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Tempia Valenta S, Campanile G, Albert U, Marcolini F, Faedi G, De Ronchi D, Atti AR. Beyond the surface: Understanding obsessive symptoms and body perceptions, from shape concerns to fear of blushing. Compr Psychiatry 2024; 132:152481. [PMID: 38552348 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent reclassifications have expanded the understanding of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (OCDs), now incorporated into a broader category known as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Related Disorders (OCRDs). This study sought to assess obsessive-compulsive symptoms and body uneasiness among outpatients seeking treatment for Eating Disorders (ED). Additionally, we aimed to explore associations and potential mediation effects between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and body uneasiness. This investigation extended beyond concerns related solely to body shape and weight, encompassing fears associated with specific body components (such as facial features, abdominal region, and limbs) or functions (including sweating, blushing, emitting noises, and releasing odors). METHODS Psychometric assessments included the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) and the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT). Statistical analyses involved bivariate correlations, linear regression, and mediation analysis to explore the associations and potential mediation effects between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and different manifestations of body uneasiness. RESULTS The sample (N = 210) demonstrated substantial obsessive-compulsive symptoms and notable body discomfort. OCI-R scores positively correlated with various dimensions of body dissatisfaction, including shape, weight, and specific body components or functions. Linear regression revealed significant associations between OCI-R scores and overall body uneasiness (BUT-A) as well as concerns about body components or functions (BUTB). Mediation analysis indicated that BUT-A mediated the relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and BUTB. CONCLUSION This study offers new insights into the comprehensive landscape of OCRDs. It specifically emphasizes the association between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and body uneasiness, embracing not only concerns about body shape and weight but also extending to body components and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tempia Valenta
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - G Campanile
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - U Albert
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Marcolini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Faedi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - D De Ronchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A R Atti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Dunford A, Ivezaj V, Grilo CM. Shape discrepancy, weight bias internalization, and eating-disorder psychopathology in patients with loss-of-control eating after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2024; 20:291-296. [PMID: 37926627 PMCID: PMC10922050 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2023.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative loss-of-control (LOC) eating is associated with eating-disorder psychopathology, poorer weight loss, and mental health outcomes following bariatric surgery. The nature and significance of shape discrepancy has not been examined in patients with LOC eating following bariatric surgery. OBJECTIVES To examine shape discrepancy, WBI (weight bias internalization) and ED (eating-disorder) psychopathology in patients with LOC eating after bariatric surgery. SETTING Yale University School of Medicine, United States. METHODS Participants (N = 148, 84.5% female) seeking treatment for eating and weight concerns and with recurrent LOC eating approximately 6 months after bariatric surgery were assessed with the Eating Disorder Examination-Bariatric Surgery Version Interview and completed questionnaires measuring WBI and depression. Participants selected body shapes representing their current and ideal shapes, and a shape discrepancy score was calculated. RESULTS Most participants (N = 142/148) reported an ideal shape smaller than their current shape; shape discrepancy scores ranged from 0 to 5 (M = 1.89, SD = .82). Greater shape discrepancy was significantly correlated with greater current body mass index (BMI; r = .271, p=<.001) and percent weight loss (%WL) since surgery (r = -.19, p = .023). After adjusting for %WL, shape discrepancy was significantly correlated with greater WBI (r = .37, p < .001), depression (r = .27, p < .001), and ED psychopathology (r = .25, p = .002). CONCLUSIONS Nearly all participants preferred a significantly smaller shape than their current shape. Greater discrepancy between current and ideal shape was associated with higher levels of a range of behavioral (ED psychopathology), cognitive (WBI), and psychological/somatic (depression) concerns. These findings, which persisted after adjusting for %WL, highlight the importance of addressing body image in postoperative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Dunford
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Program for Obesity, Weight, and Eating Research, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Valentina Ivezaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Program for Obesity, Weight, and Eating Research, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carlos M Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Program for Obesity, Weight, and Eating Research, New Haven, Connecticut
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Gil-Llario MD, Fernández-García O, Huedo-Medina TB, Morell-Mengual V, Ballester-Arnal R. Analysis of the Effectiveness of an Affective-Sexual Education Program for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38252036 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2300627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of programs to improve sex education for people with intellectual disabilities has increased. However, in most cases, these programs do not provide any evidence of their impact. In the present study we analyzed the effectiveness of the SALUDIVERSEX affective-sexual education program for people with intellectual disabilities using a controlled trial design. 246 individuals from eastern Spain completed a battery of questionnaires before and after the intervention. Multilevel statistical analyses showed that the risk of experiencing sexual abuse had significantly decreased and knowledge about sexuality significantly increased among those who received the intervention compared to those who did not. The evaluation of the professionals who worked daily with the participants agreed on how knowledge about sexuality and intimacy increased and concerns about sexuality decreased among those in the intervention group. The SALUDIVERSEX program is a powerful educational strategy to promote better sexual health and quality of life for people with intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Gil-Llario
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia
| | - Olga Fernández-García
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia
| | - Tania B Huedo-Medina
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Agriculture, Health, and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut
| | - Vicente Morell-Mengual
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia
| | - Rafael Ballester-Arnal
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University
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Ganson KT, Nguyen L, Ali ARH, Nagata JM, Rodgers RF, Murray SB, Alaggia R. "Eat more protein, build more muscle": A grounded theory study of muscle-building behaviors among Canadian adolescents and young adults. Body Image 2023; 47:101635. [PMID: 37806066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Unique risk factors for the development of muscle dissatisfaction and engagement in muscle-building behaviors have been described by theoretical frameworks and supported by empirical research. What remains unknown are the unique processes, including catalysts and facilitators, which underpin engagement in muscle-building behaviors. Therefore, this study used a grounded theory methodology to elucidate the process of engagement in muscle-building behaviors. Thirty-three individual semi-structured interviews with Canadian adolescents and young adults ages 16-30 years were conducted. Transcripts were analyzed using initial and focused coding to identify themes that explained the grounded theory. The core theme underpinning the grounded theory was balancing aesthetic, health, and functional goals in relation to participants' engagement in muscle-building behaviors. Participants described experiences that encompassed several unique phases of muscle-building engagement, including the initiation phase, beginner phase, preservation phase, and intensification phase. Participants also described unique methods of gathering information on muscle-building behaviors, and their own analysis and decision-making processes driving their behaviors. Findings from this study extend prior theory and research by conceptualizing a novel process theory of engagement in muscle-building behaviors among adolescent and young adults, resulting in important implications for research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Lynn Nguyen
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Raza Hasan Ali
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ramona Alaggia
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bourke M, Pila E. Body-related self-conscious emotions, self-compassion, and dietary restraint in Canadian undergraduate university students: A multilevel mediation and moderation analysis. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:2131-2141. [PMID: 37610052 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-compassion has an inverse association with dietary restraint however, the mechanisms linking self-compassion and dietary restraint are not clear. This study aimed to determine to what extent self-compassion was inversely concurrently related to dietary restraint, indirectly through body-related self-conscious emotions, and to what extent trait self-compassion moderated the concurrent within-person association between body-related self-conscious emotions and dietary restraint. METHOD Data was collected from 224 Canadian university students who reported on trait self-compassion at baseline and body-related shame, guilt, envy, and embarrassment, and dietary restraint biweekly between November 2020 and August 2021. RESULTS Results from a 2-1-1 multilevel mediation model showed that trait self-compassion was indirectly concurrently related to dietary restraint through body-related shame, guilt, envy, and embarrassment. Results from the moderation model showed that there was a significant positive concurrent within-person association between body-related shame, envy, and embarrassment, but not guilt, with dietary restraint. These relationships were not moderated by trait self-compassion. DISCUSSION This study adds to our understanding of the concurrent association between body-related self-conscious emotions and dietary restraint, and the mechanisms through which self-compassion is related to dietary restraint. Given body-related self-conscious emotions were related to dietary restraint at both the within-person and between-person level, both compassion-focused interventions that aim to improve general levels of body-related self-conscious emotions and interventions that aim to overcome spikes in these emotions compared with one's usual level are warranted. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Negative body-related self-conscious emotions were related to higher levels of dietary restraint both across individuals and within individuals over time; and may play a mechanistic role in linking self-compassion with dietary restraint. Interventions aimed at reducing negative body-related self-conscious emotions are warranted in the prevention of eating disorder psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bourke
