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Di Sante J, Frayn M, Angelescu A, Knäuper B. Proof-of-concept testing of a brief virtual ACT workshop for emotional eating. Appetite 2024; 199:107386. [PMID: 38692511 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional eating, or eating in response to negative emotions, is a commonly reported short-term emotion regulation strategy but has been shown to be ineffective in the long term. Most emotional eating interventions based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) have been delivered in the context of weight loss trials, highlighting a need for ACT-based emotional eating interventions in weight-neutral contexts. AIMS This proof-of-concept study aimed to test the acceptability and efficacy potential of a brief virtual ACT workshop for emotional eating in a small sample of adults identifying as emotional eaters. METHODS Twenty-six adult emotional eaters completed an ACT workshop delivered in two 1.5-h sessions over two weeks. The workshop targeted awareness and acceptance of emotions and eating urges, and valued actions around eating. RESULTS The acceptability of the workshop was demonstrated by high participant satisfaction. Significant improvements on all outcome measures were found and maintained up to 3 months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS These proof-of-concept findings suggest that a brief virtual ACT workshop may improve emotional eating and associated ACT processes. Results from this study can inform a future randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of the workshop and the role of theoretical processes of change. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04457804. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, evidence obtained from multiple time series with the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mallory Frayn
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Bärbel Knäuper
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Myntti WW, Parnell L, Valledor V, Chow CM. Adolescent-perceived parent-child negative body talk and disordered eating: Evidence for behavior-specific affective mediators. J Adolesc 2024; 96:1126-1136. [PMID: 38594877 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the mediating role of general negative affect and body-specific negative affect between the association between negative body talk occurring within the mother-daughter relationship and restrained and disinhibited disordered eating. METHODS Adolescent girls (N = 100; Mage = 14.25; 49.5% White) completed self-report measures of general negative affect (depression and anxiety), body-specific negative affect (body dissatisfaction), and perceptions of the frequency that negative body talk occurred in interactions with their mother (initiated by the mother or daughter) as part of a cross-sectional study. While the same set of questionnaires was administered to both mothers and daughters, only the data reported by the daughters were analyzed and included in this study. Data were gathered in the Ann Arbor/Ypsilanti area of Michigan, USA, around the year 2015. RESULTS Path analysis showed that general negative affect, but not body-specific negative affect, mediated the association from mother-daughter negative body talk to disinhibited eating behaviors (emotional and external eating). Conversely, body-specific negative affect, but not general negative affect, mediated the association from negative body talk to restrained eating behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest there are distinct affective mechanisms that mediate the relationship between mother-daughter negative body talk and restrained versus disinhibited eating behavior. Future work should continue to explicate the role of general and body-related negative affect in different eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warner W Myntti
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
| | - Lucas Parnell
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
| | - Valerie Valledor
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
| | - Chong Man Chow
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
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3
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Estévez A, Momeñe J, Macía L, Iruarrizaga I, Olave L, Aonso-Diego G. The Mediating Effect of Coping Strategies and Emotion Regulation in the Relationship between Impulsivity, Metacognition, and Eating Disorders. Nutrients 2024; 16:1884. [PMID: 38931239 PMCID: PMC11206882 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors for eating disorders are multifaceted and complex, so it is crucial to elucidate the role of executive functions, including impulsivity and metacognition, and coping strategies in the severity of eating behaviors. The study aims were threefold: (1) to analyze gender differences in impulsivity, metacognition, coping strategies, emotion regulation, and eating disorders; (2) to examine the correlation between the study variables; and (3) to test the mediating role of coping and emotion-regulation strategies in the relationship between metacognition, impulsivity, and eating disorders. METHODS A total of 1076 participants (Mage = 21.78, SD = 5.10; 77.7% women) completed a set of questionnaires. Two mediation analyses were conducted to test the mediating role of coping strategies, including emotion regulation, in the relationship between executive functions (i.e., impulsivity and metacognition) and eating disorders. RESULTS Women displayed higher coping strategies, specifically emotional expression, wishful thinking, and social support, whereas men presented greater social withdrawal. Mediational analyses showed a significant association between impulsivity, metacognition, and eating disorders, whose relationship was partially mediated by coping strategies and mainly by emotion regulation. CONCLUSION Interventions based on coping strategies and emotion regulation could be a feasible and effective option to deal with eating disorders among the young population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Estévez
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Avda. de las Universidades 24, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (J.M.); (L.M.); (G.A.-D.)
| | - Janire Momeñe
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Avda. de las Universidades 24, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (J.M.); (L.M.); (G.A.-D.)
| | - Laura Macía
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Avda. de las Universidades 24, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (J.M.); (L.M.); (G.A.-D.)
| | - Iciar Iruarrizaga
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.I.); (L.O.)
| | - Leticia Olave
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.I.); (L.O.)
| | - Gema Aonso-Diego
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Avda. de las Universidades 24, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (J.M.); (L.M.); (G.A.-D.)
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Volpe VV, Collins AN, Ross JM, Ellis KR, Lewis JA, Ladd BA, Fitzpatrick SL. Black Young Adult Superwomen in the Face of Gendered Racial Microaggressions: Contextualizing Challenges With Acceptance and Avoidance and Emotional Eating. Ann Behav Med 2024; 58:305-313. [PMID: 38546737 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black young adult women (ages 18-35) are at disproportionate risk for obesity and emotional eating. Emotional eating interventions target psychological flexibility, such as reducing experiential avoidance and increasing acceptance of food-related thoughts. Yet Black women face gendered racism, and some endorse roles that reduce psychological flexibility, such as the superwoman schema role. Culturally centered stress and coping has often been overlooked, leading to an incomplete understanding of processes that engender emotional eating and the implications for appropriate and effective interventions for Black young adult women. PURPOSE We investigated direct and indirect pathways of associations between stress from gendered racial microaggressions to emotional eating through the endorsement of superwoman schema and two aspects of psychological flexibility. METHODS Black young adult women (N = 504; Mage = 24.72; 75.2% African American; 98.4% cisgender) participated in an online survey wherein they reported demographics, stress from gendered racial microaggressions, superwoman schema, experiential avoidance, acceptance of food-related thoughts, and emotional eating. Path analysis was conducted to examine direct and indirect effects. RESULTS Results provided evidence for indirect associations between more stress from gendered racial microaggressions and more emotional eating. More stress was associated with greater endorsement of the superwoman schema which was associated with more experiential avoidance and less acceptance of food-related thoughts, which were each associated with more emotional eating. CONCLUSIONS Endorsement of superwoman schema and concomitant avoidance and less acceptance may be one way that gendered racial stress propels emotional eating. Future research could test intervention components that disrupt this path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa V Volpe
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Abbey N Collins
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Julia M Ross
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Katrina R Ellis
- Schools of Social Work and Public Health, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jioni A Lewis
- Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Brianna A Ladd
- Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie L Fitzpatrick
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University/Northwell Health, Uniondale, NY, USA
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5
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Üngüren E, Tekin ÖA. The relationship between workplace toxicity, stress, physical activity and emotional eating. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2024; 30:215-223. [PMID: 38012073 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2023.2288779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between perceived workplace toxicity and stress of employees in the hospitality industry and emotional eating behaviors within the context of their physical activity levels. A cross-sectional design from amongst the quantitative research methods was used, in which data were collected via questionnaires from 846 participants who work in five-star hotels in Alanya, Turkey. The study concluded that workplace toxicity positively predicts stress and emotional eating, and the impact of workplace toxicity on emotional eating occurs via stress. Furthermore, physical activity plays a moderating role in the effect of workplace toxicity and stress on emotional eating. As employees' physical activity levels drop, the effect of both stress and workplace toxicity on emotional eating significantly increases. These results reveal that physical activity buffers the negative effects of workplace toxicity and stress on emotional eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Üngüren
- Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya/Turkey
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6
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Zheng H, Cai Y, Liu L, Peng B. The effect of childhood sexual abuse on depressive symptoms in female college students: a serial mediation model. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1306122. [PMID: 38414881 PMCID: PMC10897053 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1306122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) can have a negative impact on women's psychological, emotional and social functioning. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between CSA and depressive symptoms in female college students, as well as the mediating roles of negative core schema and experiential avoidance. Methods 515 female college students responded to the Sexual Abuse subscale of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Depression subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, the Brief Core Schema Scales, and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire - II. The structural equation modeling was used for the mediation analysis. Results There was a significant positive correlation between CSA and depressive symptoms in female college students. The theoretical model was well fitted, χ2/df = 3.422, RMSEA = 0.069, CFI = 0.929, TLI = 0.919. The negative core schema played a mediating role between CSA and depressive symptoms. Experiential avoidance played a mediating role between CSA and depressive symptoms. The negative core schema and experiential avoidance played a serial mediating role between CSA and depressive symptoms. Conclusion These results deepen our understanding of the relationship between CSA and depressive symptoms in female college students, and provide theoretical guidance for the prevention of depression in female college students. Attention should be paid to female college students who have experienced CSA, to eliminate the adverse influence of negative core schema on these students. Meanwhile, we should teach female college students to accept themselves as they are, and thereby reduce their use of experiential avoidance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Zheng
- College of Marxism, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Cai
- School of Marxism, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Public Administration School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Peng
- School of Marxism, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Kudlek L, Jones RA, Hughes C, Duschinsky R, Hill A, Richards R, Thompson M, Vincent A, Griffin SJ, Ahern AL. Experiences of emotional eating in an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy based weight management intervention (SWiM): A qualitative study. Appetite 2024; 193:107138. [PMID: 38016600 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional eating is a barrier to weight management. Interventions based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) promote the acceptance of uncomfortable feelings, which can reduce the urge to use food as a coping mechanism. We aimed to explore how participants of an ACT-based weight management intervention (WMI) experience emotional eating and relevant intervention content. METHODS We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with participants of a digital ACT-based guided self-help WMI. Fifteen participants were purposefully selected to represent a range of demographic characteristics and emotional eating scores. We used reflexive thematic analysis to explore experiences of emotional eating. RESULTS We generated five themes. Participants improved emotional eating by disconnecting emotions from behaviours though increased self-awareness (theme 1) and by implementing alternative coping strategies, including preparation, substitution, and acceptance (theme 2). Most participants maintained improvements in emotional eating over time but wished for more opportunities to re-engage with intervention content, including more immediate support in triggering situations (theme 3). Participants who struggled to engage with emotional eating related intervention content often displayed an external locus of control over emotional eating triggers (theme 4). The perceived usefulness of the intervention depended on participants' prior experiences of emotional eating, and was thought insufficient for participants with complex emotional experiences (theme 5). DISCUSSION This ACT-based WMI helped participants with emotional eating by improving self-awareness and teaching alternative coping strategies. Intervention developers may consider adding ongoing forms of intervention that provide both real-time and long-term support. Additionally, a better understanding of how to support people with an external locus of control and people with complex experiences of emotional eating is needed. Future research may explore ways of personalising WMIs based on participants' emotional needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kudlek
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Rebecca A Jones
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carly Hughes
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robbie Duschinsky
- Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hill
- Division of Psychological & Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Richards
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Thompson
- Obesity Voices, Obesity Institute, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Vincent
- Obesity Voices, Obesity Institute, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Griffin
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy L Ahern
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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8
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Burton AL, O’Loughlin I, Rogers K, Newton-John TRO. Development and validation of the Pain-Induced Comfort Eating Scale in a chronic pain sample. Can J Pain 2023; 8:2288888. [PMID: 38659424 PMCID: PMC11042059 DOI: 10.1080/24740527.2023.2288888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background Chronic pain and higher body weight frequently co-occur. This common comorbidity is thought to be mediated by the use of comfort eating as a strategy for managing both the physical and psychological pain and discomfort associated with flare-ups of chronic pain. Valid and reliable assessment tools are needed to inform the development of effective treatments. Aims This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a new brief measure of pain-induced comfort eating in chronic pain, the Pain-Induced Comfort Eating Scale (PICES). Methods A sample of 166 patients with chronic pain completed an online test battery including the PICES along with measures of chronic pain and pain-related symptoms, disordered eating, and related psychological factors. Results Results of exploratory factor analysis revealed a single-factor model for the four-item PICES. Further, the PICES demonstrated evidence of good internal consistency as well as convergent validity with demonstrated correlations with related measures. The results of this study also revealed that comfort eating in chronic pain appears to be related to psychological distress; the PICES correlated more strongly with measures assessing mood and psychological distress compared to interference/intensity of physical pain itself. Scores on the PICES also correlated strongly with measures of uncontrolled and emotional eating. Conclusions Overall, our results indicate that the PICES provides a valid and useful brief measure of comfort eating in chronic pain that might be useful to inform treatments targeting the comorbid disordered eating practices that can lead to higher body weights in patients with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Burton
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Imogen O’Loughlin
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kris Rogers
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Martín-Rodríguez A, Redondo-Flórez L, López-Mora C, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Tornero-Aguilera JF. New Insights and Potential Therapeutic Interventions in Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10672. [PMID: 37445852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine homeostasis and metabolic diseases have been the subject of extensive research in recent years. The development of new techniques and insights has led to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying these conditions and opened up new avenues for diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we discussed the rise of metabolic diseases, especially in Western countries, the genetical, psychological, and behavioral basis of metabolic diseases, the role of nutrition and physical activity in the development of metabolic diseases, the role of single-cell transcriptomics, gut microbiota, epigenetics, advanced imaging techniques, and cell-based therapies in metabolic diseases. Finally, practical applications derived from this information are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain
| | - Clara López-Mora
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Pg. de l'Albereda, 7, 46010 València, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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10
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Mediation of self-concept clarity and self-control between negative emotional states and emotional eating in Chinese adolescents. Appetite 2023; 183:106457. [PMID: 36638962 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have consistently lent support for the significant relationship between negative emotional states (e.g., anxiety, stress, and depression) and emotional eating; however, only a handful of studies focused on examining the potential mediator in this association. The present study aimed to contribute to the literature surrounding the link between negative emotional states and emotional eating and to examine the mediating role of self-concept clarity and self-control in this association among a sample of Chinese adolescents (N = 1347, 62.44% girls). Results indicated that adolescents perceived higher levels of negative emotional states were linked to higher emotional eating. Additionally, the structural equation model suggested that symptoms of stress and depression could be associated with emotional eating through self-control. Moreover, the serial mediation effect of self-concept clarity and self-control could account for the association of negative emotional states (e.g., symptoms of anxiety, stress, and depression) and emotional eating. Overall, this study advances our understanding of the underlying mechanisms through which negative emotional states predict emotional eating in adolescence. If future studies reveal converging findings, this knowledge points to the need for programs preventing the development of emotional eating in adolescence through increasing the level of self-control and self-concept clarity.
