1
|
Warneke K, Lohmann LH. Revisiting the stretch-induced force deficit: A systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis of acute effects. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024:S2095-2546(24)00069-3. [PMID: 38735533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When recommending avoidance of static stretching prior to athletic performance, authors and practitioners commonly refer to available systematic reviews. However, effect sizes (ES) in previous reviews were extracted in major part from studies lacking control conditions and/or pre-post testing designs. Also, currently available reviews conducted calculations without accounting for multiple study outcomes, with ES: -0.03 to 0.10, which would commonly be classified as trivial. METHODS Since new meta-analytical software and controlled research articles have appeared since 2013, we revisited the available literature and performed a multilevel meta-analysis using robust variance estimation of controlled pre-post trials to provide updated evidence. Furthermore, previous research described reduced electromyography activity-also attributable to fatiguing training routines-as being responsible for decreased subsequent performance. The second part of this study opposed stretching and alternative interventions sufficient to induce general fatigue to examine whether static stretching induces higher performance losses compared to other exercise routines. RESULTS Including 83 studies with more than 400 ES from 2012 participants, our results indicate a significant, small ES for a static stretch-induced maximal strength loss (ES = -0.21, p = 0.003), with high magnitude ES (ES = -0.84, p = 0.004) for stretching durations ≥60 s per bout when compared to passive controls. When opposed to active controls, the maximal strength loss ranges between ES: -0.17 to -0.28, p < 0.001 and 0.040 with mostly no to small heterogeneity. However, stretching did not negatively influence athletic performance in general (when compared to both passive and active controls); in fact, a positive effect on subsequent jumping performance (ES = 0.15, p = 0.006) was found in adults. CONCLUSION Regarding strength testing of isolated muscles (e.g., leg extensions or calf raises), our results confirm previous findings. Nevertheless, since no (or even positive) effects could be found for athletic performance, our results do not support previous recommendations to exclude static stretching from warm-up routines prior to, for example, jumping or sprinting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz A-8010, Austria; Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee 9020, Austria.
| | - Lars Hubertus Lohmann
- Institute of Human Movement and Exercise Physiology, University of Jena, Jena 07749, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dos Reis AL, Oliveira LS, da Silva APM, Barbosa B, de Oliveira LC, de Oliveira RG. Acute effect of static stretching and pilates stretching on the concentric muscle strength of the knee extensors and flexors. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 38:554-561. [PMID: 38763608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of stretching exercises on muscle strength have been widely researched in the literature, however, there are no studies investigating the effects of Pilates stretching. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of static stretching and Pilates stretching on the concentric muscle strength of the knee extensors and flexors. METHOD 102 trained young adults were randomized into three groups: static stretching (n = 33); Pilates stretching (n = 34); control (n = 35). Isokinetic evaluation of the knee extensor and flexor muscles was performed at 60°/s and 180°/s, pre and post acute intervention with stretching. Interventions in the static stretching and Pilates stretching groups occurred in 3 sets x 30 s for each body region considered (a-knee extensor muscles; b-knee flexor muscles). The control group did not perform any intervention. RESULTS No difference (p > 0.05) was observed between the groups after the intervention. There was only a significant intragroup improvement for the control group on the isokinetic muscle strength of the knee flexors at 180°/s, with a moderate effect size, considering the entire sample (p = 0.040; d = 0.42) and when considering only male gender (p = 0.010; d = 0.60). CONCLUSION Static stretching or Pilates stretching performed as a warm-up did not impair or enhance the concentric muscle strength performance of the knee extensors and flexors. In this way, both forms of stretching can be considered as preparatory exercises before muscle strength training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Lopes Dos Reis
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Do Paraná (UENP), Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Letícia Siqueira Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Do Paraná (UENP), Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amanda Priscila Moreno da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Do Paraná (UENP), Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bianca Barbosa
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Do Paraná (UENP), Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Laís Campos de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Do Paraná (UENP), Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raphael Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Do Paraná (UENP), Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Choi JM, Cho EY, Lee BH. Effects of Dynamic Stretching Combined with Manual Therapy on Pain, ROM, Function, and Quality of Life of Adhesive Capsulitis. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 12:45. [PMID: 38200951 PMCID: PMC10779350 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dynamic stretching combined with manual therapy on pain, range of motion, function, and quality of life in patients with adhesive capsulitis. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: the dynamic stretching combined with manual therapy (DSMT) group (n = 17) and the static stretching combined with manual therapy (SSMT) group (n = 17). Both groups received manual therapy for 10 min and two sessions per week for 4 weeks. The DSMT group also performed additional dynamic stretching for 20 min per session, two sessions per week for 4 weeks. The SSMT group practiced additional static stretching for 20 min per session, two sessions per week for 4 weeks. The pain, ROM, function, and quality of life were measured and evaluated before and after treatment. There were significant improvements in the outcomes of pain, flexion and abduction of shoulder ROM, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), and the physical component score and mental component score of the Short Form-36 (SF-36) in both groups. Additionally, the external and internal rotation of the shoulder ROM and the SF-36 general health factor increased significantly more in the A group (DSMT group) compared to the B group (SSMT). In conclusion, dynamic stretching plus manual therapy offers the same results as static stretching plus manual therapy, but with additional improvement in internal and external rotation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Min Choi
- Graduate School of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Institutional Research Center, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li M, Meng X, Guan L, Kim Y, Kim S. Comparing the Effects of Static Stretching Alone and in Combination with Post-Activation Performance Enhancement on Squat Jump Performance at Different Knee Starting Angles. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:769-777. [PMID: 38045747 PMCID: PMC10690507 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the impact of isolated static stretching (4 sets of 30 seconds) and its combined form with 10 repetitive drop jumps on lower limb performance during squat jumps at different knee joint starting angles (60°, 90°, and 120°). Thirteen participants completed three randomly ordered experimental visits, each including a standardized warm-up and squat jumps at three angles, apart from the intervention or control. Information was gathered through a three-dimensional movement tracking system, electromyography system, and force platform. The electromyography data underwent wavelet analysis to compute the energy values across the four wavelet frequency bands. The average power (Pavg), peak power (Ppeak), peak ground reaction force (GRFpeak), peak center of mass velocity (Vpeak), and force-velocity relationship at peak power (SFv) were extracted from the force and velocity-time data. The results revealed no significant influence of isolated static stretching, or its combined form with drop jumps, on the energy values across the frequency bands of the gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and rectus femoris, or the Pavg or Ppeak (P > 0.05). However, at 120°, static stretching reduced the GRFpeak (P = 0.001, d = 0.86) and SFv (P < 0.001, d = 1.12), and increased the Vpeak (P = 0.001, d = 0.5). The GRFpeak, Pavg, Ppeak, and SFv increased with an increase in the joint angle (P < 0.05), whereas the Vpeak decreased (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that static stretching does not diminish power output during squat jumps at the three angles; however, it alters GRFpeak, Vpeak, and the relative contributions of force and velocity to peak power at 120°, which can be eliminated by post-activation performance enhancement. Moreover, compared to 60° and 90°, 120° was more favorable for power and peak force output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiangwei Meng
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Lihao Guan
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukwon Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Daneshjoo A, Anvar SH, Graham A, Zahiri A, Goudini R, Edwards C, Culleton R, Scharf C, Konrad A. Acute Effects of Various Stretching Techniques on Range of Motion: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:107. [PMID: 37962709 PMCID: PMC10645614 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Although stretching can acutely increase joint range of motion (ROM), there are a variety of factors which could influence the extent of stretch-induced flexibility such as participant characteristics, stretching intensities, durations, type (technique), and muscle or joint tested. Objective The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the acute effects of stretching on ROM including moderating variables such as muscles tested, stretch techniques, intensity, sex, and trained state. Methods A random-effect meta-analysis was performed from 47 eligible studies (110 effect sizes). A mixed-effect meta-analysis subgroup analysis was also performed on the moderating variables. A meta-regression was also performed between age and stretch duration. GRADE analysis was used to assess the quality of evidence obtained from this meta-analysis. Results The meta-analysis revealed a small ROM standard mean difference in favor of an acute bout of stretching compared to non-active control condition (ES = −0.555; Z = −8.939; CI (95%) −0.677 to −0.434; p < 0.001; I2 = 33.32). While there were ROM increases with sit and reach (P = 0.038), hamstrings (P < 0.001), and triceps surae (P = 0.002) tests, there was no change with the hip adductor test (P = 0.403). Further subgroup analyses revealed no significant difference in stretch intensity (P = 0.76), trained state (P = 0.99), stretching techniques (P = 0.72), and sex (P = 0.89). Finally, meta-regression showed no relationship between the ROM standard mean differences to age (R2 = −0.03; P = 0.56) and stretch duration (R 2 = 0.00; P = 0.39), respectively. GRADE analysis indicated that we can be moderately confident in the effect estimates. Conclusion A single bout of stretching can be considered effective for providing acute small magnitude ROM improvements for most ROM tests, which are not significantly affected by stretch intensity, participants’ trained state, stretching techniques, and sex. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-023-00652-x. The meta-analysis on joint range of motion (ROM) increases revealed a small effect size in favor of an acute bout of stretching compared to the control condition. Subgroup analysis revealed a significant increase in ROM with sit and reach, hamstrings, and triceps surae tests, but no improvement with the hip adductor tests. Whereas all moderating variables presented significant increases in ROM, further subgroup analyses revealed no significant difference in ROM gains with the stretch intensity, trained state of the participants, stretching techniques, and sex. A meta-regression showed no relationship between the effect sizes to age and stretch duration, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Abdolhamid Daneshjoo
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 76169-13439, Iran
| | - Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Andrew Graham
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ali Zahiri
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Reza Goudini
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Chris Edwards
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Robyn Culleton
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Carina Scharf
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anvar SH, Granacher U, Konrad A, Alizadeh S, Culleton R, Edwards C, Goudini R, Behm DG. Corticospinal excitability and reflex modulation in a contralateral non-stretched muscle following unilateral stretching. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1837-1850. [PMID: 37072505 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscle stretching effect on the range of motion (ROM) and force deficit in non-stretched muscle, and the underlying mechanisms, is an ongoing issue. This study aimed to investigate crossover stretching effects and mechanisms on the plantar flexor muscles. METHODS Fourteen recreationally active females (n = 5) and males (n = 9) performed six sets of 45-s static stretching (SS) (15-s recovery) to the point of discomfort of the dominant leg (DL) plantar flexors or control (345-s rest). Participants were tested for a single 5-s pre- and post-test maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) with each plantar flexor muscle and were tested for DL and non-DL ROM. They were tested pre- and post-test (immediate, 10-s, 30-s) for the Hoffman (H)-reflex and motor-evoked potentials (MEP) from transcranial magnetic stimulation in the contralateral, non-stretched muscle. RESULTS Both the DL and non-DL-MVIC force had large magnitude, significant (↓10.87%, p = 0.027, pƞ2 = 0.4) and non-significant (↓9.53%, p = 0.15, pƞ2 = 0.19) decreases respectively with SS. The SS also significantly improved the DL (6.5%, p < 0.001) and non-DL (5.35%, p = 0.002) ROM. The non-DL MEP/MMax and HMax/MMax ratio did not change significantly. CONCLUSION Prolonged static stretching improved the stretched muscle's ROM. However, the stretched limb's force was negatively affected following the stretching protocol. The ROM improvement and large magnitude force impairment (statistically non-significant) were transferred to the contralateral muscles. The lack of significant changes in spinal and corticospinal excitability confirms that the afferent excitability of the spinal motoneurons and corticospinal excitability may not play a substantial role in non-local muscle's ROM or force output responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Robyn Culleton
