It is known that the length of the muscle at the moment of contraction is a determinant of strength levels. In the literature we find research on isometric training in short muscle lengths, although it has not been studied in maximally shortened positions or the acute effects that occur after its application. Ballistic stretching (BS) is also popular in sport. Their execution involves actively reaching maximally shortened muscle positions. So far, isometric training has not been compared with protocols involving ballistic stretching. Considering the above, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of BS and voluntary isometric contraction at maximal shortening (VICAMS) on range of motion, strength and vertical jump. Methods The study involved 60 healthy, physically active individuals (40 and 52 years old) who were randomly assigned to three groups: BS, VICAMS and a control group (CG). To assess acute effects, before and after the intervention, active range of motion (AROM), maximal voluntary isometric force (MVIF) and countermovement jump height (CMJ) were determined. Results Time main effects and time*group interactions were found for all variables (p < 0.001). Between-group differences were shown for the VICAMS group after the intervention, with statistically significant higher AROM values compared to the other groups. MVIF values were also higher in the VICAMS group. Intra-group differences were observed for the VICAMS and Ballistic groups, as values on all variables increased from baseline. For the CMJ, intra-group differences showed that both the VICAMS and BS groups improved values compared to baseline values. Conclusions The application of VICAMS induced acute improvements over BS in AROM, MVIF and CMJ. These results are important for coaches seeking immediate performance improvement and offer an optimal solution to the warm-up protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Artemi Hernández-Trujillo
- Escuela de Doctorado Area de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- BioReed Lab, Tenerife, Canarias, Spain
| | | | - Natalia Romero-Franco
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jorge M. González-Hernández
- Faculty of Health Sciences, EVOPRED Research Group, Universidad Europea de Canarias, La Orotava, Tenerife, Spain
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Moura TBMA, McGuigan MR, Boullosa D. Effects of Different Conditioning Activities on the Sprint Performance of Elite Sprinters: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:712-721. [PMID: 38823792 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE), which refers to the phenomena associated with the attainment of enhanced performance in sport-specific tasks after a conditioning activity, is an important objective of warming-up practices in many sports. This is even more relevant for sprinters, as potential increases in sprinting speed will directly influence their competitive results. This systematic review with meta-analysis evaluated the effects of different PAPE protocols (ie, using plyometrics, strength-power exercises, and resisted/assisted sprints) on the sprinting performance (ie, sprint time or sprint speed) of competitive sprinters. METHODS Initially, 1205 records published until last December 18 were identified, using the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Clarivate Web of Science. After removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, 14 high-quality studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. RESULTS Overall, there were no significant changes in sprint performance after implementing various types of conditioning activities (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.16 [95% CI, -0.02 to 0.33]; Z = 1.78; P = .08; I2 = 0%). In addition, when comparing prechanges and postchanges between experimental, control, and other conditions, no significant differences were found in sprint speed or time across all studies (SMD = 0.09 [95% CI, -0.10 to 0.28]; Z = 0.92; P = .36; I = 0%). CONCLUSIONS Results revealed that different types of conditioning activities may not be capable of acutely enhancing the sprint speed of competitive sprinters. This aligns with previous observations indicating that sprinting is a highly stable physical capacity, a phenomenon that is even more consistent among elite sprinters. Coaches and sport scientists should collaborate to develop more efficient PAPE protocols for these highly specialized athletes, with special attention to study design and individualization, while considering their effects on acceleration versus top speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Gallardo P, Giakas G, Sakkas GK, Tsaklis PV. Are Surface Electromyography Parameters Indicative of Post-Activation Potentiation/Post-Activation Performance Enhancement, in Terms of Twitch Potentiation and Voluntary Performance? A Systematic Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:106. [PMID: 38921642 PMCID: PMC11205249 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim was to identify if surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters are indicative of post-activation potentiation (PAP)/post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), in terms of twitch potentiation and voluntary performance. Three databases were used in April 2024, with the following inclusion criteria: (a) original research, assessed in healthy human adults, and (b) sEMG parameters were measured. The exclusion criteria were (a) studies with no PAP/PAPE protocol and (b) non-randomized control trials. The following data were extracted: study characteristics/demographics, PAP/PAPE protocols, sEMG parameters, twitch/performance outcomes, and study findings. A modified physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale was used for quality assessment. Fifteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with a total of 199 subjects, were included. The M-wave amplitude (combined with a twitch torque outcome) was shown to generally be indicative of PAP. The sEMG amplitudes (in some muscles) were found to be indicative of PAPE during ballistic movements, while a small decrease in the MdF (in certain muscles) was shown to reflect PAPE. Changes in the Hmax/Mmax ratio were found to contribute (temporally) to PAP, while the H-reflex amplitude was shown to be neither indicative of PAP nor PAPE. This review provides preliminary findings suggesting that certain sEMG parameters could be indicative of PAP/PAPE. However, due to limited studies, future research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gallardo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
| | - Giannis Giakas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
| | - Giorgos K. Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
| | - Panagiotis V. Tsaklis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
- Department Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Growth and Metabolism, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.)/(C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Jaiswal PR, Ramteke SU, Shedge S. Enhancing Athletic Performance: A Comprehensive Review on Kettlebell Training. Cureus 2024; 16:e53497. [PMID: 38440022 PMCID: PMC10910645 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A kettlebell is a weight made of cast iron shaped like a ball with a handle. Commercial kettlebells are offered in capacities that vary from 3 pounds to 100 pounds (or more). The kettlebell has a variety of possible clinical applications, including dynamic flexibility exercises and power training. Players' efficacy during the game can be improved by developing their strongest potential prior to exercising and efficiently converting that strength to power as the event draws near. Strengthening has been recommended as an effective means to avoid injuries, build muscle strength, and enhance one's health in relation to performance in the game. This type of training focuses on the hip, thigh, core, and abdominal muscles to help with appropriate lower-limb alignment and the recruitment of muscle patterns. Kettlebell training is a flexible and useful strategy for improving players' performance in a variety of sports. It adds value to athlete training programs by enhancing strength, power, endurance, explosive power, and postural coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik R Jaiswal
- Sports Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Swapnil U Ramteke
- Sports Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Saylee Shedge
- Sports Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
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Afonso J, Brito J, Abade E, Rendeiro-Pinho G, Baptista I, Figueiredo P, Nakamura FY. Revisiting the 'Whys' and 'Hows' of the Warm-Up: Are We Asking the Right Questions? Sports Med 2024; 54:23-30. [PMID: 37658965 PMCID: PMC10798919 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The warm-up is considered beneficial for increasing body temperature, stimulating the neuromuscular system and overall preparing the athletes for the demands of training sessions and competitions. Even when warm-up-derived benefits are slight and transient, they may still benefit preparedness for subsequent efforts. However, sports training and competition performance are highly affected by contextual factors (e.g., how is the opponent acting?), and it is not always clear what should be the preferred warm-up modalities, structure and load for each athlete and context. Further, we propose that the warm-up can also be used as a pedagogical and training moment. The warm-up may serve several different (albeit complementary) goals (e.g., rising body temperature, neuromuscular activation, attentional focus) and be performed under a plethora of different structures, modalities, and loads. The current commentary highlights the warm-up period as an opportunity to teach or improve certain skills or physical capacities, and not only as a preparation for the subsequent efforts. Moreover, the (justified) call for individualized warm-ups would benefit from educating athletes about exploring different warm-up tasks and loads, providing a broad foundation for future individualization of the warm-up and for more active, engaged, and well-informed participation of the athletes in deciding their own warm-up practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Abade
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Ivan Baptista
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
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Dos Santos Silva D, Boullosa D, Moura Pereira EV, de Jesus Alves MD, de Sousa Fernandes MS, Badicu G, Yagin FH, Aidar FJ, Dos Santos LF, do Nascimento HR, Ardigò LP, de Souza RF. Post-activation performance enhancement effect of drop jump on long jump performance during competition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16993. [PMID: 37813947 PMCID: PMC10562427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drop jump is widely used in training sessions, aiming for chronic effects on long jump performance. However, the acute effect of drop jump on long jump performance through its use as a Conditioning Activity (CA) has not been explored. The objective of this study was to verify the Post-activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) responses induced by successive Drop Jumps (DJ) on competitive long jump performance. Eleven male jumpers (19.0 ± 2.0 years; 178.0 ± 9.0 cm; 73.1 ± 8.9 kg; and personal record 5.78 ± 0.44 m) volunteered for participation. The athletes performed 5 drop jumps 2 min (1'45-2'15 min) before the second, and fourth attempt during official competition of state level, the attempts without the use of CA were considered controls. The performance of the second (5.63 ± 0.43 m), third (5.65 ± 0.46, g = 0.24) and fourth (5.71 ± 0.34 m) jumps performed after activation were higher than the first (5.54 ± 0.45 m) in the control condition, p = 0.02, and p = 0.01 respectively. Differences were also found in the take-off vertical velocity of the jump between the fourth (1.55 ± 0.21) and the first jump (1.30 ± 0.40), p = 0.006. Jump performance showed positive correlation with approach velocity, r = 0.731, vertical take-off velocity, r = 0.412, and take-off duration, r = 0.508. The mean performance in jumping post-activation (5.67 ± 0.38 m) was higher than that without the use of previous CA (5.59 ± 0.44 m), p = 0.02, g = 0.19. The use of DJs as a CA prior to the long jump promotes improvements in the performance of the jump, which can be explained by the increase in the take-off vertical velocity in the athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devisson Dos Santos Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Research and Development Department, iLOAD Solutions, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Micael Deivison de Jesus Alves
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes
- Graduate Program, Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania.