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11
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Brassard SL, Laliberte M, MacKillop J, Balodis IM. Disgust sensitivity and behavioural inhibitory systems in binge eating disorder: associations with eating pathology. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:15. [PMID: 36805341 PMCID: PMC9941244 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Disgust sensitivity refers to how unpleasant a disgusting experience is to an individual and is involved in the development of many psychiatric conditions. Given its link with food ingestion, there is an interest in understanding how an individual's susceptibility to disgust relates to dietary habits. One possible mechanism giving rise to this association is through the effects negative emotions have on high-order cognitive processes, but few studies take this model into account. The aim of this study was to characterize general disgust sensitivity in a clinical binge eating disorder (BED) population, and explore whether disgust sensitivity relates to inhibitory control and eating pathology. Following a case-controlled study design, our results show that: (1) disgust sensitivity and its subscales do not differ between BED and healthy controls, (2) higher disgust sensitivity in BED relates to greater behavioural inhibition, (3) inhibitory control reaction times relate to aspects of eating pathology, and (4) inhibitory control does not mediate relationships between disgust sensitivity and BMI among participants with BED. Understanding the role of disgust sensitivity in BED may allow us to understand how negative emotion systems maintain dysregulated eating behaviours with the potential to inform emotion-regulation treatment approaches. Level of evidence: Level III: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Brassard
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, L8P 3P2, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Michele Laliberte
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, L8P 3P2, Canada.,Eating Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, L8P 3P2, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Iris M Balodis
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, L8P 3P2, Canada. .,Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
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12
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Osborne EL, Ainsworth B, Chadwick P, Atkinson MJ. The role of emotion regulation in the relationship between mindfulness and risk factors for disordered eating: A longitudinal mediation analysis. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:458-463. [PMID: 36367130 PMCID: PMC10099542 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence suggests mindfulness may reduce risk factors for disordered eating. However, mechanisms of change in this relationship are unclear. This longitudinal study tested whether emotion regulation mediates the prospective associations between mindfulness and two proximal risk factors for disordered eating: weight and shape concerns, and negative affect. METHOD This study is a secondary analysis of data collected within an eating disorder prevention trial. Adolescent girls (N = 374, Mage = 15.70, SD = 0.77) completed self-report measures of mindfulness, emotion regulation, weight and shape concerns, and negative affect at baseline, 2 months following baseline, and 7 months following baseline. Path analyses were computed to test hypothesized indirect effects using confidence intervals based on 5000 bootstrap samples. RESULTS Higher baseline mindfulness predicted lower weight and shape concerns and negative affect at 7 months via a mediator of better emotion regulation at 2 months. This effect remained while controlling for earlier measurements of the mediator and outcome in the model of negative affect but not weight and shape concerns. DISCUSSION Emotion regulation may be an important mechanism explaining how mindfulness influences negative affect. Efforts should be made to intervene on mindfulness and emotion regulation in prevention and early intervention programmes for eating disorders and other psychiatric conditions. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Research has shown that mindfulness can help to reduce some of the risk of developing an eating disorder. This study explored whether mindfulness reduces some of this risk by helping people to better manage their emotions. Understanding this process can help us to develop better mindfulness-based strategies to support people who are at risk of developing an eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Ainsworth
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Paul Chadwick
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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13
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Mueller J, Richards R, Jones RA, Whittle F, Woolston J, Stubbings M, Sharp SJ, Griffin SJ, Bostock J, Hughes CA, Hill AJ, Boothby CE, Ahern AL. Supporting Weight Management during COVID-19 (SWiM-C): twelve-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial of a web-based, ACT-based, guided self-help intervention. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:51-59. [PMID: 36369513 PMCID: PMC9651901 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We developed a guided self-help intervention (Supporting Weight Management during COVID-19, "SWiM-C") to support adults with overweight or obesity in their weight management during the COVID-19 pandemic. This parallel, two-group trial (ISRCTN12107048) evaluated the effect of SWiM-C on weight and determinants of weight management over twelve months. METHODS Participants (≥18 years, body-mass-index ≥25 kg/m2) were randomised to the SWiM-C intervention or to a standard advice group (unblinded). Participants completed online questionnaires at baseline, four months, and twelve months. The primary outcome was change in self-reported weight from baseline to twelve months; secondary outcomes were eating behaviour (uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, cognitive restraint of food intake), experiential avoidance, depression, anxiety, stress, wellbeing and physical activity. INTERVENTIONS SWiM-C is based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Participants had access to an online web platform with 12 weekly modules and email and telephone contact with a trained, non-specialist coach. Standard advice was a leaflet on managing weight and mood during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS 388 participants were randomised (SWiM-C: n = 192, standard advice: n = 196). The baseline-adjusted difference in weight change between SWiM-C (n = 119) and standard advice (n = 147) was -0.81 kg (95% CI: -2.24 to 0.61 kg). SWiM-C participants reported a reduction in experiential avoidance (-2.45 [scale:10-70], 95% CI: -4.75 to -0.15), uncontrolled eating (-3.36 [scale: 0-100], 95% CI: -5.66 to -1.06), and emotional eating (-4.14 [scale:0-100], 95% CI: -7.25 to -1.02) and an increase in physical activity (8.96 [MET-min/week], 95% CI: 0.29 to 17.62) compared to standard advice participants. We found no evidence of an effect on remaining outcomes. No adverse events/side effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS Whilst we were unable to conclude that the intervention had an effect on weight, SWiM-C improved eating behaviours, experiential avoidance and physical activity. Further refinement of the intervention is necessary to ensure meaningful effects on weight prior to implementation in practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN 12107048.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mueller
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Rebecca Richards
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca A. Jones
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Whittle
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer Woolston
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie Stubbings
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J. Sharp
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon J. Griffin
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Carly A. Hughes
- Fakenham Medical Practice, Fakenham, UK ,grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrew J. Hill
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Division of Psychological and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Clare E. Boothby
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy L. Ahern
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Lewis MM, Naugle AE, DiBacco TA, Katte K, Smith CA, Blematl AR. Behavioral Measures of Experiential Avoidance: The Role of Context in Predicting Performance on Two Stressful Tasks. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Guerrini Usubini A, Varallo G, Giusti EM, Cattivelli R, Granese V, Consoli S, Bastoni I, Volpi C, Castelnuovo G. The Mediating Role of Psychological Inflexibility in the Relationship Between Anxiety, Depression, and Emotional Eating in Adult Individuals With Obesity. Front Psychol 2022; 13:861341. [PMID: 35432111 PMCID: PMC9012297 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.861341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study is to investigate the role of psychological inflexibility in the relationship between anxiety and depression and emotional eating in a sample of 123 inpatient Italian adult individuals with obesity. Participants completed the Anxiety and Depression subscales of the Psychological General Well-Being Inventory, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, and the Emotional Eating subscale of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire to assess anxiety and depression, psychological inflexibility, and emotional eating, respectively. Results showed that the indirect effect of PGWBI-A on DEBQ-EE through AAQ-II was significant [b = -0.0155; SE = 0.076; 95% BC-CI (-0.0320 to -0.023)]. Similarly, the indirect effect of PGWBI-D on DEBQ-EE through AAQ-II was significant [b = -0.0383; SE = 0.0207; 95% BC-CI (-0.0810 to -0.0002)]. These findings may help to plan and develop specific psychological interventions aimed at addressing emotional eating through targeting psychological inflexibility to be included in obesity treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Guerrini Usubini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Valentina Granese
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Consoli
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bastoni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Clarissa Volpi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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16
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Longmire-Avital B, Finkelstein J. Raising Super Women… And Emotional Eaters (?): Exploring the Relationship between Socialized Coping Responses to Discrimination and Eating Pathology Behaviors for Collegiate Black Women. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE STUDENT PSYCHOTHERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87568225.2022.2043979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Beyond emotion: online takeaway food consumption is associated with emotional overeating among Chinese college students. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:781-790. [PMID: 34052988 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Online takeaway food has become very popular in China. However, the potential effects of online takeaway food consumption on eating behaviours among individuals during the transition stage from adolescence to young adulthood have not yet been assessed. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the effects of takeaway food consumption on emotional overeating behaviour among college students. METHODS Data were collected from 1450 college students from six universities in Anhui, China. The frequency of emotional overeating during the past 4 weeks was assessed by the emotional overeating questionnaire (EOQ). Data on the frequency of online takeaway food consumption and other potential risk factors at the individual, interpersonal, physical environment, and macro-system levels were assessed by questionnaire. Multilevel linear regression analyses were employed to explore the association between takeaway food consumption and emotional overeating behaviour. RESULTS Compared to those who consumed online takeaway food less than 1 day per week, participants who consumed this food 4-5 days per week and participants who consumed this food 6-7 days per week had significantly higher EOQ scores (β = 0.14, p < 0.05 and β = 0.67, p < 0.001, respectively). More frequent consumption was associated with higher EOQ scores (p for trend < 0.001). CONCLUSION A higher frequency of takeaway food consumption was associated with an elevated risk of emotional overeating among college students independent of personal emotional status and other potential confounders at the interpersonal, physical environmental and macro-system levels. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V; cross-sectional descriptive study.
