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Karaman V, Karakilic-Ozturan E, Poyrazoglu S, Gelmez MY, Bas F, Darendeliler F, Uyguner ZO. Novel variants ensued genomic imprinting in familial central precocious puberty. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:2041-2052. [PMID: 38367171 PMCID: PMC11266277 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Central precocious puberty (CPP) is characterized by the early onset of puberty and is associated with the critical processes involved in the pubertal switch. The puberty-related gene pool in the human genome is considerably large though few have been described in CPP. Within those genes, the genomic imprinting features of the MKRN3 and DLK1 genes add additional complexity to the understanding of the pathologic pathways. This study aimed to investigate the molecular etiology in the CPP cohort. METHODS Eighteen familial CPP cases were investigated by Sanger sequencing for five CPP-related genes; DLK1, KISS1, KISS1R, MKRN3, and PROKR2. Segregation analysis was performed in all patients with pathogenic variants. Using an ELISA test, the functional pathogenicity of novel variants was also investigated in conjunction with serum delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1) concentrations. RESULTS In three probands, a known variant in the MKRN3 gene (c.982C>T/p.(Arg328Cys)) and two novel variants in the DLK1 gene (c.357C>G/p.(Tyr119Ter) and c.67+78C>T) were identified. All three were inherited from the paternal allele. The individuals carrying the DLK1 variants had low detectable DLK1 levels in their serum. CONCLUSIONS The frequencies were 5.5% (1/18) for MKRN3 11% (2/18) for DLK1, and none for either KISS1, KISS1R, and PROKR2. Low serum DLK1 levels in affected individuals supported the relationship between here described novel DLK1 gene variants with CPP. Nonsense nature of c.357C>G/p.(Tyr119Ter) and an alteration in the evolutionarily conserved nucleotide c.67+78C>T suggested the disruptive nature of the variant's compatibility with CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Karaman
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Millet Cad. Çapa/Fatih, 34096, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - E Karakilic-Ozturan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Poyrazoglu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Y Gelmez
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Bas
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Darendeliler
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Z O Uyguner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Millet Cad. Çapa/Fatih, 34096, Istanbul, Turkey
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Qin P, Pan Z, Zhang W, Wang R, Li X, Lu J, Xu S, Gong X, Ye J, Yan X, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Fang F. Integrative proteomic and transcriptomic analysis in the female goat ovary to explore the onset of puberty. J Proteomics 2024; 301:105183. [PMID: 38688390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Puberty is considered a prerequisite for affecting reproductive performance and productivity. Little was known about molecular changes in pubertal goat ovaries. Therefore, we measured and performed a correlation analysis of the mRNA and proteins changes in the pre-pubertal and pubertal goat ovaries. The results showed that only six differentially expressed genes and differentially abundant proteins out of 18,139 genes and 7550 proteins quantified had significant correlations. CNTN2 and THBS1, discovered in the mRNA-mRNA interaction network, probably participated in pubertal and reproductive regulation by influencing GnRH receptor signals, follicular development, and ovulation. The predicted core transcription factors may either promote or inhibit the expression of reproductive genes and act synergistically to maintain normal reproductive function in animals. The interaction between PKM and TIMP3 with other proteins may impact animal puberty through energy metabolism and ovarian hormone secretion. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the co-associated key pathways between ovarian genes and proteins at puberty included calcium signalling pathway and olfactory transduction. These pathways were associated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone synthesis and secretion, signal transmission, and cell proliferation. In summary, these results enriched the potential molecules and signalling pathways that affect puberty and provided new insights for regulating and promoting the onset of puberty. SIGNIFICANCE: This study conducted the first transcriptomic and proteomic correlation analysis of pre-pubertal and pubertal goat ovaries and identified six significantly correlated molecules at both the gene and protein levels. Meanwhile, we were drawn to several molecules and signalling pathways that may play a regulatory role in the onset of puberty and reproduction by influencing reproductive-related gene expression, GnRH receptor signals, energy metabolism, ovarian hormone secretion, follicular development, and ovulation. This information contributed to identify potential biomarkers in pubertal goat ovaries, which was vital for predicting the onset of puberty and improving livestock performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qin
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Zhihao Pan
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Juntai Lu
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Shuangshuang Xu
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xinbao Gong
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yunsheng Li
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Fugui Fang
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
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Onsoi W, Numsriskulrat N, Aroonparkmongkol S, Supornsilchai V, Srilanchakon K. Kisspeptin and DLK1 levels for monitoring treatment of girls with central precocious puberty. Clin Exp Pediatr 2024; 67:296-302. [PMID: 38772409 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2023.01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kisspeptin and delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1) are neuropeptides that reportedly play an important role in pubertal timing by activating and inhibiting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, respectively. Consequently, serum kisspeptin and DLK1 levels may be novel biomarkers for differentiating between central precocious puberty (CPP) and premature thelarche (PT) in girls and used to monitor CPP treatment. PURPOSE To compare baseline serum kisspeptin and DLK1 levels in girls with CPP at diagnosis and after treatment to age-matched girls with PT. METHODS This prospective longitudinal study included girls with precocious puberty and girls with PT who experienced breast development before 8 years of age and peak luteinizing hormone levels of ≥6 versus <6 IU/L after a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test. Serum kisspeptin and DLK1 levels were determined in both groups at baseline and after 6 months of GnRH analog treatment in the CPP group and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The study divided a total of 48 girls into CPP (n=24; mean age, 7.7±0.7 years) and PT (n=24; mean age, 7.4±0.8 years) groups. The baseline median serum kisspeptin levels were 50.5 pg/mL (range, 38.2-77 pg/mL) and 49.5 pg/mL (range, 39.7-67.6 pg/mL), respectively (P=0.89), while the baseline median serum DLK1 levels were 6.5 ng/mL (range, 5.9-7.5 ng/mL) and 6 ng/mL (4.4-14.4 ng/mL), respectively (P=0.68). After 6 months of GnRH analog treatment in the CPP group, the median serum kisspeptin level was lower (46.4 ng/mL; range, 37.1-60 ng/mL) than that at baseline (P=0.002), while the median serum DLK1 level was higher (7 ng/mL; range, 6.7-8.9) than that at baseline (P=0.002). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that baseline serum kisspeptin and DLK1 levels are not reliable biomarkers for differentiating between CPP and PT. However, significant changes in serum kisspeptin and DLK1 levels may be used to monitor CPP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witchuwan Onsoi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattakarn Numsriskulrat
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suphab Aroonparkmongkol
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vichit Supornsilchai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khomsak Srilanchakon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hart DA. The Heterogeneity of Post-Menopausal Disease Risk: Could the Basis for Why Only Subsets of Females Are Affected Be Due to a Reversible Epigenetic Modification System Associated with Puberty, Menstrual Cycles, Pregnancy and Lactation, and, Ultimately, Menopause? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3866. [PMID: 38612676 PMCID: PMC11011715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