| | - Fatma Hilal Yagin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Felipe J Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Leila Fernanda Dos Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | | | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Raphael Fabricio de Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
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7
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Nishioka T, Okada J. Ballistic Exercise Versus Heavy Resistance Exercise Protocols: Which Resistance Priming Is More Effective for Improving Neuromuscular Performance on the Following Day? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1939-1946. [PMID: 36930886 PMCID: PMC10510827 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nishioka, T and Okada, J. Ballistic exercise versus heavy resistance exercise protocols: which resistance priming is more effective for improving neuromuscular performance on the following day? J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 1939-1946, 2023-This study aimed to determine whether ballistic exercise priming (BEP) or heavy resistance priming (HRP) is more effective for improving ballistic performance after 24 hours. Ten resistance-trained men performed BEP and HRP conditions 72-144 hours apart in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Jumping performance was assessed before and 24 hours after the BEP and HRP sessions using 0 and 40% one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat jump (SJ), 0 and 40% 1RM countermovement jump (CMJ), and drop jump (DJ) reactive strength index (RSI). Statistical significance was accepted at p ≤ 0.05. In the BEP condition, 0% 1RM CMJ height (+3.62%) as well as theoretical maximum velocity (+5.14%) and theoretical maximum power (+2.55%) obtained from CMJ 24 hours after the priming session were significantly greater than those at the baseline ( p ≤ 0.05), but 0% 1RM SJ height and DJ RSI ( p > 0.05) were not greater than those at the baseline. In the HRP condition, the jump performances were not improved ( p > 0.05). The percentage change in 0% 1RM CMJ height in the BEP condition was significantly greater than that seen in the HRP condition ( p = 0.015) but did not differ for 0% 1RM SJ height and DJ RSI ( p > 0.05). These results suggest that the BEP is more effective than HRP in improving CMJ performance after 24 hours. Therefore, practitioners should consider prescribing resistance priming using low-load ballistic exercises rather than high-load traditional exercises when planning to enhance athlete performance on the following day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nishioka
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan; and
| | - Junichi Okada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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Caldeira C, Lima-Silva AE, Tricoli V, Rodacki CLN, Paulo AC. Simultaneous Upper- and Lower-Limb Postactivation Performance Enhancement After Clean and Jerk. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1206-1212. [PMID: 37536675 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies on postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) have used different exercises as a conditioning activity to investigate potentiation, but exclusively in upper limbs (UL) or lower (LL) limbs, or contralateral potentiation. A single exercise capable of inducing PAPE in both UL and LL is currently unknown. The present study explored the effect of the clean and jerk (C&J) as a conditioning activity for simultaneously producing PAPE interlimbs at the fourth, seventh, and 12th minutes postintervention. Twelve male weightlifters with 1-repetition maximum (1RM) in the C&J equivalent to ≥1.15 × body mass were randomly submitted to 2 experimental conditions (C&J and control [CON]). The C&J condition consisted of general warm-up (running on a treadmill and self-selected preparatory exercises) and 4 sets of 3 repetitions of C&J with 2 minutes between them (30%1RM, 50%1RM, 65%1RM, and 80%1RM) followed by a countermovement jump and a bench-press throw on a Smith machine after 4, 7, and 12 minutes, to measure the magnitude of PAPE in UL and LL. No previous exercise preceded countermovement-jump and bench-press-throw tests in the CON besides general warm-up. The main finding was that, regardless of time, the C&J resulted in greater height on countermovement jump and Smith machine bench-press throw when compared with the CON, presenting a similar effect size between UL and LL (34.6 [3.9] vs 33.4 [4.1] cm [+3.66%]; P = .038; effect size = 0.30 and 30.3 [4.7] vs 29.0 [5.1] cm [+4.44%]; P = .039; effect size = 0.26), respectively. Thus, C&J can be useful to produce PAPE simultaneously among members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleonir Caldeira
- Laboratory of TFESP, Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR,Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Laboratory of TFESP, Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR,Brazil
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
| | - Cintia L N Rodacki
- Laboratory of TFESP, Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR,Brazil
| | - Anderson C Paulo
- Laboratory of TFESP, Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR,Brazil
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Ouergui I, Delleli S, Messaoudi H, Bridge CA, Chtourou H, Franchini E, Ardigò LP. Effects of conditioning activity mode, rest interval and effort to pause ratio on post-activation performance enhancement in taekwondo: a randomized study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1179309. [PMID: 37501925 PMCID: PMC10369352 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1179309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The present study assessed the effects of conditioning activities, using different effort-to-pause ratios and rest intervals, on taekwondo physical performance. Methods: Twenty-one athletes (13 males and 8 females) (Mean ± SD; age = 20.4 ± 1.4 years) performed a control (CC) and twelve experimental conditions. Each condition contained a standard warm-up (i.e., CC: running at 9 km/h for 10 min) and conditioning activities comprising plyometrics P) or repeated high-intensity techniques (RT) using 1:6, 1:9 and self-selected rest (SSR) ratios, and two rest intervals (3 and 7 min). Athletes then performed a battery of fitness tests: countermovement jump (CMJ), taekwondo specific agility (TSAT), 10s and multiple frequency speed kick test (FSKT-10s and FSKT-mult, respectively). Results: All of the preloads provided higher performance outputs compared to the control trial (all p < 0.05). For CMJ, 1:6 ratio with 3 min induced lower values with RT compared to P (p = 0.037) and 1:9 ratio using 3 min induced higher values with RT compared to P (p = 0.027). Additionally, 1:6 ratio using 7 min induced higher values with RT compared to P (p = 0.016). For FSKT-10, 3 min using 1:6 induced higher values with P compared to RT, while RT induced higher values with 7 min using 1:6 ratio compared to P (both p < 0.001). Moreover, 3 min using 1:9 ratio induced higher values with P compared to RT (p = 0.034), while RT induced higher values with 1:9 ratio using 7 min compared to P (p < 0.001). Finally, 3 min using SSR ratio induced higher values with RT compared to P (p = 0.034). Conclusion: Plyometrics and RT activities improved performance with plyometrics requiring shorter rest interval to induce potentiation effects compared to RT, which required longer interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ouergui
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Sport Sciences, Health and Movement, UR22JS01, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Slaheddine Delleli
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Messaoudi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Craig Alan Bridge
- Sports Performance Research Group, Wilson Centre, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Brink NJ, Constantinou D, Torres G. Postactivation Performance Enhancement in Healthy Adults Using a Bodyweight Conditioning Activity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:930-937. [PMID: 36662121 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Brink, NJ, Constantinou, D, and Torres, G. Postactivation performance enhancement in healthy adults using a bodyweight conditioning activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 930-937, 2023-A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to review the available evidence on whether a bodyweight conditioning activity can acutely improve the performance outcome of a subsequent task through postactivation performance enhancement. Data sources included PubMed (National Library of Medicine), Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), Google Scholar, SPORTDiscuss (EBSCO), Embase (Elsevier), and Thesis Global. Subjects were healthy, active adults who performed either a vertical jump or a linear sprint outcome measurement. All studies were randomized controlled trials where the effects of a bodyweight conditioning activity were compared with a control condition. The control group followed the same course as the experimental group excluding the intervention, with the intervention and outcome measurement carried out in the same session. The intervention was completed before the initiation of the outcome measure testing. Nineteen studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included. There was a small overall effect of 0.30 (95% confidence interval 0.14-0.46, p = 0.0003) in favor of using a bodyweight conditioning activity to improve the outcome of a subsequent vertical jump or linear sprint. Secondary analysis indicated that there was no difference between the vertical jump and sprint subgroup, <5 minutes or 5 minutes and greater between the intervention and outcome measurement subgroup, or whether an intervention with the same movements or different movements was used before the outcome task subgroup. Using bodyweight conditioning activities before performing a maximal vertical jump or sprint may provide a small benefit in performance outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Brink
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; and
- FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Demitri Constantinou
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; and
- FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Georgia Torres
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; and
- FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Johannesburg, South Africa
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11
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Baiget E, Colomar J, Corbi F. Joint-specific Postactivation Potentiation Enhances Serve Velocity in Young Tennis Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:840-847. [PMID: 36961987 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Baiget, E, Colomar, J, and Corbi, F. Joint-specific postactivation potentiation enhances serve velocity in young tennis players. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 840-847, 2023-This study aimed (a) to analyze the influence of sport-specific postactivation potentiation (PAP) on serve velocity (SV) and serve accuracy (SA) in young tennis players, (b) to compare the PAP effects of 2 different conditioning activities (CA) on SV and SA, and (c) to explore if changes in SV would be related to tennis player's neuromuscular performance. Sixteen competition young tennis players performed 3 testing sessions in a randomized order. In the control session, subjects performed a warm-up protocol followed by the SV and SA tests. The experimental sessions involved 1 (shoulder internal rotation [SHIR]) or 2 (SHIR + shoulder flexion [SHF]) repetitions of a 5 second maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) executed before the SV and SA tests. Results showed a moderate significant (p = 0.037) difference between SV at control session and following the SHIR + SHF CA protocol at minute 0 (3.4 ± 4.6%; 4.6 km·h-1; ES = 0.711). Serve accuracy did not differ between CA protocols and control session at any time point. No significant relations were found between force-time curve parameters and SV percent changes at different recovery times. Performing 2, short (5 seconds), upper-limb, tennis joint-specific MVIC seems to enhance SV without negatively affecting SA in young competition tennis players. On the contrary, performing one MVIC does not seem to obtain the same effects. Moreover, tennis players with improved neuromuscular performance do not seem to exhibit a better predisposition to postactivation performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Baiget
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joshua Colomar
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain; and
| | - Francisco Corbi
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
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12
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Valcarce-Merayo E, Latella C. Precompetition Strategies to Improve Performance in Endurance or Repeated Intermittent Activity: Evidence and Practical Suggestions. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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13
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Yi W, Chen C, Zhou Z, Cui W, Wang D. Acute effects of ballistic versus heavy-resistance exercises on countermovement jump and rear-hand straight punch performance in amateur boxers. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:161. [PMID: 36031611 PMCID: PMC9420262 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Ballistic and heavy-resistance exercises may potentially enhance lower body power, which is paramount for the punching performance of amateur boxers. This study aimed to determine the acute effects of ballistic exercise (BE) and heavy-resistance exercise (HRE) on countermovement jump (CMJ) and rear-hand straight punch performance in amateur boxers. Methods Ten amateur boxers performed two conditioning exercises in a randomized and counterbalanced order as follows: squat jump with 4 sets × 8 repetitions at 30% one-repetition maximum (1RM) for BE and squat with 3 sets × 5 repetitions at 80% 1RM for HRE. The jump height (JH), relative maximal force (RMF), relative maximal power (RMP) of the CMJ, punch force (PF), and punch speed (PS) of a rear-hand straight punch were measured before and 3, 6, 9, and 12 min after either BE or HRE. Results No significant condition × time interaction was found for JH (p = 0.303), RMF (p = 0.875), RMP (p = 0.480), PF (p = 0.939), and PS (p = 0.939). In addition, no main effect of the condition for JH (p = 0.924), RMF (p = 0.750), RMP (p = 0.631), PF (p = 0.678), and PS (p = 0.712). A significant main effect of time was observed for PF (p = 0.001) and PS (p = 0.001), whereas JH (p = 0.081), RMF (p = 0.141), and RMP (p = 0.430) were not. Pairwise comparison identified that PF (p = 0.031) and PS (p = 0.005) significantly increased at 9 min compared with those at baseline. Conclusions The findings of this study demonstrated that BE and HRE protocols can potentiate the rear-hand straight punch performance at 9 min but bring less favorable improvements for JH, RMF, or RMP of CMJ.