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18
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Wang Q, Kou Z, Du Y, Wang K, Xu Y. Academic Procrastination and Negative Emotions Among Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating and Buffering Effects of Online-Shopping Addiction. Front Psychol 2022; 12:789505. [PMID: 35185691 PMCID: PMC8850402 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic that began in 2019 has had a significant impact on people’s learning and their lives, including a significant increase in the incidence of academic procrastination and negative emotions. The topic of how negative emotions influences academic procrastination has been long debated, and previous research has revealed a significant relationship between the two. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the mediating and buffering effects of online-shopping addiction on academic procrastination and negative emotions. Methods The researchers conducted a correlation analysis followed by a mediation analysis and developed a mediation model. The study used stratified sampling and an online questionnaire as the data collection method. In this study, first, five freshmen students at vocational and technical colleges in Guangdong Province, China, were called to distribute the questionnaire. Second, after communicating with them individually, first-year students of Guangdong origin were selected as participants. Finally, 423 freshman students participated by completing the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 4 parts: demographic information, an online-shopping-addiction scale, an academic-procrastination scale and a negative-emotions scale. A total of 423 students, 118 males (27.9%) and 305 females (72.1%) from 10 vocational and technical colleges in Guangdong were surveyed. SPSS 25.0 was used to process and analyze the data. The data collected were self-reported. Results The results showed that: first, academic procrastination was significantly and positively associated with online-shopping addiction (r = 0.176, p < 0.01). Second, academic procrastination was significantly and positively associated with negative emotions (r = 0.250, p < 0.01). Third, online-shopping addiction was significantly and positively associated with negative emotions (r = 0.358, p < 0.01). In addition, academic procrastination had a significant positive predictive effect on online-shopping addiction (β = 0.1955, t = 3.6622, p < 0.001). Online-shopping addiction had a significant positive predictive effect on negative emotions (β = 0.4324, t = 7.1437, p < 0.001). Conclusion This study explored the relationship between students’ academic procrastination, negative emotions, and online-shopping addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicated that students’ level of academic procrastination positively influenced their level of online-shopping addiction and negative emotions, and their level of online-shopping addiction increased their negative emotions. In addition, there was a mediating effect between the degree of participants’ online-shopping addiction and their degree of academic procrastination and negative emotions during the pandemic. In other words, with the mediating effect of online-shopping addiction, the higher the level of a participant’s academic procrastination, the more likely that the participant would have a high score for negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wang
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Academy of Educational Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyu Kou
- College of Teacher Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Du
- College of Teacher Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Zhanjiang No.2 Middle School, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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19
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Maruo Y, Irie Y, Obata Y, Takayama K, Yamaguchi H, Kosugi M, Hazama Y, Yasuda T. Medium-term Influence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Patients with Diabetes: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study. Intern Med 2022; 61:303-311. [PMID: 34803093 PMCID: PMC8866774 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8010-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the lifestyle changes in patients with diabetes and their independent associations with glycemic and body weight control. In addition, the correlation between changes in mental health and lifestyles was evaluated. Methods This single-center cross-sectional study included 340 patients with diabetes who periodically visited our department. Changes in dietary habits, activities of daily living, and mental health before and during approximately six months after the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic were evaluated using a questionnaire, including the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form. Results Approximately 20%, 30%, and over 50% of patients had worsened dietary habits, decreased activities of daily living, and deteriorated mental health, respectively. A multiple regression analysis showed that irregular meal timing was significantly associated with change in HbA1c (β=0.328, p=0.001), and decreased walking time was significantly associated with changes in body weight (β=-0.245, p=0.025). The change in fear and anxiety was positively associated with changes in meal timing regularity (r=0.129, p=0.019) and carbohydrate consumption (r=0.127, p=0.021). Subsequently, the change in depressed mood was positively associated with changes in carbohydrate (r=0.142, p=0.010) and alcohol (r=0.161, p=0.037) consumption, and the change in psychological stress was positively associated with changes in carbohydrates (r=0.183, p=0.001) and snack (r=0.151, p=0.008) consumption as well as sedentary time (r=0.158, p=0.004). Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has had a considerable medium-term impact on the lifestyle and mental health of patients with diabetes. Lifestyle changes were associated with glycemic and body weight control, and mental health changes were associated with lifestyle changes. These findings may provide important information on diabetes care during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Maruo
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Osaka Police Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoko Irie
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Osaka Police Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Obata
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Osaka Police Hospital, Japan
| | - Kana Takayama
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Osaka Police Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamaguchi
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Osaka Police Hospital, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kosugi
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Osaka Police Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoji Hazama
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Osaka Police Hospital, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Yasuda
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Osaka Police Hospital, Japan
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Zhang S, Guo M, Wang J, Lin L. The Relationship Between Fears of Compassion, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Emotional Eating in College Students: A Moderated Mediation Model. Front Psychol 2022; 12:780144. [PMID: 35035369 PMCID: PMC8755638 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous research has found the impact of fears of compassion on eating disorders, the mechanism underlying the relationship between fears of compassion and emotional eating remains to be examined. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties in the relationships between fears of compassion and emotional eating in college students, as well as the gender difference in the mediation model. The Fears of Compassion Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire were completed by 673 college students in Fujian Province, China. Structural Equation Modeling was primarily employed to analyze the data. The results showed that both fear of compassion for self and fear of compassion from others were positively associated with emotion regulation difficulties, which in turn were related to emotional eating for female college students. Emotion regulation difficulties played a significant mediating effect in the relationship between fears of compassion and emotional eating. Comparatively, for male college students, only fear of compassion for self was positively associated with emotion regulation difficulties, but emotion regulation difficulties were not related to emotion eating. Moreover, the mediating effect of emotion regulation difficulties was not significant in the relationship between fears of compassion and emotion eating for male college students. The findings suggest that it is important to improve individuals' fears of compassion to reduce emotional eating, particularly for female college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Zhang
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingchun Guo
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingyun Wang
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lihua Lin
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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21
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Di Sante J, Akeson B, Gossack A, Knäuper B. Efficacy of ACT-Based treatments for dysregulated eating behaviours: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite 2022; 171:105929. [PMID: 35032613 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies have investigated the efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for the reduction of dysregulated eating behaviours such as binge eating and emotional eating. However, little is known about their short- and long-term efficacy and underlying mechanisms of change. OBJECTIVES To conduct a systematic effect size analysis to estimate the efficacy of ACT-based treatments on measures of dysregulated eating and of psychological flexibility, a theorized ACT mechanism of change. METHODS Literature searches were conducted in PsycInfo, Medline, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertations. Within-group and between-group standardized mean differences were computed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3. Additional subgroup and meta-regression analyses by study characteristics were conducted. RESULTS A total of 20 publications (22 samples, n = 1269) were included. Pre-post and pre-follow-up effects suggest that ACT-based treatments are moderately effective in reducing dysregulated eating behaviours and increasing psychological flexibility. These effects were comparable for binge-eating and emotional eating outcomes and for face-to-face interventions, Web-based interventions, and interventions that used a self-help book. Longer treatments were associated with larger outcome effect sizes, and changes in psychological flexibility were not associated with changes in dysregulated eating outcomes. Small significant effects were found in favour of ACT when compared to inactive control groups. The only three studies that included active control groups and did not show significant differences in outcomes between ACT and other treatments. CONCLUSION Future studies should aim to compare ACT-based treatments to active treatments and to provide empirical evidence for the theoretical mediating role of psychological flexibility in reported changes in eating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca Akeson
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amanda Gossack
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bärbel Knäuper
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Klatzkin RR, Nolan LJ, Kissileff HR. Self-reported emotional eaters consume more food under stress if they experience heightened stress reactivity and emotional relief from stress upon eating. Physiol Behav 2022; 243:113638. [PMID: 34742909 PMCID: PMC8717738 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Group data means from individuals who self-assess as emotional eaters do not reliably show increased food intake in response to stress or negative emotions. This inconsistency in predictive validity of self-reported emotional eating (EE) could be attributable to unconsidered moderation of the relationship between self-reported EE and behavioral measures of EE. Greater emotional relief from stress by eating may provide enhanced negative reinforcement and promote future EE in response to stress as a form of self-medication. Thus, we predicted that greater emotional relief from stress by eating (decrease in negative affect from stress to post-eating) would moderate the extent to which heightened stress reactivity (measured by systolic blood pressure, SBP) moderates the relationship between self-reported EE and food intake post-stress. We also hypothesized that self-reported EE would not predict greater food consumption on the rest day. 43 undergraduate women completed online assessments of eating behaviors. Participants were given snacks to eat after a mental stress task (TSST) or rest period on separate days in counterbalanced order. Our prediction was supported, as the moderated moderation model (PROCESS model 3) was highly significant on the stress day. Self-reported EE predicted increased food intake post-stress only under conditions of high stress reactivity and high emotional relief. On the rest day, self-reported EE predicted greater snack food intake only when SBP was high. This conditional increased intake substantiates stress as a promoter of snack food consumption for women with greater EE. Overall, our findings identified factors that may distinguish the subset of self-reported emotional eaters who are more likely to display EE behaviors in a laboratory setting, yet further studies are needed to directly test whether negative reinforcement via emotional relief from stress by eating drives enhanced EE following stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R. Klatzkin