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Gerges S, Obeid S, Malaeb D, Sarray El Dine A, Hallit R, Soufia M, Fekih-Romdhane F, Hallit S. Validation of an Arabic version of the eating disorder inventory's body dissatisfaction subscale among adolescents, adults, and pregnant women. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:187. [PMID: 37858280 PMCID: PMC10588257 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 9-item Body Dissatisfaction Subscale (BDS) of the Eating Disorder Inventory is one of the most used tools for assessing thinness-oriented body dissatisfaction in research and clinical practice. However, no validated Arabic version of this scale exists to date. In this study, we sought to validate this instrument in three samples of native Arabic-speaking adolescents, adults, and pregnant women from Lebanon. METHODS A total of 826 adults, 555 adolescents, and 433 pregnant women were included. To examine the factor structure of the BDS, we performed an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), using a principal component analysis via the FACTOR software on the first split-half subsample among Lebanese adults. We used data from the second split-half in the adult sample to conduct a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) through the SPSS AMOS v.29 software. That verified model was tested via CFA on adolescents and pregnant women. RESULTS The EFA showed a bidimensional structure for the BDS, with all 9 items retained and divided into Factor 1 = Body Satisfaction (negatively-worded items) and Factor 2 = Body Dissatisfaction (positively-worded items). The CFA demonstrated invariable goodness-of-fit of the instrument in the three studied populations. McDonald's omega values were also adequate in the three samples, demonstrating its reliability. Moreover, the BDS showed invariance across sex among both adolescents and adults. Finally, higher BDS scores were correlated with more disordered eating, less body appreciation and less functionality appreciation, thus attesting to convergent validity of the scale. In addition, BDS scores correlated positively with depression and anxiety scores, indicating adequate patterns of divergent validity. CONCLUSION In light of our findings, we endorse the use of the BDS by healthcare professionals in Arabic-speaking countries, in order to assess thinness-oriented body dissatisfaction in an appropriate and timely manner and ease early referral to a specialist, thereby preventing the deleterious health-related risks associated with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gerges
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Department of Social and Education Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abir Sarray El Dine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Bellevue Medical Center, Mansourieh, Lebanon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Notre Dame Des Secours, University Hospital Center, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Michel Soufia
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi Hospital, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, 11931, Jordan.
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
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Liang G, Cheng Y, Barnhart WR, Song J, Lu T, He J. A network analysis of disordered eating symptoms, big-five personality traits, and psychological distress in Chinese adults. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:1842-1853. [PMID: 37337937 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have revealed associations between disordered eating symptoms, big-five personality traits, and psychological distress. However, limited research has explored these relationships as a network, including their interconnections, and even less has done so in non-Western populations. We employed network analysis to investigate the co-occurrence of disordered eating symptoms, big-five personality traits, and psychological distress in Chinese adults. METHOD A sample of 500 Chinese adults (256 men) completed measures assessing big-five personality traits, psychological distress, and disordered eating symptoms. The network of personality traits, psychological distress, and disordered eating symptoms was estimated, including its central and bridge nodes. RESULTS The central nodes in the network were the facets of openness (like adventure), extraversion (like going to social and recreational parties), and disordered eating symptoms (dissatisfaction with body weight or shape). Moreover, certain facets of neuroticism (always worrying something bad will happen), psychological distress (feeling worthless), and an inverse facet of extraversion (bored by parties with lots of people) were identified as essential bridge nodes in maintaining the structure of the network. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that personality traits (e.g., openness and extraversion) and body dissatisfaction are important in maintaining the network in a community sample of Chinese adults. While future replication is needed, findings from this study suggest that individuals with negative self-thinking, predisposed neuroticism, and extraversion may be at risk of developing disordered eating symptoms. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE The present study contributes to existing knowledge by employing a network perspective to examine the associations between disordered eating symptoms, big-five personality traits, and psychological distress in a Chinese adult community sample. The identified facets of neuroticism and extraversion and symptoms of psychological distress may be worthy of targeting in the prevention and treatment of disordered eating in the Chinese context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangsheng Liang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Yawei Cheng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Jianwen Song
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Tom Lu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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He J, Fu Y, Cui S, Barnhart WR, Zhang X, Han J, Wang Y, Ganson KT, Nagata JM. Screen use while eating is associated with lower intuitive eating and higher disordered eating in Chinese adult men and women. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:1961-1972. [PMID: 37489116 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the potential associations between screen use while eating and intuitive eating and disordered (thinness-oriented and muscularity-oriented) eating behaviors. METHODS Analyses included 600 Chinese adults (50% women; Mage = 30.67, SD = 8.08) recruited online. The use of four major screen devices was captured, including cell phones, tablets, computers, and TVs. Three types of eating behaviors were examined, namely intuitive eating, thinness-oriented disordered eating, and muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted separately for men and women to examine the sex-specific associations between screen use while eating and intuitive eating, thinness-oriented disordered eating, and muscularity-oriented disordered eating. RESULTS In both men and women, more screen use while eating was significantly associated with lower intuitive eating, higher thinness-oriented disordered eating, and higher muscularity-oriented disordered eating, above and beyond total screen time and social media use. DISCUSSION We found preliminary evidence for the significant links between screen use while eating and intuitive eating and disordered eating. Given the global increases in screen use, continued research is warranted to further explore the role of screen use while eating in the development and maintenance of intuitive eating and disordered eating. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Much remains unknown regarding screen use while eating and eating behaviors. We found that in both Chinese men and women, more screen use while eating was significantly and uniquely associated with lower intuitive eating, higher thinness-oriented disordered eating, and higher muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Findings highlight the importance of incorporating screen use while eating in future research on intuitive eating and disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuru Fu
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuqi Cui
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jiayi Han
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Zhang T, Wang K, Gu T, Zhang Y, Zhang X. Body Dissatisfaction and Restricted Diet in Chinese Adolescents: A Longitudinal Analysis. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:4003-4013. [PMID: 37790726 PMCID: PMC10543762 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s423196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Body dissatisfaction and restricted diet frequently co-occur among adolescents. However, the exact temporal relationship between the two is unclear. Furthermore, most relevant studies concentrate on Western cultural backgrounds, with only a few investigations conducted in many non-Western developing countries, including China. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mutual relationship between body dissatisfaction and restricted diet among Chinese adolescents. Patients/Methods We recruited a sample of 672 middle school students from China (358 females, mean age = 14.33±0.94) and collected self-reported measures of body dissatisfaction and restricted diet at three-time points (with a five-month interval between each). We used cross-lagged models to examine the bidirectional relationship between body dissatisfaction and restricted diet. Results (1) Both cross-sectional and cross-lagged correlation analysis showed positive correlation between body dissatisfaction and restricted diet (r=0.29-0.36; r=0.25-0.35, Ps<0.001); (2) The cross-lagged effect of body dissatisfaction on restricted diet was significant (β=0.09, 0.13, Ps<0.01), and vice versa (β=0.20, 0.18, Ps<0.001); (3) The differences in the associations between body dissatisfaction and restricted diet across gender were found. Conclusion/Implications There is a bidirectional relationship between adolescents' body dissatisfaction and restricted diet. Our findings enrich the existing literature on body image and dietary health, thereby contributing to the reduction of negative body image and disordered eating among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunyan Wang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingyu Gu