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Cormier P, Freitas TT, Loturco I, Turner A, Virgile A, Haff GG, Blazevich AJ, Agar-Newman D, Henneberry M, Baker DG, McGuigan M, Alcaraz PE, Bishop C. Within Session Exercise Sequencing During Programming for Complex Training: Historical Perspectives, Terminology, and Training Considerations. Sports Med 2022; 52:2371-2389. [PMID: 35816233 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this narrative review was to outline the historical genesis of resistance training strategies that incorporate high-load, low-velocity exercises and low-load, high-velocity exercises in the same training session allowing for different "exercise sequences" to be simultaneously implemented. Discrepancies between scientific works and the terminology used within contemporary sport science publications are identified. Upon review of the literature, we propose "complex training" to be considered an umbrella term with 4 different implementations, generally used to indicate a method in which movement velocity or load is altered between sets and/or exercises within the same session with the aim of improving slow and fast force expression. We propose the following terminology for said implementations: contrast training-exercise sequence with alternating high-load and low-load (higher-velocity) exercises in a set-by-set fashion within the same session (corresponding with 'contrast pairs' and 'intra-contrast rest'); descending training-several sets of high-load (e.g., back squat) exercises completed before the execution of several sets of low-load, higher-velocity (e.g., vertical jump) exercises within the same session; ascending training-several sets of low-load, higher-velocity exercises completed before several sets of high-load exercises within the same session; and French contrast training-subset of contrast training in which a series of exercises are performed in sequence within a single session: heavy compound exercise, plyometric exercise, light-to-moderate load compound exercise that maximises movement speed (i.e., external power), and a plyometric exercise (often assisted). Finally, practical applications and training considerations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cormier
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, UCAM, Murcia, Spain. .,NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil. .,SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy. .,Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Adam Virgile
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Vermont, USA
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Dana Agar-Newman
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Molly Henneberry
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel G Baker
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Michael McGuigan
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, UCAM, Murcia, Spain.,SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
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Effects of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) Induced by a Plyometric Protocol on Deceleration Performance. J Hum Kinet 2021; 80:5-16. [PMID: 34868412 PMCID: PMC8607778 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon which can improve power performance executed after a previous conditioning activity. PAP is usually evoked through heavy resistance or plyometric exercise. It has been suggested to refer to as Postactivation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) when research is field-based on explosive activities. To our best knowledge, no studies have investigated the effects of PAPE on deceleration performance, which is a key factor in sports involving change of directions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a plyometric exercise protocol on a subsequent deceleration running performance. University soccer players (n = 18) performed seven deceleration trials and were assessed at baseline and after ~15 s, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 min either following a walking control condition (C) or three sets of ten repetitions of alternate-leg bounding (plyometric, P). Results showed no significant differences at any of the trials under the control condition (C) in comparison to the relative baseline. Under the plyometric condition (P), deceleration performance executed two minutes after the plyometric activity resulted in significantly faster results compared to the baseline values (p = 0.042; ES = 0.86, large effect; % of improvement = 4.13 %). The main findings are that plyometric exercise improves a subsequent running deceleration performance, 2 min after its execution. Future investigations should focus on more complex actions such as changes of direction and agility.
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16
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Brink NJ, Constantinou D, Torres G. Postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) of sprint acceleration performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1411-1417. [PMID: 34252001 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1955012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) is a principle that an acute bout of high-intensity voluntary exercise is followed by an enhancement in strength, speed or power production. This study intended to show a direct correlation between intensity, specificity and the outcome of a maximal task of sprint accelerations compared to a previously defined weighted plyometric intervention. In a randomised controlled, double-blind trial, professional footballers undertook 20 m maximal sprint accelerations at a baseline and at 2 and 6 min post-intervention after 1 of 3 interventions; 2 repetitions of 20 m sprint accelerations (S), 3 × 10 alternative leg weighted bounding (P) and control (C). Relative to the baseline there was a significant improvement for S over 10 and 20 m at 2 min of 0.12m.s-1 and 0.11m.s-1 and 6 min of 0.11m.s-1 and 0.12m.s-1. Relative to the baseline P also had a significant improvement over 10 and 20 m at 2 min 0.09m.s-1 and 0.09m.s-1 and 6 min of 0.11m.s-1 and 0.09m.s-1. There was a significant improvement in C between 2 and 6 min post-intervention at 10 and 20 m of 0.06m.s-1 and 0.08m.s-1. This finding suggests a maximal sprint acceleration may enhance the outcome of a subsequent maximal sprint acceleration at 2 min, but the latter results could not be directly attributed to the interventions as previous testing is likely to have influenced these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Brink
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Demitri Constantinou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Georgia Torres
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Johannesburg, South Africa
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17
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The Relationship between Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Jumps and Their Influence on Speed Abilities: Gender Consideration. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13040694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Plyometric exercises, in the form of jumping, are extreme physical activities. The aim of the study was to determine how symmetrical-single versus asymmetrical-continued plyometric exercises differ between men and women and affect speed abilities. Methods: Twenty-two healthy females and forty-four males from different sports practices participated in the investigation. The countermovement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) of 40/60 cm box were performed on two independent and synchronized force platforms (Bilateral Tensiometric Platform S2P, Ljubljana, Slovenia). The measurement of a standing long jump (SLJ) and all continuous jumps: standing five jumps (SFJ), standing bounce triple jump (SBTJ), five double-leg jumps (FD-LJ), and a 10 m horizontal single leg jump (HSLJ-10mL/R) were performed using OptoJump–Next Microgate (OptoJump, Bolzano, Italy). Results: Statistically significant differences were noted in all jump kinematic and somatic parameters, in favor of the men. The correlations between values of height of symmetrical jumps (bilateral) and distance (SLJ) were stronger in women despite the shorter jumps than the men. When an alpha-level of 0.01 was set, this study demonstrated a stronger correlation between symmetrical-single and asymmetrical-continuous plyometrics exercises and sprints, both men and women. This relationship is due to their similar kinematic and dynamic structures with sprinting steps. Conclusions: The results showed a large dispersion of the relationship (p < 0.05) between jumps and sprints divided into 10, 20 and 30 m, both in men and women. Both types of exercises implemented as a plyometric training regime are an extremely important tool for sprint speed development.
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18
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Does a Loaded Warm-Up Influence Jump Asymmetry and Badminton-Specific Change of Direction Performance? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:578-584. [PMID: 33524952 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously, it has been shown that loaded warm-up (LWU) can improve change-of-direction speed (CODS) in professional badminton players. However, the effect of asymmetry on CODS in badminton players and the influence of LWU on asymmetry has not been examined. METHODS A total of 21 amateur badminton players (age 29.5 [8.4] y, playing experience 8.4 [4.2] y) completed 2 trials. In the first, they performed a control warm-up. In the second, they performed the same warm-up but with 3 exercises loaded with a weight vest (LWU). Following both warm-ups, players completed single-leg countermovement jump and badminton-specific CODS tests. RESULTS No significant differences between control warm-up and LWU were observed for CODS, single-leg countermovement jump, or single-leg countermovement jump asymmetry. However, small effect sizes suggested faster CODS (mean difference: -5%; d = -0.32) and lower asymmetries (mean difference: -3%; d = -0.39) following LWU. Five players (24%) experienced CODS improvements greater than the minimum detectable change while 2 (10%) responded negatively. Asymmetry was not correlated with CODS following control warm-up (ρ = .079; P = .733) but was negatively associated with CODS after LWU (ρ = -.491; P = .035). CONCLUSION LWU may prove a strategy to trial on an individual basis, but generic recommendations should not be applied.