- Rhodes College, Department of Psychology, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38104, USA,Corresponding author. (R.R. Klatzkin)
| | - Laurence J. Nolan
- Wagner College, Department of Psychology, 1 Campus Rd., Staten Island, NY 10301, USA
| | - Harry R. Kissileff
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine Mount Sinai Morningside Hospital, 1111 Amsterdam Ave. New York, NY 10025, USA
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Fuente González CE, Chávez-Servín JL, de la Torre-Carbot K, Ronquillo González D, Aguilera Barreiro MDLÁ, Ojeda Navarro LR. Relationship between Emotional Eating, Consumption of Hyperpalatable Energy-Dense Foods, and Indicators of Nutritional Status: A Systematic Review. J Obes 2022; 2022:4243868. [PMID: 35634585 PMCID: PMC9132695 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4243868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
People's health is closely linked to their diet. Diet can be defined as the set of foods that are consumed in a day, and it is susceptible to being altered by various factors, such as physiological, environmental, psychological, and social. These, in turn, can be affected by an inadequate diet and/or a dysregulation of emotions. Emotions are an immediate response by the organism informing it of the degree of favorability of a certain stimulus or situation. Moods are similar to emotions but more intense and prolonged. Some studies indicate that the consumption of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods may be related to emotional eating. Emotional eating is characterized by the excessive consumption of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods, rich in sugars and fats, in response to negative emotions. But several reports also indicate that emotional eating may be associated with the presence of positive emotions, so further analysis of the available information is necessary. Consuming higher amounts of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods can lead to the accumulation of energy in the body that results in an increase in body weight, as well as other associated diseases. Obesity is the world's leading diet-related health problem. The objective of this work was to carry out a systematic review of the available literature using the Cochrane methodology, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, to evaluate the relationship between emotional eating, the consumption of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods, and indicators of nutritional status. An exhaustive search in different databases yielded 9431 scientific articles, 45 of which met the inclusion criteria. This review underscores the fact that knowing and understanding the reasons why people consume hyperpalatable energy-dense foods and the possible connection with their emotional eating can provide key data for improving and personalizing patients' nutritional treatment. This in turn can encourage compliance with treatment plans to improve people's health and quality of life using an interdisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Elizabeth Fuente González
- Master's Program in Comprehensive Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Campus Juriquilla, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, QRO 76320, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Chávez-Servín
- Master's Program in Comprehensive Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Campus Juriquilla, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, QRO 76320, Mexico
| | - Karina de la Torre-Carbot
- Master's Program in Comprehensive Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Campus Juriquilla, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, QRO 76320, Mexico
| | - Dolores Ronquillo González
- Master's Program in Comprehensive Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Campus Juriquilla, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, QRO 76320, Mexico
| | - María de los Ángeles Aguilera Barreiro
- Master's Program in Comprehensive Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Campus Juriquilla, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, QRO 76320, Mexico
| | - Laura Regina Ojeda Navarro
- Master's Program in Comprehensive Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Campus Juriquilla, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, QRO 76320, Mexico
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Iturbe I, Echeburúa E, Maiz E. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy upon weight management and psychological well-being of adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 29:837-856. [PMID: 34802174 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have examined acceptance and commitment therapy's (ACT) effectiveness for addressing physical and psychological distress people with obesity can face. Nevertheless, no review focusing specifically on ACT analysing randomized controlled trials (RCT) has been done up to date in this field. The present systematic review was developed following the PRISMA statement and aimed to examine ACT's effects on weight management and psychological well-being of adults with overweight or obesity. A conjunction of keywords related to ACT and excess weight was searched in four databases (Medline, PubMed, Psycinfo and Scopus) for articles meeting inclusion criteria. The literature search yielded 2,074 papers, and 16 were included in the review, finally. In 71.43% of the studies, ACT was effective to enhance psychological well-being; in 50% effectively targeted process variables and health behaviours related to weight management; in 31.82% of studies, physical variables were improved; and 21.38% of studies showed evidence in favour of ACT for eating behaviour modification. The present review supports ACT for promoting emotional aspects of individuals immersed in such weight-related battles and highlights the benefits of psychological well-being-oriented ACT in the context of obesity treatment. More studies targeting psychological well-being primarily and with longer follow-ups are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Iturbe
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methodology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Enrique Echeburúa
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methodology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Edurne Maiz
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methodology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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Cavicchioli M, Kraslavski A, Movalli M, Maffei C, Ogliari A. The investigation of mechanisms underlying addictive behaviors: a case-control study. J Addict Dis 2021; 40:306-325. [PMID: 34751104 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2021.1989250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: The contradictory nature of behavioral addictions has sustained a nondefinitive debate regarding their construct validity. Objective(s): The current study aims at exploring mechanisms underlying two distinct classes of behaviors-behavioral addictions characterized by core alterations in reward processing systems (ARPS) and behaviors with a main function of maladaptive coping. Methods: This case-control study included 99 treatment-seeking individuals with a primary diagnosis of alcohol use disorder (male: N = 68; female: N = 31) and 74 healthy control (HC) subjects (male: N = 38; female: N = 36). The severity of maladaptive behaviors was measured through the Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire (SPQ). Latent mechanisms were assessed by the Disinhibition Domain of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5-DI) and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). Results: The clinical group showed higher severity of behavioral addictions than HC. This difference was not replicated for the other class of maladaptive behaviors, except for compulsive buying. Ordinal regression analysis showed that the clinical group significantly predicted SPQ scores reflecting ARPS, SPQ shopping and starving subscales. This was not replicated for the overall SPQ score capturing maladaptive coping and binge eating behaviors. Controlling for PID-5-DI and AAQ-II scores, which were significantly associated to SPQ subscales, effects of the aforementioned clinical group were not significant. Conclusions: The study highlighted distinct and common mechanisms underlying different classes of maladaptive behaviors. Results supported future neuroscience research for clarifying the role of ARPS in compulsive sex and buying in order to consider them as addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cavicchioli
- Department of Psychology, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexandra Kraslavski
- Department of Psychology, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Movalli
- Department of Psychology, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Maffei
- Department of Psychology, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ogliari
- Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Child in Mind Lab, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy
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López-Moreno M, Garcés-Rimón M, Miguel M, Iglesias López MT. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet, Alcohol Consumption and Emotional Eating in Spanish University Students. Nutrients 2021; 13:3174. [PMID: 34579051 PMCID: PMC8466414 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Introduction: The university period may increase the risk of different unhealthy habits, such as low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, high alcohol consumption and eating in response to specific emotions. The aim of this study was to detect early-risk alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence (ADS), the degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet and emotional eating in university students of the Madrid community. (2) Methods: For each individual, anthropometric parameters, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-Consumption (AUDIT-C), the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) and the Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ) were assessed. (3) Results: A total of 584 university students aged 20.5 (sex ratio = 0.39) were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. In total, 63.6% of students showed low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, with no differences by sex (64.3% female versus 61.5% male, p = 0.19). According to the AUDIT questionnaire, 26.2% of participants were categorized as high-risk drinkers and 7.7% as ADS. About 38.6% of the students were categorized as eating very emotionally or eating emotionally, and 37.2% were categorized as low emotional eaters. A weak positive correlation was observed between the EEQ and BMI in female students (rho= 0.15, p = 0.03). (4) Conclusions: University students in our sample showed a low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, an important high-risk alcohol consumption and low emotional eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (M.M.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Alimentaria, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Garcés-Rimón
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (M.M.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Alimentaria, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Miguel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (M.M.)
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27
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Emotional eating. PSICO 2021. [DOI: 10.15448/1980-8623.2021.1.35452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional Eating (EE) is defined as eating under the influence of negative emotions, and is associated with Eating Disorders, impulsivity, depression and weight gain. However, previous literature is not clear regarding how these variables explain EE. The present study aimed to identify predictors of EE and its relationship to impulsivity, depression, eating style, and weight status in young adults. Sex differences in eating style were examined, and differences in EE between obese/overweight and normal/underweight individuals were tested. Two-hundred college students completed online questionnaires assessing all variables. Low inhibitory control, depression symptoms, female sex, and higher body mass index significantly predicted scores on EE. Obese/overweight and female participants presented increased EE. Correlation analysis evidenced positive associations between EE, Uncontrolled Eating, body mass, and low inhibitory control. Results indicate that EE is related to psychological factors such as impulsivity and depression, and to biological factors, such as sex and body mass.