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Chris Edwards
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Reza Goudini
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pethick J, Moran J, Behm DG. Prolonged static stretching increases the magnitude and decreases the complexity of knee extensor muscle force fluctuations. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288167. [PMID: 37478104 PMCID: PMC10361527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Static stretching decreases maximal muscle force generation in a dose-response manner, but its effects on the generation of task-relevant and precise levels of submaximal force, i.e. force control, is unclear. We investigated the effect of acute static stretching on knee extensor force control, quantified according to both the magnitude and complexity of force fluctuations. Twelve healthy participants performed a series of isometric knee extensor maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) and targeted intermittent submaximal contractions at 25, 50 and 75% MVC (3 x 6 seconds contraction separated by 4 seconds rest, with 60 seconds rest between each intensity) prior to, and immediately after, one of four continuous static stretch conditions: 1) no stretch; 2) 30-second stretch; 3) 60-second stretch; 4) 120-second stretch. The magnitude of force fluctuations was quantified using the standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV), while the complexity of fluctuations was quantified using approximate entropy (ApEn) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) α. These measures were calculated using the steadiest 5 seconds of the targeted submaximal contractions at each intensity (i.e., that with the lowest SD). Significant decreases in MVC were evident following the 30, 60 and 120-second stretch conditions (all P < 0.001), with a significant correlation observed between stretch duration and the magnitude of decrease in MVC (r = -0.58, P < 0.001). The 120-second stretch resulted in significant increases in SD at 50% MVC (P = 0.007) and CV at 50% (P = 0.009) and 75% MVC (P = 0.005), and a significant decrease in ApEn at 75% MVC (P < 0.001). These results indicate that the negative effects of prolonged static stretching extend beyond maximal force generation tasks to those involving generation of precise levels of force during moderate- to high-intensity submaximal contractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Pethick
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coratella G, Cè E, Doria C, Borrelli M, Toninelli N, Rampichini S, Limonta E, Longo S, Esposito F. Is the Interpolated-Twitch Technique-Derived Voluntary Activation Just Neural? Novel Perspectives from Mechanomyographic Data. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:469-481. [PMID: 36288476 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Voluntary activation (VA) determined by interpolation-twitch technique could be affected by the characteristics of the in-series elastic components. To overcome this possible bias, a novel approach based on the mechanomyographic (MMG) signal to detect voluntary activation (VA MMG ) has been proposed. We examined the changes in VA and VA MMG after passive stretching to check the influence of neural and mechanical factors in the force output. METHODS Twenty-six healthy men underwent VA assessment using the interpolated-twitch technique before and after unilateral passive stretching of the plantarflexors (five 45-s on + 15-s off). In addition to the force signal, the MMG signal was detected on gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, and soleus. From the force and MMG signal analysis, VA and VA MMG were calculated in the stretched and contralateral nonstretched limbs. Joint passive stiffness was also defined. RESULTS In the stretched limb, passive stretching increased dorsiflexion range (mean ± SD = +18% ± 10%, P < 0.001, ES = 1.54) but reduced joint passive stiffness (-22% ± 8%, P < 0.001, ES = -1.75), maximum voluntary contraction (-15% ± 7%, P < 0.001, ES = -0.87), VA (-7% ± 3%, P < 0.001, ES = -2.32), and VA MMG (~-5% ± 2%, P < 0.001, ES = -1.26/-1.14). In the contralateral nonstretched limb, passive stretching increased dorsiflexion range (+10% ± 6%, P < 0.001, ES = 0.80) but reduced joint passive stiffness (-3% ± 2%, P = 0.041, ES = -0.27), maximum voluntary contraction (-4% ± 3%, P = 0.035, ES = -0.24), VA (-4% ± 2%, P < 0.001, ES = -1.77), and VA MMG (~- 2% ± 1%, P < 0.05, ES = -0.54/-0.46). The stretch-induced changes in VA correlated with VA MMG ( R ranging from 0.447 to 0.583 considering all muscles) and with joint passive stiffness (stretched limb: R = 0.503; contralateral nonstretched limb: R = 0.530). CONCLUSIONS VA output is overall influenced by both neural and mechanical factors, not distinguishable using the interpolated-twitch technique. VA MMG is a complementary index to assess the changes in VA not influenced by mechanical factors and to examine synergistic muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | | | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - Marta Borrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - Nicholas Toninelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim JH, Park HY. Effects of combined hip exercise and passive stretching on muscle stiffness, pain perception and painrelated disability, and physical function in older adults with low back pain. Phys Act Nutr 2022; 26:16-24. [DOI: 10.20463/pan.2022.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to examine the effects of combined hip exercise and passive stretching as a novel treatment method for low back pain (LBP) in older adults.[Methods] Altogether, 20 Koreans with LBP aged 60–79 years (67.3 ± 5.92 years) were randomly assigned to undertake combined exercise (CE; n = 10) or lumbar stabilization exercise (LSE; n = 10). All participants performed their respective exercise program for 25–30 min with an OMNI scale of 6–8 for 8 weeks, three times a week. Body composition, muscle stiffness, pain-visual analog scale (P-VAS), Oswestry disability index, and physical function were evaluated before and after the exercise intervention.[Results] The CE group demonstrated greater improvements in lean body mass (<i>η<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.402, <i>p</i> = 0.003) and percent body fat (<i>η<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.222, <i>p</i> = 0.036) than the LSE group. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in muscle stiffness, P-VAS scores, and Oswestry disability index scores, although no significant differences were observed between the interventions. All physical function parameters demonstrated a significant improvement in both groups, and the CE group demonstrated greater improvement in the YMCA sit-and-reach (<i>η<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.338, <i>p</i> = 0.007) and straight leg raise tests (<i>η<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.283, p = 0.016) than the LSE group.[Conclusion] CE is comparable to LSE as an effective and successful exercise intervention that reduces muscle stiffness and P-VAS scores. Moreover, CE is more effective than LSE in enhancing the physical function of older adults with LBP.
Collapse
|
10
|
Rodrigues GM, Lattari E, Oliveira F, Oliveira BRR, Machado S. Effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on hip range of motion of healthy sedentary women: A crossover study. Neurosci Lett 2022; 788:136843. [PMID: 35998872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The improvements in range of motion (ROM) by cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (c-tDCS) were only found in sedentary men and not in females. Thus, the study investigated the effect of c-tDCS on hip flexion range of motion (HFROM) in sedentary women. Ten healthy (27.2 ± 6.4 years for age, 67.9 ± 17.8 kg for body mass, 159.1 ± 7.1 cm for height, and 87.1 ± 3.3° for HFROM) and right-leg-dominant women performed a counterbalanced crossover design in two experimental sessions, separated a week apart: c-tDCS and placebo stimulus (sham). Before and after experimental conditions (Pre-stimulation, Post-stimulation), participants had their HFROM measured. A significant interaction was demonstrated for conditions × time (F(1, 9) = 10.666; ƞ2 = 0.542; p = 0.01), indicating an increase in HFROM in the post-condition (89.0 ± 2.6°) compared to pre-condition (86.5° ± 2.9°) only in the c-tDCS. However, the HFROM improvements varied from 0.3 % to 6.5 % following c-tDCS. This study suggests that c-tDCS applied over the sensorimotor cortex of healthy sedentary women can acutely improve HFROM, but with a low percentage increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Moraes Rodrigues
- Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Lattari
- Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil; Physical Activity, Health and Performance Research Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Physical Education and Sports Department, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Oliveira
- Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ribeiro Ramalho Oliveira
- Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil; Physical Activity, Health and Performance Research Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Physical Education and Sports Department, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio Machado
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience (LABNAF), Neurodiversity Institute, Queimados, RJ, Brazil; Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Konrad A, Nakamura M, Tilp M, Donti O, Behm DG. Foam Rolling Training Effects on Range of Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2523-2535. [PMID: 35616852 PMCID: PMC9474417 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background A single foam-rolling exercise can acutely increase the range of motion (ROM) of a joint. However, to date the adaptational effects of foam-rolling training over several weeks on joint ROM are not well understood. Objective The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of foam-rolling training interventions on joint ROM in healthy participants. Methods Results were assessed from 11 studies (either controlled trials [CT] or randomized controlled trials [RCTs]) and 46 effect sizes by applying a random-effect meta-analysis. Moreover, by applying a mixed-effect model, we performed subgroup analyses, which included comparisons of the intervention duration (≤ 4 weeks vs > 4 weeks), comparisons between muscles tested (e.g., hamstrings vs quadriceps vs triceps surae), and study designs (RCT vs CT). Results Our main analysis of 290 participants with a mean age of 23.9 (± 6.3 years) indicated a moderate effect of foam-rolling training on ROM increases in the experimental compared to the control group (ES = 0.823; Z = 3.237; 95% CI 0.325–1.322; p = 0.001; I2 = 72.76). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between study designs (p = 0.36). However, a significant difference was observed in the intervention duration in favor of interventions > 4 weeks compared to ≤ 4 weeks for ROM increases (p = 0.049). Moreover, a further subgroup analysis showed significant differences between the muscles tested (p = 0.047) in the eligible studies. Foam rolling increased joint ROM when applied to hamstrings and quadriceps, while no improvement in ankle dorsiflexion was observed when foam rolling was applied to triceps surae. Conclusion Longer duration interventions (> 4 weeks) are needed to induce ROM gains while there is evidence that responses are muscle or joint specific. Future research should examine possible mechanisms underpinning ROM increases following different foam-rolling protocols, to allow for informed recommendations in healthy and clinical populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Olyvia Donti
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu L, Zhang K, Yang G, Chu J. Gesture recognition using dual-stream CNN based on fusion of sEMG energy kernel phase portrait and IMU amplitude image. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Acute and long-term effects of two different static stretching training protocols on range of motion and vertical jump in preadolescent athletes. Biol Sport 2021; 38:579-586. [PMID: 34937967 PMCID: PMC8670820 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.101127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the acute and long-term effects of two static stretching protocols of equal duration, performed either as a single stretch or multiple shorter duration repetitions on hip hyperextension range of motion (ROM) and single leg countermovement jump height (CMJ). Thirty female gymnasts were randomly assigned to stretching (SG) or control groups (CG). The SG performed two different protocols of static stretching, three times per week for 9 weeks. One leg performed repeated stretching (3 × 30 s with 30 s rest) while the other leg performed a single stretch (90 s). The CG continued regular training. ROM and CMJ were measured pre- and 2 min post-stretching on weeks 0, 3, 6, 9, and 3 weeks into detraining. CMJ height increased over time irrespective of group (main effect time, p = 0.001), with no statistical difference between groups (main effect group, p = 0.272). Three-way ANOVA showed that, CMJ height after stretching was not affected by either stretching protocol at any time point (p = 0.503 to 0.996). Both stretching protocols equally increased ROM on weeks 6 (10.9 ± 13.4%, p < 0.001, d = 0.42), and 9 (21.5 ± 13.4%, p < 0.001, d = 0.78), and this increase was maintained during detraining (17.0 ± 15.0%, p < 0.001, d = 0.68). No increase in ROM was observed in the CG (p > 0.874). Static stretching of long duration applied either as single or multiple bouts of equal duration, results in similar acute and long-term improvements in ROM. Furthermore, both stretching protocols do not acutely affect subsequent CMJ performance, and this effect is not influenced by the large increase in ROM and CMJ overtime.