For much of human evolution, the average lifespan was <40 years, due in part to disease, infant mortality, predators, food insecurity, and, for females, complications of childbirth. Thus, for much of evolution, many females did not reach the age of menopause (45-50 years of age) and it is mainly in the past several hundred years that the lifespan has been extended to >75 years, primarily due to public health advances, medical interventions, antibiotics, and nutrition. Therefore, the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for disease risk following menopause must have evolved during the complex processes leading to Homo sapiens to serve functions in the pre-menopausal state. Furthermore, as a primary function for the survival of the species is effective reproduction, it is likely that most of the advantages of having such post-menopausal risks relate to reproduction and the ability to address environmental stresses. This opinion/perspective will be discussed in the context of how such post-menopausal risks could enhance reproduction, with improved survival of offspring, and perhaps why such risks are preserved. Not all post-menopausal females exhibit risk for this set of diseases, and those who do develop such diseases do not have all of the conditions. The diseases of the post-menopausal state do not operate as a unified complex, but as independent variables, with the potential for some overlap. The how and why there would be such heterogeneity if the risk factors serve essential functions during the reproductive years is also discussed and the concept of sets of reversible epigenetic changes associated with puberty, pregnancy, and lactation is offered to explain the observations regarding the distribution of post-menopausal conditions and their potential roles in reproduction. While the involvement of an epigenetic system with a dynamic "modification-demodification-remodification" paradigm contributing to disease risk is a hypothesis at this point, validation of it could lead to a better understanding of post-menopausal disease risk in the context of reproduction with commonalities may also lead to future improved interventions to control such risk after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hart
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Kinesiology, and McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Zheng CY, Yu YX, Cao SY, Bai X. Epigenetics of inflammation in hypothalamus pituitary gonadal and neuroendocrine disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:340-345. [PMID: 37142487 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The hormone producing hypothalamus, pituitary and gonadal are arranged in hierarchy to form the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis). The axis is neuroendocrine in nature and releases hormones in response to the inputs from nervous systems. The axis maintains homeostasis and ensures smooth body functions, particularly those related to growth and reproduction. A deregulated HPG axis, such as observed under inflammation and other conditions, is therefore associated with several disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea etc. Several factors, both genetic as well as environmental, in addition to aging, obesity etc. affect HPG axis with resulting effects on puberty, sexual maturation and reproductive health. More research is now indicative of a role of epigenetics in mediating these HPG-affecting factors. Hypothalamus-secreted gonadotropin-releasing hormone is important for eventual release of sex hormones and it is subjected to several neuronal and epigenetic regulations. Gene promoter methylation as well as histone methylations and acetylations form the backbone of epigenetic regulation of HPG-axis, as the incoming reports suggest. Epigenetic events also mediate several feedback mechanisms within HPG axis and between HPG axis and the central nervous system. In addition, data is emerging for a role of non-coding RNAs, particularly the miRNAs, in regulation and normal functioning of HPG axis. Thus, the epigenetic interactions need better understanding to understand the functioning and regulation of HPG axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yang Zheng
- Embryo Laboratory, Jinghua Hospital of Shenyang, No. 83, Zhongshan Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yue-Xin Yu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 5, Guangrong Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shi-Yue Cao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 5, Guangrong Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 5, Guangrong Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China.
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Lei B, Yang Y, Xu L, Zhang X, Yu M, Yu J, Li N, Yu Y. Molecular insights into the effects of tetrachlorobisphenol A on puberty initiation in Wistar rats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168643. [PMID: 37992829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) is the chlorinated derivative of bisphenol A (BPA). Several studies have found that BPA adversely affects the reproductive activity largely through binding to estrogen receptors and the critical period of BPA exposure advances the vaginal opening time in the female offspring via the kisspeptin/G protein-coupled receptor 54 (KGG) system. However, whether TCBPA can affect puberty initiation via KGG and the roles of estrogen receptors in this process remain unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of TCBPA on the onset time of puberty in Wistar rats and the related molecular mechanisms by combing in vitro GT1-7 cells and molecular docking. In female Wistar rats, TCBPA at ≥100 mg/kg bw/day (49.2 μmol/L in rat body) markedly advanced vaginal opening time and increased serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). It also increased the relative gene expression of LH receptor (LHR), GnRH1, and FSH receptor (FSHR) in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis tissues. In GT1-7 cells, TCBPA increased genes and proteins associated with KGG pathway and activated the extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathways via G protein-coupled estrogen membrane receptor 1 (GPER1) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Docking analyses supported its interactions with GPER1 and ERα, and treatment with specific inhibitors of ERα- and GPER1-modulated PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2 signaling suppressed its effects. Taken together, TCBPA-induced advancement of puberty initiation in Wistar rats thus results primarily from increased LH, GnRH, and FSH secretion together with GnRH1, FSHR, and LHR upregulation driven by ERα- and GPER1-modulated Erk1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling. Our results provide new molecular insights into the reproductive toxicity of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingli Lei
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Lanbing Xu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Mengjie Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Gu Q, Wu Y, Feng Z, Chai Y, Hou S, Yu Z, Shen X. Dietary pattern and precocious puberty risk in Chinese girls: a case-control study. Nutr J 2024; 23:14. [PMID: 38291391 PMCID: PMC10829199 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of dietary intake on precocious puberty remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between the amount and frequency of dietary intake and the risk of precocious puberty in Chinese girls. METHODS In this case-control study, we enrolled 185 precocious puberty girls and 185 age-matched controls. Their dietary intake was assessed through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Their sociodemographic and lifestyle data were collected. The associations between dietary intake and risk of precocious puberty were assessed by conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS After multivariate adjustment, consuming a higher amount of red meat was associated with higher precocious puberty risk (OR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.25-6.02), while a higher frequency of fruit ( P for trend = 0.024) and amount of vegetable intake was associated with a lower risk of precocious puberty (P for trend = 0.002). The high vegetable and protein dietary pattern was significantly negatively associated with precocious puberty (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.63-0.97), whereas the high animal food and fruits dietary pattern was remarkably positively associated with precocious puberty (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.09-1.69), after adjusting for age and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS High vegetable and protein dietary pattern is a protective factor against precocious puberty, while high animal food and fruits dietary pattern is a risk factor for precocious puberty in Chinese girls. Attentions should be paid to a reasonable intake of red meat, eggs, and fruits in children's daily diet, increase their intake of vegetables, in order to reduce the risk of precocious puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Gu
- Department of Nutrition, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youmei Wu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Statistics, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuowei Feng
