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Saalfield J, Haag B. Alcohol Use Amongst Rural Adolescents and Young Adults: A Brief Review of the Literature. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241251460. [PMID: 38670573 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241251460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The sociodevelopmental periods of adolescence and young adulthood are rife with alcohol use. However, much of the literature demonstrating this comes from 'traditional' settings and college campuses (i.e., large suburban/urban campuses, or those containing their own infrastructure). Alcohol culture in rural areas has largely been understudied, which may be problematic given the unique stressors they face (e.g., economic hardship, lack of social activities, healthcare inequality). There has also been difficulty both within and across fields classifying rural versus urban geographical locations; no distinct system used broadly, making ittrea difficult to generalize and accurately collect data. The geographic categorizations are often viewed as homogenous identifiers; however, diversity occurs both within and outside of these classification systems. It appears that rurality may be a risk factor for increased drinking both earlier and later in life, but the research has failed to extend to the formative college years. This short review has two main focuses: attempting to disentangle the definition of rurality and reviewing the literature regarding alcohol use in rural areas, with a specific focus on adolescents and young adults. Identifying the mechanisms responsible for substance use in rural areas is a crucial component of prevention and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Saalfield
- Deparatement of Psychology, Penn State Schuylkill, Schuylkill Haven, PA, USA
| | - Bethany Haag
- Deparatement of Psychology, Penn State Schuylkill, Schuylkill Haven, PA, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State, University Park, PA, USA
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Özkan-Kotiloğlu S, Kaya-Akyüzlü D, Yurdakul R, Yıldırım MA, Özgür-İlhan İ. Effect of PDYN and OPRK1 polymorphisms on the risk of alcohol use disorder and the intensity of depressive symptoms. Alcohol Alcohol 2023:7161013. [PMID: 37177778 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The dynorphin (DYN)/Kappa Opioid Receptor (KOR) system has been suggested to be involved in both negative affective states and the action of alcohol. The present study was undertaken to explore whether the DYN/KOR system genes, PDYN and OPRK1, influence on individual differences in the intensity of depressive symptoms at admission as well as the risk of alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk in a sample of 101 individuals with AUD and 100 controls. METHODS PDYN (rs2281285, rs2225749 and rs910080) and OPRK1 (rs6473797, rs963549 and rs997917) polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. The intensity of depressive and anxiety symptoms and craving were measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Penn Alcohol Craving Scale, respectively. RESULTS A significant association between the risk of AUD and OPRK1 rs6473797 (P < 0.05) at the gene level. OPRK1 rs6473797 CC genotype was found to lead to a 3.11 times greater alcohol dependence risk. In addition, the BDI-II score of the OPRK1 rs963549 CC genotype was found to be significantly lower (20.9 ± 11.2, min: 1.0, max: 48.0) than that of the CT + TT genotypes (27.04 ± 12.7, min: 0.0, max: 49.0) (t: -2.332, P = 0.022). None of the PDYN polymorphisms were associated with BDI-II score. CONCLUSION Variations in the KOR are associated with the risk of AUD and the intensity of depressive symptoms at admission at the gene level in Turkish males. On the other hand, PDYN gene seemed not to be associated with AUD, depression, anxiety, and craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Özkan-Kotiloğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Art, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, 40100, Turkey
| | - Dilek Kaya-Akyüzlü
- Department of Forensic Biology, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, 06590, Turkey
| | - Rabia Yurdakul
- Department of Forensic Biology, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, 06590, Turkey
- Department of Interdisciplinary Forensic Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey
| | - Mukaddes Asena Yıldırım
- Department of Forensic Biology, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, 06590, Turkey
- Department of Interdisciplinary Forensic Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey
| | - İnci Özgür-İlhan
- Department of Mental Health and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06590, Turkey