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yali Zhang
- College of Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangkui Zhang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People’s Republic of China
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Srivastava P, Presseller EK, Chen JY, Clark KE, Hunt RA, Clancy OM, Manasse S, Juarascio AS. Weight status is associated with clinical characteristics among individuals with bulimia nervosa. Eat Disord 2023; 31:415-439. [PMID: 36419352 PMCID: PMC11253114 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2022.2145258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have found increasing rates of overweight and obesity in bulimia nervosa (BN). However, the relationships between body mass index (BMI) and BN symptoms and other clinically relevant constructs are unknown. Participants (N = 152 adults with BN) were assigned to three groups by BMI: group with no overweight or obesity (NOW-BN; BMI <25; N = 32), group with overweight (OW-BN; BMI ≥25 and <30; N = 66), and group with obesity (O-BN; BMI ≥30; N = 54). We compared the groups on demographics, diet and weight histories, body esteem, BN symptoms, and depression using chi square, analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and Poisson regression models. The O-BN group was older (d = 0.57) and OW-BN and O-BN groups had greater proportions of race/ethnic minorities than NOW-BN group. The O-BN group was significantly younger at first diet (d = 0.41) and demonstrated significantly higher cognitive dietary restraint (d = 0.31). Compared to NOW-BN, O-BN participants had lower incidence of objective binge eating (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 4.86) and driven exercise (IRR = 7.13), and greater incidence of vomiting (IRR = 9.30), laxative misuse (IRR = 4.01), and diuretic misuse (d = 2.08). O-BN participants also experienced higher shape (d = 0.41) and weight (d = 0.42) concerns than NOW-BN and OW-BN, although NOW-BN experienced higher shape (d = 0.44) and weight (d = 0.39) concerns than OW-BN. Groups did not differ on depression scores. These results were replicated when examining BMI as a continuous predictor across the full sample, with the exception of objective binge eating and driven exercise, which were not significantly associated with BMI. Individuals with BN and comorbid obesity have distinct clinical characteristics. Existing interventions may need to be adapted to meet clinical needs of these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paakhi Srivastava
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Stratton Hall, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Emily K. Presseller
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Stratton Hall, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Stratton Hall, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joanna Y. Chen
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Stratton Hall, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kelsey E. Clark
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Stratton Hall, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Stratton Hall, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Rowan A. Hunt
- University of Louisville, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Olivia M. Clancy
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Stratton Hall, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Stratton Hall, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Stephanie Manasse
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Stratton Hall, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Adrienne S. Juarascio
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Stratton Hall, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Stratton Hall, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Vinitchagoon T, Wongpipit W, Phansuea P. Gender Expression, Weight Status, and Risk of Experiencing Eating Disorders among Gender-Diverse Adults Assigned Male at Birth in Bangkok, Thailand. Nutrients 2023; 15:3700. [PMID: 37686732 PMCID: PMC10489815 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the association between gender expression, weight status, and the risk of experiencing eating disorders among gender-diverse adults assigned male at birth living in Bangkok, Thailand. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires to provide demographic data and anthropometric measures, and an Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) to determine the risk of experiencing eating disorders. The associations between gender expression, weight status, and the risk of experiencing eating disorders were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models. No significant differences were observed in weight-related variables based on gender expression. Participants self-described as feminine/androgynous had lower odds of experiencing a high risk of eating disorders compared to those self-described as masculine (odds ratio (OR) = 0.49; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.27, 0.88). A higher body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.14) and BMI discrepancy (OR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.24) were associated with higher odds of engaging in extreme weight-control behaviors. The risk of experiencing eating disorders among Thai gender-diverse adults assigned male at birth could differ across gender expression and weight status. Further research is needed to expand the understanding of these relationships and develop tailored intervention programs to mitigate the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanit Vinitchagoon
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Waris Wongpipit
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Faculty of Education, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Phenphop Phansuea
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
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12
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Momeñe J, Estévez A, Herrero M, Griffiths MD, Olave L, Iruarrizaga I. Emotional regulation and body dissatisfaction: the mediating role of anger in young adult women. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1221513. [PMID: 37529071 PMCID: PMC10390227 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1221513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Emotion regulation difficulties have an important role in the presence of negative self-image. These problems in the self-regulation of emotion could lead to negative emotional processes (such as anger) that can lead to body dissatisfaction. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine emotion regulation difficulties than can negatively impact self-image and to understand if anger acts as mediator in the relationship between emotion regulation and body dissatisfaction. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out comprising 565 young adult women aged 18-30 years. The participants were administered the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2), and the Body Dissatisfaction dimension of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2). The proposed hypotheses were tested by path analysis in MPlus 8.0. Results The results indicated that anger had a positive significant effect on body dissatisfaction as well as the non-acceptance of emotional responses, the lack of emotional awareness, and the lack of emotional clarity. Of all the dimensions of emotional regulation difficulties, impulse control difficulty was the dimension which had a positive significant indirect effect on body dissatisfaction explained by increased anger. Discussion The present study suggests the importance of emotion regulation in the prevention of body dissatisfaction. Impulse control difficulty may be the key emotion regulation emotion in explaining the increments of anger that lead to body dissatisfaction. Among young adults, the promotion of positive body image can be promoted by helping this population to self-regulate their anger impulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janire Momeñe
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana Estévez
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marta Herrero
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Leticia Olave
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Internacional de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Itziar Iruarrizaga
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Faculty of Social Work, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Jorgensen SCJ. Transition Regret and Detransition: Meanings and Uncertainties. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023:10.1007/s10508-023-02626-2. [PMID: 37266795 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gender transition is undertaken to improve the well-being of people suffering from gender dysphoria. However, some have argued that the evidence supporting medical interventions for gender transition (e.g., hormonal therapies and surgery) is weak and inconclusive, and an increasing number of people have come forward recently to share their experiences of transition regret and detransition. In this essay, I discuss emerging clinical and research issues related to transition regret and detransition with the aim of arming clinicians with the latest information so they can support patients navigating the challenges of regret and detransition. I begin by describing recent changes in the epidemiology of gender dysphoria, conceptualization of transgender identification, and models of care. I then discuss the potential impact of these changes on regret and detransition; the prevalence of desistance, regret, and detransition; reasons for detransition; and medical and mental healthcare needs of detransitioners. Although recent data have shed light on a complex range of experiences that lead people to detransition, research remains very much in its infancy. Little is known about the medical and mental healthcare needs of these patients, and there is currently no guidance on best practices for clinicians involved in their care. Moreover, the term detransition can hold a wide array of possible meanings for transgender-identifying people, detransitioners, and researchers, leading to inconsistences in its usage. Moving forward, minimizing harm will require conducting robust research, challenging fundamental assumptions, scrutinizing of practice patterns, and embracing debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C J Jorgensen