- Department of Paediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimeng Chai
- Department of Paediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Hou
- Department of Paediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiping Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Xiuhua Shen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Li Y, Zhang H, Li Q, Huang X, Kong X. Association of the KISS1, LIN28B, VDR and ERα gene polymorphisms with early and fast puberty in Chinese girls. Gynecol Endocrinol 2023; 39:2181653. [PMID: 36828304 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2023.2181653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the association of KISS1, LIN28B, vitamin D receptor (VDR), and estrogen receptor α (ERα) gene polymorphisms and the risk of early with fast puberty (EFP) risk, and with hormone levels in EFP cases, in Chinese girls. METHODS The analysis was based on the data of 141 girls with EFP and 152 girls without EFP. Clinical features were documented, and all SNP genotyping was conducted using SNaPshot method. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the association of the SNPs with EFP risk, and with hormone levels in EFP cases. RESULTS There was a significant association between rs7759938-C polymorphism in the LIN28B gene and the risk for EFP in the recessive (TT + CT vs. CC) model (p = 0.040). Remarkably, rs5780218-delA polymorphism in the KISS1 gene and rs2234693-C polymorphism in the ERα gene were significantly associated with peak LH (luteinizing hormone) levels (p = 0.008, 0.045) and peak LH/FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) ratio (p = 0.007, 0.006). Additionally, on 7 of the 8 variant loci the alleles associated with increased levels of both peak LH levels and peak LH/FSH ratio in EFP cases were also associated with increased CPP risk. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that rs7759938-C polymorphism in the LIN28B gene might have a protective effect on EFP susceptibility. The most striking findings of this study is that, rs5780218-delA polymorphism in the KISS1 gene and rs2234693-C polymorphism in the ERα gene influenced levels of GnRH-stimulated peak LH and LH/FSH ratio, and in general CPP risk genes might also contributes to the abnormality of hormonal levels in EFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Huifeng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province/the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xinwei Huang
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyang Kong
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
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Xie LL, Yang Y, Xiong XY, Yang L, Wu X, Zhang DG. A Clinical Study of Girls With Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty and Psychological Behavior Problems. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2023; 62:914-918. [PMID: 36661073 DOI: 10.1177/00099228221149551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To understand the psychological effects on behavior of girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) and to explore the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) in the reversal or blocking of the negative psychological effects on behaviors of girls with ICPP. A total of 100 girls with ICPP diagnosed at the Department of Endocrinology of Jiangxi Children's Hospital were divided into the treatment group and observation group with 50 cases in each group. The control group consisted of 50 healthy girls examined at our hospital during the same period. The Achenbach Child Behavior Check List ([CBCL] for parents) was used to evaluate the psychological effects on behavior of the girls diagnosed with ICPP and the girls in the control group, and the scores of related behavioral factors were calculated. At the same time, the psychological effects on behaviors of the girls with ICPP treated with GnRHa were followed up. (1) There were 100 girls with ICPP and 30 with behavioral problems. There were 50 normal healthy girls (control group) with 3 cases of behavior problems. Of the 50 girls with ICPP, after treatment, 8 had behavioral issues. The rate of abnormal psychological effects on behavior in the group of girls with ICPP before treatment was significantly higher than in the control group (P < .01), and after treatment, the rate was lower than before treatment (P < .05). (2) The scores of depression, social withdrawal, poor communication, and school discipline violation in the ICPP group were higher than those in the control group, with a statistical significance (P < .01). (3) After 24 months of GnRHa treatment for girls in the ICPP group, the scores of 4 factors, including depression, social withdrawal, poor communication, and violation of discipline in the Achenbach CBCL, were significantly different before and after treatment (P < .05). (1) Girls with ICPP have low self-esteem, low self-confidence, high incidences of psychological effects on behavior problems, manifested in depression, withdrawal, poor communication, discipline violations, and other aspects; (2) GnRHa treatment can reverse the low self-esteem and low self-confidence of girls with ICPP to varying degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Dong-Guang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
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10
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Kilberg MJ, Vogiatzi MG. Approach to the Patient: Central Precocious Puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2115-2123. [PMID: 36916130 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Central precocious puberty (CPP) classically refers to premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis with onset of sexual development before the age of 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys. A decrease in the age of thelarche has been reported over the past several decades; however, the tempo of pubertal progression can be slower and adult height may not be adversely affected in many of the girls who experience thelarche at 6-8 years. Outside of this secular trend in the development itself, the past several decades have also brought about advances in diagnosis and management. This includes the widespread use of an ultrasensitive luteinizing hormone assay, decreasing the need for stimulation testing and a better understanding of the genetics that govern the onset of puberty. Additionally, management of CPP using gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHas) has changed with the advent of new longer-acting formulations. Emerging long-term outcomes of GnRHa administration with regards to obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and fertility are reassuring. Despite these advancements, clinical care in CPP is hampered by the lack of well-designed controlled studies, and management decisions are frequently not supported by clear practice guidelines. Data in boys with CPP are limited and this article focuses on the diagnosis and management of CPP in girls, particularly, in those who present with thelarche at the age of 6-8 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa J Kilberg
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maria G Vogiatzi
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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11
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The Role of SNPs in the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty in Girls. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030450. [PMID: 36980008 PMCID: PMC10047240 DOI: 10.3390/children10030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of puberty is a crucial timepoint of development, with its disruptions being associated with multiple physical and psychological complications. Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty (iCPP) has been correlated with Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of certain genes that are implicated in various steps of the process of pubertal onset. The aim of this review was to gather current knowledge on SNPs of genes associated with iCPP. We searched articles published on the PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar platforms and gathered current literature. KISS1, KISS1R, PLCB1, PRKCA, ITPR1, MKRN3, HPG axis genes, NPVF/NPFFR1, DLK1, KCNK9Q, LIN28B, PROK2R, IGF-1, IGF2, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, IGFBP-3, insulin, IRS-1, LEP/LEPR, PPARγ2, TAC3, TACR3, Estrogen receptors, CYP3A4 and CYP19A1 were studied for implication in the development of precocious puberty. SNPs discovered in genes KISS1, KISS1R, PLCB1, MKRN3, NPVF, LIN28B, PROK2R, IRS-1 TAC3, and CYP3A4 were significantly correlated with CPP, triggering or protecting from CPP. Haplotype (TTTA)13 in CYP19A1 was a significant contributor to CPP. Further investigation of the mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of CPP is required to broaden the understanding of these genes’ roles in CPP and possibly initiate targeted therapies.