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Gierski F, Benzerouk F, Jeanblanc J, Angerville B, Dervaux A, Kaladjian A, Naassila M. Validity and usefulness of the short form of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R SF) among patients with schizophrenia. Addict Behav 2022; 129:107251. [PMID: 35093808 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drinking motives are considered to be major predictors of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. However, these motives have been poorly investigated in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of the present study among patients with schizophrenia was twofold: 1) assess the validity of the short form of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R SF); and 2) investigate the relationship between drinking motives and comorbid alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHOD A total of 179 patients with schizophrenia were approached to participate in the study. DSM-5 criteria were used to identify patients with comorbid AUD (AUD+; n = 42) and non-abstainers patients without comorbid AUD (AUD-; n = 71). RESULTS A confirmatory factor analysis conducted on items of the DMQ-R SF for the whole sample revealed adequate goodness-of-fit values, while internal consistency indices were globally satisfactory. Group comparisons revealed higher use of alcohol and other substances, as well as stronger drinking motives among AUD + patients, while groups were comparable concerning clinical features of schizophrenia, including psychotic symptom dimensions and severity. Regression analysis showed that the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test score was significantly associated with two internal drinking motives: enhancement and coping. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the DMQ-R SF is a reliable tool for assessing drinking motives among patients with schizophrenia. Enhancement and coping motives seem to play a major role in comorbid AUD among these patients. Community-based and clinical treatment programs should take the drinking motives of dual-diagnosis patients into consideration, in order to improve their outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Gierski
- Cognition Health Society Laboratory (C2S - EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France; Department of Psychiatry, Marne Public Mental Health Institution & Reims University Hospital, Reims, France; Research Group on Alcohol and Dependences, INSERM & University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France.
| | - Farid Benzerouk
- Cognition Health Society Laboratory (C2S - EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France; Department of Psychiatry, Marne Public Mental Health Institution & Reims University Hospital, Reims, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Jeanblanc
- Research Group on Alcohol and Dependences, INSERM & University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Angerville
- Research Group on Alcohol and Dependences, INSERM & University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
| | - Alain Dervaux
- Research Group on Alcohol and Dependences, INSERM & University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
| | - Arthur Kaladjian
- Cognition Health Society Laboratory (C2S - EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France; Department of Psychiatry, Marne Public Mental Health Institution & Reims University Hospital, Reims, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Naassila
- Research Group on Alcohol and Dependences, INSERM & University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
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Koning IM, Van der Rijst VG, De Wit JBF, De Kock C. Pre-Intervention Effects of a Community-Based Intervention Targeting Alcohol Use (LEF); The Role of Participatory Research and Publicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8823. [PMID: 34444571 PMCID: PMC8391560 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the impact of the 'pre-intervention effects' of a community-based intervention. This refers to participatory research processes and parallel publicity in the media on changes in alcohol use and relevant mechanisms (rules and norms about alcohol, accessibility of alcohol in a formal setting) among adolescents before any intervention is implemented. The aim was to investigate the contribution of these processes (i.e., pre-intervention effects) to changes in intervention-targeted factors before any actual intervention was implemented. In a quasi-experimental study, data were collected twice by means of self-report among adolescents living in two municipalities (control and experimental condition). A regression analysis showed negative pre-intervention main effects on adolescents' perceived accessibility of alcohol in a formal setting. Moreover, among adolescents aged 15 years and older, the normative decline in strictness of rules and norms was less steep in the experimental condition compared to the control condition. Additionally, adolescents aged 14 years and younger in the experimental condition reported more weekly drinking compared to their peers in the control condition. No differential effects across gender were found. To conclude, applying a co-creational approach in the development of an intervention not only contributes to more effective interventions in the end, but the involvement of and discussions in the community when planning the intervention contribute to changes in targeted factors. This implies that public discussions about the development of intervention strategies should be considered as an essential feature of co-creation in community-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina M. Koning
- Youth Studies, Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Vincent G. Van der Rijst
- Youth Studies, Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - John B. F. De Wit
- Social Policy and Public Health, Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Charlotte De Kock
- Institute for Social Drug Research, Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