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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14
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Creese H, Saxena S, Nicholls D, Pascual Sanchez A, Hargreaves D. The role of dieting, happiness with appearance, self-esteem, and bullying in the relationship between mental health and body-mass index among UK adolescents: a longitudinal analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 60:101992. [PMID: 37396802 PMCID: PMC10314161 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mental illness and obesity are among the biggest challenges to population health, they are linked, and may be modifiable during adolescence. We aimed to determine intervening pathways between mental health and BMI z-score symptoms across adolescence. Methods In this longitudinal cohort study, we used path models to examine self-reported dieting, happiness with appearance, self-esteem and bullying at 14 years as potential mediators of the cross-lagged relationship between mental health (via the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and Body Mass Index (BMI) z-score at 11 and 17 years by sex in the UK Millennium Cohort Study, a prospective cohort study of 18,818 children born in the UK between September 1st, 2000, and January 31st, 2002. Full, incomplete data on all singleton children still participating in the study by age 11 years were analysed in GSEM via maximum likelihood estimation (N = 12,450). Findings We found happiness with appearance and self-esteem, but not dieting or bullying, mediated the relationship between BMI age 11 and mental health age 17. Each increase in BMI z-score at 11 years was associated with 0.12 increase for boys and a 0.19 increase for girls in scores of unhappiness with appearance (boys: b 0.12, 95% C.I.; girls b 0.19, C.I. 0.14 to 0.23) and a 16% increase for boys and a 22% increase for girls in odds of low self-esteem (boys OR 1.16, 95% C.I. 1.07 to 1.26; girls: OR 1.22, 95% C.I. 1.15 to 1.30) at 14 years. In turn, for both boys and girls, being unhappy with appearance and low self-esteem at 14 years were associated with a greater likelihood of emotional and externalizing symptoms at 17 years. Interpretation Early prevention strategies to encourage healthy physical and mental development of children need to focus on the promotion of positive body-mage and self-esteem. Funding The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) School for Public Health Research (SPHR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Creese
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Saxena
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dasha Nicholls
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
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15
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Withnell SJ, Bodell LP. Does suppressing weight improve body satisfaction? A longitudinal analysis in undergraduate men and women. Body Image 2023; 45:126-132. [PMID: 36870187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Young adults with high body dissatisfaction may engage in disordered eating to reduce their weight, believing that weight loss will improve body satisfaction. Yet, limited research has examined whether suppressing weight contributes to improved body satisfaction in nonclinical samples. Undergraduate students (N = 661; 81.2% female) completed three surveys over a six-month period. Longitudinal mixed-effect models investigated whether weight suppression was associated with change in body dissatisfaction. Body dissatisfaction was higher on average among women, and greater weight suppression was associated with greater body dissatisfaction across genders. Among women, higher baseline weight suppression was related to higher body dissatisfaction across time; however, neither baseline weight suppression nor change in weight suppression were associated with change in body dissatisfaction. Among men, higher baseline weight suppression was related to increased body dissatisfaction over time. However, greater increases in weight suppression were associated with improvements in body dissatisfaction. Thus, the impact of weight suppression on body image outcomes may differ by gender. Findings suggest that when men become more weight suppressed, their body dissatisfaction decreases; however, changes in weight may not impact body dissatisfaction in women. Findings may inform educational programs challenging diet and weight loss myths, particularly for women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay P Bodell
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Jankauskiene R, Urmanavicius D, Baceviciene M. Association between Motivation in Physical Education and Positive Body Image: Mediating and Moderating Effects of Physical Activity Habits. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:464. [PMID: 36612785 PMCID: PMC9819534 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about body image might prevent adolescents from participating in physical education (PE) classes and physical activities during leisure-time. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the relationships between teacher support of autonomy, student motivations for PE, and positive body image, in a sample of Lithuanian adolescents. A total of 715 adolescents (51.89% girls) participated in the study. Ages ranged from 14 to 18 years, with a mean age of 16.00 (SD = 0.79) for girls and 15.99 (SD = 0.75) for boys. The questionnaire consisted of demographic questions, the Learning Climate Questionnaire, the Revised Perceived Locus of Causality in Physical Education Questionnaire, the Body Appreciation Scale-2, the Self-Report Habit Index for Physical Activity (PA), perceived physical fitness (PPF), and Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire. The results showed that teacher support for students' autonomy was associated with higher positive body image. In adolescent girls, autonomous motivation for PE was the mediator between teacher support of autonomy and positive body image. The associations between self-determined motivation in PE and positive body image were mediated by PPF on one hand, and through PA habits and PPF on the other hand of the structural equation model (in girls). PA habits moderated associations between PE motivation and PPF. Associations between PE motivation and PPF were stronger in girls with the lowest PA habits compared to girls with mean PA habits. These results suggest that PE classes are important for promoting students' positive body images. PE teachers are advised to use pedagogical strategies that promote the self-determined motivation of students for PE. Increased self-determined motivation for physical education might be an effective strategy for physical self-perception and positive body image promotion in adolescent girls, especially those with low PA habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Danielius Urmanavicius
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
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17
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Möri M, Mongillo F, Fahr A. Images of bodies in mass and social media and body dissatisfaction: The role of internalization and self-discrepancy. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1009792. [PMID: 36605270 PMCID: PMC9807623 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1009792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study examines the influence on body dissatisfaction of viewed images of bodies transmitted over mass media and social media, as mediated by the internalization of body ideals through media and self-discrepancy (the difference between the perceived actual self and the perceived ideal self). Method In this study, the images of bodies individuals view in their everyday media diet are estimated using a newly developed pictorial scale for women (thinness) and men (muscularity). For participants, the perceived body image is formed through mass media (magazines, TV) and social media (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, and Snapchat). The self-discrepancy theory is then used to explain the effect of images of bodies in the media on the internalization of these body ideals and body dissatisfaction. Results Results show that Facebook and YouTube shape body ideals perceived to be prevalent in the media, negatively influencing internalization and self-discrepancy. Self-discrepancy, in turn, increases body dissatisfaction. However, for males, the perceived body ideals in the media did not affect body dissatisfaction, internalization, or self-discrepancy. Discussion These results emphasize the importance of combining and comparing mass and social media and differentiating between female and male concerns regarding body image.
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18
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Eya S, Yosra H, Faika BM. Troubles des conduites alimentaires : prévalence et facteurs de risque chez des étudiants en médecine tunisiens. NUTR CLIN METAB 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Momeñe J, Estévez A, Griffiths MD, Macia P, Herrero M, Olave L, Iruarrizaga I. Childhood trauma and body dissatisfaction among young adult women: the mediating role of self-criticism. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study examined the relationship between childhood trauma and body dissatisfaction among young women. The mechanisms through which childhood trauma are related to body dissatisfaction have not been sufficiently examined previously. The aims of the present study were to analyze the (i) relationships between childhood trauma, self-criticism, and body dissatisfaction and (ii) mediating role of self-criticism in the relationship between childhood trauma and body dissatisfaction. A total of 754 young adult women aged 18 to 30 years participated (M = 20.49 years; SD = 2.28). The findings showed positive correlations between childhood trauma, self-criticism, and body dissatisfaction. The mediation model indicated that (i) greater childhood trauma was associated with greater self-criticism, and (ii) greater self-criticism was significantly associated with greater body dissatisfaction. Therefore, childhood trauma was indirectly associated with increased body dissatisfaction and explained by the positive relationship with increased self-criticism. These results highlight the importance of childhood trauma in body dissatisfaction among young adult women and demonstrates self-criticism coping style as a key factor in this relationship. Early detection of self-criticism-based coping styles and childhood trauma could improve (i) quality of life and prevent the onset of body dissatisfaction, and (ii) treatment planning and prevent body dissatisfaction from escalating into major problems (e.g., eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, morbid exercise and/or depressive symptomatology).