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12
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Ahi EP, Sinclair-Waters M, Donner I, Primmer CR. A pituitary gene network linking vgll3 to regulators of sexual maturation in male Atlantic salmon. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 275:111337. [PMID: 36341967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Age at maturity is a key life history trait and a significant contributor to life history strategy variation. The maturation process is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, but specific causes of variation in maturation timing remain elusive. In many species, the increase in the regulatory gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH1) marks the onset of puberty. Atlantic salmon, however, lacks the gnrh1 gene, suggesting gnrh3 and/or other regulatory factors are involved in the maturation process. Earlier research in Atlantic salmon has found a strong association between alternative alleles of vgll3 and maturation timing. Recently we reported strong induction of gonadotropin genes (fshb and lhb) in the pituitary of Atlantic salmon homozygous for the early maturation allele (E) of vgll3. The induction of gonadotropins was accompanied by increased expression of their direct upstream regulators, c-jun and sf1 (nr5a1b) but the regulatory connection between vgll3 and these regulators has never been investigated in any organism. In this study, we investigated the potential regulatory connection between vgll3 genotypes and these regulators through a stepwise approach of identifying a gene regulatory network (GRN) containing c-jun and sf1, and transcription factor motif enrichment analysis. We found a GRN containing c-jun with predicted upstream regulators, e2f1, egr1, foxj1 and klf4, to be differentially expressed in the pituitary. Finally, we suggest a vgll3 and Hippo pathway -dependent model for transcriptional regulation of c-jun and sf1 in the pituitary, which may have broader implications across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Pashay Ahi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marion Sinclair-Waters
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionelle et Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France. https://twitter.com/Marionswaters
| | - Iikki Donner
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Craig R Primmer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Gui Z, Lv M, Han M, Li S, Mo Z. Effect of CPP-related genes on GnRH secretion and Notch signaling pathway during puberty. Biomed J 2022; 46:100575. [PMID: 36528337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a complex biological process of sexual development, influenced by genetic, metabolic-nutritional, environmental and socioeconomic factors, characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics, maturation of the gonads, leading to the acquisition of reproductive capacity. The onset of central precocious puberty (CPP) is mainly associated with the early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and increased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), leading to increased pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and activation of gonadal function. Due to the expense and invasiveness of current diagnostic testing and drug therapies for CPP, it would be helpful to find serum and genetic markers to facilitate diagnosis. In this paper, we summarized the related factors that may affect the expression of GnRH1 gene and the secretion and action pathway of GnRH and related sex hormones, and found several potential targets, such as MKRN3, DLK1 and KISS1. Although, the specific mechanism still needs to be further studied, we would be encouraged if the insights from this review could provide new insights for future research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Gui
- Guangxi Provincial Postgraduate Co-training Base for Collaborative Innovation in Basic Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China; Clinical Medicine of Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Mei Lv
- Guangxi Provincial Postgraduate Co-training Base for Collaborative Innovation in Basic Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China; Anshun City People's Hospital, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Min Han
- Clinical Medicine of Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shan Li
- Guangxi Provincial Postgraduate Co-training Base for Collaborative Innovation in Basic Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhongcheng Mo
- Guangxi Provincial Postgraduate Co-training Base for Collaborative Innovation in Basic Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Sphingolipid Metabolism Related Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.
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14
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Bulut F, Kacar E, Bilgin B, Hekim MG, Keleştemur MM, Sahin Z, Ayar A, Ozcan M. Crosstalk between kisspeptin and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone in the silence of puberty: preclinical evidence from a calcium signaling study. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2022; 42:608-613. [PMID: 36137227 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2022.2125014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) are among suggested neuroendocrine modulators of reproductive function. Intracellular calcium signaling is a critical component in the regulation of a variety of physiological and pathological processes including neurotransmitter release, and, therefore, can be used as signaling indicator for investigating the involvement of kisspeptin, GnIH, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release. Hence, this study investigated the effects of kisspeptin and GnIH on calcium signaling using immortalized hypothalamic cells (rHypoE-8) as a model. Kisspeptin neurons were loaded with the ratiometric calcium dye (Fura-2 AM, 1 μmol) and intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) responses were quantified using digital fluorescence imaging system. Kisspeptin-10 (100, 300, and 1000 nM) caused a significant increase in [Ca2+]i in rHypoE-8 cells (n = 58, n = 64, and n = 49, respectively, p < 0.001). The kisspeptin receptor antagonist, P234, inhibited the calcium responses to kisspeptin (p < 0.001, n = 32). GnIH (100 and 1000 nM), alone, did not cause any significant change in the mean basal [Ca2+]i levels in kisspeptin cells, but GnIH attenuated the kisspeptin-evoked [Ca2+]i transients (n = 47, p < 0.001). This novel findings of [Ca2+]i signaling in in vitro setting implicate that kisspeptin and GnIH may exert their effects on hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis by modulating kisspeptin neurons. These results also implicate that kisspeptin neurons may have an autocrine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferah Bulut
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Emine Kacar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Batuhan Bilgin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | | | | | - Zafer Sahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ayar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mete Ozcan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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15
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Han XX, Zhao FY, Gu KR, Wang GP, Zhang J, Tao R, Yuan J, Gu J, Yu JQ. Development of precocious puberty in children: Surmised medicinal plant treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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16
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The Role of Genetics in Central Precocious Puberty: Confirmed and Potential Neuroendocrine Genetic and Epigenetic Contributors and Their Interactions with Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). ENDOCRINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines3030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing prevalence of central precocious puberty (CPP), most cases are still diagnosed as “idiopathic” due to the lack of identifiable findings of other diagnostic etiology. We are gaining greater insight into some key genes affecting neurotransmitters and receptors and how they stimulate or inhibit gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, as well as transcriptional and epigenetic influences. Although the genetic contributions to pubertal regulation are more established in the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) literature, cases of CPP have provided the opportunity to learn more about its own genetic influences. There have been clinically confirmed cases of CPP associated with gene mutations in kisspeptin and its receptor (KISS1, KISS1R), Delta-like noncanonical Notch ligand 1 (DLK1), and the now most commonly identified genetic cause of CPP, makorin ring finger protein (MKRN3). In addition to these proven genetic causes, a number of other candidates continue to be evaluated. After reviewing the basic clinical aspects of puberty, we summarize what is known about the various genetic and epigenetic causes of CPP as well as discuss some of the potential effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on some of these processes.
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17
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Li H, He J, Leong I, Huang R, Shi X. Central precocious puberty occurring in Bardet‑Biedl syndrome‑10 as a method for self‑protection of human reproductive function: A case report. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:574. [PMID: 35949343 PMCID: PMC9353512 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypogonadism and obesity are primary features of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). Obesity is also an associated factor of central precocious puberty (CPP). The present report describes the case of a girl (age, 7 years and 6 months), with clinical manifestations of precocious puberty, progressive obesity, postaxial polydactyly, retinal degeneration and intellectual disability. The patient visited the clinic for the first time due to early breast development and progressive obesity. After 8 months of follow-up, the bone age had advanced almost 3 years, and the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test showed results that had changed from indicating pseudo precocious puberty to CPP. Whole-exome gene sequencing showed that there were two heterozygous mutations in the BBS type 10 (BBS10) gene, chr12:76739816(c.1949del) and chr12:76740374(c.1391C>G). The final diagnosis was of BBS10 and CPP. In order to protect the reproductive capacity of the patient, GnRH analogs were used for CPP treatment. After 15 months of treatment and follow-up, a physical examination revealed Tanner breast stage 1. Ultrasonography showed that the uterus and ovaries had reduced to their prepubertal size. In conclusion, the present report describes a case of CPP that occurred in a young girl with BBS10. We hypothesize that this was a prelude to gonad dysplasia, acting as a method for the self-protection of human reproductive function. However, more clinical data and molecular biological evidence are required to confirm the etiology and mechanism of this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanming Li
- Department of Children's Health Care, Fifth People's Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, Guangdong 528211, P.R. China
| | - Jianyu He
- Department of Children's Health Care, Fifth People's Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, Guangdong 528211, P.R. China
| | - Iatlun Leong
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Macau Special Administrative Region, Macau Special Administrative Region 999078, P.R. China
| | - Runxiao Huang
- Department of Children's Health Care, Fifth People's Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, Guangdong 528211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Shi
- Department of Children's Health Care, Fifth People's Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, Guangdong 528211, P.R. China
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18
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Handelsman DJ. History of androgens and androgen action. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 36:101629. [PMID: 35277356 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2022.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Handelsman
- Professor of Reproductive Endocrinology and Andrology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of SydneyHead, Andrology Department, Concord RG Hospital, Australia.