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Liang X, Justice AC, So-Armah K, Krystal JH, Sinha R, Xu K. DNA methylation signature on phosphatidylethanol, not on self-reported alcohol consumption, predicts hazardous alcohol consumption in two distinct populations. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2238-2253. [PMID: 32034291 PMCID: PMC8440221 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The process of diagnosing hazardous alcohol drinking (HAD) is based on self-reported data and is thereby vulnerable to bias. There has been an interest in developing epigenetic biomarkers for HAD that might complement clinical assessment. Because alcohol consumption has been previously linked to DNA methylation (DNAm), we aimed to select DNAm signatures in blood to predict HAD from two demographically and clinically distinct populations (Ntotal = 1,549). We first separately conducted an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) for phosphatidylethanol (PEth), an objective measure of alcohol consumption, and for self-reported alcohol consumption in Cohort 1. We identified 83 PEth-associated CpGs, including 23 CpGs previously associated with alcohol consumption or alcohol use disorder. In contrast, no CpG reached epigenome-wide significance on self-reported alcohol consumption. Using a machine learning approach, two CpG subsets from EWAS on PEth and on self-reported alcohol consumption from Cohort 1 were separately tested for the prediction of HAD in Cohort 2. We found that a subset of 143 CpGs selected from the EWAS on PEth showed an excellent prediction of HAD with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 89.4% in training set and 73.9% in validation set of Cohort 2. However, CpGs preselected from the EWAS on self-reported alcohol consumption showed a poor prediction of HAD with AUC 75.2% in training set and 57.6% in validation set. Our results demonstrate that an objective measure for alcohol consumption is a more informative phenotype than self-reported data for revealing epigenetic mechanisms. The PEth-associated DNAm signature in blood could serve as a robust biomarker for alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kaku So-Armah
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Stress Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
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Kelty E, Terplan M, Greenland M, Preen D. Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders During Pregnancy: Time to Reconsider? Drugs 2021; 81:739-748. [PMID: 33830479 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is generally recommended that medications only be used in pregnancy where the potential harms to both the mother and foetus are outweighed by the potential benefits. Despite the known harms associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy, the use of medication for the treatment of pregnant women with an alcohol use disorder (AUD) appears to be rare. This is likely due to the lack of available data regarding the safety of these medications in pregnancy. We reviewed the literature and weighed up the harms associated with alcohol use and AUD during pregnancy with the potential benefits of medications for AUD in pregnancy, including acamprosate, naltrexone and disulfiram. There is little published evidence to support the safety of medications for AUD in pregnancy. However, from the research available it is likely that only disulfiram has the potential to cause serious foetal harm. While further research is required, acamprosate and naltrexone do not appear to be associated with substantial risks of congenital malformations or other serious consequences. Given the potential risks associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy, the use of acamprosate and naltrexone should be considered for the treatment of pregnant women with AUD based on the current evidence base, although more research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Kelty
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Mishka Terplan
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melanie Greenland
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Preen
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Visuoperceptive Impairments in Severe Alcohol Use Disorder: A Critical Review of Behavioral Studies. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 31:361-384. [PMID: 33591477 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-020-09469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present literature review is aimed at offering a comprehensive and critical view of behavioral data collected during the past seventy years concerning visuoperception in severe alcohol use disorders (AUD). To pave the way for a renewal of research and clinical approaches in this very little understood field, this paper (1) provides a critical review of previous behavioral studies exploring visuoperceptive processing in severe AUD, (2) identifies the alcohol-related parameters and demographic factors that influence the deficits, and (3) addresses the limitations of this literature and their implications for current clinical strategies. By doing so, this review highlights the presence of visuoperceptive deficits but also shows how the lack of in-depth studies exploring the visual system in this clinical population results in the current absence of integration of these deficits in the dominant models of vision. Given the predominance of vision in everyday life, we stress the need to better delineate the extent, the specificity, and the actual implications of the deficits for severe AUD.