Collapse
|
14
|
Nakamura M, Sato S, Kiyono R, Yahata K, Yoshida R, Fukaya T, Nishishita S, Knorad A. Relationship between changes in passive properties and muscle strength after static stretching. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2021; 28:535-539. [PMID: 34776191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between decreased muscle strength of rate of force development (RFD) immediately after static stretching (SS) and change in muscle stiffness or muscle slack has remained unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the association between changes in muscle strength and RFD and muscle stiffness or muscle slack immediately after SS. METHODS Sixteen healthy male non-athlete volunteers participated in this study. The maximal voluntary contraction torque and shear elastic modulus of medial gastrocnemius muscle were measured before and after 300 s of SS intervention. RESULTS The results showed that maximal voluntary contraction torque and RFD at 100, 150, and 200 ms decreased significantly after the 300-s SS (p < 0.01). Additionally, shear elastic modulus at 0° (decrease in muscle stiffness) and slack angle decreased (increase in slack length) significantly after the 300-second SS (p < 0.01). However, no significant association was observed between changes in muscle strength and changes in mechanical properties of the MG. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the decrease in muscle strength and RFD could not be associated with changes in the passive mechanical properties of the medial gastrocnemius muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kiyono
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yahata
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Kyoto Kujo Hospital, 10 Karahashirajoumoncho, Minami-ku, Kyoto, 601-8453, Japan
| | - Satoru Nishishita
- Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka, Japan; Kansai Rehabilitation Hospital, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andreas Knorad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
CORATELLA GIUSEPPE, CÈ EMILIANO, DORIA CHRISTIAN, BORRELLI MARTA, LONGO STEFANO, ESPOSITO FABIO. Neuromuscular Correlates of the Contralateral Stretch-induced Strength Loss. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2066-2075. [PMID: 33831897 PMCID: PMC10097483 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study investigated the effects of unilateral passive stretching on the neuromuscular mechanisms involved in the force-generating capacity of the contralateral muscle. METHODS Twenty-six healthy men underwent unilateral passive stretching of the plantarflexors (5 × 45 s on + 15 s off; total stretching time, 225 s). Before and after the stretching protocol, contralateral ankle range of motion, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the plantarflexors, and surface electromyographic root-mean-square (sEMG RMS) of the soleus and the gastrocnemii muscles were determined. Concurrently, V-wave, maximum and superimposed H-reflex, and M-wave were elicited via nerve stimulation to estimate the supraspinal, spinal, and peripheral mechanisms, respectively. sEMG RMS, V-wave, and H-reflex were normalized to the M-wave. RESULTS After passive stretching, contralateral ankle range of motion was increased (+8% [1%/15%], effect size [ES] = 0.43 [0.02/0.84], P < 0.001), MVC of the plantarflexors was decreased (-9% [-21%/-2%], ES = -0.96 [-1.53/-0.38], P < 0.001), and the sEMG RMS/M-wave of the soleus and the gastrocnemii muscles was decreased (≈-9%, ES ≈ -0.33, P < 0.05). Concurrently, the V-wave/M-wave superimposed was decreased in all muscles (≈-13%, ES = -0.81 to -0.52, P < 0.05). No change in H-reflex/M-wave and M-wave was observed under both maximum and superimposed condition. The decrease in the MVC and the sEMG RMS of the contralateral muscle was accompanied by a decrease in the V-wave/M-wave but not the H-reflex/M-wave ratios and the M-wave. CONCLUSIONS The present outcomes suggest that only supraspinal mechanisms might be involved in the contralateral decrease in the maximum force-generating capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- GIUSEPPE CORATELLA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - EMILIANO CÈ
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
- IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, ITALY
| | - CHRISTIAN DORIA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - MARTA BORRELLI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - STEFANO LONGO
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - FABIO ESPOSITO
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
- IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, ITALY
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Coratella G, Longo S, Rampichini S, Doria C, Borrelli M, Limonta E, Michielon G, Cè E, Esposito F. Passive stretching decreases muscle efficiency in balance tasks. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256656. [PMID: 34550984 PMCID: PMC8457459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to verify whether or not passive static stretching affects balance control capacity. Thirty-eight participants (19 women and 19 men) underwent a passive static stretching session, involving the knee extensor/flexor and dorsi/plantarflexor muscles, and a control session (no stretching, CTRL). Before (PRE), immediately after (POST), after 15 (POST15) and 30 min (POST30) from stretching (or rest in CTRL), balance control was evaluated under static and dynamic conditions, with open/closed eyes, and with/without somatosensory perturbation (foam under the feet). During tests, centre of pressure (CoP) sway area and perimeter and antero-posterior and medio-lateral sway mean speed were computed. Surface electromyography root mean square (sEMG RMS) was calculated from the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior muscles during MVC and during the balance tests. Hip flexion/extension and dorsi/plantarflexion range of motion (ROM), maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and sEMG RMS during MVC were measured at the same time points. After stretching, ROM increased (≈6.5%; P<0.05), while MVC and sEMG RMS decreased (≈9% and ≈7.5%, respectively; P<0.05). Regardless of the testing condition, CoP sway area and the perimeter remained similar, while antero-posterior and medio-lateral sway mean speed decreased by ≈8% and ≈12%, respectively (P<0.05). sEMG RMS during the balance tests increased in all muscles in POST (≈7%, P<0.05). All variables recovered in POST30. No changes occurred in CTRL. Passive static stretching did not affect the overall balance control ability. However, greater muscle activation was required to maintain similar CoP sway, thus suggesting a decrease in muscle efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Borrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Michielon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mazzo MR, Weinman LE, Giustino V, Mclagan B, Maldonado J, Enoka RM. Changes in neural drive to calf muscles during steady submaximal contractions after repeated static stretches. J Physiol 2021; 599:4321-4336. [PMID: 34292610 DOI: 10.1113/jp281875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Repeated static-stretching interventions consistently increase the range of motion about a joint and decrease total joint stiffness, but findings on the changes in muscle and connective-tissue properties are mixed. The influence of these stretch-induced changes on muscle function at submaximal forces is unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, the changes in neural drive to the plantar flexor muscles after a static-stretch intervention were estimated. Neural drive to the plantar flexor muscles during a low-force contraction increased after repeated static stretches. These findings suggest that adjustments in motor unit activity are necessary at low forces to accommodate reductions in the force-generating and transmission capabilities of the muscle-tendon unit after repeated static stretches of the calf muscles. ABSTRACT Static stretching decreases stiffness about a joint, but its influence on muscle-tendon unit function and muscle activation is unclear. We investigated the influence of three static stretches on changes in neural drive to the plantar flexor muscles, both after a stretch intervention and after a set of maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Estimates of neural drive were obtained during submaximal isometric contractions by decomposing high-density electromyographic signals into the activity of individual motor units from medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius and soleus. Motor units were matched across contractions and an estimate of neural drive to the plantar flexors was calculated by normalizing the cumulative spike train to the number of active motor units (normalized neural drive). Mean discharge rate increased after the stretch intervention during the 10% MVC task for all recorded motor units and those matched across conditions (all, P = 0.0046; matched only, P = 0.002), recruitment threshold decreased for motor units matched across contractions (P = 0.022), and discharge rate at recruitment was elevated (P = 0.004). Similarly, the estimate of normalized neural drive was significantly greater after the stretch intervention at 10% MVC torque (P = 0.029), but not at 35% MVC torque. The adjustments in motor unit activity required to complete the 10% MVC task after stretch may have been partially attenuated by a set of plantar flexor MVCs. The increase in neural drive required to produce low plantar-flexion torques after repeated static stretches of the calf muscles suggests stretch-induced changes in muscle and connective tissue properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Mazzo
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Logan E Weinman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Valerio Giustino
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bailey Mclagan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John Maldonado