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20
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Yesildemir O, Tek NA. RISK OF EATING DISORDERS AND BODY DISSATISFACTION AMONG GYM-GOERS IN ANKARA, TURKEY. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228042021_0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Although regular exercise is widely recommended to promote optimal health, it is thought that gym-goers are at risk for body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Objective: This study assessed the risk of eating disorders and the prevalence of body dissatisfaction in gym-goers enrolled in a gym located in the city of Ankara, the capital of Turkey. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 206 gym-goers, 102 males (mean age of 25.8±7.86 years) and 104 females (mean age of 26.5±9.07 years), who regularly exercised at least twice a week at this gym during the years 2018 to 2019. Demographic characteristics and exercise status of the participants were collected through face-to-face interviews via a questionnaire form. The REZZY (SCOFF) questionnaire was administered to determine the risk of eating disorders and the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale was administered to determine body dissatisfaction. Results: The mean REZZY score in females (1.4±1.21) was higher than in males (0.8 ± 1.05) (p<0.01). In males, 26 out of 102 (25.5%) had a score indicating a risk of eating disorders. In females, 44 out of 104 (42.3%) had a score indicating a risk of eating disorders. The risk of eating disorders is higher in females than in males (p<0.05). While 49.0% of males stated that their current body size is greater than the ideal body size, 76.0% of females said that their current body size is greater than the ideal body size. Conclusion: Consequently, it was determined that gym-goers were a risk group in terms of eating disorders and body dissatisfaction. Level of Evidence: III; Cross-sectional study.
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21
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Hu C, Cao R, Huang J, Wei Y. The Effect of Self-Discrepancy on Online Behavior: A Literature Review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:883736. [PMID: 35558697 PMCID: PMC9087717 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.883736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People will experience self-discrepancy when they perceive their actual self is distanced from their ideal self and ought self. The perceived self-discrepancy has a significant impact on people's online behavior. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the research on self-discrepancy in the Internet era through a literature review. A total of 37 papers were included in this review. First, this study presents the basic characteristic of the reviewed articles (such as research contexts, samples, and data collection methods). Second, it summarized how the Internet affected people's self-discrepancy. Third, this review identified how self-discrepancy was associated with different kinds of online behavior (such as impression management, knowledge contribution, and gaming addiction). Finally, this study outlined several possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Hu
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rui Cao
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiao Huang
- School of Information Management, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Wei
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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22
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Kennis M, Duecker F, T'Sjoen G, Sack AT, Dewitte M. Sexual Self-Concept Discrepancies Mediate the Relation between Gender Dysphoria Sexual Esteem and Sexual Attitudes in Binary Transgender Individuals. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022; 59:524-536. [PMID: 34279141 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1951643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sexual responding in transgender people has typically been investigated from a medical and functional perspective. Aligning with the biopsychosocial model, it is however equally important to consider psychological aspects of sexuality in this population. We propose that the Sexual Self-Concept (SSC) theory offers a valuable framework to understand (sexual) wellbeing in transgender people, while Self-Concept Discrepancy (SCD) theory could offer an explanation of the mechanisms underlying negative SSCs related to gender dysphoria. We investigated differences in SSC (consisting of sexual esteem, sexual attitudes, and sexual self-efficacy) in 197 binary transgender and 205 cisgender individuals using an online survey and explored the mediating role of actual/ideal self-discrepancies in explaining the relation between gender dysphoria and SSC. Transgender and cisgender individuals differed significantly in seven out of eight components related to sexual esteem and sexual attitudes. Actual/ideal self-discrepancies mediated the relationship between gender dysphoria and the SSC in transgender individuals for the sexual esteem components related to body perception, conduct, and attractiveness, as well as for sexual anxiety. We found no relation between gender dysphoria and the other SSC components in this group. We conclude that SSC discrepancies could be a valuable treatment target to improve transgender individuals' sexual esteem and sexual attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Kennis
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht University
| | - Felix Duecker
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht University
| | - Guy T'Sjoen
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital
- Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital
| | - Alexander T Sack
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht University
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Maastricht University
| | - Marieke Dewitte
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University
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23
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Jones H, McIntosh VV, Britt E, Carter JD, Jordan J, Bulik CM. The effect of temperament and character on body dissatisfaction in women with bulimia nervosa: The role of low self‐esteem and depression. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2022; 30:388-400. [PMID: 35368118 PMCID: PMC9325425 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Objective Method Results Conclusions Low self‐esteem and depression were examined as mediators of associations between temperament and character dimensions and body dissatisfaction in women with bulimia nervosa. Harm avoidance contributed significantly to body dissatisfaction. The association between harm avoidance and body dissatisfaction was mediated by low self‐esteem alone and depression and low self‐esteem in serial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Jones
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Virginia V.W. McIntosh
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Eileen Britt
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Janet D. Carter
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Jordan
- Department of Psychological Medicine University of Otago Christchurch New Zealand
- Clinical Research Unit Canterbury District Health Board Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
- Department of Nutrition University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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24
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Paiva JB, Carvalho-Ferreira JP, Penati MP, Buckland NJ, da Cunha DT. Motivation to consume palatable foods as a predictor of body image dissatisfaction: Using the Power of Food Scale in a Brazilian sample. Eat Behav 2022; 45:101634. [PMID: 35569294 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Power of Food Scale (PFS) is a questionnaire for self-assessing the motivation to consume palatable foods, especially in environments where food is abundant and constantly available. This study aimed to a) assess the factorial structure of the PFS in a Brazilian sample and b) examine the relationship between the power of food and body image dissatisfaction and BMI. The PFS and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) were applied to a sample of 300 adults. Data were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis. Composite reliability (CR) was used to verify factor reliability. A partial least squares structural equation model was used to verify the effect of the PFS score on body image dissatisfaction. The PFS had an adequate factorial structure in this Brazilian sample, showing three well-defined factors: food available (CR = 0.91), food tasted (CR = 0.84), and food present (CR = 0.87). The BSQ showed one reliable factor (CR = 0.97). The power of the food aggregate factor significantly predicted body mass index (β = 0.16; p = .01) and body image dissatisfaction (β = 0.46; p < .001). The effect size was small for body mass index (f2 = 0.02) and medium for body image dissatisfaction (f2 = 0.26). The food present factor also had a slightly higher average among the three PFS factors. Women had higher PFS scores than men. Understanding the role that this motivation plays in physical and psychological outcomes such as body dissatisfaction can contribute to developing treatment strategies and support health professionals' performance in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Beatriz Paiva
- Multidisciplinary Food and Health Laboratory (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Joana Pereira Carvalho-Ferreira
- Multidisciplinary Food and Health Laboratory (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Mariana Perecin Penati
- Multidisciplinary Food and Health Laboratory (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | | | - Diogo Thimoteo da Cunha
- Multidisciplinary Food and Health Laboratory (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.
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Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Smartphone Addiction and Depression. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061281. [PMID: 35334936 PMCID: PMC8955505 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether smartphone addiction and depression sequentially mediate the relationship between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors (e.g., restrained eating, emotional eating and external eating). A total of 5986 participants (54.1% females, average age = 19.8 years, age range = 17–32) completed the Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction with Body Parts Scale, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, the Smartphone Addiction Scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Mediational analysis showed that, after controlling for age, sex and body mass index, body dissatisfaction was related to disordered eating behaviors through (a) the mediating effect of smartphone addiction, (b) the mediating effect of depression, and (c) the serial mediating effect of smartphone addiction and depression. In conclusion, our study showed for the first time that smartphone addiction and depression can be sequential mediator variables in the association between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. However, this study is a cross-sectional study; future longitudinal studies could further test the causal associations between these study variables.