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Garbisu-Hualde A, Santos-Concejero J. Post-Activation Potentiation in Strength Training: A Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature. J Hum Kinet 2021; 78:141-150. [PMID: 34025872 PMCID: PMC8120977 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to determine the ideal combination of post activation potentiation (PAP) strategies for an improved strength performance. After analysing 202 articles, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings of this review suggest that a potentiation effect exists as long as a minimum intensity and enough rest are provided. Although intensities of 65% 1RM are sufficient to elicit a potentiation effect, higher effects can be achieved with 85 - 90% 1RM intensities. Similarly, we found that experienced athletes will benefit more from a higher volume bout (1-3 sets), as long as 7-8 minutes of rest are allowed to avoid fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaitz Garbisu-Hualde
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-GasteizSpain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-GasteizSpain
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20
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Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Stastny P, Golas A. Post-activation Performance Enhancement in the Bench Press Throw: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2021; 11:598628. [PMID: 33519506 PMCID: PMC7844331 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.598628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mechanical power output is recognized as a critical characteristic of an athlete with regard to superior performance during a competition. It seems fully justified that ballistic exercises, in which the external load is projected into a flight phase, as in the bench press throw (BPT), are the most commonly prescribed exercises for the development of power output. In addition, the muscular phenomenon known as post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), which is an acute improvement in strength and power performance as a result of recent voluntary contractile history, has become the focus of many strength and conditioning training programs. Although the PAPE phenomenon is widely used in the upper-body training regimens, there are still several issues regarding training variables that facilitate the greatest increase in power output and need to be resolved. Objective: The purposes of this meta-analysis were to determine the effect of performing a conditioning activity (CA) on subsequent BPT performances and the influence of different types of CA, intra-complex rest intervals, and intensities during the CA on the upper-body PAPE effect in resistance-trained men. Methods: A search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus) was conducted to identify all studies that investigated the PAPE in the BPT up to August 2020. Eleven articles, which met the inclusion criteria, were consequently included for quality assessment and data extraction. All studies included 174 resistance-trained men [age: 25.2 ± 2.1 years; weight: 88.4 ± 7.5 kg; height: 1.82 ± 0.03 m; bench press (BP) relative strength: 1.31 ± 0.14 kg ± kg-1] as participants. Meta-analyses of standardized mean effect size (ES) between pre-CA mean and post-CA mean from individual studies were conducted using the random-effects model. Results: The effect of PAPE in the BPT was small (ES = 0.33; p < 0.01). The BP exercise as a CA at an intensity of 60-84% one-repetition maximum (1RM) (ES = 0.43) induced slightly greater PAPE effect than a ballistic-plyometric (ES = 0.29) and a BP exercise at ≥85% 1RM and at >100% 1RM as well as a concentric-only BP (ES = 0.23 and 0.22; ES = 0.11, respectively). A single set (ES = 0.37) of the CA resulted in a slightly greater effect than a multiple set (ES = 0.29). Moderate rest intervals induced a slightly greater PAPE effect for intensity below 85% 1RM (5-7 min, ES = 0.48) than shorter (0.15-4 min, ES = 0.4) and longer (≥8 min, ES = 0.36) intra-complex rest intervals. Considering an intensity above 85% 1RM during the CA, a moderate rest interval resulted in a similar PAPE effect (5-7 min, ES = 0.3) compared with longer (8 min, ES = 0.29) intra-complex rest interval, whereas shorter rest intervals resulted in a negative effect on BPT performance (0.15-4 min, ES = -0.13). Conclusion: The presented meta-analysis shows that performing a CA induces a small PAPE effect for the BPT performance in resistance-trained men. Individuals seeking to improve their BPT performance should consider preceding them with a single set of the BP exercise at moderate intensity (60-84% 1RM), performed 5-7 min before the explosive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Artur Golas
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Sannicandro I, Belli E, LA Torre A. Warm up and postactivaction potentiation: a very topical debate. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:331-332. [PMID: 33092336 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Italo Sannicandro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy -
| | - Ennio Belli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio LA Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Rossetti ML, Munford SN, Snyder BW, Davis SE, Moir GL. The Effects of Multiple Sets of Squats and Jump Squats on Mechanical Variables. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1017-1023. [PMID: 28759537 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rossetti, ML, Munford, SN, Snyder, BW, Davis, SE, and Moir, GL. The effects of multiple sets of squats and jump squats on mechanical variables. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 1017-1023, 2020-The mechanical responses to 2 nonballistic squat and 2 ballistic jump squat protocols performed over multiple sets were investigated. One protocol from each of the 2 nonballistic and ballistic conditions incorporated a pause between the eccentric and concentric phases of the movements in order to determine the influence of the coupling time on the mechanical variables and postactivation potentiation (PAP). Eleven men (age: 21.9 ± 1.8 years; height: 1.79 ± 0.05 m; mass: 87.0 ± 7.4 kg) attended 4 sessions where they performed multiple sets of squats and jump squats with a load equivalent to 30% 1-repetition maximum under one of the following conditions: (a) 3 × 4 repetitions of nonballistic squats (30N-B); (b) 3 × 4 repetitions of nonballistic squats with a 3-second pause between the eccentric and concentric phases of each repetition (30PN-B); (c) 3 × 4 repetitions of ballistic jump squats (30B); (d) 3 × 4 repetitions of ballistic jump squats with a 3-second pause between the eccentric and concentric phases of each repetition (30PB). Force plates were used to calculate variables including average vertical velocity, average vertical force (GRF), and average power output (PO). Vertical velocities during the ballistic conditions were significantly greater than those attained during the nonballistic conditions (mean differences: 0.21-0.25 m·s, p < 0.001, effect sizes [ES]: 1.70-1.89) as were GRFs (mean differences: 478-526 N, p < 0.001, ES: 1.61-1.63), and PO (mean differences: 711-869 W, p < 0.001, ES: 1.66-1.73). Moreover, the increase in PO across the 3 sets in 30B was significantly greater than the changes observed during 30N-B, 30PN-B, and 30PB (p ≤ 0.015). The pause reduced the mechanical variables during both the nonballistic and ballistic conditions, although the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Ballistic jump squats may be an effective exercise for developing PO given the high velocities and forces generated in these exercises. Furthermore, the completion of multiple sets of jump squats may induce PAP to enhance PO. The coupling times between the eccentric and concentric phases of the jump squats should be short in order to maximize the GRF and PO across the sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Rossetti
- Exercise Science Department, East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
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Boullosa D, Abad CCC, Reis VP, Fernandes V, Castilho C, Candido L, Zagatto AM, Pereira LA, Loturco I. Effects of Drop Jumps on 1000-m Performance Time and Pacing in Elite Male and Female Endurance Runners. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1043-1046. [PMID: 32176865 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of drop jumps (DJs) on performance time and pacing in a field test (ie, 1000 m) commonly used to evaluate endurance runners and to evaluate running and jumping performance in male and female athletes separately. METHODS Twenty elite endurance runners (male, n = 10, 27.8 [7.0] y, 62.3 [5.2] kg; female, n = 10, 25.9 [5.3] y, 51.7 [4.1] kg) competing in middle- and long-distance events participated in this study. After determination of the box height associated with the best reactive strength index, athletes randomly performed a warm-up with or without the inclusion of 5 DJs with the highest reactive strength index prior to a 1000-m track test. Performance time and pacing (250-m splits) were determined. Countermovement-jump heights at different time points and blood lactate concentration after running tests were also recorded. RESULTS A "possible" faster 1000-m time (162.4 vs 165.3 s) with a "very likely" faster first split (38.8 vs 40.3 s) was observed in male athletes in the DJ condition. In contrast, female athletes showed a "possible" slower running time (186.8 vs 184.8 s) and a "likely" greater blood lactate concentration after the 1000-m test in the DJ condition. Male and female athletes presented greater countermovement-jump performances after warm-up and running tests in both conditions. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of 5 DJs with the height associated with the best reactive strength index induced a "possible" improvement in 1000-m performance time in elite male endurance runners. The current protocol should be avoided in female athletes.
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SOH SZEYING, AZIZ ABDULRASHID, LEE MARCUSJ. AN ATTEMPT TO INDUCE POSTACTIVATION POTENTIATION TO IMPROVE KAYAK SPRINT PERFORMANCE USING AN ON-WATER KAYAK-SPECIFIC WARM UP. J MECH MED BIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519420500268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study explores whether an on-water kayak-specific resistance exercise (KSRE) performed during the warm-up period can induce postactivation potentiation (PAP) to improve subsequent kayak-sprint performance. The KSRE involves stringing several tennis balls around the boat’s hull to induce drag while paddling. In a laboratory setting, 10 well-trained male ([Formula: see text]) and female ([Formula: see text]) kayakers performed three repetitions of the single-arm seated-row (SASR) at 91% one-repetition maximum to induce PAP and were assessed for their peak power output while performing SASR on the Keiser machine at two-minute intervals up to 16 min. Each individual’s latency period for the onset of PAP during this exercise was recorded. In separate sessions, athletes performed in random, a 30 m kayak-sprint in a swimming pool setting after either control (no pre-performance loading) or experimental (post-PAP induction via the KSRE taking into account the individual’ onset of PAP latencies period obtained in the laboratory) conditions. Criterion measures of boat velocities of the third and fourth stroke from the start and 30 m sprint times, assessed using video, were not significantly different between control and experimental conditions. The translation of increased power output elicited via PAP using land-based resistance exercises into water-based resistance exercises to improve kayak-sprint performance remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- SZE YING SOH
- Sport Science and Management, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Drive Singapore, 637616, Singapore
| | - ABDUL RASHID AZIZ
- Sport Singapore, Singapore Sport Institute, 3 Stadium Drive Singapore, 397630, Singapore
| | - MARCUS J.C. LEE
- Sport Singapore, Singapore Sport Institute, 3 Stadium Drive Singapore, 397630, Singapore
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Dello Iacono A, Beato M, Halperin I. The Effects of Cluster-Set and Traditional-Set Postactivation Potentiation Protocols on Vertical Jump Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:464-469. [PMID: 31614331 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of 2 postactivation potentiation (PAP) protocols using traditional-set or cluster-set configurations on countermovement jump performance. METHODS Twenty-six male basketball players completed 3 testing sessions separated by 72 hours. On the first session, subjects performed barbell jump squats with progressively heavier loads to determine their individual optimum power load. On the second and third sessions, subjects completed 2 PAP protocols in a randomized order: 3 sets of 6 repetitions of jump squats using optimum power load performed with either a traditional-set (no interrepetition rest) or a cluster-set (20-s rest every 2 repetitions) configuration. After a warm-up, countermovement jump height was measured using a force platform before, 30 seconds, 4 minutes, and 8 minutes after completing the PAP protocols. The following kinetic variables were also analyzed and compared: relative impulse, ground reaction force, eccentric displacement, and vertical leg-spring stiffness. RESULTS Across both conditions, subjects jumped lower at post 30 seconds by 1.21 cm, and higher in post 4 minutes by 2.21 cm, and in post 8 minutes by 2.60 cm compared with baseline. However, subjects jumped higher in the cluster condition by 0.71 cm (95% confidence interval, 0.37 to 1.05 cm) in post 30 seconds, 1.33 cm (95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.65 cm) in post 4 minute, and 1.64 cm (95% confidence interval, 1.41 to 1.88 cm) in post 8 minutes. The superior countermovement jump performance was associated with enhanced kinetic data. CONCLUSIONS Both protocols induced PAP responses in vertical jump performance using jump squats at optimum power load. However, the cluster-set configuration led to superior performance across all time points, likely due to reduced muscular fatigue.