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Roger M Enoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Panidi I, Bogdanis GC, Terzis G, Donti A, Konrad A, Gaspari V, Donti O. Muscle Architectural and Functional Adaptations Following 12-Weeks of Stretching in Adolescent Female Athletes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:701338. [PMID: 34335307 PMCID: PMC8322691 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.701338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of high-volume static stretching training on gastrocnemius muscle architecture, ankle angle and jump height in 21 female adolescent volleyball players. Static stretching of the plantar flexors of one leg (STR) was performed five times/week for 12 weeks, in addition to volleyball training, with the contra-lateral leg used as control (CON). Total duration of stretching per session increased from 540 s (week 1) to 900 s (week 12). At baseline, week 12 and after 3 weeks of detraining, muscle architecture at the middle and the distal part of both gastrocnemius heads (medialis and lateralis) and ankle angle were examined at rest and at maximum dorsiflexion. At the same time-points gastrocnemius cross-sectional area (CSA) was also assessed, while jumping height was measured at baseline and week 12. Following intervention, ankle dorsiflexion increased in both legs with a greater increase in STR than CON (22 ± 20% vs. 8 ± 17%, p < 0.001). Fascicle length at the middle part of gastrocnemius medialis increased only in the STR, at rest (6 ± 7%, p = 0.006) and at maximum dorsiflexion (11 ± 7%, p < 0.001). Fascicle length at maximum dorsiflexion also increased at the distal part of gastrocnemius lateralis of STR (15 ± 13%, p < 0.001). A greater increase in CSA (23 ± 14% vs. 13 ± 14%, p < 0.001) and in one-leg jumping height (27 ± 30% vs. 17 ± 23%, p < 0.001) was found in STR than CON. Changes in ankle angle, fascicle length and CSA were maintained following detraining. High-volume stretching training for 12 weeks results in ankle dorsiflexion, fascicle length and muscle cross sectional area increases in adolescent female volleyball players. These adaptations may partly explain improvements in jump performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioli Panidi
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Donti
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vasiliki Gaspari
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olyvia Donti
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Trajano GS, Blazevich AJ. Static Stretching Reduces Motoneuron Excitability: The Potential Role of Neuromodulation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:126-132. [PMID: 33720914 PMCID: PMC7967995 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged static muscle stretching transiently reduces maximal muscle force, and this force loss has a strong neural component. In this review, we discuss the evidence suggesting that stretching reduces the motoneuron's ability to amplify excitatory drive. We propose a hypothetical model in which stretching causes physiological relaxation, reducing the brainstem-derived neuromodulatory drive necessary to maximize motoneuron discharge rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Trajano
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cè E, Coratella G, Doria C, Rampichini S, Borrelli M, Longo S, Esposito F. No effect of passive stretching on neuromuscular function and maximum force-generating capacity in the antagonist muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1955-1965. [PMID: 33770238 PMCID: PMC8192325 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The present study investigated whether or not passive stretching increases the force-generating capacity of the antagonist muscle, and the possible neuromuscular mechanisms behind. Methods To this purpose, the neuromuscular function accompanying the force-generating capacity was assessed in 26 healthy male volunteers after passive stretching and in a control session. Before and after passive intermittent static stretching of the plantar flexors consisting of five sets × 45 s + 15 s-rest, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) and surface electromyographic root mean square (sEMG RMS) were measured in the tibialis anterior (the antagonist muscle). Additionally, evoked V wave, H-reflex, and M wave were elicited by nerve stimulation at rest and during MVC. Ankle range of motion (ROM) and plantar flexors MVC and EMG RMS were measured to check for the effectiveness of the stretching manoeuvre. Results No change in MVC [p = 0.670; effect size (ES) − 0.03] and sEMG RMS/M wave during MVC (p = 0.231; ES − 0.09) was observed in the antagonist muscle after passive stretching. Similarly, no change in V wave (p = 0.531; ES 0.16), H-reflex at rest and during MVC (p = 0.656 and 0.597; ES 0.11 and 0.23, respectively) and M wave at rest and during MVC (p = 0.355 and 0.554; ES 0.04 and 0.01, respectively) was observed. An increase in ankle ROM (p < 0.001; ES 0.55) and a decrease in plantar flexors MVC (p < 0.001; ES − 1.05) and EMG RMS (p < 0.05; ES − 1.72 to − 0.13 in all muscles) indicated the effectiveness of stretching protocol. Conclusion No change in the force-generating capacity and neuromuscular function of the antagonist muscle after passive stretching was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milano, Italy
- IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Borrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milano, Italy
- IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Drury B, Granacher U, Moran J. Non-local acute stretching effects on strength performance in healthy young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1517-1529. [PMID: 33715049 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Static stretching (SS) can impair performance and increase range of motion of a non-exercised or non-stretched muscle, respectively. An underdeveloped research area is the effect of unilateral stretching on non-local force output. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to describe the effects of unilateral SS on contralateral, non-stretched, muscle force and identify gaps in the literature. METHODS A systematic literature search following preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses Protocols guidelines was performed according to prescribed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Weighted means and ranges highlighted the non-local force output response to unilateral stretching. The physiotherapy evidence database scale was used to assess study risk of bias and methodological quality. RESULTS Unilateral stretching protocols from six studies involved 6.3 ± 2 repetitions of 36.3 ± 7.4 s with 19.3 ± 5.7 s recovery between stretches. The mean stretch-induced force deficits exhibited small magnitude effect sizes for both the stretched (-6.7 ± 7.1%, d = -0.35: 0.01 to -1.8) and contralateral, non-stretched, muscles (-4.0 ± 4.9%, d = , 0.22: 0.08 to 1.1). Control measures exhibited trivial deficits. CONCLUSION The limited literature examining non-local effects of prolonged SS revealed that both the stretched and contralateral, non-stretched, limbs of young adults demonstrate small magnitude force deficits. However, the frequency of studies with these effects were similar with three measures demonstrating deficits, and four measures showing trivial changes. These results highlight the possible global (non-local) effects of prolonged SS. Further research should investigate effects of lower intensity stretching, upper versus lower body stretching, different age groups, incorporate full warm-ups, and identify predominant mechanisms among others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's,, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's,, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ben Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucester, UK
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The effects of 12 weeks of static stretch training on the functional, mechanical, and architectural characteristics of the triceps surae muscle-tendon complex. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1743-1758. [PMID: 33687531 PMCID: PMC8144166 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of 12 weeks of passive static stretching training (PST) on force-generating capacity, passive stiffness, muscle architecture of plantarflexor muscles. METHODS Thirty healthy adults participated in the study. Fifteen participants (STR, 6 women, 9 men) underwent 12-week plantarflexor muscles PST [(5 × 45 s-on/15 s-off) × 2exercises] × 5times/week (duration: 2250 s/week), while 15 participants (CTRL, 6 women, 9 men) served as control (no PST). Range of motion (ROM), maximum passive resistive torque (PRTmax), triceps surae architecture [fascicle length, fascicle angle, and thickness], passive stiffness [muscle-tendon complex (MTC) and muscle stiffness], and plantarflexors maximun force-generating capacity variables (maximum voluntary contraction, maximum muscle activation, rate of torque development, electromechanical delay) were calculated Pre, at the 6th (Wk6), and the 12th week (Wk12) of the protocol in both groups. RESULTS Compared to Pre, STR ROM increased (P < 0.05) at Wk6 (8%) and Wk12 (23%). PRTmax increased at Wk12 (30%, P < 0.05), while MTC stiffness decreased (16%, P < 0.05). Muscle stiffness decreased (P < 0.05) at Wk6 (11%) and Wk12 (16%). No changes in triceps surae architecture and plantarflexors maximum force-generating capacity variables were found in STR (P > 0.05). Percentage changes in ROM correlated with percentage changes in PRTmax (ρ = 0.62, P = 0.01) and MTC stiffness (ρ = - 0.78, P = 0.001). In CTRL, no changes (P > 0.05) occurred in any variables at any time point. CONCLUSION The expected long-term PST-induced changes in ROM were associated with modifications in the whole passive mechanical properties of the ankle joint, while maximum force-generating capacity characteristics were preserved. 12 weeks of PST do not seem a sufficient stimulus to induce triceps surae architectural changes.