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Guerrini Usubini A, Cattivelli R, Giusti EM, Riboni FV, Varallo G, Pietrabissa G, Manzoni GM, Consoli S, Bastoni I, Granese V, Volpi C, Villa V, Caretti A, Bottacchi M, Castelnuovo G, Molinari E. The ACTyourCHANGE study protocol: promoting a healthy lifestyle in patients with obesity with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:290. [PMID: 33879183 PMCID: PMC8056547 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As treatment of choice in promoting psychological flexibility, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) was found to be effective in several conditions, and among different populations, including weight management in individuals with obesity. However, the mechanism of action of psychological flexibility is less known. The aim of the present study is, within the context of a brief ACT intervention for behavioral change and behavioral maintenance of a healthy lifestyle in a sample of inpatients with obesity, to explore the effect of each subcomponent of the psychological flexibility model on treatment processes and outcomes. METHODS A randomized controlled trial will be conducted. Ninety Italian adult inpatients with obesity attending a rehabilitation program for weight loss will be randomly allocated into three experimental conditions targeting respectively each subcomponent of the psychological flexibility model: group Engage focused on values-oriented behaviors, group Openness focused on acceptance and cognitive defusion, and group Awareness focused on being present and aware of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors at every moment. Weight, BMI (kg/m2), the Psychological General Well-Being Inventory (PGWBI), the Outcome Questionnaire-45.2 (OQ-45.2), the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Dutch Eating Behaviors Questionnaire (DEBQ), the Brief Values Inventory (BVI), the Committed Action Questionnaire (CAQ), the Italian-Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (I-CFQ), the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) will be assessed at the beginning (time 0), at the end of psychological intervention (time 1), and after 3 (time 2) and 6 months (time 3) and 9 months (time 4) from discharge. During the following month after discharge, outpatients will be monitored in their adherence to a healthy lifestyle, using a wearable device. To assess the effectiveness of the intervention, mixed between-within 3 (conditions) × 4 (times) repeated measure ANOVAs will be conducted to examine changes from time 0 to time 1, 2, 3, and 4 in means of weight, BMI, and means of scores PGWBI, OQ-45.2, DASS, DERS, DEBQ, AAQ-II, BVI, CAQ, I-CFQ, and FFMQ, between three groups. DISCUSSION This study will contribute to clarify the mechanism of action of each subcomponent of the psychological flexibility model and understand its impact on the promotion of a healthy lifestyle. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04474509 . Registered on July 4, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Guerrini Usubini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberto Cattivelli
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Maria Giusti
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Varallo
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Pietrabissa
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Mauro Manzoni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
| | - Simone Consoli
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bastoni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Granese
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Clarissa Volpi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Villa
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Caretti
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Bottacchi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Molinari
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Petersson S, Gullbing L, Perseius KI. Just like fireworks in my brain - a Swedish interview study on experiences of emotions in female patients with eating disorders. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:24. [PMID: 33597045 PMCID: PMC7890966 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with eating disorders have reported poorer emotional awareness, more emotional suppression, less use of adaptive emotional regulation strategies, and more use of maladaptive emotional regulation strategies compared to people in healthy control groups. AIM To explore experiences of emotions by a transdiagnostic sample of patients with eating disorders. METHOD Nine patients with different eating disorder diagnoses at an eating disorder outpatient clinic in Sweden were interviewed for their thoughts on emotions. The interviews were analyzed with Thematic Analysis. RESULT Four themes were constructed: "Not knowing what one feels", "Switch off, run away, or hide behind a mask", "Emotions in a lifelong perspective", and "Using eating behaviours to regulate emotions". The patients described uncertainty regarding whether they experienced emotions correctly. They described how they tried to avoid difficult emotions through suppressive strategies and eating disorder behaviour. All described strategies were inefficient and all emotions were experienced as problematic, even joy. Since joy was used as a mask, the real experience of happiness was lost and mourned. CONCLUSION All kinds of emotions were considered problematic to experience, but shame, fear, and sadness were considered worst. It is difficult to know if the emotional difficulties preceded an eating disorder, however such difficulties may have increased as a result of the eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Petersson
- Department of Medicine and Optometry, Linnaeus University, Länssjukhuset, Hus 13, plan 7, SE-391 85, Kalmar, Sweden. .,Division of Rehabilitation, Region Kalmar County, Länssjukhuset, Hus 13, Plan 7, SE-391 85, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Lydia Gullbing
- Division of Psychiatry, Region Kalmar County, SE-391 85 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Kent-Inge Perseius
- Department of Caring Science, Linnaeus University, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden
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Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Martin J, Cortes N, Caswell S, Boolani A. Influence of grit on lifestyle factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of adults in the United States. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 175:110705. [PMID: 33531728 PMCID: PMC7843028 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has profoundly impacted the world, including disruptions in lifestyles to support physical distancing. It is well known that personality plays a role in lifestyle behaviors such that certain traits predict health and well-being. The present study examined the relationship between grit and lifestyle behaviors during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and initial lockdowns in the United States. It was hypothesized that those with more grit would engage in healthier lifestyle behaviors of increased physical activity, less sedentary time, and better eating habits. Using an internet-based survey, data was collected from adults from April 13th to May 4th, 2020. Survey questions focused on demographics, grit, physical activity and sedentary time, and dietary habits. Associations between grit and lifestyle were examined using a combination of hierarchical multiple regression analyses and ANCOVAs. The sample of 888 adults (age: 34.8 ± 14.0) was 74.2% female. Those with higher grit were more physically active, reported less sedentary time, and practiced better dietary habits. Collectively, these findings suggest that grit may help individuals lead a healthier lifestyle during stressful or negative events such as a global pandemic. Future work should examine the role of grit on lifestyle behaviors as the quarantine continues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Martin
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, VA, USA
| | - N Cortes
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, VA, USA.,Department of Bioengieering, George Mason University, VA, USA.,Institute for BioHealth Innovation, George Mason University, VA, USA
| | - S Caswell
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, VA, USA
| | - A Boolani
- Department of Physical Therapy, Clarkson University, NY, USA.,Department of Biology, Clarkson University, NY, USA
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31
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Cirillo M, Rizzello F, Badolato L, De Angelis D, Evangelisti P, Coccia ME, Fatini C. The effects of COVID-19 lockdown on lifestyle and emotional state in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology: Results of an Italian survey. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2021; 50:102079. [PMID: 33545410 PMCID: PMC8060062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2021.102079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE On March 8, 2020, the Italian Government implemented extraordinary measures to limit viral transmission of COV-19/SARS-CoV-2. We evaluated the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on lifestyle and emotional state in women planning infertility treatments. BASIC PROCEDURES We performed a quantitative research study using a web-based survey, in 140 women referred to Assisted Reproductive Technologies Center. MAIN FINDINGS We observed changes in body weight during lockdown in 80 % of women, and a significant increase in BMI in comparison to that observed before (p=.001). We observed a high percentage of non-adherence to the Mediterranean pattern during lockdown due to higher frequency of consumption of sweet/pastries, cheese and meat, rather than fruit, vegetables and legumes. Before lockdown 36.4 % women were snack consumers while during lockdown 55 % (p=.002). By considering individuals' attitude to snack consumption, we observed an increase related to boredom (p=<.0001) and anxiety (p=.05) during lockdown. Increased levels of anxiety and sadness were observed in about 30 %, and of boredom in 25 %. The percentage of women worried about their planning infertility treatment was more than 50 %. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS Quarantine-related restrictions strongly influenced lifestyle psychological behavior leading to an increased burden of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Cirillo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzello
- Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Badolato
- Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Denise De Angelis
- Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Evangelisti
- Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Elisabetta Coccia
- Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cinzia Fatini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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Frayn M, Khanyari S, Knäuper B. A 1-day acceptance and commitment therapy workshop leads to reductions in emotional eating in adults. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:1399-1411. [PMID: 31541426 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Emotional eating has been defined as the tendency to overeat in response to negative emotions and is a symptom of emotion dysregulation. Interventions for emotional eating have been developed based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). However, these interventions only address emotional eating in the context of weight loss programs and are therefore not available in a weight neutral context. METHODS The present study aimed to test the feasibility and acceptability of a 1-day ACT workshop that taught skills to reduce emotional eating, without promoting weight loss. The workshop was delivered in a single day and aimed to reduce emotional eating by improving values clarification and commitment, acceptance, and mindfulness. Follow-ups were conducted at 2 weeks and 3 months post-intervention. RESULTS Results suggest feasibility and acceptability of the 1-day workshop; participants described appreciating the brevity of the program and its applicability to their everyday lives. Improvements in emotional eating were found at 2 weeks (t(31) = 5.80, p < 0.001) and 3 months (t(29) = 6.96, p < 0.001). A repeated measures MANOVA revealed a significant main effect of time (F(14, 96) = 4.98, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.421), with follow-up ANOVAs indicating that this effect held for all variables. CONCLUSION The results from this study can be used to inform a larger-scale randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy of the program in a larger sample and eventually disseminate it in other real-world settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03744780. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, evidence obtained from multiple time series with the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Frayn
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada.