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Galkin SA, Roshchina OV, Kisel NI, Ivanova SA, Bokhan NA. [Clinical and electrophysiological parameters of alcohol dependence and its comorbidity with affective disorders]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:56-59. [PMID: 33244959 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify characteristics of and possible differences in clinical and electroencephalographic parameters in patients with alcohol dependence with- and without comorbid affective disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-five patients, including 74 with an established diagnosis of alcohol dependence and 21 with alcohol dependence and affective disorders, were examined. Duration of alcohol dependence and affective disorder (years), number of hospitalizations and suicidal attempts were analyzed as anamnestic data. Hamilton's anxiety and depression scale (HDRS), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the General clinical impression scale (CGI-s) were used as psychometric tools. The study of bioelectric activity of the brain was carried out using a 16-channel encephalograph. The background electroencephalogram was recorded, the values of absolute spectral power and coherence of theta, alpha and beta rhythms were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Patients with comorbidity of alcohol dependence and affective disorders have a significantly higher risk of suicidal behavior, a greater frequency of hospitalizations, higher levels of anxiety compared with patients without affective disorders. Electrophysiological data have shown that patients with comorbidity of alcohol dependence and affective disorders have higher values of spectral power of alpha-rhythm in all parts of the cerebral cortex (except for temporal lobes) and beta-rhythm in the occipital cortex, as well as an increase in interhemispheric coherence in all frequency ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Galkin
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
| | - O V Roshchina
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N I Kisel
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
| | - S A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia.,Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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Hibberd R, Golovina E, Farrow S, O'Sullivan JM. Genetic variants associated with alcohol dependence co-ordinate regulation of ADH genes in gastrointestinal and adipose tissues. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9897. [PMID: 32555468 PMCID: PMC7303195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
GWAS studies have identified genetic variants associated with Alcohol Dependence (AD), but how they link to genes, their regulation and disease traits, remains largely unexplored. Here we integrated information on the 3D genome organization with expression quantitative loci (eQTLs) analysis, using CoDeS3D, to identify the functional impacts of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with AD (p < 1 × 10-6). We report that 42% of the 285 significant tissue-specific regulatory interactions we identify were associated with four genes encoding Alcohol Dehydrogenase - ADH1A, ADH1B, ADH1C and ADH4. Identified eQTLs produced a co-ordinated regulatory action between ADH genes, especially between ADH1A and ADH1C within the subcutaneous adipose and gastrointestinal tissues. Five eQTLs were associated with regulatory motif alterations and tissue-specific histone marks consistent with these variants falling in enhancer and promoter regions. By contrast, few regulatory connections were identified in the stomach and liver. This suggests that changes in gene regulation associated with AD are linked to changes in tissues other than the primary sites of alcohol absorption and metabolism. Future work to functionally characterise the putative regulatory regions we have identified and their links to metabolic and regulatory changes in genes will improve our mechanistic understanding of AD disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hibberd
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Natural Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Evgeniia Golovina
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- A Better Start National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sophie Farrow
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin M O'Sullivan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
- A Better Start National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Ghandour LA, Anouti S, Afifi RA. The impact of DSM classification changes on the prevalence of alcohol use disorder and 'diagnostic orphans' in Lebanese college youth: Implications for epidemiological research, health practice, and policy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233657. [PMID: 32502221 PMCID: PMC7274407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies comparing prevalence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) using DSM-IV and DSM-5 diagnostic criteria in college students are limited. This study examines changes in AUD prevalence estimates using DSM-IV versus DSM-5 and characterizes the profile of DSM-5 “diagnostic orphans.” Methods and findings A college student sample (n = 1,155; mean age: 21 ±1.97) selected conveniently from six large private and public universities in Greater Beirut, Lebanon completed an anonymous survey in May 2016. The study response rate was 83.1%. Data on DSM-IV and DSM-5 AUD criteria were gathered from 582 past-year drinkers, of which 377 (65%) were screened to have DSM-IV abuse/dependence, and 203 (35%) to have any DSM-5 AUD (58% mild, 21% moderate, and 21% severe). Overall percent agreement between measures was 68% (kappa = 0.41). One hundred and ninety-one students met one DSM-5 AUD criterion only (i.e. “diagnostic orphans,” herein DOs), of which the majority (82%) endorsed “hazardous use.” Compared to past-year drinkers with zero-endorsed DSM-5 criteria, DOs were more likely to be aged 21 or above [OR = 1.57(1.21–2.03)], less likely to perceive their socioeconomic status (SES) as poorer vs. same as others [OR = 0.17(0.07–0.43)], more likely to drink 1–2 times/week vs. ≤3 times per month [OR = 2.24(1.44–3.49)], and more likely to report past-year cigarette smoking [OR = 2.16(1.10–4.24)]. When compared to past-year drinkers with DSM-5 AUD, DOs were more likely to be pursuing a graduate or medical degree (vs. undergraduate degree) [2.06 (1.09–3.89)], and to be living with parents most of the time vs. not [OR = 2.68(1.14–6.31)]. DOs (versus drinkers with AUD) were less likely to drink at a high frequency (3–4 times /week or more vs.