Collapse
|
23
|
Pinto MD, Wilson CJ, Kay AD, Blazevich AJ. Reliability of isokinetic tests of velocity- and contraction intensity-dependent plantar flexor mechanical properties. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1009-1025. [PMID: 33453060 PMCID: PMC8251531 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
"Flexibility" tests are traditionally performed voluntarily relaxed by rotating a joint slowly; however, functional activities are performed rapidly with voluntary/reflexive muscle activity. Here, we describe the reliabilities and differences in maximum ankle range of motion (ROMmax ) and plantar flexor mechanical properties at several velocities and levels of voluntary force from a new test protocol on a commercially available dynamometer. Fifteen participants had their ankle joint dorsiflexed at 5, 30, and 60° s-1 in two conditions: voluntarily relaxed and while producing 40% and 60% of maximal eccentric torque. Commonly reported variables describing ROMmax and resistance to stretch were subsequently calculated from torque and angle data. Absolute (coefficient of variation (CV%) and typical error) and relative (ICC2,1 ) reliabilities were determined across two testing days (≥72 h). ROMmax relative reliability was good in voluntarily relaxed tests at 30 and 60° s-1 and moderate at 5° s-1 , despite CVs ≤ 10% for all velocities. Tests performed with voluntary muscle activity were only reliable when performed at 5° s-1 , and ROMmax reliability was moderate and CV ≤ 8%. For most variables, the rank order of participants differed between the slow-velocity, relaxed test, and those performed at faster speeds or with voluntary activation, indicating different information. A person's flexibility status during voluntarily relaxed fast or active stretches tended to differ from their status in the traditional voluntarily relaxed, slow-velocity test. Thus, "flexibility" tests should be completed under conditions of different stretch velocity and levels of muscle force production, and clinicians and researchers should consider the slightly larger between-day variability from slow-velocity voluntarily relaxed tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Cody J Wilson
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kay
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, The University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vieira DCL, Opplert J, Babault N. Acute effects of dynamic stretching on neuromechanical properties: an interaction between stretching, contraction, and movement. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:957-967. [PMID: 33417034 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to investigate the acute effects of dynamic stretching on neurophysiological and mechanical properties of plantar flexor muscles and to test the hypothesis that dynamic stretching resulted from an interaction between stretching, movement, and contraction. METHODS The dynamic stretching conditioning activity (DS) was compared to static stretching (SS), passive cyclic stretching (PCS), isometric contractions (IC), static stretching followed by isometric contractions (SSIC), and control (CO) conditions. Stretching amplitude (DS, SS, PCS and SSIC), contraction intensity (DS, IC and SSIC) and duration (all 6 conditions) were matched. Thirteen volunteers were included. Passive torque, fascicle length, and stiffness were evaluated from a dynamometer and ultrasonography during passive dorsiflexion. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation was used to investigate contractile properties [peak twitch torque (PTT), and rate of torque development (RTD)] and muscle voluntary activation (%VA). Gastrocnemius lateralis electromyographic activity (GL EMG/Mwave) was obtained during maximal voluntary contraction. All of these parameters were measured immediately before and 10 s after each experimental condition. RESULTS Peak twitch torque, RTD, %VA, GL EMG/Mwave remained unaltered, while passive torque was significantly reduced after DS (- 8.14 ± 2.21%). SS decreased GL EMG/Mwave (- 7.83 ± 12.01%) and passive torque (- 2.16 ± 7.25%). PCS decreased PTT (- 3.40 ± 6.03%), RTD (- 2.96 ± 5.16%), and passive torque (- 2.16 ± 2.05%). IC decreased passive torque (- 7.72 ± 1.97%) and enhanced PTT (+ 5.77 ± 5.19%) and RTD (+ 7.36 ± 8.35%). However, SSIC attenuated PTT and RTD improvements as compared to IC. CONCLUSION These results suggested that dynamic stretching is multi-component and would result from an interaction between stretching, contraction, and movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis César Leite Vieira
- Center for Performance Expertise, INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.,College of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jules Opplert
- Center for Performance Expertise, INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Babault
- Center for Performance Expertise, INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mechanisms underlying performance impairments following prolonged static stretching without a comprehensive warm-up. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:67-94. [PMID: 33175242 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Whereas a variety of pre-exercise activities have been incorporated as part of a "warm-up" prior to work, combat, and athletic activities for millennia, the inclusion of static stretching (SS) within a warm-up has lost favor in the last 25 years. Research emphasized the possibility of SS-induced impairments in subsequent performance following prolonged stretching without proper dynamic warm-up activities. Proposed mechanisms underlying stretch-induced deficits include both neural (i.e., decreased voluntary activation, persistent inward current effects on motoneuron excitability) and morphological (i.e., changes in the force-length relationship, decreased Ca2+ sensitivity, alterations in parallel elastic component) factors. Psychological influences such as a mental energy deficit and nocebo effects could also adversely affect performance. However, significant practical limitations exist within published studies, e.g., long-stretching durations, stretching exercises with little task specificity, lack of warm-up before/after stretching, testing performed immediately after stretch completion, and risk of investigator and participant bias. Recent research indicates that appropriate durations of static stretching performed within a full warm-up (i.e., aerobic activities before and task-specific dynamic stretching and intense physical activities after SS) have trivial effects on subsequent performance with some evidence of improved force output at longer muscle lengths. For conditions in which muscular force production is compromised by stretching, knowledge of the underlying mechanisms would aid development of mitigation strategies. However, these mechanisms are yet to be perfectly defined. More information is needed to better understand both the warm-up components and mechanisms that contribute to performance enhancements or impairments when SS is incorporated within a pre-activity warm-up.
Collapse
|
26
|
Cè E, Coratella G, Bisconti AV, Venturelli M, Limonta E, Doria C, Rampichini S, Longo S, Esposito F. Neuromuscular versus Mechanical Stretch-induced Changes in Contralateral versus Ipsilateral Muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1294-1306. [PMID: 31913244 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Whether or not the homologous contralateral muscle (CM) undergoes stretch-induced force reduction as the stretched muscle (SM) is still unclear. The neuromuscular and mechanical factors underlying the force reduction in CM and SM were investigated. METHODS Twenty-one participants underwent unilateral knee extensors passive stretching. In both CM and SM, before, immediately after (POST), 5 (POST5), and 10 min (POST10) after passive stretching, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), peak force (pF), and voluntary activation (VA) were measured. During MVC, the electromyographic and mechanomyographic root mean square (EMG RMS and MMG RMS, respectively) was calculated in rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis, together with M-wave. The total electromechanical delay (EMD), divided in time delay (Δt) EMG-MMG and Δt MMG-F was calculated. RESULTS In CM at POST, the decrease in MVC (-11%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -13 to -9; effect size [ES], -2.27) was accompanied by a fall in VA (-7%; 95% CI, -9 to -4; ES, -2.29), EMG RMS (range, -22% to -11%; ES, -3.92 to -2.25), MMG RMS (range, -10% to -8%; ES, -0.52 to -0.39) and an increase in Δt EMG-MMG (≈+10%; ES, 0.73 to 0.93). All changes returned to baseline at POST5. In SM, decrease in MVC (-19%; 95% CI, -24 to -18; ES, -3.08), pF (-25%; 95% CI, -28 to -22; ES, -4.90), VA (-10%; 95% CI, -11 to -9; ES, -5.71), EMG RMS (≈-33%; ES, -5.23 to -3.22) and rise in MMG RMS (range, +25% to +32%; ES, 4.21 to 4.98) and EMD (≈+28%; ES, 1.59 to 1.77) were observed at POST and persisted at POST10. No change in M-wave occurred. CONCLUSIONS The contralateral central motor drive stretch-induced inhibition seems to account for the force reduction in CM. In SM, both central inhibition and mechanical factors concurred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | | | | | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Trajano GS, Taylor JL, Orssatto LBR, McNulty CR, Blazevich AJ. Passive muscle stretching reduces estimates of persistent inward current strength in soleus motor units. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb229922. [PMID: 32978317 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.229922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged (≥60 s) passive muscle stretching acutely reduces maximal force production at least partly through a suppression of efferent neural drive. The origin of this neural suppression has not been determined; however, some evidence suggests that reductions in the amplitude of persistent inward currents (PICs) in the motoneurons may be important. The aim of the present study was to determine whether acute passive (static) muscle stretching affects PIC strength in gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and soleus (SOL) motor units. We calculated the difference in instantaneous discharge rates at recruitment and de-recruitment (ΔF) for pairs of motor units in GM and SOL during triangular isometric plantar flexor contractions (20% maximum) both before and immediately after a 5 min control period and immediately after five 1 min passive plantar flexor stretches. After stretching, there was a significant reduction in SOL ΔF (-25.6%; 95% confidence interval, CI=-45.1% to -9.1%, P=0.002) but not GM ΔF These data suggest passive muscle stretching can reduce the intrinsic excitability, via PICs, of SOL motor units. These findings (1) suggest that PIC strength might be reduced after passive stretching, (2) are consistent with previously established post-stretch decreases in SOL but not GM EMG amplitude during contraction, and (3) indicate that reductions in PIC strength could underpin the stretch-induced force loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Trajano
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Janet L Taylor
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Lucas B R Orssatto
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Craig R McNulty
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
INFLUENCE OF AN ACUTE BOUT OF SELF-MYOFASCIAL RELEASE ON KNEE EXTENSION FORCE OUTPUT AND ELECTRO-MECHANICAL ACTIVATION OF THE QUADRICEPS. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2020; 15:732-743. [PMID: 33110692 DOI: 10.26603/ijspt20200732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to static stretching (SS), previous research has demonstrated increases in flexibility after an acute bout of self-myofascial release (SMR) without any subsequent decreases in force output. Previous research has utilized measures of surface electromyography (sEMG) and mechanomyography (MMG) to examine the influence of SS on the electrical and mechanical processes of muscle activation, respectively. However, there is a lack of research examining the potential changes in electro-mechanical muscle activation post-SMR. Purpose To examine the influence of SMR, via an acute bout of foam rolling (FR) to the vastus lateralis (VL), on the expression of knee extension force output and the inter-muscular electro-mechanical activation of the quadriceps musculature. Study Design Randomized crossover trial. Methods Twenty (10 males, 10 females) recreationally-active participants with prior FR experience completed both SMR and control (CON) testing protocols during separate testing sessions that were conducted in a randomized order 48 hours apart. During the SMR protocol, participants performed 3 sets of 60 seconds of FR over the VL portion of their quadriceps musculature, with 60 seconds of rest between sets. During the CON protocol, participants quietly sat upright for 10 minutes. Peak knee extension force output -(Forcepeak) data, as well as sEMG and MMG data from the VL and the rectus femoris (RF) were collected during maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) before and after both testing protocols. Root mean square sEMG and MMG amplitudes were calculated to represent electro-mechanical muscle activation of the VL (VL-sEMGRMS, VL-MMGRMS) and RF (RF-sEMGRMS, RF-MMGRMS) musculature. Results Repeated measures analyses of variance (RM ANOVAs) identified a significant (p < 0.05) increase in Forcepeak within the SMR protocol among males, but no change among females. No statistically significant changes in any electro-mechanical muscle activation measures were identified pre-to-post-SMR within either sex. Conclusion In contrast to the SS literature body, these results suggest that SMR does not influence the electro-mechanical aspects of muscle activation during MVICs. These results provide support for the absence of decreases in force output post-SMR, but further examination regarding the potential muscle mass influence of SMR on electro-mechanical muscle function remains warranted. Level of Evidence 2c.