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Why people join pro-Ana online communities? A psychological textual analysis of eating disorder blog posts. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nomura K, Itakura Y, Minamizono S, Okayama K, Suzuki Y, Takemi Y, Nakanishi A, Eto K, Takahashi H, Kawata Y, Asakura H, Matsuda Y, Kaibara N, Hamanaka S, Kodama H. The Association of Body Image Self-Discrepancy With Female Gender, Calorie-Restricted Diet, and Psychological Symptoms Among Healthy Junior High School Students in Japan. Front Psychol 2021; 12:576089. [PMID: 34675829 PMCID: PMC8523782 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.576089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Body image self-discrepancy reflects a preference for weight loss regardless of normal body size and is a distorted cognition that may be a precursor to eating disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with body image self-discrepancy among healthy junior high school students in Japan. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at one junior high school in Saitama, Japan, in December 2016. After excluding obese participants (defined as 20% above their ideal weight), 304 students (mean age, 13.9years; n=181 girls, 59.5%) who fell into underweight (n=22, 7.2%) and normal weight categories were selected. Body image self-discrepancy was measured using the Contour Drawing Rating Scale which includes eight separate figures representing body sizes. We then calculated the difference by subtracting ideal from current body sizes and defined body image self-discrepancy if the difference >1. Results: Girls constituted 92% (n=49) of the 53 students with body image self-discrepancy. In all students, multivariable stepwise models demonstrated that female gender (OR, 6.92, 95% CI: 2.33–20.51), a calorie-restricted diet (OR, 5.18, 95% CI: 2.22–12.05), and psychological symptoms (OR, 1.47, 95% CI: 1.15–1.87) were significantly associated with an increased risk of body image self-discrepancy. Specifically for girls, an increased risk of body image self-discrepancy was associated with calorie-restricted suppers and psychological symptoms. Conclusion: Body image self-discrepancy among healthy adolescents in Japan was found to be closely linked to being a girl, having a calorie-restricted diet, and having psychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Nomura
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Public Health, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuki Itakura
- Faculty of Human Development and Culture, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Sachiko Minamizono
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Public Health, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Okayama
- Major in Health and Dietetics, School of Health Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Suzuki
- Hiroshima University Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukari Takemi
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Kagawa Nutrition University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akemi Nakanishi
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Kagawa Nutrition University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kumi Eto
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Kagawa Nutrition University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Hiroshima University Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawata
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Kokugakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitomi Asakura
- Department of Nutrition, Teikyo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yorika Matsuda
- Major in Health and Dietetics, School of Health Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Kaibara
- Department of Health and Nutrition University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sakiko Hamanaka
- Major in Health and Dietetics, School of Health Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kodama
- Major in Health and Dietetics, School of Health Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
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Rousselet M, Reinhardt H, Forestier B, Eyzop E, Lambert S, Rocher B, Gailledrat L, Hardouin JB, Grall-Bronnec M. Are marked body shape concerns associated with poorer outcomes at the one-year follow-up in anorexia nervosa? Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02199. [PMID: 34037330 PMCID: PMC8323028 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex disease in which obsessive thoughts about body image, shape, or weight are expressed. The intensity of these concerns varies among individuals, and only a few studies have focused on their impact on patients' clinical course when patients are treated on an outpatient basis. Our study aimed to determine whether marked body concerns at inclusion were predictive of the one-year follow-up. METHOD Participants (N = 72) were women seeking treatment for AN in a specialized unit for eating disorder management. All participants were assessed at inclusion and at the 1-year follow-up. Clinical outcome was assessed using the Morgan & Russel Outcome Average Score (MROAS), and body concerns were assessed using the Body Shape Questionnaires (BSQ). RESULTS Marked body concerns (BSQ score >140) at inclusion were associated with a poorer outcome at the 12-month follow-up (lower MROAS "total score"). Other characteristics at inclusion that were predictive of a poorer outcome at 12 months were as follows: higher severity of ED at inclusion, longer hospitalization during follow-up, and experiencing a lower impact of the illness on school/work life. DISCUSSION The results confirmed the importance of a multifocal treatment that should address body concerns and motivation to change. Our results also highlighted the necessity of promoting the maintenance of school/work during the treatment course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Rousselet
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France.,UMR 1246, Nantes University and Tours University, Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Reinhardt
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | - Emeline Eyzop
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Sylvain Lambert
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Rocher
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Lucie Gailledrat
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France.,UMR 1246, Nantes University and Tours University, Nantes, France
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Lantz Lesser E, Smith KE, Strauman TJ, Crosby RD, Engel SG, Crow SJ, Peterson CB, Wonderlich SA. Relationships between nonappearance self-discrepancy, weight discrepancy, and binge eating disorder symptoms. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1571-1580. [PMID: 32772322 PMCID: PMC7868469 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-discrepancy (i.e., perceived differences between one's actual self and personal standards) has been associated with binge eating disorder (BED) symptoms. However, little is known about how weight discrepancy (i.e., the difference between one's actual and ideal weights) interacts with or is distinguished from nonappearance self-discrepancy (discrepancy unrelated to weight or shape) in predicting BED severity. The current study examined how these two forms of discrepancy independently and interactively relate to BED and associated symptoms to elucidate how facets of self-discrepancy may operate to precipitate and maintain BED. METHODS Adults with BED (N = 111) completed questionnaires and interviews prior to treatment that assessed self-discrepancy (computerized selves) and weight discrepancy (assessed during the Eating Disorder Examination [EDE]) as predictors of global eating disorder (ED) symptomatology (EDE Global score), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), and ED-related impairment (Clinical Impairment Assessment). RESULTS Multivariate regression models indicated nonappearance self-discrepancy and weight discrepancy were not significantly related to the severity of global ED symptoms, but both independently predicted impairment (ps < 0.05). Nonappearance self-discrepancy, but not weight discrepancy, was also associated with higher depression (p = 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), and lower self-esteem (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These findings suggest distinct associations of weight discrepancy and nonappearance self-discrepancy with ED and related symptoms, as well as each of these constructs' relevance to everyday functioning in BED. The results also highlight potential avenues for future research to examine mechanistic pathways by which self-discrepancy influences BED severity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V, descriptive cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn E Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Strauman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ross D Crosby
- Center for Bio-Behavioral Research, Sanford Research, Fargo, ND, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Scott G Engel
- Center for Bio-Behavioral Research, Sanford Research, Fargo, ND, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Scott J Crow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,The Emily Program, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Carol B Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,The Emily Program, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Stephen A Wonderlich
- Center for Bio-Behavioral Research, Sanford Research, Fargo, ND, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
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30
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Ogata K, Koyama KI, Fukumoto T, Kawazu S, Kawamoto M, Yamaguchi E, Fuku Y, Amitani M, Amitani H, Sagiyama KI, Inui A, Asakawa A. The relationship between premorbid intelligence and symptoms of severe anorexia nervosa restricting type. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1566-1569. [PMID: 33746572 PMCID: PMC7976560 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.53907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were as follows: to compare premorbid IQ with present IQ in patients with more severe anorexia nervosa restricting type (AN-R) and to investigate the relationship between decreasing IQ and symptoms in patients with severe AN-R. Twenty-two participants were recruited (12 were AN-R patients; 10 were healthy controls). The average BMI in AN-R patients and healthy controls was 12.65 and 19.82, respectively. We assessed the outcomes using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III), the Japanese Adult Reading Test, The Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2), Beck Depression Scale-2 (BDI-2) and State-Trait Anxiety Index. In two-way ANOVA, there were significant interactions for the FIQ and PIQ. Only in the AN-R group, a significant single main effect of time was evidenced for the FIQ and PIQ. In the AN-R group, a significantly high positive correlation was found between changes in the PIQ and the body dissatisfaction subscale of the EDI-2. These findings raise the possibility that in patients with severe AN-R, an excessive decrease in body weight induces decreased PIQ; as a result, they have worse dissatisfaction with their body shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizaburo Ogata
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Kitasato University Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ken Ichiro Koyama
- Faculty of Integrated Human Studies and Social Sciences, Fukuoka Prefectural University Graduate School of Human and Social Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takamasa Fukumoto
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Suguru Kawazu
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mihoko Kawamoto
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Eriko Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuuki Fuku
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Marie Amitani
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.,Education Center for Doctors in Remote Islands and Rural Areas, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruka Amitani
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ken Ichiro Sagiyama
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akio Inui
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Asakawa
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Carapeto MJ, Domingos R, Veiga G. Is the Effect of Body Dissatisfaction on Depressive Symptoms Dependent on Weight Status? A Study with Early-to-Middle Adolescents. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2020; 10:1020-1034. [PMID: 34542433 PMCID: PMC8314315 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe10040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a recognized mental health problem in adolescence and body dissatisfaction is an important risk factor. The main goal of this study is to examine the relationship between body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms, and whether it depends on adolescents' weight status, an issue that remains understudied. Two hundred and fourteen adolescents (12-16 years) completed self-report measures of depressive symptoms, body dissatisfaction and weight status (i.e., current body weight and height, to compute body mass index z-scores, BMIz). Hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses were conducted, accounting for gender and age effects on depressive symptoms. Body dissatisfaction was found to be a predictor of depressive symptoms for the low and median BMIz adolescents, but not for those with high BMIz. In addition, this interaction of body dissatisfaction and BMIz improved the ability of the regression model to explain depressive symptoms´ variance beyond the effect of gender and age. The high-BMIz adolescents presented higher body dissatisfaction but similar levels of depressive symptoms, compared to the lower BMIz adolescents. These findings suggest the influence of body dissatisfaction in the emergence of depressive symptoms in the first half of adolescence, and the importance of weight status throughout this path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Carapeto
- Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Évora, 7005-345 Évora, Portugal
| | - Raquel Domingos
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, 7005-345 Évora, Portugal; (R.D.); (G.V.)