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Gil MH, Neiva HP, Alves AR, Sousa AC, Duarte-Mendes P, Marques MC, Marinho DA. Does the inclusion of ballistic exercises during warm-up enhance short distance running performance? J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:501-509. [PMID: 32037786 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warm-up is considered essential to optimize running performance, but little is known about the effect of specific warm-up tasks, specifically in the real competitive context. The current study aimed to verify the acute effects of a warm-up including ballistic exercises in 30m running performance. In addition, a second 30m trial was assessed to better understand the warm-up effects in training/competition. METHODS Twenty-two men (19.32±1.43 years-old) randomly completed the time-trials on separate days and after a typical warm-up (WU), a WU complemented with ballistic exercises (postactivation potentiation [PAP]) or no warm-up (NWU). Biomechanical, physiological and psychophysiological variables were assessed. RESULTS The participants were 1.9% faster in the first 30m sprint after WU compared with NWU, mainly increased performance in the first 15m (P=0.03, ES=0.48). WU resulted in greater stride length in the last 15m of the first sprint. PAP did not differ from NWU and WU, despite eight participants performed better after this warm-up. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the positive effects of warm-up for sprinting, despite failed to evidence positive effects when ballistic exercises are included. In addition, the influence of warm-up in the running technique was highlighted by the changes in the running kinematics and a need for individualization of warm-up procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Gil
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana R Alves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Arts, Humanities and Sports, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal
| | - António C Sousa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Duarte-Mendes
- Department of Sport and Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal.,SHERU - Sport, Health and Exercise Research Unit, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal - .,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
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Dynamic Warm-Up With a Weighted Vest: Improvement of Repeated Change-of-Direction Performance in Young Male Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:196-203. [PMID: 31094248 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the effect of 4 different warm-up strategies using weighted vests and to determine the specific optimal recovery duration required to optimize the repeated change-of-direction (RCOD) performance in young soccer players. METHODS A total of 19 male soccer players (age 18 [0.88] y, body mass 69.85 [7.68] kg, body height 1.75 [0.07] m, body mass index 22.87 [2.23] kg·m-2, and body fat percentage 12.53% [2.59%]) completed the following loaded warm-up protocols in a randomized, counterbalanced cross-over, within-participants order and on separate days: weighted vest with a loading of 5% (WUV5%), 10% (WUV10%), 15% (WUV15%) body mass, and an unloaded condition (control). RCOD performance (total time, peak time, and fatigue index) was collected during the preintervention phase (5 min after the dynamic stretching sequence) for baseline values and immediately (at 15 min), at 4- and 8-minute postwarm-up intervention. RESULTS For each postwarm-up tested, recovery times (ie, 15 s, 4 min, and 8 min), of both total and peak times were faster following WUV5%, WUV10%, and WUV15%, compared with the unloaded condition (P ≤.001-.031, d = 1.28-2.31 [large]). There were no significant differences (P = .09-1.00, d = 0.03-0.72 [trivial-moderate]) in-between recovery times in both total and peak times following WUV5%, WUV10%, and WUV15%. However, baseline fatigue index score was significantly worse than all other scores (P ≤.001-.002, d = 1.35-2.46 [large]) following the loaded conditions. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrated that a dynamic loaded warm-up increases an athlete's initial RCOD performance up to the 8-minute postwarm-up intervention. Therefore, strength coaches need to consider using weighted vests during the warm-up for trained athletes in order to acutely optimize RCODs.
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Takei S, Hirayama K, Okada J. Is the Optimal Load for Maximal Power Output During Hang Power Cleans Submaximal? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:18-24. [PMID: 30958042 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The optimal load for maximal power output during hang power cleans (HPCs) from a mechanical perspective is the 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) load; however, previous research has reported otherwise. The present study thus aimed to investigate the underlying factors that determine optimal load during HPCs. METHODS Eight competitive Olympic weight lifters performed HPCs at 40%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, and 100% of their 1RM while the ground-reaction force and bar/body kinematics were simultaneously recorded. The success criterion during HPC was set above parallel squat at the receiving position. RESULTS Both peak power and relative peak power were maximized at 80% 1RM (3975.7 [439.1] W, 50.4 [6.6] W/kg, respectively). Peak force, force at peak power, and relative values tended to increase with heavier loads (P < .001), while peak system velocity and system velocity at peak power decreased significantly above 80% 1RM (P = .005 and .011, respectively). There were also significant decreases in peak bar velocity (P < .001) and bar displacement (P < .001) toward heavier loads. There was a strong positive correlation between peak bar velocity and bar displacement in 7 of 8 subjects (r > .90, P < .01). The knee joint angle at the receiving position fell below the quarter-squat position above 70% 1RM. CONCLUSIONS Submaximal loads were indeed optimal for maximal power output for HPC when the success criterion was set above the parallel-squat position. However, when the success criterion was defined as the quarter-squat position, the optimal load became the 1RM load.
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Blagrove RC, Howatson G, Hayes PR. Use of Loaded Conditioning Activities to Potentiate Middle- and Long-Distance Performance: A Narrative Review and Practical Applications. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2288-2297. [PMID: 29384999 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Blagrove, RC, Howatson, G, and Hayes, PR. Use of loaded conditioning activities to potentiate middle- and long-distance performance: a narrative review and practical applications. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2288-2297, 2019-The warm-up is an integral component of a middle- and long-distance athlete's preperformance routine. The use of a loaded conditioning activity (LCA), which elicits a postactivation potentiation (PAP) response to acutely enhance explosive power performance, is well researched. A similar approach incorporated into the warm-up of a middle- or long-distance athlete potentially provides a novel strategy to augment performance. Mechanisms that underpin a PAP response, relating to acute adjustments within the neuromuscular system, should theoretically improve middle- and long-distance performance through improvements in submaximal force-generating ability. Attempts to enhance middle- and long-distance-related outcomes using an LCA have been used in several recent studies. Results suggest that benefits to performance may exist in well-trained middle- and long-distance athletes by including high-intensity resistance training (1-5 repetition maximum) or adding load to the sport skill itself during the latter part of warm-ups. Early stages of performance seem to benefit most, and it is likely that recovery (5-10 minutes) also plays an important role after an LCA. Future research should consider how priming activity, designed to enhance the VO2 kinetic response, and an LCA may interact to affect performance, and how different LCAs might benefit various modes and durations of middle- and long-distance exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Blagrove
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Water Research Group, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Philip R Hayes
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Baena-Raya A, Sánchez-López S, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, García-Ramos A, Jiménez-Reyes P. Effects of two drop-jump protocols with different volumes on vertical jump performance and its association with the force-velocity profile. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:317-324. [PMID: 31797036 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the changes in countermovement jump (CMJ) height after two drop-jump (DJ) protocols with different volumes, and to explore the possibility of predicting the changes in CMJ height based on the vertical force-velocity (F-v) profile. METHOD Thirty-four male athletes (age: 21.9 ± 2.0 years) were tested on three occasions. The F-v profile during the CMJ exercise was determined in the first session. Two DJ protocols (low-volume [1 set of 5 DJ trials from a 30 cm height] and high-volume [3 sets of 5 DJ trials from a 30 cm height]) were randomly performed during the second and third sessions, and the unloaded CMJ height was evaluated before (Pre), 4 min (Post4), 8 min (Post8), and 12 min (Post12) after the DJ protocol. RESULTS CMJ height was significantly higher at Post4 (2.5 cm [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.0-3.0 cm]; ES = 0.35), Post8 (2.1 cm [95% CI = 1.4-2.8 cm]; ES = 0.29) and Post12 (2.2 cm [95% CI = 1.4-3.0 cm]; ES = 0.30) compared to Pre. The only significant interaction (protocol × time) was caused by a higher increment in CMJ height at Post4 for the low-volume (8.1 ± 3.7%) compared to the high-volume (5.8 ± 3.9%) protocol. The F-v profile did not explain a significant part of the change in CMJ height (variance explained < 10%). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that low-volume DJ protocols could be more efficient to acutely increase CMJ performance, while the change in CMJ height was not affected by the F-v profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Faculty of Education Sciences, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-López
- Faculty of Education Sciences, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Faculty of Education Sciences, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Catolica de La Santisima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Current Evidence and Practical Applications of Flywheel Eccentric Overload Exercises as Postactivation Potentiation Protocols: A Brief Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 15:154-161. [PMID: 31743092 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize the evidence on postactivation potentiation (PAP) protocols using flywheel eccentric overload (EOL) exercises. METHODS Studies were searched using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge. RESULTS In total, 7 eligible studies were identified based on the following results: First, practitioners can use different inertia intensities (eg, 0.03-0.88 kg·m2), based on the exercise selected, to enhance sport-specific performance. Second, the PAP time window following EOL exercise seems to be consistent with traditional PAP literature, where acute fatigue is dominant in the early part of the recovery period (eg, 30 s), and PAP is dominant in the second part (eg, 3 and 6 min). Third, as EOL exercises require large force and power outputs, a volume of 3 sets with the conditioning activity (eg, half-squat or lunge) seems to be a sensible approach. This could reduce the transitory muscle fatigue and thereby allow for a stronger potentiation effect compared with larger exercise volumes. Fourth, athletes should gain experience by performing EOL exercises before using the tool as part of a PAP protocol (3 or 4 sessions of familiarization). Finally, the dimensions of common flywheel devices offer useful and practical solutions to induce PAP effects outside of normal training environments and prior to competitions. CONCLUSIONS EOL exercise can be used to stimulate PAP responses to obtain performance advantages in various sports. However, future research is needed to determine which EOL exercise modalities among intensity, volume, and rest intervals optimally induce the PAP phenomenon and facilitate transfer effects on athletic performances.