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19
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Lin Y, He Y, Sun W, Wang Y, Yu J. Recent advances on the relationship between the DLK1 system and central precocious puberty. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:679-683. [PMID: 35594453 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Precocious puberty, as a common pediatric endocrine disease, can be divided into central precocious puberty (CPP) and peripheral precocious puberty (PPP), even though most cases of precocious puberty are diagnosed as CPP. According to its etiology, CPP can be further divided into organic and idiopathic CPP. However, the mechanisms of idiopathic CPP have not yet been fully elucidated. Currently, four genes, including the kisspeptin gene (KISS1), the kisspeptin receptor gene (KISS1R), the makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3), and the Delta-like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 (DLK1), have been implicated in CPP cases, of which DLK1 has been determined to represent a key, recently found CPP-related gene. In this review, we will not only highlight the latest discoveries on the relationship between the DLK1 system and CPP but also explore the involvement of the system as well as the Notch signaling pathway in CPP occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
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20
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Abstract
Pubertal onset is known to result from reactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which is controlled by complex interactions of genetic and nongenetic factors. Most cases of precocious puberty (PP) are diagnosed as central PP (CPP), defined as premature activation of the HPG axis. The cause of CPP in most girls is not identifiable and, thus, referred to as idiopathic CPP (ICPP), whereas boys are more likely to have an organic lesion in the brain. ICPP has a genetic background, as supported by studies showing that maternal age at menarche is associated with pubertal timing in their offspring. A gain of expression in the kisspeptin gene (KISS1), gain-of-function mutation in the kisspeptin receptor gene (KISS1R), loss-of-function mutation in makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3), and loss-of-function mutations in the delta-like homolog 1 gene (DLK1) have been associated with ICPP. Other genes, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 (GABRA1), lin-28 homolog B (LIN28B), neuropeptide Y (NPYR), tachykinin 3 (TAC3), and tachykinin receptor 3 (TACR3), have been implicated in the progression of ICPP, although their relationships require elucidation. Environmental and socioeconomic factors may also be correlated with ICPP. In the progression of CPP, epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and noncoding ribonucleic acids may mediate the relationship between genetic and environmental factors. CPP is correlated with short- and long-term adverse health outcomes, which forms the rationale for research focusing on understanding its genetic and nongenetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Suk Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae Sang Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin Soon Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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21
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Zhang Y, Sun N, Zhang M, Ding Q, Wang Q, Liang Y, He H, Yang Y, Guo C. Effects of Fuyou Formula on GnRH Secretion and Related Gene Expression in Treating Precocious Puberty. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:852550. [PMID: 35359850 PMCID: PMC8962374 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.852550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fuyou (Fy) formula is an in-hospital preparation consisting of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been used for treating precocious puberty (PP) for more than 20 years. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effect of the Fy formula and its major components on PP. To confirm the effect of the Fy formula on the release of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), GT1-7 cells were treated with estrogen to build the model group and subsequently treated with the Fy formula and its major components to explore their effects on the secretion of GnRH. The level of GnRH in GT1-7 cells was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results illustrated that, compared to the model group, the Fy formula inhibited the release of GnRH. In addition, the expression levels of proteins related to GnRH secretion, including GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR), Kiss-1 metastasis-suppressor (Kiss1), G-protein coupled receptor 54 (GPR54), estrogen receptor α (ERα), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results demonstrated that the Fy formula significantly reduced the level of GnRH secretion in the GT1-7 cell lines compared with the model group. Moreover, it significantly downregulated the expression of GnRH, GnRHR, Kiss1, GPR54, ERα, IGF-1, and IGF-1R. In summary, our results indicate that the Fy formula and its major components may inhibit the effects of estrogen, which alleviates PP through transcriptional regulation of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Liang
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Huan He
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyan Guo,
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22
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Merhi Z, Du XQ, Charron MJ. Postnatal weaning to different diets leads to different reproductive phenotypes in female offspring following perinatal exposure to high levels of dietary advanced glycation end products. F&S SCIENCE 2022; 3:95-105. [PMID: 35559999 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine, following perinatal exposure to a diet high in advanced glycation end products (AGEs), whether the use of standard AGE-free mouse chow during the postweaning period alters metabolism and reproduction differently than exposure to a diet low in AGEs. DESIGN Experimental animal study. SETTING University-based research laboratory. ANIMAL(S) Female CD1 mice. INTERVENTION(S) Seven-week-old mice were placed on a diet either low or high in AGEs perinatally, before mating and then during pregnancy and lactation. All offspring were weaned onto an AGE-free normal chow. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Growth curve, liver and abdominal fat weight, insulin and glucose tolerance tests, vaginal opening, estrous cyclicity, and serum levels of antimüllerian hormone, leptin, and adiponectin were assessed. Ovarian histologic examination for follicular count and gene expression was also performed. RESULT(S) Compared with the mice exposed to a diet low in AGEs, the mice exposed to a diet high in AGEs showed lower body weight in pups, lower liver weight, delayed vaginal opening, higher serum antimüllerian hormone levels, lower primordial and secondary follicle pools, and higher ovarian Fshr messenger RNA levels. CONCLUSION(S) Following weaning, perinatal AGEs can target puberty onset and folliculogenesis differently to standard mouse chow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher Merhi
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
| | - Xiu Quan Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Maureen J Charron
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Medicine and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Can Body Mass Index Affect Height Growth at Menarche among Girls Receiving Treatment for Early Puberty? A Retrospective Study in Korean Girls. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9010110. [PMID: 35053736 PMCID: PMC8774609 DOI: 10.3390/children9010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) therapy is used to control puberty progression and it preserves height potential in patients with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP). This study evaluated the correlation between weight and height gain at menarche following GnRHa treatment among girls with ICPP and relatively central early puberty (EP). We investigated height/weight trends and changes in height from diagnosis to menarche in girls with ICPP and EP treated with GnRHa. The mean difference in height (Δheight) from treatment cessation to menarche was 9.79 ± 3.53 cm. Girls were divided into girls with Δheight ≥ 9.79 cm (Group 1) and girls with Δheight < 9.79 cm (Group 2). Although near adult height was significantly higher in Group 1, the mean body mass index (BMI) and weight were significantly lower at diagnosis, treatment discontinuation, and menarche. The BMI and weight at the three time points were negatively correlated with height. Girls with higher BMI at all three time points had slower growth rates during the study period. Considering that BMI and body weight were closely related to Δheight, proper management of BMI and body weight of girls receiving early puberty treatment might contribute to growth during and after GnRHa treatment.