| | - Guida Veiga
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, 7005-345 Évora, Portugal; (R.D.); (G.V.)
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, 7005-345 Évora, Portugal
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32
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Dos Santos RRG, Forte GC, Mundstock E, Amaral MA, da Silveira CG, Amantéa FC, Variani JF, Booij L, Mattiello R. Body composition parameters can better predict body size dissatisfaction than body mass index in children and adolescents. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:1197-1203. [PMID: 31338791 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies suggest that body mass index is not a reliable enough measurement for body composition in individuals, particularly in older and younger people. However, most research on body image has used the body mass index (BMI) as a physiological predictor of body satisfaction, particularly in children. The aim of this study was to investigate whether body composition is a better predictor of body size dissatisfaction in children than BMI. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. Healthy children and adolescents aged 5-19 years, sex male and female, were recruited using a convenience sample in Brazil. BMI was measured according to the international standardization method and body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with a portable device model (BIA InBodyS10 multi-frequency, USA). Body size dissatisfaction was assessed using the Kakeshita's Figure Rating Scale for Brazilian Children. Data were analyzed with logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 547 participants were evaluated, including 54% females and 67% Caucasian, with a mean age of 11.4 ± 3.8 years. The mean BMI was 20.5 ± 4.6 kg/m2, and the mean percentages of fat and lean mass were 23.01 ± 10.59% and 72.84 ± 10.03%, respectively. In the multivariable model, only body composition was significantly associated with body size dissatisfaction (odds ratio: 1.849 (1.085-3.149, p = 0.024) and 1.828 (1.043-3.202, p = 0.035), respectively). CONCLUSIONS Body composition measures can better predict body size dissatisfaction in children and adolescents than BMI. This result may be relevant for the design of future studies on physiological indicators and body satisfaction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejane Rosaria Grecco Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Pediatria e Saúde da Criança, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Carra Forte
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Pediatria e Saúde da Criança, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mundstock
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Pediatria e Saúde da Criança, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Secretaria de Educação Esporte e Lazer, Programa Esporte e Saúde em Canela(PESC), Prefeitura de Canela, Brazil
| | - Marina Azambuja Amaral
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul e Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis-UniRitter, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina Gomes da Silveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Pediatria e Saúde da Criança, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Chaves Amantéa
- Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Julia Frota Variani
- Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University & CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rita Mattiello
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Pediatria e Saúde da Criança, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul e Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga 6690, second floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
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Lander R, Heled E, Gur E. Executive functioning and spatial processing in anorexia nervosa: an experimental study and its significance for the allocentric lock theory. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:1039-1047. [PMID: 31209765 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The allocentric lock theory (ALT) suggests that people with eating disorders have difficulties in multisensory integration in two reference frames-egocentric and allocentric, whereby the egocentric, but not allocentric, is impaired. This leads to a distorted body image that contributes to the development and maintenance of the disorder. The current study aimed to explore a facet of the ALT, namely, the visuo-spatial aspect, and its relation to cognitive flexibility in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). METHODS Fifty-five participants took part in the study: 20 AN patients and 35 controls, matched by age and education. The object perspective taking test (OPTT) and the mental rotation test (MRT), tapping egocentric and allocentric representations, respectively, and a set-shifting task were administered. The brief symptom inventory was used to measure overall levels of distress. RESULTS AN patients showed higher level of distress. They performed poorer on the OPTT and set-shifting task but not on the MRT. The OPTT and MRT were correlated for controls but not for AN patients, while the set-shifting task and body mass index were associated with the OPTT but not with the MRT for the AN patients. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the ALT by demonstrating impaired visual egocentric representations and intact allocentric visual functions in AN patients, with cognitive flexibility associated only with the egocentric frame. Therefore, egocentric frame impairment in AN patients may be influenced by visual perception and cognitive flexibility deficiency. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III: case-control analytic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravid Lander
- Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Eyal Heled
- Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel. .,Neurological Rehabilitation Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Eitan Gur
- Department of Eaing Disorders, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Alcaraz-Ibáñez M, Paterna A, Griffiths MD, Sicilia Á. Examining the role of social physique anxiety on the relationship between physical appearance comparisons and disordered eating symptoms among Spanish emerging adults. Scand J Psychol 2020; 61:803-808. [PMID: 32720342 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study extends previous research by examining the moderating/mediating role of social physique anxiety (SPA) on the relationship between physical appearance comparisons (PAC) and symptoms of disordered eating (DE) in adolescent population. A total of 555 emerging adults (59% women) ranging from 18 to 30 years of age (M = 21.34, SD = 2.80) were recruited from two public universities from Spain using a non-probabilistic sampling technique. Participants completed a self-reported questionnaire comprising the variables of research interest. Once the effects of sex (i.e., being men or women), age, body mass index, and depressive symptoms were controlled for, the results from bootstrapping cross-sectional regression analyses supported both the moderating and mediating effect of SPA on the relationship between PAC and DE. Sex did not moderate any of these relationships. From these findings, it follows that incorporating strategies aimed at decreasing PAC and SPA may contribute to improved prevention efforts aimed at decreasing DE among Spanish emerging adults of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alcaraz-Ibáñez
- Department of Education, University of Almería, Spain.,Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Spain
| | - Adrian Paterna
- Department of Education, University of Almería, Spain.,Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Spain
| | | | - Álvaro Sicilia
- Department of Education, University of Almería, Spain.,Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Spain
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35
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Prefit AB, Cândea DM, Szentagotai-Tătar A. Effects of acceptance and reappraisal on body dissatisfaction: an experimental comparison of two adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:803-809. [PMID: 31016610 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, research has increasingly focused on body dissatisfaction, which is associated with numerous negative psychological and physical health consequences and, more importantly, with the development and maintenance of eating pathology. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we focused on the effect of two adaptive emotion regulation strategies (acceptance and reappraisal) on body dissatisfaction compared to a control group, and pre- and post-induction of body dissatisfaction. METHODS A total of 105 women [mean age (M) = 22.07; standard deviation (SD) = 6.11] were randomly assigned to one of the two emotion regulation conditions: acceptance (n = 35) and reappraisal (n = 35) or to a control group (n = 35). Participants were instructed accordingly with the condition that was assigned (acceptance or reappraisal). Participants were then induced body dissatisfaction by exposure to images representing the female thin-ideal and were asked to respond to their body-related feelings according to the instructions. Outcomes assessed were body dissatisfaction, and positive and negative affect. RESULTS Results indicated a significant increase of body satisfaction in the acceptance and reappraisal conditions from pre- to post-induction of body dissatisfaction, compared to control group which suffered a significant decrease in body satisfaction. Moreover, in the control group, positive affect significantly decreased and negative affect increased from pre- to post-induction, and did not change significantly, neither in the acceptance nor in the reappraisal condition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the positive effects of acceptance and reappraisal as emotion regulation strategies on body dissatisfaction and on positive and negative affect. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Experimental study, Level 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Beatrice Prefit