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Bogdanis GC, Tsoukos A, Kaloheri O, Terzis G, Veligekas P, Brown LE. Comparison Between Unilateral and Bilateral Plyometric Training on Single- and Double-Leg Jumping Performance and Strength. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:633-640. [PMID: 28445230 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bogdanis, GC, Tsoukos, A, Kaloheri, O, Terzis, G, Veligekas, P, and Brown, LE. Comparison between unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on single- and double-leg jumping performance and strength. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 633-640, 2019-This study compared the effects of unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on single- and double-leg jumping performance, maximal strength, and rate of force development (RFD). Fifteen moderately trained subjects were randomly assigned to either a unilateral (U, n = 7) or bilateral group (B, n = 8). Both groups performed maximal effort plyometric leg exercises 2 times per week for 6 weeks. The B group performed all exercises with both legs, whereas the U group performed half the repetitions with each leg, so that total exercise volume was the same. Jumping performance was assessed by countermovement jumps (CMJs) and drop jumps (DJs), whereas maximal isometric leg press strength and RFD were measured before and after training for each leg separately and both legs together. Countermovement jump improvement with both legs was not significantly different between U (12.1 ± 7.2%) and B (11.0 ± 5.5%) groups. However, the sum of right- and left-leg CMJ only improved in the U group (19.0 ± 7.1%, p < 0.001) and was unchanged in the B group (3.4 ± 8.4%, p = 0.80). Maximal isometric leg press force with both legs was increased similarly between groups (B: 20.1 ± 6.5%, U: 19.9 ± 6.2%). However, the sum of right- and left-leg maximal force increased more in U compared with B group (23.8 ± 9.1% vs. 11.9 ± 6.2%, p = 0.009, respectively). Similarly, the sum of right- and left-leg RFD0-50 and RFD0-100 were improved only in the U group (34-36%, p < 0.01). Unilateral plyometric training was more effective at increasing both single- and double-leg jumping performance, isometric leg press maximal force, and RFD when compared with bilateral training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of P. E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of P. E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Kaloheri
- School of P. E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- School of P. E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Veligekas
- School of P. E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lee E Brown
- Human Performance Laboratory, California State University, Fullerton, California
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Gil MH, Neiva HP, Garrido ND, Aidar FJ, Cirilo-Sousa MS, Marques MC, Marinho DA. The Effect of Ballistic Exercise as Pre-Activation for 100 m Sprints. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101850. [PMID: 31137756 PMCID: PMC6572263 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of warm-up in sports performance has received a special interest in the current literature. However, there is a large gap of knowledge about the tasks to be performed, specifically in the real competitive environment. The purpose of the study was to verify the acute effects of a warm-up including ballistic exercises in 100 m running performance. In addition, a second 100 m trial was assessed to better understand the warm-up effects in training and competition. Eleven men (25.4 ± 6.2 years of age, 1.76 ± 0.08 m of height, 78.2 ± 8.6 kg of body mass) were submitted to three different protocols, in a randomized order: no warm-up (NWU), typical warm-up (WU) and WU complemented with ballistic exercises (PAP). Biomechanical, physiological and psychophysiological variables were assessed. Differences were found between the three conditions assessed in the first 100 m sprint with 7.4% and 7.6% faster performances after the WU and PAP, compared to NWU. Stride length was higher in the second part of the 100 m after PAP compared with WU. These results highlight the positive effects of warm-up for sprinting performance. The inclusion of ballistic exercises, besides being used to improve sprint performance, can increase stride length in the final of the 100 m race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Gil
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Nuno D Garrido
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Felipe J Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, SE 49100-000, Brazil.
- Post Graduate Program in Master's level in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, São Cristovão, SE 49100-000, Brazil.
- Post Graduate Program in Doctorade and Master's level in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, SE 49100-000, Brazil.
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports - GEPEPS, the Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, SE 49100-000, Brazil.
| | - Maria S Cirilo-Sousa
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil.
- Department of Physical Education, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE 63105-010, Brazil.
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Kartages K, Wilson GC, Fornusek C, Halaki M, Hackett DA. Acute Effect of Kettlebell Swings on Sprint Performance. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7020036. [PMID: 30744208 PMCID: PMC6409569 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that kettlebell swings (KBS), utilizing the hip-hinge technique, exhibit similar lower-limb muscle activation patterns to sprint running. This study investigated whether the inclusion of KBS in the warm-up enhances sprint performance. Moderately trained males (n = 12) and females (n = 8) performed KBS and a control (CON) condition (passive rest) in random order before performing three 20-m sprint trials separated by 4 minutes. No condition (KBS versus CON) effects, time effects or condition by time interactions were found for sprint times at 5-m and 10-m. A significant time effect was found for sprint time at 20-m with faster sprint time at 12 minutes compared to 4 minutes (p = 0.022). No condition effect or condition by time interaction was found for sprint time at 20-m. Small to moderate correlations were found for change in sprint time (CON minus KBS) and KBS load at 4, 8, and 12 minutes. It appears the KBS is not effective for potentiating 20-m sprint performance; however, any potential benefit from the inclusion of KBS as a preconditioning exercise for sprinting may be influenced by individual strength capabilities with KBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishen Kartages
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2141, Australia.
| | - Guy C Wilson
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2141, Australia.
| | - Che Fornusek
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2141, Australia.
| | - Mark Halaki
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2141, Australia.
| | - Daniel A Hackett
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2141, Australia.
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Thacker JS, Yeung D, Chambers PJ, Tupling AR, Staines WR, Mielke JG. Single session, high-intensity aerobic exercise fails to affect plasticity-related protein expression in the rat sensorimotor cortex. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:853-860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Johnson M, Baudin P, Ley AL, Collins DF. A Warm-Up Routine That Incorporates a Plyometric Protocol Potentiates the Force-Generating Capacity of the Quadriceps Muscles. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:380-389. [PMID: 28595235 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariska Johnson
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pierre Baudin
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alejandro L Ley
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David F Collins
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Maloney SJ, Richards J, Jelly L, Fletcher IM. Unilateral Stiffness Interventions Augment Vertical Stiffness and Change of Direction Speed. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:372-379. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
This review covers underlying physiological characteristics and training considerations that may affect muscular strength including improving maximal force expression and time-limited force expression. Strength is underpinned by a combination of morphological and neural factors including muscle cross-sectional area and architecture, musculotendinous stiffness, motor unit recruitment, rate coding, motor unit synchronization, and neuromuscular inhibition. Although single- and multi-targeted block periodization models may produce the greatest strength-power benefits, concepts within each model must be considered within the limitations of the sport, athletes, and schedules. Bilateral training, eccentric training and accentuated eccentric loading, and variable resistance training may produce the greatest comprehensive strength adaptations. Bodyweight exercise, isolation exercises, plyometric exercise, unilateral exercise, and kettlebell training may be limited in their potential to improve maximal strength but are still relevant to strength development by challenging time-limited force expression and differentially challenging motor demands. Training to failure may not be necessary to improve maximum muscular strength and is likely not necessary for maximum gains in strength. Indeed, programming that combines heavy and light loads may improve strength and underpin other strength-power characteristics. Multiple sets appear to produce superior training benefits compared to single sets; however, an athlete's training status and the dose-response relationship must be considered. While 2- to 5-min interset rest intervals may produce the greatest strength-power benefits, rest interval length may vary based an athlete's training age, fiber type, and genetics. Weaker athletes should focus on developing strength before emphasizing power-type training. Stronger athletes may begin to emphasize power-type training while maintaining/improving their strength. Future research should investigate how best to implement accentuated eccentric loading and variable resistance training and examine how initial strength affects an athlete's ability to improve their performance following various training methods.