Collapse
|
29
|
Ikeda N, Yonezu T, Kawakami Y. Minute oscillation stretching: A novel modality for reducing musculo-tendinous stiffness and maintaining muscle strength. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:104-114. [PMID: 32969540 PMCID: PMC7756383 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel stretching modality was developed to provide repetitive small length changes to the plantar flexors undergoing passive stretch defined as "minute oscillation stretching" (MOS). This study investigated the effects of MOS on neuromuscular activity during force production, the rate of torque development (RTD), and the elastic properties of the plantar flexors and Achilles tendon. Ten healthy males participated in this study. The neuromuscular activity of the triceps surae and tibialis anterior muscles during maximal voluntary plantar flexion torque [MVT], RTD of plantar flexion, Achilles tendon stiffness, and muscle stiffness were measured before and after two types of interventions for a total of 5 minutes: static stretching (SS) and MOS at 15 Hz and without intervention (control). Achilles tendon stiffness was calculated from the tendon elongation measuring by ultrasonography. Muscle stiffness was determined for the medial gastrocnemius [MG] using shear wave elastography. The MVT, mean electromyographic amplitudes [mEMG] of MG and lateral gastrocnemius [LG], and RTD were significantly decreased following SS (MVT: -7.2 ± 7.9%; mEMG of MG: -8.7 ± 10.2%; mEMG of LG: -12.4 ± 10.5%; RTD: -6.6 ± 6.8%), but not after MOS. Achilles tendon stiffness significantly decreased after SS (-13.4 ± 12.3%) and MOS (-9.7 ± 11.5%), with no significant differences between them. Muscle stiffness significantly decreased in SS and MOS, with relative changes being significantly greater for MOS (-7.9 ± 8.3%) than SS (-2.3 ± 2.9%) interventions. All variables remained unchanged in the controls. In conclusion, MOS changed muscle-tendon compliance without loss of muscle function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ikeda
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Institute for General Education, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yonezu
- School of Physical Education, Department of Competitive Sports, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Takeuchi K, Nakamura M. The optimal duration of high-intensity static stretching in hamstrings. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240181. [PMID: 33007014 PMCID: PMC7531788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the duration of high-intensity static stretching on flexibility and strength in the hamstrings. Methods Fourteen healthy males (20.8 ± 0.6 years, 170.7 ± 6.5 cm, 66.4 ± 9.9 kg) underwent high-intensity static stretching for three different durations (10, 15, and 20 seconds). The intensity of static stretching was set at the maximum point of discomfort. To examine the change in flexibility and strength, range of motion, peak passive torque, relative passive torque, muscle-tendon unit stiffness, peak torque of isokinetic knee flexion, and knee angle at peak torque of isokinetic knee flexion were measured. To evaluate a time course of pain, a numerical rating scale was described. Results Range of motion (P < 0.01), peak passive torque (P < 0.01), and knee angle at peak torque were increased at all interventions. Relative passive torque (P < 0.01) and muscle-tendon unit stiffness (P < 0.01) were decreased at all interventions. Peak torque decreased after 10 seconds of stretching (P < 0.05). Numerical rating scale during stretching was 8–9 levels in all interventions, the pain disappeared immediately after the post-measurements (median = 0). Conclusion The results suggested that muscle-tendon unit stiffness decreased regardless of duration of high-intensity static stretching. However, peak torque of isokinetic knee flexion decreased after 10 seconds of high-intensity static stretching, though it was no change after for more than 15 seconds of stretching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kobe International University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Acute Static Stretching Results in Muscle-Specific Alterations amongst the Hamstring Muscles. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8090119. [PMID: 32872623 PMCID: PMC7552619 DOI: 10.3390/sports8090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the acute effects of static stretching on the musculotendinous properties of two hamstring muscles. Twelve male volunteers underwent two testing sessions. One session was dedicated to the evaluation of the semitendinosus muscle before (PRE) and after (POST) static stretching (five sets of 30-s stretching), and the other session similarly explored the long head of biceps femoris muscle. In addition to the displacement of the myotendinous junction (MTJ), passive torque and maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIT) were evaluated. MVIT (-8.3 ± 10.2%, p = 0.0036, d = 0.497) and passive torque (-28.4 ± 16.9%, p = 0.0003, d = 1.017) were significantly decreased POST stretching. PRE stretching, MTJ displacement was significantly greater for semitendinosus muscle than biceps femoris muscle (27.0 ± 5.2 vs. 18.6 ± 3.6, p = 0.0011, d = 1.975). After the stretching procedure, greater MTJ displacement relative changes were observed for biceps femoris muscle as compared to semitendinosus muscle (22.4 ± 31.6 vs. -8.4 ± 17.9, p = 0.0167, d = 1.252). Because of the smaller MTJ displacement PRE stretching and greater alteration POST stretching in biceps femoris muscles, the present study demonstrated muscle-specific acute responses of hamstring muscles during stretching. Although stretching acutely impairs torque production, the passive torque reduction and alteration of MTJ displacement might impact hamstring injury prevention.
Collapse
|
32
|
Barbosa GM, Trajano GS, Dantas GA, Silva BR, Vieira WHB. Chronic Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching on Hamstrings Eccentric Strength and Functional Performance: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2031-2039. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
33
|
Ikeda N, Otsuka S, Kawanishi Y, Kawakami Y. Effects of Instrument-assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization on Musculoskeletal Properties. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2166-2172. [PMID: 31083046 PMCID: PMC6798743 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) has been reported to improve joint range of motion (flexibility). However, it is not clear whether this change in the joint range of motion is accompanied by any alterations in the mechanical and/or neural properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of IASTM in plantarflexors and Achilles tendon on the mechanical and neural properties of them. Methods This randomized, controlled, crossover study included 14 healthy volunteers (11 men and 3 women, 21–32 yr). IASTM was performed on the skin over the posterior part of the lower leg for 5 min and targeted the soft tissues (gastrocnemii, soleus, and tibialis posterior muscles; overlying deep fascia; and Achilles tendon). As a control condition, the same participants rested for 5 min between pre- and postmeasurements without IASTM on a separate day. The maximal ankle joint dorsiflexion angle (dorsiflexion range of motion), the peak passive torque (stretch tolerance), and the ankle joint stiffness (slope of the relationship between passive torque and ankle joint angle) during the measurement of the dorsiflexion range of motion and muscle stiffness of the triceps surae (using shear wave elastography) were measured before and immediately after the interventions. Results After IASTM, the dorsiflexion range of motion significantly increased by 10.7% ± 10.8% and ankle joint stiffness significantly decreased by −6.2% ± 10.1%. However, peak passive torque and muscle stiffness did not change. All variables remained unchanged in the repeated measurements of controls. Conclusion IASTM can improve joint range of motion, without affecting the mechanical and neural properties of the treated muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ikeda
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, JAPAN
| | - Shun Otsuka
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, JAPAN
| | | | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, JAPAN
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pulverenti TS, Trajano GS, Walsh A, Kirk BJC, Blazevich AJ. Lack of cortical or Ia-afferent spinal pathway involvement in muscle force loss after passive static stretching. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1896-1906. [PMID: 32267196 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00578.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether modulation of corticospinal-motoneuronal excitability and/or synaptic transmission of the Ia afferent spinal reflex contributes to decreases in voluntary activation and muscular force after an acute bout of prolonged static muscle stretching. Fifteen men performed five 60-s constant-torque stretches (15-s rest intervals; total duration 5 min) of the plantar flexors on an isokinetic dynamometer and a nonstretching control condition in random order on 2 separate days. Maximum isometric plantar flexor torque and triceps surae muscle electromyographic activity (normalized to M wave; EMG/M) were simultaneously recorded immediately before and after each condition. Motor-evoked potentials (using transcranial magnetic stimulation) and H-reflexes were recorded from soleus during EMG-controlled submaximal contractions (23.4 ± 6.9% EMG maximum). No changes were detected in the control condition. After stretching, however, peak torque (mean ± SD; -14.3 ± 7.0%) and soleus EMG/M (-17.8 ± 6.2%) decreased, and these changes were highly correlated (r = 0.83). No changes were observed after stretching in soleus MEP or H-reflex amplitudes measured during submaximal contractions, and interindividual variability of changes was not correlated with changes in EMG activity or maximum torque. During EMG-controlled submaximal contractions, torque production was significantly decreased after stretching (-22.7 ± 15.0%), indicating a compromised muscular output. These data provide support that changes in the excitability of the corticospinal-motoneuronal and Ia afferent spinal reflex pathways do not contribute to poststretch neural impairment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to specifically examine potential sites underlying the decreases in neural activation of muscle and force production after a bout of muscle stretching. However, no changes were found in either the H-reflex or motor-evoked potential amplitude during submaximal contractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Pulverenti
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, New York
| | - Gabriel S Trajano
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Walsh
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Benjamin J C Kirk
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Acute Effects of a Static Vs. a Dynamic Stretching Warm-up on Repeated-Sprint Performance in Female Handball Players. J Hum Kinet 2020; 72:161-172. [PMID: 32269657 PMCID: PMC7126248 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This randomized cross-over study examined the effects of typical static and dynamic stretching warm-up protocols on repeated-sprint performance. Thirteen young female handball players performed a 5 min aerobic warm-up followed by one of three stretching protocols for the lower limbs: (1) static stretching, (2) dynamic-ballistic stretching, and (3) no stretching before performing five all-out sprints on a cycle ergometer. Each protocol was performed on a different occasion, separated by 2-3 days. Range of movement (ROM) was also measured before and after the warm-up protocols with a sit-and-reach test. Fixed and random effects of each stretching protocol on repeated sprint performance were estimated with mixed linear modeling and data were evaluated via standardization and magnitude-based inferences. In comparison to no stretching, there were small increases in ROM after dynamic stretching (12.7%, ±0.7%; mean, ±90% confidence limits) and static stretching (19.2%, ±0.9%). There were small increases in the average power across all sprints with dynamic stretching relative to static stretching (3.3%, ±2.4%) and no stretching (3.0%, ±2.4%) and trivial to small increases in the average power in the 1st and 5th trials with dynamic stretching compared to static stretching (3.9%, ±2.6%; 2.6%, ±2.6%, respectively) and no stretching (2.0%, ±2.7%; 4.1%, ±2.8%, respectively). There were also trivial and small decreases in power across all sprints with static relative to dynamic stretching (-1.3%, ±2.8%) and no stretching (-3.5%, ±2.9%). Dynamic stretching improved repeated-sprint performance to a greater extent than static stretching and no stretching.