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24
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Prosperi S, Chiarelli F. Early and precocious puberty during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1107911. [PMID: 36699035 PMCID: PMC9868951 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1107911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During the year 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic rapidly became a severe health emergency worldwide. In order to contrast the spread of the novel SARS-CoV-2, many countries implemented extraordinary restrictive measures, such as a strict lockdown and school closures. The pandemic had a great impact on children and adolescents' daily life, leading to a much more sedentary lifestyle, to larger use of electronic devices and to an increase in stress-related symptoms. These conspicuous changes acted as disruptors of children's normal development. Since the beginning of the pandemic, many studies reported an increase in the number of precocious puberty cases as well as a faster progression rate of puberty itself, if compared to the pre-pandemic years. In this review, our aim was to evaluate the incidence of new cases of early and precocious puberty during the COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing variations in the timing of puberty and in pubertal progression rate, and to investigate the role of environmental and lifestyle factors during the pandemic in modulating the physiopathology of pubertal development. While a direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains, at the moment, a remote hypothesis, both physical and psychological factors related to the pandemic seem to have a role in triggering GnRH pulsatile secretion leading to earlier pubertal onset. It is indeed important to stress the need to clarify the exact role of COVID-19 in early pubertal onset comparing data from all over the world; long-term comprehensive studies are also pivotal to explain whether this phenomenon will continue while we resume pre-pandemic habits.
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25
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Fanis P, Morrou M, Tomazou M, Michailidou K, Spyrou GM, Toumba M, Skordis N, Neocleous V, Phylactou LA. Methylation status of hypothalamic Mkrn3 promoter across puberty. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1075341. [PMID: 36714607 PMCID: PMC9880154 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1075341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Makorin RING finger protein 3 (MKRN3) is an important factor located on chromosome 15 in the imprinting region associated with Prader-Willi syndrome. Imprinted MKRN3 is expressed in hypothalamic regions essential for the onset of puberty and mutations in the gene have been found in patients with central precocious puberty. The pubertal process is largely controlled by epigenetic mechanisms that include, among other things, DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides of puberty-related genes. In the present study, we investigated the methylation status of the Mkrn3 promoter in the hypothalamus of the female mouse before, during and after puberty. Initially, we mapped the 32 CpG dinucleotides in the promoter, the 5'UTR and the first 50 nucleotides of the coding region of the Mkrn3 gene. Moreover, we identified a short CpG island region (CpG islet) located within the promoter. Methylation analysis using bisulfite sequencing revealed that CpG dinucleotides were methylated regardless of developmental stage, with the lowest levels of methylation being found within the CpG islet region. In addition, the CpG islet region showed significantly lower methylation levels at the pre-pubertal stage when compared with the pubertal or post-pubertal stage. Finally, in silico analysis of transcription factor binding sites on the Mkrn3 CpG islet identified the recruitment of 29 transcriptional regulators of which 14 were transcriptional repressors. Our findings demonstrate the characterization and differential methylation of the CpG dinucleotides located in the Mkrn3 promoter that could influence the transcriptional activity in pre-pubertal compared to pubertal or post-pubertal period. Further studies are needed to clarify the possible mechanisms and effects of differential methylation of the Mkrn3 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Fanis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Morrou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios Tomazou
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Biostatistics Unit, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George M. Spyrou
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Meropi Toumba
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Child Endocrine Care, Department of Pediatrics, Aretaeio Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicos Skordis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Paedi Center for Specialized Pediatrics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vassos Neocleous
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Leonidas A. Phylactou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- *Correspondence: Leonidas A. Phylactou,
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Li Y, Tao N, Chen M, Chu J, Huang X, Kong X. Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Central Precocious Puberty and Hormone Levels in Chinese Girls. Int J Endocrinol 2022; 2022:9450663. [PMID: 36046800 PMCID: PMC9420594 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9450663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Central precocious puberty (CPP) is associated with adverse health outcomes in females; however, CPP pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the association of 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in eight genes with CPP risk and hormone levels. A case-control study on 247 and 243 girls with and without CPP, respectively, was conducted at Kunming Children's Hospital, China, from September 2019 to August 2020. The genotype of the SNPs and their haplotypes were identified. Additionally, the effects of the polymorphisms on hormone levels were investigated. Three variants (rs10159082, rs7538038, and rs5780218) in KISS1 and two variants (rs7895833 and rs3758391) in SIRT1 were related to an increased CPP risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.524, 1.507, 1.409, 1.348, and 1.737; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.176-1.974, 1.152-1.970, 1.089-1.824, 1.023-1.777, and 1.242-2.430, respectively). Rs3740051in SIRT1 and rs1544410 in VDR reduced CPP risk (OR = 0.689, 0.464; 95% CI, 0.511-0.928, 0.232-0.925, respectively). Rs1544410, rs7975232, and rs731236 in VDR were negatively correlated with peak follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; β = -2.181; P=0.045), basal FSH (β = -0.391; P=0.010), and insulin-like growth factor (β = -50.360; P=0.041) levels, respectively. KISS1, SIRT1, and VDR variants were associated with CPP susceptibility, and VDR SNPs influenced hormonal levels in Chinese females with CPP. In particular, VDR polymorphism rs1544410 was associated with both CPP risk and GnRH-stimulated peak FSH levels. Further functional research and large-scale genetic studies of these loci and genes are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming 650228, Yunnan, China
| | - Na Tao
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism of Children, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming 650228, Yunnan, China
| | - Minghui Chen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiang Chu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinwei Huang
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Xiangyang Kong
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
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27
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Faienza MF, Urbano F, Moscogiuri LA, Chiarito M, De Santis S, Giordano P. Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1019468. [PMID: 36619551 PMCID: PMC9813382 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1019468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pubertal development onset is controlled by a network of genes that regulate the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatile release and the subsequent increase of the circulating levels of pituitary gonadotropins that activate the gonadal function. Although the transition from pre-pubertal condition to puberty occurs physiologically in a delimited age-range, the inception of pubertal development can be anticipated or delayed due to genetic and epigenetic changes or environmental conditions. Most of the genetic and epigenetic alterations concern genes which encode for kisspeptin, GnRH, LH, FSH and their receptor, which represent crucial factors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Recent data indicate a central role of the epigenome in the regulation of genes in the hypothalamus and pituitary that could mediate the flexibility of pubertal timing. Identification of epigenetically regulated genes, such as Makorin ring finger 3 (MKRN3) and Delta-like 1 homologue (DLK1), respectively responsible for the repression and the activation of pubertal development, provides additional evidence of how epigenetic variations affect pubertal timing. This review aims to investigate genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors responsible for the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Felicia Faienza
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
- Giovanni XXIII Pediatric Hospital, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Felicia Faienza,
| | | | | | | | - Stefania De Santis
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Giordano
- Giovanni XXIII Pediatric Hospital, Bari, Italy
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
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28