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Acute Effects of Dynamic Stretching on Muscle Flexibility and Performance: An Analysis of the Current Literature. Sports Med 2018; 48:299-325. [PMID: 29063454 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stretching has long been used in many physical activities to increase range of motion (ROM) around a joint. Stretching also has other acute effects on the neuromuscular system. For instance, significant reductions in maximal voluntary strength, muscle power or evoked contractile properties have been recorded immediately after a single bout of static stretching, raising interest in other stretching modalities. Thus, the effects of dynamic stretching on subsequent muscular performance have been questioned. This review aimed to investigate performance and physiological alterations following dynamic stretching. There is a substantial amount of evidence pointing out the positive effects on ROM and subsequent performance (force, power, sprint and jump). The larger ROM would be mainly attributable to reduced stiffness of the muscle-tendon unit, while the improved muscular performance to temperature and potentiation-related mechanisms caused by the voluntary contraction associated with dynamic stretching. Therefore, if the goal of a warm-up is to increase joint ROM and to enhance muscle force and/or power, dynamic stretching seems to be a suitable alternative to static stretching. Nevertheless, numerous studies reporting no alteration or even performance impairment have highlighted possible mitigating factors (such as stretch duration, amplitude or velocity). Accordingly, ballistic stretching, a form of dynamic stretching with greater velocities, would be less beneficial than controlled dynamic stretching. Notwithstanding, the literature shows that inconsistent description of stretch procedures has been an important deterrent to reaching a clear consensus. In this review, we highlight the need for future studies reporting homogeneous, clearly described stretching protocols, and propose a clarified stretching terminology and methodology.
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Blagrove RC, Holding KM, Patterson SD, Howatson G, Hayes PR. Efficacy of depth jumps to elicit a post-activation performance enhancement in junior endurance runners. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:239-244. [PMID: 30107984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of performing depth jumps (DJ) pre-exercise on running economy (RE) and time to exhaustion (TTE) at the speed associated with maximal oxygen uptake (sV˙O2max) in a group of high-performing junior middle-distance runners. DESIGN Randomized crossover study. METHODS Seventeen national- and international-standard male distance runners (17.6±1.2years, 63.4±6.3kg, 1.76±0.06m, 70.7±5.2mLkg-1min-1) completed two trials. Following a 5min warm-up at 60% V˙O2max, participants performed a 5min run at 20%Δ below oxygen uptake corresponding with lactate turn-point to determine pre-intervention RE. Participants then completed either six DJ from a box equivalent to their best counter-movement jump (CMJ) or a control condition (C) involving body weight quarter squats. After a 10min passive recovery, another 5min sub-maximal run was performed followed by a run to exhaustion at sV˙O2max. RESULTS Compared to the C trial, DJ produced moderate improvements (-3.7%, 95% confidence interval for effect size: 0.25-1.09) in RE, which within the context of minimal detectable change is considered possibly beneficial. Differences in TTE and other physiological variables were most likely trivial (ES: <0.2). Individual responses were small, however a partial correlation revealed a moderate relationship (r=-0.55, p=0.028) between change in RE and CMJ height. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of a set of six DJ in the warm-up routine of a well-trained young male middle-distance runner is likely to provide a moderate improvement in RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Blagrove
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, City South Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, United Kingdom.
| | - Kristina M Holding
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, United Kingdom; Water Research Group, Northwest University, South Africa
| | - Philip R Hayes
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, United Kingdom
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Kobal R, McGuigan MR. Power output in traditional and ballistic bench press in elite athletes: Influence of training background. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:277-284. [PMID: 29983101 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1496517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the power production in traditional bench-press (TBP) and ballistic bench-throw (BBT) exercises. Furthermore, we assessed the differences in velocity, force, and power outputs between TBP and BBT. Finally, we tested the differences between the loads used to optimize power (optimum power load; OPL) in both exercises, using three distinct power-variables: mean power (MP), mean propulsive power (MPP), and peak power (PP). Sixty athletes from different sports were divided into two groups, according to their training characteristics: hypertrophy-based trained athletes (HTA), thirty-one athletes performing hypertrophy training programmes for (at least) 12-weeks; and power-based trained athletes (PTA), twenty-nine athletes performing power-oriented training sessions for (at least) 12-weeks. Magnitude-based inferences were used to test for differences between groups. Independent of the variable analyzed (MP, MPP, or PP), the PTA produced greater power values in BBT, whereas the HTA generated higher outputs during TBP. The OPL in the HTA was likely heavier in TBP than in BBT, whereas no differences related to this variable were found in the PTA. Despite the apparent superiority of ballistics to produce power, it seems that in elite athletes, the strength-power training routine might affect the ability to apply high forces at very-high velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- a NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- a NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Kobal
- a NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Michael R McGuigan
- b Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.,c School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Perth , Australia
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Byrne PJ, Moody JA, Cooper SM, Callanan D, Kinsella S. Potentiating Response to Drop-Jump Protocols on Sprint Acceleration: Drop-Jump Volume and Intrarepetition Recovery Duration. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 34:717-727. [PMID: 29979275 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Byrne, PJ, Moody, JA, Cooper, SM, Callanan, D, and Kinsella, S. Potentiating response to drop-jump protocols on sprint acceleration: drop-jump volume and intrarepetition recovery duration. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 717-727, 2020-The purpose of this study was to investigate the postactivation potentiation response first to bounce drop jump (BDJ) volume; second, BDJ intrarepetition recovery duration and recovery duration between BDJs and 20-meter (including 5- and 10-m split times) sprint performance. The study was undertaken in 2 parts, the first part compared different volumes of BDJs and the second part compared different BDJ intrarepetition recovery periods. The effect of recovery periods between the BDJs and the subsequent 20-m sprints was examined in both parts 1 and 2 (15 seconds, 4, 8, and 12 minutes). Fourteen (mean ± SD: age = 20.83 ± 1.26 years; height = 1.77 ± 0.04 m; and mass = 74.89 ± 6.07 kg) (part 1) and 15 (mean ± SD: age = 20.64 ± 1.00 years; height = 1.78 ± 0.06 m; and mass = 75.67 ± 6.28 kg) (part 2) male collegiate and club hurling players volunteered to participate. A randomized cross-over design was used to compare BDJ volumes (1, 2, and 3 sets of 3 repetitions) and BDJ intrarepetition recovery time (15 vs. 60 seconds) after a warm-up followed by 2 baseline 20-m sprints. The results in part 1 reported a significant improvement in 5- and 10-m sprint time for 1 set of 3 BDJs between baseline and 4 minutes (5 m: -2.34%, p = 0.04, effect size [ES] = -0.043; 10 m: -1.42%, p = 0.03, ES = -0.35), and baseline and 12 minutes (5 m: -3.33%, p = 0.03, ES = -0.57; 10 m: -2.13%, p = 0.01, ES = -0.52). Part 2 reported a significant improvement in 5-m sprint time between baseline and 15 seconds (5 m: -3.38%, p = 0.01, ES = -0.83; 10 m: -2.07%, p = 0.02, ES = -0.58) after the BDJs. The findings support the use of 1 set of 3 BDJs using a 15-second intrarepetition recovery period to maximize 5-, 10-, and 20-m sprint performance after 15 seconds of recovery after the final BDJ in hurling players. The acute response to this BDJ protocol proves to be time efficient and effective in acutely improving sprint acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Byrne
- Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, Ireland; and.,Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy A Moody
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen-Mark Cooper
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Callanan
- Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, Ireland; and
| | - Sharon Kinsella
- Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, Ireland; and
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Bridgeman LA, McGuigan MR, Gill ND, Dulson DK. The Effects of Accentuated Eccentric Loading on the Drop Jump Exercise and the Subsequent Postactivation Potentiation Response. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1620-1626. [PMID: 28538313 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were (a) to investigate the acute effects of different drop jump (DJ) accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) protocols and (b) to investigate the effect of these AEL DJ protocols on subsequent countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. The subjects were 12 strength-trained athletes; initially, baseline CMJ performance was assessed and individual optimal DJ drop height identified. In subsequent weeks, subjects completed 1 set of 5 DJs with no additional load or an AEL of 10, 20, or 30% of their individual body mass (BM) using dumbbells to provide the extra load. After the AEL DJ protocols, 3 CMJs were completed after 2, 6, and 12 minutes rest. A generalized linear mixed model was used to investigate the effects of AEL load and time post-DJs on CMJ height, peak power, and ground reaction force. The 20% AEL condition resulted in greater CMJ height in comparison with all other conditions (p < 0.001). CMJ height was significantly greater after 2 and 6 minutes rest compared with 12 minutes (p < 0.001 and p ≤ 0.05 respectively). Greater peak power was also found during the CMJs after the 20% AEL condition compared with baseline, BM, and 10% AEL (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, 5 DJs with 20% AEL followed by a 2 minutes recovery period resulted in significant enhancement in CMJ height and peak power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Bridgeman
- 1Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; and 2New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand
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Cuenca-Fernández F, Smith IC, Jordan MJ, MacIntosh BR, López-Contreras G, Arellano R, Herzog W. Nonlocalized postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) effects in trained athletes: a pilot study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:1122-1125. [PMID: 28675792 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen trained athletes were assessed for postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) of squat jumps (SJs) and power push-ups (PPUs) following upper body activation, lower body activation, upper and lower body activation, and rest. SJ improved similarly across all 4 conditions. PPU could not be assessed. Since the test protocol of SJ and PPU involved upper and lower body activation and caused PAPE in SJ, future work is required to determine if a nonlocalized PAPE effect exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences. University of Granada, Granada 18011, Spain
| | - Ian C Smith
- b Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Matthew J Jordan
- b Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Brian R MacIntosh
- b Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gracia López-Contreras
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences. University of Granada, Granada 18011, Spain
| | - Raúl Arellano
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences. University of Granada, Granada 18011, Spain
| | - Walter Herzog