| | - Sabrah Khanyari
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Bärbel Knäuper
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
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Den Ouden L, Tiego J, Lee RS, Albertella L, Greenwood LM, Fontenelle L, Yücel M, Segrave R. The role of Experiential Avoidance in transdiagnostic compulsive behavior: A structural model analysis. Addict Behav 2020; 108:106464. [PMID: 32428802 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Compulsivity is recognized as a transdiagnostic phenotype, underlying a variety of addictive and obsessive-compulsive behaviors. However, current understanding of how it should be operationalized and the processes contributing to its development and maintenance is limited. The present study investigated if there was a relationship between the affective process Experiential Avoidance (EA), an unwillingness to tolerate negative internal experiences, and the frequency and severity of transdiagnostic compulsive behaviors. A large sample of adults (N = 469) completed online questionnaires measuring EA, psychological distress and the severity of seven obsessive-compulsive and addiction-related behaviors. Using structural equation modelling, results indicated a one-factor model of compulsivity was superior to the two-factor model (addictive- vs OCD-related behaviors). The effect of EA on compulsivity was fully mediated by psychological distress, which in turn had a strong direct effect on compulsivity. This suggests distress is a key mechanism in explaining why people with high EA are more prone to compulsive behaviors. The final model explained 41% of the variance in compulsivity, underscoring the importance of these constructs as likely risk and maintenance factors for compulsive behavior. Implications for designing effective psychological interventions for compulsivity are discussed.
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Levin ME, Krafft J, Seifert S, Lillis J. Tracking Valued and Avoidant Functions with Health Behaviors: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Matrix Mobile App. Behav Modif 2020; 46:63-89. [PMID: 32844679 DOI: 10.1177/0145445520913987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial evaluated the acceptability and additive effects of self-monitoring avoidant and valued functions of behavior, in the context of self-monitoring physical activity and dietary behavior in a mobile app. The self-monitoring approach was based on the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Matrix. A sample of 102 adults interested in improving their diet and physical activity were randomized to a Health Behavior Tracking app (HBT), HBT plus ACT matrix app (HBT+ACT), or waitlist condition. Online self-report assessments were completed at baseline, mid (2 weeks), and post-intervention (4 weeks). Participants reported high usability, but mixed satisfaction with both apps. About half of the prompted app check-ins were completed on average, with 14% never using the ACT app. Participants in the HBT+ACT app condition reported greater self-reported physical activity over time relative to HBT and waitlist, potentially due to protecting against a decrease over time in physical activity observed in the other two conditions. HBT and HBT+ACT conditions both improved self-reported sedentary behavior relative to waitlist. HBT+ACT improved cognitive restraint with eating more than HBT. Neither the HBT or HBT+ACT app improved other health behavior outcome measures or values processes relative to the waitlist. Overall, findings suggest some benefits of the ACT Matrix app for addressing physical activity by tracking valued/avoidant functions, but mixed findings on acceptability, outcomes, and processes of change suggests impact may be relatively limited.
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35
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The Contagion of Sentiments during the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis: The Case of Isolation in Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165918. [PMID: 32824110 PMCID: PMC7460470 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examines how confinement measures established during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis affected the emotions of the population. For this purpose, public sentiment on social media and digital ecosystems in Spain is analyzed. We identified affective tones towards media and citizens published on social media focusing on six basic emotions: anger, fear, joy, sadness, disgust and uncertainty. The main contribution of this work is the evidence of contagious sentiments and, consequently, the possibility of using this new dimension of social media as a form of a “collective therapy”. This paper contributes to understanding the impact of confinement measures in a pandemic from the point of view of emotional health. This analysis provides a set of practical implications that can guide conceptual and empirical work in health crisis management with an alternative approach, especially useful for decision-making processes facing emergency responses and health crises, even in an unprecedented global health crisis such as the traumatic events caused by the COVID-19 disease.
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36
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Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Cinelli G, Bigioni G, Soldati L, Attinà A, Bianco FF, Caparello G, Camodeca V, Carrano E, Ferraro S, Giannattasio S, Leggeri C, Rampello T, Lo Presti L, Tarsitano MG, De Lorenzo A. Psychological Aspects and Eating Habits during COVID-19 Home Confinement: Results of EHLC-COVID-19 Italian Online Survey. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2152. [PMID: 32707724 PMCID: PMC7401000 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on the population with consequences on lifestyles. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between eating habits, mental and emotional mood. A survey was conducted online during social isolation, from 24 April to 18 May 2020, among the Italian population. A total of 602 interviewees were included in the data analysis. A high percentage of respondents experienced a depressed mood, anxious feelings, hypochondria and insomnia (61.3%, 70.4%, 46.2% and 52.2%). Almost half of the respondents felt anxious due to the fact of their eating habits, consumed comfort food and were inclined to increase food intake to feel better. Age was inversely related to dietary control (OR = 0.971, p = 0.005). Females were more anxious and disposed to comfort food than males (p < 0.001; p < 0.001). A strength of our study was represented by the fact that the survey was conducted quickly during the most critical period of the Italian epidemic lockdown. As the COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing, our data need to be confirmed and investigated in the future with larger population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.D.R.); (P.G.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Paola Gualtieri
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.D.R.); (P.G.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Giulia Cinelli
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (F.F.B.); (G.C.); (V.C.); (E.C.); (S.F.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (T.R.)
- Predictive and Preventive Medicine Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Bigioni
- Department of Physic, University of Rome Sapienza, P.zza Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura Soldati
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via A. Di Rudinì, 8, 20142 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alda Attinà
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (F.F.B.); (G.C.); (V.C.); (E.C.); (S.F.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Francesca Fabiola Bianco
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (F.F.B.); (G.C.); (V.C.); (E.C.); (S.F.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Giovanna Caparello
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (F.F.B.); (G.C.); (V.C.); (E.C.); (S.F.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Vanessa Camodeca
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (F.F.B.); (G.C.); (V.C.); (E.C.); (S.F.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Elena Carrano
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (F.F.B.); (G.C.); (V.C.); (E.C.); (S.F.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Simona Ferraro
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (F.F.B.); (G.C.); (V.C.); (E.C.); (S.F.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Silvia Giannattasio
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (F.F.B.); (G.C.); (V.C.); (E.C.); (S.F.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Claudia Leggeri
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (F.F.B.); (G.C.); (V.C.); (E.C.); (S.F.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Tiziana Rampello
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (F.F.B.); (G.C.); (V.C.); (E.C.); (S.F.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Laura Lo Presti
- Unitelma Sapienza, University of Rome Sapienza, Via Regina Elena, 295, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Antonino De Lorenzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.D.R.); (P.G.); (A.D.L.)