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Neocleous V, Fanis P, Toumba M, Gorka B, Kousiappa I, Tanteles GA, Iasonides M, Nicolaides NC, Christou YP, Michailidou K, Nicolaou S, Papacostas SS, Christoforidis A, Kyriakou A, Vlachakis D, Skordis N, Phylactou LA. Pathogenic and Low-Frequency Variants in Children With Central Precocious Puberty. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:745048. [PMID: 34630334 PMCID: PMC8498594 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.745048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Central precocious puberty (CPP) due to premature activation of GnRH secretion results in early epiphyseal fusion and to a significant compromise in the achieved final adult height. Currently, few genetic determinants of children with CPP have been described. In this translational study, rare sequence variants in MKRN3, DLK1, KISS1, and KISS1R genes were investigated in patients with CPP. Methods Fifty-four index girls and two index boys with CPP were first tested by Sanger sequencing for the MKRN3 gene. All children found negative (n = 44) for the MKRN3 gene were further investigated by whole exome sequencing (WES). In the latter analysis, the status of variants in genes known to be related with pubertal timing was compared with an in-house Cypriot control cohort (n = 43). The identified rare variants were initially examined by in silico computational algorithms and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Additionally, a genetic network for the MKRN3 gene, mimicking a holistic regulatory depiction of the crosstalk between MKRN3 and other genes was designed. Results Three previously described pathogenic MKRN3 variants located in the coding region of the gene were identified in 12 index girls with CPP. The most prevalent pathogenic MKRN3 variant p.Gly312Asp was exclusively found among the Cypriot CPP cohort, indicating a founder effect phenomenon. Seven other CPP girls harbored rare likely pathogenic upstream variants in the MKRN3. Among the 44 CPP patients submitted to WES, nine rare DLK1 variants were identified in 11 girls, two rare KISS1 variants in six girls, and two rare MAGEL2 variants in five girls. Interestingly, the frequent variant rs10407968 (p.Gly8Ter) of the KISS1R gene appeared to be less frequent in the cohort of patients with CPP. Conclusion The results of the present study confirm the importance of the MKRN3-imprinted gene in genetics of CPP and its key role in pubertal timing. Overall, the results of the present study have emphasized the importance of an approach that aligns genetics and clinical aspects, which is necessary for the management and treatment of CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassos Neocleous
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Pavlos Fanis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Meropi Toumba
- Child Endocrine Care, Department of Pediatrics, Aretaeio Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Barbara Gorka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioanna Kousiappa
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Neurobiology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George A Tanteles
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Michalis Iasonides
- Department of Pediatrics, Iliaktida Paediatric & Adolescent Medical Centre, Limassol, Cyprus
- University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicolas C Nicolaides
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yiolanda P Christou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Neurobiology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Biostatistics Unit, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Stella Nicolaou
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Archbishop Makarios III Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Savvas S Papacostas
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Neurobiology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Centre for Neuroscience and Integrative Brain Research (CENIBRE), University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Athanasios Christoforidis
- First Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Kyriakou
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Archbishop Makarios III Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Lab of Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicos Skordis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- St George's, University of London Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Paedi Center for specialized Pediatrics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Leonidas A Phylactou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Li M, Chen Y, Liao B, Tang J, Zhong J, Lan D. The role of kisspeptin and MKRN3 in the diagnosis of central precocious puberty in girls. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:1147-1154. [PMID: 34414898 PMCID: PMC8494402 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the characteristics and significance of serum kisspeptin and makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3) levels for the diagnosis of central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls. METHOD Thirty four individuals with CPP, 17 individuals with premature thelarche (PT), and 28 age-matched prepubertal girls as normal control (NC) were recruited in this case-control study. Physical measurements included BMI and tests for breast, bone, and sexual characteristics. Biochemical measurements included serum LH, FSH, estradiol, insulin-like growth factor-1, MKRN3, and kisspeptin. Blood samples were taken from individuals with CPP and PT before the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone stimulation test and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after injection with triptorelin. RESULTS Serum kisspeptin levels were higher in the CPP group when compared to the NC group (P = 0.020), while serum MKRN3 levels were lower in the two groups (P = 0.028). There were no significant differences between the CPP and PT groups as well as the PT and NC groups (all, P > 0.05). The cut-off value of serum kisspeptin differentiating patients with CPP from those without CPP was 0.40 nmol/L, with 82.4% sensitivity and 57.1% specificity, while the cut-off value of serum MKRN3 was 0.33 pmol/L, with 79.4% sensitivity and 53.6% specificity. The area under the curves (AUCs) of both kisspeptin and MKRN3 for differentiating those girls with CPP from PT were less than 0.5. CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of kisspeptin and MKRN3 may play an auxiliary role in predicting CPP. However, the two measurements were not able to differentiate girls with CPP from PT and prepubertal control. This study emphasizes the need to search for markers to simplify the accurate diagnosis of CPP in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Binrong Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jingzi Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Dan Lan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Lan:
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30
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Lee SY, Kim JM, Kim YM, Lim HH. Single random measurement of urinary gonadotropin concentration for screening and monitoring girls with central precocious puberty. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 26:178-184. [PMID: 34015906 PMCID: PMC8505045 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2040208.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The gold standard for assessing pubertal activation is the gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test (GnRHST), which is invasive, timeconsuming, and inconvenient. This study evaluated whether a single random measurement of urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration could substitute for the GnRHST in diagnosing and monitoring central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls. METHODS Fifty-five girls with breast buds before 8 years of age were assessed by both the GnRHST and urinary gonadotropin assays. Based on the GnRHST results, 29 girls were assigned to the CPP group (peak LH≥5 IU/L), and 26 were placed in the premature thelarche (PT) group (peak LH<5 IU/L). Auxological data and urine and serum samples were collected at baseline and after treatment with a GnRH agonist for 12 and 24 weeks. RESULTS Although the auxological data did not differ between the 2 groups, the serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, basal LH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, and peak LH; urinary LH; and peak serum LH/FSH and urinary LH/FSH ratios were higher in the CPP group than in the PT group. Pearson correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the urinary and serum LH concentrations (r=0.660, P<0.001). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses showed that a urinary LH concentration of 0.725 IU/L was a cutoff that significantly predicted positivity on the GnRHST. Urinary LH and FSH concentrations declined significantly during GnRH agonist treatment. CONCLUSION A single, random measurement of urinary gonadotropin concentration could be a reliable tool for initial screening and therapeutic monitoring of CPP in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Young Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji Myung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yoo Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Han Hyuk Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Address for correspondence: Han Hyuk Lim Department of pediatrics, Chungnam national university College of Medicine, 282, Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea
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31
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Merhi Z, Du XQ, Charron MJ. Perinatal exposure to high dietary advanced glycation end products affects the reproductive system in female offspring in mice. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 26:615-623. [PMID: 32609365 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutrition and the intrauterine environment are important in determining susceptibility to reproductive and metabolic disturbances. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are widely consumed in Western diet. The purpose of this study was to determine whether perinatal exposure to a high levels of dietary AGEs affect metabolic and reproductive parameters in female mice offspring. Female CD1 mice, 7 weeks old, were placed on either a diet low (L-AGE) or high (H-AGE) in AGEs before mating and then during pregnancy and lactation. All offspring were weaned onto the L-AGE diet and studied through to 16 weeks of age; they were counted and weighed at birth and then every week for a total of 11 weeks. Vaginal opening, litter size, growth curve, liver and abdominal fat weights, serum levels of anti-Mullerian hormone, leptin and adiponectin, as well as insulin and glucose tolerance tests were compared. Ovaries were harvested for follicular count and gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Compared to perinatal exposure to the L-AGE diet, perinatal exposure to the H-AGE diet caused lower body weight at birth, and adult offspring exhibited delayed growth, lower serum leptin and adiponectin levels, delayed vaginal opening, irregular oestrous cyclicity, arrested follicular development and significant alterations in the expression of genes involved in folliculogenesis (Amh and Amhr2) and steroidogenesis (Cyp19a1). These results indicate that perinatal exposure to a diet elevated in AGEs causes deficits in perinatal growth, pubertal onset, and reproductive organ development in female mice. Whether these findings translate to humans remains to be determined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher Merhi