- Evidence-based Assessment and Psychological Interventions Doctoral School, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, 37, Republicii Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana-Mirela Cândea
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, 37, Republicii Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aurora Szentagotai-Tătar
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, 37, Republicii Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Alcaraz-Ibáñez M, Sicilia A. Analysis of the dynamic relationship between social physique anxiety and depressive symptoms in young adults. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vieira AI, Fernandes J, Machado PPP, Gonçalves S. The Portuguese version of the body investment scale: psychometric properties and relationships with disordered eating and emotion dysregulation. J Eat Disord 2020; 8:24. [PMID: 32626578 PMCID: PMC7328259 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-020-00302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Body Investment Scale (BIS) in a nonclinical sample of students and a clinical sample of outpatients with eating disorders, to analyse the differences in the BIS factors between the samples and to explore the relationships among body investment, eating disorder symptoms and difficulties in emotion regulation. METHODS The clinical (n = 93) and nonclinical (n = 448) samples completed self-report measures. RESULTS In contrast to the nonclinical sample, confirmatory factor analysis showed an acceptable fit for the original four-factor solution of the BIS in the clinical sample. This scale also demonstrated adequate internal consistency in both samples. Significant differences in BIS factors were found between the samples; outpatients with eating disorders presented more negative feelings about the body, less comfort with touch and lower levels of body protection than those of the students. In the clinical sample, significant relationships were found between these factors and a higher severity of disordered eating, as well as between these factors and higher difficulties in emotion regulation. CONCLUSIONS The Portuguese version of the BIS is a psychometrically sound measure for the assessment of body investment, and it is especially appropriate in a clinical setting of outpatients with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Vieira
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Fernandes
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo P P Machado
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sónia Gonçalves
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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38
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Regnier F, Le Bihan E, Tichit C, Baumann M. Adolescent Body Dissatisfaction in Contrasting Socioeconomic Milieus, Coming from a French and Luxembourgish Context. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010061. [PMID: 31861763 PMCID: PMC6982110 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze the relationships between body mass index (BMI), ideal body, current declared body shape, and gap between ideal and declared body shape, and the associations that these have with social and cultural factors among 329 adolescents (11 to 15 years i.e., at two stages of adolescence, the early and late adolescence), attending an international school in Luxembourg, and 281 from Paris. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an online questionnaire. Missing data were addressed using the data augmentation method in a Bayesian framework. Results: For both sets, higher the BMI and bigger their current body shape (CBS), the slimmer their ideal body shape, especially for those who perceive a link between body shape and beauty. For girls, slimness is a shared ideal; for boys, older they are, more they want a muscular body shape. Most students want slimmer bodies, but in affluent or intermediate social milieu students in relations to identification to personalities such as celebrities, while students from modest milieus, this is expressed in relation to success in love. In addition, they declared that their “talk diet with friends” were associated with large gap between ideal and declared body shape. Conclusions: A social control norm was revealed involving a displacement of values affecting body weight and health in the late stage of adolescence to early adolescence, especially for boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustine Regnier
- Alimentation et Sciences Sociales, Université Paris-Saclay, INRA, UR, ALISS, 94205 Ivry-sur-Seine, France;
| | - Etienne Le Bihan
- Institute for Research on Sociology and Economic health Inequalities, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | | | - Michèle Baumann
- Institute for Research on Sociology and Economic health Inequalities, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
- Correspondence:
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Alcaraz‐Ibáñez M, Sicilia Á, Paterna A. Exploring the differentiated relationship between appearance and fitness‐related social anxiety and the risk of eating disorders and depression in young adults. Scand J Psychol 2019; 60:569-576. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Dakanalis A, Clerici M, Stice E. Prevention of eating disorders: current evidence-base for dissonance-based programmes and future directions. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:597-603. [PMID: 31147968 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Dakanalis
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy.
| | - Massimo Clerici
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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Dijkstra P, Van Brummen-Girigori O, Barelds DPH. Weight-Related Selves and Their Relationship With Body Mass Index Among Young Individuals in Curaçao. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798419865402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on the assumptions of self-discrepancy theory, the present study examined the degree of overweight, weight-related body images, and the relation between these images and body mass index (BMI) among two samples of young people from Curaçao (secondary school students, n = 176; undergraduate students, n = 205). In addition to BMI, participants reported their current, ideal, and most feared body sizes, the thinnest and largest body sizes still acceptable to them, and the body size they considered the healthiest by means of the Contour Drawing Rating Scale. We expected females to show a larger discrepancy between current and ideal body size than males (Hypothesis 1) and that this discrepancy (as an indicator of body dissatisfaction) would be related more strongly to BMI among females than among males (Hypothesis 2). Results yielded support for Hypothesis 1 among secondary school students only. Only in the undergraduate sample, BMI and body dissatisfaction were related, but equally so for males and females. Possible explanations are discussed as well as implications for weight management interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieternel Dijkstra
- Institute for Social Psychology: Research, Education and Coaching, Groningen, Netherlands
- Foundation Fair Educational Chance, Willemstad, Curaçao
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Filice E, Raffoul A, Meyer SB, Neiterman E. The Impact of Social Media on Body Image Perceptions and Bodily Practices among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Critical Review of the Literature and Extension of Theory. SEX ROLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-019-01063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Silva WRD, Marôco J, Campos JADB. [Tripartite Influence Scale (TIS) applied to university students: validation study and application]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2019; 35:e00179318. [PMID: 30970100 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00179318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tripartite Influence Scale (TIS) is used to assess the influence of social and family factors on individuals' body image. However, little evidence has been presented on the validity of the TIS construct. The study aimed to estimate the psychometric indicators in TIS and identify the degree of influence of the media, parents, and peers on body image in university students, considering different characteristics. University students of both sexes participated. The psychometric indicators in TIS were assessed for each sex using confirmatory factor analysis. Mean scores were calculated for each TIS factor. Prevalence rates for degree of influence were presented. A multivariate regression model was built to verify the relationship between target characteristics and TIS factor scores. The sample included 791 university students (63.2% women) 18 to 40 years of age. TIS did not initially display a good fit to the samples and was therefore refined. After refinement, the scale showed adequate validity and reliability for women and men. Significant differences were observed in the mean scores between women and men, and in the prevalence rates the majority of the students were in the low category. Work, consumption of food supplements for body changes, age, body mass index, self-rated diet, and level of physical activity were significantly related to TIS factors. Women were generally more influenced than men by the media and peers. Characteristics identified as related to TIS can be relevant for inclusion in clinical and research protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Marôco
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, Lisboa, Portugal
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