- b Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Kümmel J, Cronin NJ, Kramer A, Avela J, Gruber M. Conditioning hops increase triceps surae muscle force and Achilles tendon strain energy in the stretch-shortening cycle. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:126-137. [PMID: 28263394 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Postactivation potentiation can improve athletic performance, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study investigated the effect of conditioning hops on triceps surae muscle force and tendon strain and its contribution to potentiated stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) performance. Thirty-two subjects participated in two experiments. In both experiments, subjects performed three drop jumps (DJs) after prior conditioning with 10 maximal hops, three unconditioned DJs served as control. Ground reaction forces, kinematics, and triceps surae electromyographic activity were recorded. Ultrasound imaging was used to determine fascicle lengths (FASC) of the gastrocnemius (GM) and soleus muscles (experiment 1) and the length of the Achilles tendon (experiment 2) during the DJs. DJ height after the conditioning hops was significantly higher compared to control DJs (experiment 1: +12% and experiment 2: +19%). A significantly shorter GM FASC during the DJs performed after the conditioning hops coincided with an increased force acting on the triceps surae muscle. Moreover, the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit (MTU) showed increased energy absorption during the eccentric phase of the DJs and increased energy release during the concentric phase. The second experiment revealed a higher Achilles tendon strain in DJs performed after the conditioning hops compared to control DJs. No significant differences in muscle activities were observed. The shorter FASC in GM and the larger Achilles tendon strain facilitated MTU energy transfer from the eccentric to the concentric phase during the DJ. Thereby, conditioning hops improved SSC efficacy and DJ performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kümmel
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - N J Cronin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, NeuroMuscular Research Center, Unit of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A Kramer
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - J Avela
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, NeuroMuscular Research Center, Unit of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - M Gruber
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Moir GL, Munford SN, Moroski LL, Davis SE. The Effects of Ballistic and Nonballistic Bench Press on Mechanical Variables. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 32:3333-3339. [PMID: 28225524 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Moir, GL, Munford, SN, Moroski, LL, Davis, SE. The effects of ballistic and nonballistic bench press on mechanical variables. J Strength Cond Res 32(12): 3333-3339, 2018-The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ballistic and nonballistic bench press performed with loads equivalent to 30 and 90% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) on mechanical variables. Eleven resistance-trained men (age: 23.0 ± 1.4 years; mass: 98.4 ± 14.4 kg) attended 4 testing sessions where they performed one of the following sessions: (a) 3 sets of 5 nonballistic repetitions performed with a load equivalent to 30% 1RM (30N-B), (b) 3 sets of 5 ballistic repetitions performed with a load equivalent to 30% 1RM (30B), (c) 3 sets of 4 nonballistic repetitions with a load equivalent to 90% 1RM (90N-B), or (d) 3 sets of 4 ballistic repetitions with a load equivalent to 90% 1RM (90B). Force plates and a 3-dimensional motion analysis system were used to determine the velocity, force, power output (PO), and work during each repetition. The heavier loads resulted in significantly greater forces applied to the barbell (mean differences: 472-783 N, p < 0.001), but lower barbell velocities (mean differences: 0.85-1.20 m·s, p < 0.001) and PO (mean differences: 118-492 W, p ≤ 0.022). The ballistic conditions enhanced the mechanical variables only at the lower load, with 30B producing significantly greater force (mean difference: 263 N, p < 0.001), velocity (mean difference: 0.33 m·s, p < 0.001), and PO (mean difference: 335 W, p < 0.001) compared with 30N-B. Furthermore, the increase in PO across the 3 sets in 30B was significantly different from all other conditions (p = 0.013). The total mechanical work performed was significantly greater for the conditions with the heavier loads compared with those with the lighter loads (mean differences: 362-5,600 J, p < 0.001) and that performed during the ballistic conditions was significantly greater than that performed during the nonballistic conditions with the same load (mean differences: 945-1,030 J, p < 0.001). Ballistic bench press may be an effective exercise for developing PO, and multiple sets may elicit postactivation potentiation that enhances force production. However, these benefits may be negated at heavier loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin L Moir
- Department of Exercise Science, East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
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Nealer AL, Dunnick DD, Malyszek KK, Wong MA, Costa PB, Coburn JW, Brown LE. Influence of Rest Intervals After Assisted Sprinting on Bodyweight Sprint Times in Female Collegiate Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:88-94. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Suchomel TJ, Sato K, DeWeese BH, Ebben WP, Stone MH. Potentiation Effects of Half-Squats Performed in a Ballistic or Nonballistic Manner. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1652-60. [PMID: 26544089 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined and compared the acute effects of ballistic and nonballistic concentric-only half-squats (COHSs) on squat jump performance. Fifteen resistance-trained men performed a squat jump 2 minutes after a control protocol or 2 COHSs at 90% of their 1 repetition maximum (1RM) COHS performed in a ballistic or nonballistic manner. Jump height (JH), peak power (PP), and allometrically scaled peak power (PPa) were compared using three 3 × 2 repeated-measures analyses of variance. Statistically significant condition × time interaction effects existed for JH (p = 0.037), PP (p = 0.041), and PPa (p = 0.031). Post hoc analysis revealed that the ballistic condition produced statistically greater JH (p = 0.017 and p = 0.036), PP (p = 0.031 and p = 0.026), and PPa (p = 0.024 and p = 0.023) than the control and nonballistic conditions, respectively. Small effect sizes for JH, PP, and PPa existed during the ballistic condition (d = 0.28-0.44), whereas trivial effect sizes existed during the control (d = 0.0-0.18) and nonballistic (d = 0.0-0.17) conditions. Large statistically significant relationships existed between the JH potentiation response and the subject's relative back squat 1RM (r = 0.520; p = 0.047) and relative COHS 1RM (r = 0.569; p = 0.027) during the ballistic condition. In addition, large statistically significant relationship existed between JH potentiation response and the subject's relative back squat strength (r = 0.633; p = 0.011), whereas the moderate relationship with the subject's relative COHS strength trended toward significance (r = 0.483; p = 0.068). Ballistic COHS produced superior potentiation effects compared with COHS performed in a nonballistic manner. Relative strength may contribute to the elicited potentiation response after ballistic and nonballistic COHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Suchomel
- 1Department of Exercise Science, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania; 2Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee; and 3Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Lakeland College, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
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Suchomel TJ, Sato K, DeWeese BH, Ebben WP, Stone MH. Potentiation Following Ballistic and Nonballistic Complexes: The Effect of Strength Level. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1825-33. [PMID: 26670994 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Suchomel, TJ, Sato, K, DeWeese, BH, Ebben, WP, and Stone, MH. Potentiation following ballistic and nonballistic complexes: the effect of strength level. J Strength Cond Res 30(7): 1825-1833, 2016-The purpose of this study was to compare the temporal profile of strong and weak subjects during ballistic and nonballistic potentiation complexes. Eight strong (relative back squat = 2.1 ± 0.1 times body mass) and 8 weak (relative back squat = 1.6 ± 0.2 times body mass) males performed squat jumps immediately and every minute up to 10 minutes following potentiation complexes that included ballistic or nonballistic concentric-only half-squat (COHS) performed at 90% of their 1 repetition maximum COHS. Jump height (JH) and allometrically scaled peak power (PPa) were compared using a series of 2 × 12 repeated measures analyses of variance. No statistically significant strength level main effects for JH (p = 0.442) or PPa (p = 0.078) existed during the ballistic condition. In contrast, statistically significant main effects for time existed for both JH (p = 0.014) and PPa (p < 0.001); however, no statistically significant pairwise comparisons were present (p > 0.05). Statistically significant strength level main effects existed for PPa (p = 0.039) but not for JH (p = 0.137) during the nonballistic condition. Post hoc analysis revealed that the strong subjects produced statistically greater PPa than the weaker subjects (p = 0.039). Statistically significant time main effects existed for time existed for PPa (p = 0.015), but not for JH (p = 0.178). No statistically significant strength level × time interaction effects for JH (p = 0.319) or PPa (p = 0.203) were present for the ballistic or nonballistic conditions. Practical significance indicated by effect sizes and the relationships between maximum potentiation and relative strength suggest that stronger subjects potentiate earlier and to a greater extent than weaker subjects during ballistic and nonballistic potentiation complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Suchomel
- 1Department of Exercise Science, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania; 2Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee; and 3Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Lakeland College, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
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Kümmel J, Kramer A, Cronin NJ, Gruber M. Postactivation potentiation can counteract declines in force and power that occur after stretching. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1750-1760. [PMID: 27935646 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stretching can decrease a muscle's maximal force, whereas short but intense muscle contractions can increase it. We hypothesized that when combined, postactivation potentiation induced by reactive jumps would counteract stretch-induced decrements in drop jump (DJ) performance. Moreover, we measured changes in muscle twitch forces and ankle joint stiffness (KAnkle ) to examine underlying mechanisms. Twenty subjects completed three DJs and 10 electrically evoked muscle twitches of the triceps surae subsequent to four different conditioning activities and control. The conditioning activities were 10 hops, 20s of static stretching of the triceps surae muscle, 20s of stretching followed by 10 hops, and vice versa. After 10 hops, twitch peak torque (TPT) was 20% and jump height 5% higher compared with control with no differences in KAnkle . After stretching, TPT and jump height were both 9% and KAnkle 6% lower. When hops and stretching were combined as conditioning activities, jump height was not different compared with control but significantly higher (11% and 8%) compared with stretching. TPTs were 16% higher compared with control when the hops were performed after stretching and 9% higher compared with the reverse order. KAnkle was significantly lower when stretching was performed after the hops (6%) compared with control, but no significant difference was observed when hops were performed after stretching. These results demonstrate that conditioning hops can counteract stretch-related declines in DJ performance. Furthermore, the differences in TPTs and KAnkle between combined conditioning protocols indicate that the order of conditioning tasks might play an important role at the muscle-tendon level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kümmel
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - A Kramer
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - N J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - M Gruber
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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