≤3 times per month) [OR = 0.15(0.05–0.48)], and to report past-year waterpipe smoking [OR = 0.54(0.34–0.85)], but more likely to report past-year marijuana use [1.89(1.10–3.23)]. The findings are subject to recall bias and under-reporting and the study could not infer causality because temporality of associations cannot be established in a cross-sectional study design. Conclusions DSM-IV abuse/dependence prevalence rate was higher than DSM-5 AUD prevalence mainly due to the high percentage of students who engaged in “hazardous use”. The DO screen might capture a young person in transition between non-drinking/occasional drinking to drinking frequently/developing an AUD. The prevention, identification, and management of DOs may be critical components of a national alcohol harm-reduction policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian A. Ghandour
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail:
| | - Sirine Anouti
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima A. Afifi
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Towner TT, Varlinskaya EI. Adolescent Ethanol Exposure: Anxiety-Like Behavioral Alterations, Ethanol Intake, and Sensitivity. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:45. [PMID: 32296315 PMCID: PMC7136472 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period associated with rapid age-specific physiological, neural, and hormonal changes. Behaviorally, human adolescents are characterized by age-typical increases in novelty-seeking and risk-taking, including the frequent initiation of alcohol and drug use. Alcohol use typically begins during early adolescence, and older adolescents often report high levels of alcohol consumption, commonly referred to as high-intensity drinking. Early-onset and heavy drinking during adolescence are associated with an increased risk of developing alcohol use disorders later in life. Yet, long-term behavioral consequences of adolescent alcohol use that might contribute to excessive drinking in adulthood are still not well understood. Recent animal research, however, using different exposure regimens and routes of ethanol administration, has made substantial progress in identifying the consequences of adolescent ethanol exposure that last into adulthood. Alterations associated with adolescent ethanol exposure include increases in anxiety-like behavior, impulsivity, risk-taking, and ethanol intake, although the observed alterations differ as a function of exposure regimens and routes of ethanol administration. Rodent studies have also shown that adolescent ethanol exposure produces alterations in sensitivity to ethanol, with these alterations reminiscent of adolescent-typical ethanol responsiveness. The goal of this mini-review article is to summarize the current state of animal research, focusing on the long-term consequences related to adolescent ethanol exposure, with a special emphasis on the behavioral alterations and changes to ethanol sensitivity that can foster high levels of drinking in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor T Towner
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Elena I Varlinskaya
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
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Salles J, Ponté C, Schmitt L. Psychotic Decompensation During Nalmefene Treatment in a Patient With Schizoaffective Disorder: A Case Report. J Dual Diagn 2019; 15:118-121. [PMID: 30829564 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2019.1574367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Nalmefene is a kappa-opioid receptor agonist/antagonist which is currently prescribed to reduce heavy drinking days. Adverse events (AEs) have previously been described in trials, but these trials excluded patients with psychiatric comorbidities. This is important as psychiatric disorders are frequently associated with alcohol use disorders; therefore, the specific AEs in this population should be investigated. Methods: Here, we describe the case of a patient with diagnosed alcohol use disorder and schizoaffective disorder who received treatment with nalmefene. Results: The patient showed decompensation of psychotic symptoms after two doses of medication, consisting of auditory hallucinations, delusions, and ideas of persecution. The symptoms improved two days after treatment discontinuation. Conclusions: This case indicates that the AEs of nalmefene should be specifically investigated in patients with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Salles
- a Université de Toulouse III , Toulouse , France.,b Service de psychiatrie et psychologie , CHU Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Camille Ponté
- c Service de pharmacologie médicale et clinique, centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la pharmaco-addictovigilance , CHU Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- a Université de Toulouse III , Toulouse , France.,b Service de psychiatrie et psychologie , CHU Toulouse , Toulouse , France
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Sebold M, Spitta G, Gleich T, Dembler-Stamm T, Butler O, Zacharias K, Aydin S, Garbusow M, Rapp M, Schubert F, Buchert R, Gallinat J, Heinz A. Stressful life events are associated with striatal dopamine receptor availability in alcohol dependence. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1127-1134. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-01985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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