Collapse
|
36
|
Opplert J, Paizis C, Papitsa A, Blazevich AJ, Cometti C, Babault N. Static stretch and dynamic muscle activity induce acute similar increase in corticospinal excitability. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230388. [PMID: 32191755 PMCID: PMC7082006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though the acute effects of pre-exercise static stretching and dynamic muscle activity on muscular and functional performance have been largely investigated, their effects on the corticospinal pathway are still unclear. For that reason, this study examined the acute effects of 5×20 s of static stretching, dynamic muscle activity and a control condition on spinal excitability, corticospinal excitability and plantar flexor neuromuscular properties. Fifteen volunteers were randomly tested on separate days. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to investigate corticospinal excitability by recording the amplitude of the motor-evoked potential (MEP) and the duration of the cortical silent period (cSP). Peripheral nerve stimulation was applied to investigate (i) spinal excitability using the Hoffmann reflex (Hmax), and (ii) neuromuscular properties using the amplitude of the maximal M-wave (Mmax) and corresponding peak twitch torque. These measurements were performed with a background 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Finally, the maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque and the corresponding electromyography (EMG) from soleus, gastrocnemius medialis and gastrocnemius lateralis were recorded. These parameters were measured immediately before and 10 s after each conditioning activity of plantar flexors. Corticospinal excitability (MEP/Mmax) was significantly enhanced after static stretching in soleus (P = 0.001; ES = 0.54) and gastrocnemius lateralis (P<0.001; ES = 0.64), and after dynamic muscle activity in gastrocnemius lateralis (P = 0.003; ES = 0.53) only. On the other hand, spinal excitability (Hmax/Mmax), cSP duration, muscle activation (EMG/Mmax) as well as maximal voluntary and evoked torque remained unaltered after all pre-exercise interventions. These findings indicate the presence of facilitation of the corticospinal pathway without change in muscle function after both static stretching (particularly) and dynamic muscle activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jules Opplert
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
- Performance Expertise Center, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christos Paizis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
- Performance Expertise Center, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
| | - Athina Papitsa
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
- Performance Expertise Center, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
| | - Anthony J. Blazevich
- School of Medical and Health Sciences and Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Carole Cometti
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
- Performance Expertise Center, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Babault
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
- Performance Expertise Center, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Colosio AL, Teso M, Pogliaghi S. Prolonged static stretching causes acute, nonmetabolic fatigue and impairs exercise tolerance during severe-intensity cycling. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:902-910. [PMID: 32176851 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that static stretching, an acute, nonmetabolic fatiguing intervention, reduces exercise tolerance by increasing muscle activation and affecting muscle bioenergetics during cycling in the "severe" intensity domain. Ten active men (age, 24 ± 2 years; body mass, 74 ± 11 kg; height, 176 ± 8 cm) participated in identical constant-load cycling tests of equal intensity, of which 2 tests were carried out under control conditions and 2 were done after stretching. This resulted in a 5% reduction of maximal isokinetic sprinting power output. We measured (i) oxygen consumption, (ii) electromyography, (iii) deoxyhemoglobin, (iv) blood lactate concentration; (v) time to exhaustion, and (vi) perception of effort. Finally, oxygen consumption and deoxyhemoglobin kinetics were determined. Force reduction following stretching was accompanied by augmented muscle excitation at a given workload (p = 0.025) and a significant reduction in time to exhaustion (p = 0.002). The time to peak oxygen consumption was reduced by stretching (p = 0.034), suggesting an influence of the increased muscle excitation on the oxygen consumption kinetics. Moreover, stretching was associated with a mismatch between O2 delivery and utilization during the isokinetic exercise, increased perception of effort, and blood lactate concentration; these observations are all consistent with an increased contribution of the glycolytic energy system to sustain the same absolute intensity. These results suggest a link between exercise intolerance and the decreased ability to produce force. Novelty We provided the first characterization of the effects of prolonged stretching on the metabolic response during severe cycling. Stretching reduced maximal force and augmented muscle activation, which in turn increased the metabolic response to sustain exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro L Colosio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, Verona 37131, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, Verona 37131, Italy
| | - Massimo Teso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, Verona 37131, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, Verona 37131, Italy
| | - Silvia Pogliaghi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, Verona 37131, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, Verona 37131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Crossover Effects of Unilateral Static Stretching and Foam Rolling on Contralateral Hamstring Flexibility and Strength. J Sport Rehabil 2019. [PMID: 29543123 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2017-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Static stretching (SS) and self-administered foam rolling (SAFR) are both effective techniques often used in rehabilitation settings to improve one's range of motion (ROM). However, their effects on nonintervened contralateral limb's performance remain equivocal. OBJECTIVE To examine the acute effects of unilateral hamstring's SS and SAFR on the contralateral hip-flexion passive ROM and the strength performance. DESIGN Randomized crossover trial. SETTING Controlled laboratory. PARTICIPANTS A total of 23 healthy young adults (13 males and 10 females) participated in this investigation. INTERVENTIONS Ten sets of 30-second SS or SAFR were performed on the participants' dominant hamstring muscles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Before (pre) and after (post) the interventions, the contralateral hip-flexion passive ROM, the isometric strength of the contralateral hamstrings, and surface electromyography amplitude were measured. Separate 2-way (time × intervention) repeated measures analyses of variance were used to examine the changes in the dependent variables. RESULTS Both interventions significantly increased the contralateral hip-flexion passive ROM. In addition, the post-ROM value was significantly greater (P = .03) for the SS (mean ± SE = 73.5° ± 4.7°) than that for the SAFR (mean ± SE = 70.3° ± 4.5°). There were also main effects for time (P = .03) and intervention (P = .02) for the contralateral hamstring strength. However, no significant interaction or main effects were found for the normalized electromyography amplitude of the knee flexor muscles. CONCLUSIONS The increased contralateral hip-flexion passive ROM following both interventions was likely due to the enhanced stretch tolerance. However, the differential strength performance responses might be due to different neural mechanisms, which are proposed and discussed.
Collapse
|
39
|
Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, Granacher U. Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power: An Attempt to Clarify Previous Caveats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1468. [PMID: 31849713 PMCID: PMC6895680 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of static stretching (StS) on subsequent strength and power activities has been one of the most debated topics in sport science literature over the past decades. The aim of this review is (1) to summarize previous and current findings on the acute effects of StS on muscle strength and power performances; (2) to update readers’ knowledge related to previous caveats; and (3) to discuss the underlying physiological mechanisms of short-duration StS when performed as single-mode treatment or when integrated into a full warm-up routine. Over the last two decades, StS has been considered harmful to subsequent strength and power performances. Accordingly, it has been recommended not to apply StS before strength- and power-related activities. More recent evidence suggests that when performed as a single-mode treatment or when integrated within a full warm-up routine including aerobic activity, dynamic-stretching, and sport-specific activities, short-duration StS (≤60 s per muscle group) trivially impairs subsequent strength and power activities (∆1–2%). Yet, longer StS durations (>60 s per muscle group) appear to induce substantial and practically relevant declines in strength and power performances (∆4.0–7.5%). Moreover, recent evidence suggests that when included in a full warm-up routine, short-duration StS may even contribute to lower the risk of sustaining musculotendinous injuries especially with high-intensity activities (e.g., sprint running and change of direction speed). It seems that during short-duration StS, neuromuscular activation and musculotendinous stiffness appear not to be affected compared with long-duration StS. Among other factors, this could be due to an elevated muscle temperature induced by a dynamic warm-up program. More specifically, elevated muscle temperature leads to increased muscle fiber conduction-velocity and improved binding of contractile proteins (actin, myosin). Therefore, our previous understanding of harmful StS effects on subsequent strength and power activities has to be updated. In fact, short-duration StS should be included as an important warm-up component before the uptake of recreational sports activities due to its potential positive effect on flexibility and musculotendinous injury prevention. However, in high-performance athletes, short-duration StS has to be applied with caution due to its negligible but still prevalent negative effects on subsequent strength and power performances, which could have an impact on performance during competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health and Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba", Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Trajano GS, Seitz LB, Nosaka K, Blazevich AJ. Passive muscle stretching impairs rapid force production and neuromuscular function in human plantar flexors. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2673-2684. [PMID: 31650306 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effect of muscle stretching on the ability to produce rapid torque and the mechanisms underpinning the changes. METHODS Eighteen men performed three conditions: (1) continuous stretch (1 set of 5 min), (2) intermittent stretch (5 sets of 1 min with 15-s inter-stretch interval), and (3) control. Isometric plantar flexor rate of torque development was measured during explosive maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) in the intervals 0-100 ms (RTDV100) and 0-200 ms (RTDV200), and in electrically evoked 0.5-s tetanic contractions (20 Hz, 20 Hz preceded by a doublet and 80 Hz). The rate of EMG rise, electromechanical delay during MVC (EMDV) and during a single twitch contraction (EMDtwitch) were assessed. RESULTS RTDV200 was decreased (P < 0.05) immediately after continuous (- 15%) and intermittent stretch (- 30%) with no differences between protocols. The rate of torque development during tetanic stimulations was reduced (P < 0.05) immediately after continuous (- 8%) and intermittent stretch (- 10%), when averaged across stimulation frequencies. Lateral gastrocnemius rate of EMG rise was reduced after intermittent stretch (- 27%), and changes in triceps surae rate of EMG rise were correlated with changes in RTDV200 after both continuous (r = 0.64) and intermittent stretch (r = 0.65). EMDV increased immediately (31%) and 15 min (17%) after intermittent stretch and was correlated with changes in RTDV200 (r = - 0.56). EMDtwitch increased immediately after continuous (4%), and immediately (5.4%), 15 min (6.3%), and 30 min after (6.4%) intermittent stretch (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Reductions in the rate of torque development immediately after stretching were associated with both neural and mechanical mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Trajano
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
| | - Laurent B Seitz
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pulverenti TS, Trajano GS, Kirk BJC, Blazevich AJ. The loss of muscle force production after muscle stretching is not accompanied by altered corticospinal excitability. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2287-2299. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
42
|