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Mindfulness-based emotional eating awareness training: taking the emotional out of eating. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:649-657. [PMID: 30859465 PMCID: PMC7256094 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Emotional eating is important to study and address because it predicts poor outcome in weight loss interventions. Interventions have only touched the surface in terms of addressing emotional eating. Mindfulness approaches can address emotional eating by modification of emotion regulation and appetitive traits. The current study involved development of an emotional eating-specific mindfulness intervention and assessment of its effect on appetitive traits associated with emotional eating. METHODS Participants (n = 14; age M = 29 years; 90% female) completed baseline and end-of-intervention self-report measures of emotional eating, food-cue reactivity, mindfulness, intuitive eating, emotional impulse regulation, stress, and a behavioural measure of inhibitory control. During the 6-week intervention, mindfulness meditation skills were taught weekly embedded in a psycho-educational curriculum about emotional eating. RESULTS Paired t tests, controlled for type 1 error, revealed significant improvements in food-cue reactivity, intuitive eating, emotional impulse regulation, inhibitory control and stress (ps < 0.05; d: 0.58-1.54). Changes in emotional eating approached significance (p = 0.075, d = 0.66). CONCLUSION The intervention purposefully did not focus on weight loss and recruited participants who had self-declared difficulties with emotional eating. The positive outcomes suggest that intervening with mindfulness training before weight loss is attempted has the potential to change psychological factors that underpin overeating and undermine weight loss efforts. The study provides proof of principle as a basis to design a randomized control trial to assess rigorously the effectiveness of the intervention as a precursor to a weight loss intervention. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, uncontrolled trial.
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Pickett S, Burchenal CA, Haber L, Batten K, Phillips E. Understanding and effectively addressing disparities in obesity: A systematic review of the psychological determinants of emotional eating behaviours among Black women. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13010. [PMID: 32067355 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Emotional eating may be a particularly important contributor to differences in body weight and weight loss response to behavioural interventions among non-Hispanic Black women. We performed a systematic review on the impact of psychological factors (stress, anxiety, depression, and discrimination) upon emotional eating and weight among non-Hispanic Black women, applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis for relevant studies. The initial search yielded 4593 articles with 15 accepted for review. Based on this review, there is a suggestion that negative emotions, in particular, perceived stress, may be predictive of emotional eating among non-Hispanic Black women. Results from the only two longitudinal studies identified by the review indicate that stress influences emotional eating, and emotional eating predicts weight gain over time. Findings from this review highlight the need for more studies that examine various negative emotions that may lead to emotional eating and weight gain among non-Hispanic Black women. Findings from this review also highlight the need for more rigorous studies to differentiate the effects of emotional eating from that of the physiologic (ie, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis) responses to stress and its impact on high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pickett
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Clare A Burchenal
- School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leora Haber
- School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kendra Batten
- School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Erica Phillips
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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de Lima RMS, dos Santos Bento LV, di Marcello Valladão Lugon M, Barauna VG, Bittencourt AS, Dalmaz C, de Vasconcellos Bittencourt APS. Early life stress and the programming of eating behavior and anxiety: Sex-specific relationships with serotonergic activity and hypothalamic neuropeptides. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Emotion regulation difficulties and impaired working memory interact to predict boredom emotional eating. Appetite 2019; 144:104450. [PMID: 31525419 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emotional eating (EE), or eating in response to emotions, is related to depression, binge eating, and weight gain. Emotion regulation difficulties are a risk factor for EE. Working memory deficits may also be a risk factor for EE, as working memory is an important cognitive factor in emotion regulation. The current study is a secondary analysis that examined whether working memory moderated the relationship between emotion regulation and emotional eating. A college student sample completed measures of EE in response to depression, boredom, and anxiety/anger (Emotional Eating Scale), emotion regulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale) and a working memory task (AOSPAN). Moderated regression analyses were conducted. Conditional moderation was observed, such that greater emotion regulation difficulties were associated with boredom EE, when working memory was one standard deviation (SD) below average. Moderation analyses were not significant when examining associations between working memory, emotion regulation difficulties, and depression and anxiety EE. Findings suggest that the correlates of boredom EE may be different than depression and anxiety/anger EE. Although the current study was cross-sectional, it is possible that individuals with poorer working memory and emotion regulation difficulties, especially in tandem, may be at increased risk for boredom EE.
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Della Longa NM, De Young KP. Experiential avoidance, eating expectancies, and binge eating: A preliminary test of an adaption of the Acquired Preparedness model of eating disorder risk. Appetite 2018; 120:423-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ouellette AS, Rodrigue C, Lemieux S, Tchernof A, Biertho L, Bégin C. An examination of the mechanisms and personality traits underlying food addiction among individuals with severe obesity awaiting bariatric surgery. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:633-640. [PMID: 29022218 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aetiology underlying addiction has often been investigated to shed more light on the factors contributing to the development and maintenance of various disorders. In the field of addictive eating behaviours, data on the aetiological factors related to food addiction (FA) in the bariatric context remain scarce. The present study aimed to explore mechanisms and variables underlying FA among individuals suffering from severe obesity and awaiting bariatric surgery. METHODS Participants (N = 146) were recruited at the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute during their pre-operative visit and were invited to complete questionnaires. Participants with and without FA were compared on reward sensitivity, impulsivity, emotion dysregulation, and personality traits. RESULTS Findings showed that bariatric candidates with FA (16%) presented more emotion dysregulation, more harm avoidance, and less self-directedness. Further exploration showed that the association between harm avoidance and the number of FA criteria endorsed was mediated by emotion dysregulation, while the association between self-directedness and the number of FA criteria endorsed was mediated by reward sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that an inability to regulate affect by strategies other than eating highly palatable food, in a context where negative affect and long-term goals can hardly be sustained, underlies a diagnostic of FA among bariatric candidates. From a clinical standpoint, the presence of a double vulnerability leading to FA symptomatology could help design better-targeted interventions to maximise weight loss maintenance in the bariatric context. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Ouellette
- School of Psychology, Laval University, 2325 allée des Bibliothèques, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Christopher Rodrigue
- School of Psychology, Laval University, 2325 allée des Bibliothèques, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Simone Lemieux
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440 boulevard Hochelaga, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Catherine Bégin
- School of Psychology, Laval University, 2325 allée des Bibliothèques, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440 boulevard Hochelaga, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Avoidant coping moderates the relationship between stress and depressive emotional eating in adolescents. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:683-691. [PMID: 28493151 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies with adults support an association between emotional eating and avoidant and emotion-focused coping styles. While an avoidant coping style has been identified as a risk-factor for eating disorders in adolescents, no studies to date have specifically examined the relationship between coping styles and emotional eating in this population. The purpose of the present study was to assess whether coping styles moderate the relationship between perceived stress and emotional eating in adolescents. METHOD Two hundred and seventy-seven middle school students (mean age = 13.26 years; SD = 0.49) completed the Emotional Eating Scale for Children and Adolescents, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Children's Coping Strategies Checklist, and a brief demographic survey. Four separate multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the interactive effects of perceived stress and coping styles on emotional eating. RESULTS The interaction between perceived stress and an avoidant coping style accounted for a significant amount of variance in the Emotional Eating Depression subscale score (EES-C-DEP); at higher levels of perceived stress, an avoidant coping style increased an adolescent's propensity for depressive emotional eating. CONCLUSIONS The present findings provide preliminary support for targeting an avoidant coping style in preventative interventions, particularly for youth that have the propensity to overeat in response to feelings of depression.
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Effects of a food-specific inhibition training in individuals with binge eating disorder-findings from a randomized controlled proof-of-concept study. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:345-351. [PMID: 28271453 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Impulsivity might contribute to the development and maintenance of obesity and eating disorders. Patients suffering from binge eating disorder (BED) show an impulsive eating pattern characterized by regular binge eating episodes. Novel behavioral interventions increasing inhibitory control could improve eating behavior in BED. We piloted a novel food-specific inhibition training in individuals with BED. METHODS N = 22 BED patients according to SCID-I were randomly assigned to three sessions of a training or control condition. In both conditions, pictures of high-caloric food items were presented in peripheral vision on a computer screen while assessing gaze behavior. The training group had to suppress the urge to turn their gaze towards these pictures (i.e., to perform antisaccades). The control group was allowed to freely explore the pictures. We assessed self-reported food craving, food addiction, and wanting/liking of food pictures pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS Twenty participants completed the study. The training proved to be feasible and acceptable. Patients of the training group significantly improved inhibitory control towards high-caloric food stimuli. Both groups reported a significantly lower number of binge eating episodes in the last four weeks after termination of the study. No changes were found in food craving, food addiction, liking, and wanting ratings. CONCLUSIONS A food-specific inhibition training could be a useful element in the treatment of BED and other eating disorders; however, larger efficacy studies in patient samples are needed to investigate the efficacy of this and similar training approaches.
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Fink-Miller E, Rigby A. The Utility of the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory (WALI) in Predicting 2-Year Weight Loss After Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2016; 27:933-939. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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