Colosio AL, Baldessari E, Basso E, Pogliaghi S. Respiratory and muscular response to acute non-metabolic fatigue during ramp incremental cycling. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 270:103281. [PMID: 31425884 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that acute, non-metabolic fatigue, by reducing maximal power output and possibly increasing muscle recruitment at a given exercise intensity, will reduce indexes of exercise tolerance during incremental cycling. Ten subjects performed three ramp incremental tests respectively after static stretching (STRC), dropjumps (DJ) or control (CTRL). Fatigue was assessed as reduction in maximal power output (sprintPO) during isokinetic sprints. During the ramps we measured: oxygen consumption (VO2), power output (PO), and surface electromyography. sprintPO was reduced after STRC and DJ (p = 0.007) yet not after CTRL. During the ramps, the interventions augmented muscle excitation vs CTRL (p ≤ 0.001). Peak PO and VO2 were reduced after STRC (302 ± 39W p = 0.033, 3365 ± 465 ml/min p = 0.015) and DJ (300 ± 37W p = 0.023, 3413 ± 476 ml/min p = 0.094) vs CTRL (314 ± 41W, 3505 ± 486 ml/min). Interventions were associated with early occurrence of the ventilatory thresholds and increased VO2 vs CTRL (p = 0.029). The physiological response after acute non-metabolic fatigue suggests a link between exercise intolerance and the decreased ability to produce force.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro L Colosio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, Verona, 37131, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Baldessari
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, Verona, 37131, Italy
| | - Enrico Basso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, Verona, 37131, Italy
| | - Silvia Pogliaghi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, Verona, 37131, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hodgson DD, Quigley PJ, Whitten JHD, Reid JC, Behm DG. Impact of 10-Minute Interval Roller Massage on Performance and Active Range of Motion. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1512-1523. [PMID: 29189581 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hodgson, DD, Quigley, PJ, Whitten, JHD, Reid, JC, and Behm, DG. Impact of 10-minute interval roller massage on performance and active range of motion. J Strength Cond Res 33(6): 1512-1523, 2019-Roller massage (RM) has been shown to increase range of motion (ROM) without subsequent performance deficits. However, prolonged static stretching (SS) can induce performance impairments. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of combining SS and RM with and without subsequent RM on ROM and neuromuscular performance. Subjects (n = 12) participated in 5 sessions: (a) SS only (SS_rest), (b) SS + RM (SS + RM_rest), (c) SS with RM at 10 and 20 minutes after stretch (SS_RM), (d) SS + RM with RM at 10 and 20 minutes after stretch (SS + RM_RM), and (e) control. For the SS conditions, the quadriceps and hamstrings received passive SS for 2 × 30 seconds each. For the SS + RM conditions, SS was applied to the quadriceps and hamstrings for 30 seconds each, and RM was performed for 30 seconds per muscle. SS_RM and SS + RM_RM conditions received an additional 30-second RM at 10 and 20 minutes after warm-up, whereas sessions without additional RM rested for the same duration. Testing measures included hip flexion (HF) and knee flexion (KF) active and passive ROM, hurdle jump height and contact time, countermovement jump height, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction force. Initial KF and HF ROM improvements provided by SS_RM and SS + RM_RM were sustained up to 30 minutes after intervention. Furthermore, SS_RM exhibited greater ROM compared with sessions lacking additional RM in active and passive HF as well as active and passive KF. Similarly, SS + RM_RM elicited greater KF and HF ROM improvements than SS_rest. In conclusion, active KF and HF ROM improvements were prolonged by additional RM, whereas neuromuscular performance remained relatively unaffected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Hodgson
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gil MH, Neiva HP, Sousa AC, Marques MC, Marinho DA. Current Approaches on Warming up for Sports Performance: A Critical Review. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
45
|
Do Self-Myofascial Release Devices Release Myofascia? Rolling Mechanisms: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2019; 49:1173-1181. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
46
|
Capobianco RA, Mazzo MM, Enoka RM. Self-massage prior to stretching improves flexibility in young and middle-aged adults. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1543-1550. [PMID: 30714484 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1576253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the influence of stretching alone (SS) or combined with self-massage (SM) on maximal ankle dorsiflexion angle, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque and calf muscle activity, and subcutaneous tissue thickness in 15 young (25 ± 3 years) and 15 middle-aged (45 ± 5 years) adults. Participants performed two sessions of calf muscle stretches (3x 30-s stretches, 30-s rest): stretch after a 60-s control condition (SS) and stretch after 60 s of self-massage with therapy balls (SM). Evaluations were performed before and 5 min after the intervention. Linear mixed effects model revealed no main effect for age on ROM or MVC and significant main effects for treatment and time. Change in ankle angle was greater after SM: SS = 3.1 ± 2°, SM = 6.2 ± 3.3° (Hedges' g = 0.98, p < 0.001). Similar results were observed for MVC torque: SS = -4 ± 16%, SM = 12 ± 16% (Hedges' g = 0.97, p = 0.0001). Changes in MVC torque and absolute EMG amplitude were correlated, but subcutaneous tissue thickness was not altered by treatment. The gains in ROM were more pronounced in less flexible middle-aged adults, underscoring the need to include flexibility exercises in their training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A Capobianco
- a Neurophysiology of Movement Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Melissa M Mazzo
- a Neurophysiology of Movement Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Roger M Enoka
- a Neurophysiology of Movement Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dongés SC, Taylor JL, Nuzzo JL. Elbow angle modulates corticospinal excitability to the resting biceps brachii at both spinal and supraspinal levels. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:546-555. [PMID: 30690803 DOI: 10.1113/ep087472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Corticospinal excitability to biceps brachii is known to modulate according to upper-limb posture. Here, cervicomedullary stimulation was used to investigate potential spinal contributions to elbow angle-dependent changes in corticospinal excitability at rest. What is the main finding and its importance? At more extended elbow angles, biceps responses to cervicomedullary stimulation were decreased, whereas cortically evoked responses (normalized to cervicomedullary-evoked responses) were increased. Results suggest decreased spinal excitability but increased cortical excitability as the elbow is placed in a more extended position, an effect that is unlikely to be attributable to cutaneous stretch receptor activation. ABSTRACT Corticospinal excitability to biceps brachii is known to modulate according to upper-limb posture. In study 1, our aim was to investigate potential spinal contributions to this modulation and the independent effect of elbow angle. Biceps responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (motor evoked potentials; MEPs) and electrical cervicomedullary stimulation (cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials; CMEPs) were measured at five elbow angles ranging from full extension to 130 deg of flexion. In study 2, possible contributions of cutaneous stretch receptors to elbow angle-dependent excitability changes were investigated by eliciting MEPs and CMEPs in three conditions of skin stretch about the elbow (stretch to mimic full extension, no stretch or stretch to mimic flexion). Each study had 12 participants. Evoked potentials were acquired at rest, with participants seated, the shoulder flexed 90 deg and forearm supinated. The MEPs and CMEPs were normalized to maximal compound muscle action potentials. In study 1, as the elbow was moved to more extended positions, there were no changes in MEPs (P = 0.963), progressive decreases in CMEPs (P < 0.0001; CMEPs at 130 deg flexion ∼220% of full extension) and increases in the MEP/CMEP ratio (P = 0.019; MEP/CMEP at 130 deg flexion ∼20% of full extension). In study 2, there were no changes in MEPs (P = 0.830) or CMEPs (P = 0.209) between skin stretch conditions. Therefore, although results suggest a decrease in spinal and an increase in supraspinal excitability at more extended angles, the mechanism for these changes in corticospinal excitability to biceps is not cutaneous stretch receptor feedback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet L Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - James L Nuzzo
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ataş Balci L, Alptekin HK, Alkan M. Effects of 30 second versus 45 second static stretching on vertical jump performance. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.18.03695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
49
|
Reid JC, Greene R, Young JD, Hodgson DD, Blazevich AJ, Behm DG. The effects of different durations of static stretching within a comprehensive warm-up on voluntary and evoked contractile properties. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1427-1445. [PMID: 29721606 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for performance decrements following prolonged static stretching (SS) has led to a paradigm shift in stretching routines within a warm-up. Rather than SS, dynamic stretching (DS) and dynamic activity (DA) have replaced SS within warm-up routines. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of differing lower limb SS durations (30 [SS30s], 60 [SS60s] or 120 s [SS120s] of SS per muscle group or no-stretch control) within a comprehensive warm-up protocol consisting of aerobic activity, DS and DA. Sixteen male participants completed the four stretching conditions in a randomized order, after a 5-min low-intensity (cycle) warm-up and before a DS/DA component on separate days. Tests included passive hip and knee ranges of motion (ROM), maximum voluntary knee extensor/flexor force, force produced at 100 ms (F100), vertical jump height and evoked knee extensor contractile properties. For hip flexion (hamstrings) ROM, SS120s provided the largest increase (5.6-11.7%) followed by SS60s (4.3-11.4%), control (4.4-10.6%) and SS30s (3.6-11.1%). For knee flexion (quadriceps) ROM, SS30s provided the largest increase (9.3-18.2%) followed by SS120s (6.5-16.3%), SS60s (7.2-15.2%) and control (6.3-15.2%). There were decreases in quadriceps F100 following SS in SS120s (29.6%) only. There were increases in vertical jump performance in the control (6.2%), SS60s (4.6%) and SS30s (3.3%). While 120 s SS per muscle increased ROM, even within a comprehensive warm-up routine, it also elicited notable performance decrements. However, moderate durations of SS were observed to improve ROM whilst either having negligible or beneficial (but not detrimental) effects on specific aspects of athletic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Reid
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, A1M 3L8, Canada
| | - Rebecca Greene
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, A1M 3L8, Canada
| | - James D Young
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, A1M 3L8, Canada
| | - Daniel D Hodgson
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, A1M 3L8, Canada
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Campus, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, A1M 3L8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jelmini JD, Cornwell A, Khodiguian N, Thayer J, Araujo AJ. Acute effects of unilateral static stretching on handgrip strength of the stretched and non-stretched limb. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:927-936. [PMID: 29453756 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of an acute bout of unilateral static stretching on handgrip strength of both the stretched and non-stretched limb. It was reasoned that if the non-stretched limb experienced a decrease in force output, further evidence for a neural mechanism to explain a post-stretch force reduction would be obtained as no mechanical adaptation would have occurred. METHODS Thirty participants performed maximum voluntary unilateral handgrip contractions of both limbs before and after stretching the finger flexors of the strength-dominant side only. Each trial was assessed for peak force, muscle activity (iEMG), and rate of force generation. RESULTS Following the stretching bout, peak force and iEMG decreased by 4.4% (p = 0.001) and 6.4% (p = 0.000) respectively in the stretched limb only. However, rate of force generation was significantly impaired in both the stretched (- 17.3%; p = 0.000) and non-stretched limbs (- 10.8%; p = 0.003) 1 min post-stretch, and remained similarly depressed for both limbs 15 min later. CONCLUSION Acute stretching negatively impacts rate of force generation more than peak force. Moreover, a reduced rate of force generation from the non-stretched limb indicates the presence of a cross-over inhibitory effect through the nervous system, which provides additional evidence for a neural mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Jelmini
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
| | - Andrew Cornwell
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Nazareth Khodiguian
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Jennifer Thayer
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - And John Araujo
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| |
Collapse
|