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xiu Quan Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maureen J Charron
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Medicine & the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes & Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The objective of this review is to assess the most recent literature on pubertal trends in boys and girls as well as evaluate genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors implicated in the timing of pubertal progression. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies confirm the previously described link between increased adiposity and earlier onset of puberty in girls, and more recent studies shed light onto the previously unclear situation in boys as a preponderance of recent longitudinal studies suggests that increased adiposity is linked with earlier pubertal timing also in boys. Discoveries of novel pathways highlights the complexity of pubertal development and suggest mechanistic links between nutrition, obesity, leptin, insulin resistance, and puberty. Furthermore, genetic and epigenetic variants can be linked to early puberty. Other factors, such as prenatal and postnatal environment, gut microbiota, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals have also been linked to both obesity and earlier puberty. SUMMARY Understanding how the interactions of these factors contribute the relationship between obesity and early pubertal onset is crucial as early puberty has been linked with long-term consequences, such as short stature, earlier type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and poor psychological and behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington
| | - Christian L Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Barbieri F, Inzaghi E, Caruso Nicoletti M, Cassio A, Grandone A, DE Sanctis L, Bizzarri C. Biological clock and heredity in pubertal timing: what is new? Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2021; 73:537-548. [PMID: 34264049 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.21.06511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Puberty represents a milestone during a person's life and is characterized by several physical and psychological changes which end with the achievement of sexual maturation and of fertility. Puberty onset depends on a series of sophisticated, not completely understood, mechanisms certainly involving Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) and its effects on pituitary gonadotropins. As recent evidence has demonstrated that pubertal timing deeply affects future adult health life, much efforts have been performed in order to clarify the exact actors involved in the onset and progression of puberty. Genetic factors are undoubtedly essential players in the regulation of pubertal development, accounting for approximately 50-80% of its variability. Mutations in genes such as KISS1, MKRN3 and DLK1 have been associated with central precocious puberty. Interestingly, a possible involvement of epigenetic mechanisms has been proposed as additional element able to affect pubertal phase. Environmental factors have recently attracted much attention. Indeed, an overall decrease in the age of puberty has been observed in the last decades. As genetic factors require long time to exert their effect, other players, such as environmental ones, may be involved. Special focus has been posed on nutritional status, endocrine-disrupting chemicals with non-conclusive results. Pubertal timing deeply affects future life, suggesting the need to clarify mechanisms driving pubertal onset and progression, in order to identify tailored therapeutic strategies and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Barbieri
- Pediatric Section, Department of translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Inzaghi
- Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Caruso Nicoletti
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cassio
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Grandone
- Departement of Women's and Children's Health and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luisa DE Sanctis
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carla Bizzarri
- Unit of Endocrinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy -
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Escagedo PD, Deal CL, Dwyer AA, Hauschild M. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1, but Not Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3, Predicts Central Precocious Puberty in Girls 6-8 Years Old: A Retrospective Study. Horm Res Paediatr 2021; 94:44-51. [PMID: 34098553 PMCID: PMC8491484 DOI: 10.1159/000516361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central precocious puberty (CPP) in females is characterized by thelarche before 8 years of age. Evidence of reproductive axis activation confirms the diagnosis (basal serum luteinizing hormone (LH) ≥0.3 IU/L or LH-releasing hormone (LHRH)-stimulated LH ≥5 IU/L). Stimulation testing is the diagnostic gold standard but is time-consuming and costly. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) are increased in girls with CPP. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the utility of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in identifying CPP in girls aged 6-8 years. METHODS The study was a single-center retrospective study. Girls with confirmed CPP (n = 44) and isolated premature precocious adrenarche/ precocious thelarche (PA/PT, n = 16) had baseline biochemical profiling and LHRH stimulation testing. Serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 results were converted to standard deviation scores (SDS). Correlations were calculated and receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted. RESULTS Girls with CPP had higher basal and peak LH, IGF-1 SDS, and growth velocity (p < 0.05). IGF-1 SDS correlated positively with basal and peak LH (p < 0.05). IGF-1 SDS (1.75-2.15) differentiated CPP and PA/PT with 89% sensitivity and 56% specificity (basal LH) and 94% specificity and 55% sensitivity (peak LH). IGFBP-3 SDS did not differ between groups or by CPP parameters. CONCLUSIONS In clinical practice, IGF-1 SDS may be an additional tool for identifying CPP in girls aged 6 to 8 years when baseline clinical and laboratory diagnostic criteria are inconclusive, possibly avoiding more time-consuming and costly procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Diaz Escagedo
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Endocrine and Diabetes Service, CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cheri L. Deal
- Endocrine and Diabetes Service, CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada,Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew A. Dwyer
- Boston College William F. Connell School of Nursing and Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Hauschild
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity Unit, Service of Pediatrics, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Taubenheim J, Kortmann C, Fraune S. Function and Evolution of Nuclear Receptors in Environmental-Dependent Postembryonic Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653792. [PMID: 34178983 PMCID: PMC8222990 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) fulfill key roles in the coordination of postembryonal developmental transitions in animal species. They control the metamorphosis and sexual maturation in virtually all animals and by that the two main environmental-dependent developmental decision points. Sexual maturation and metamorphosis are controlled by steroid receptors and thyroid receptors, respectively in vertebrates, while both processes are orchestrated by the ecdysone receptor (EcR) in insects. The regulation of these processes depends on environmental factors like nutrition, temperature, or photoperiods and by that NRs form evolutionary conserved mediators of phenotypic plasticity. While the mechanism of action for metamorphosis and sexual maturation are well studied in model organisms, the evolution of these systems is not entirely understood and requires further investigation. We here review the current knowledge of NR involvement in metamorphosis and sexual maturation across the animal tree of life with special attention to environmental integration and evolution of the signaling mechanism. Furthermore, we compare commonalities and differences of the different signaling systems. Finally, we identify key gaps in our knowledge of NR evolution, which, if sufficiently investigated, would lead to an importantly improved understanding of the evolution of complex signaling systems, the evolution of life history decision points, and, ultimately, speciation events in the metazoan kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Taubenheim
- Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constantin Kortmann
- Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fraune
- Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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36
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Schubert S, Hvelplund AH, Handberg A, Hagstroem S, Leunbach TL. Elevated Pre-injection Basal Luteinizing Hormone Concentrations are Common in Girls Treated for Central Precocious Puberty. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2021; 13:204-211. [PMID: 33374097 PMCID: PMC8186339 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A consensus on how to monitor girls with central precocious puberty (CPP) during gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment is lacking. Increased, unstimulated basal luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations have been suggested to indicate lack of suppression. The aim was to evaluate pre-injection basal LH concentrations during GnRHa (leuprorelin 3.75 mg) treatment every four weeks in girls with CPP. METHODS Medical records were reviewed for girls with CPP treated at a single center from 2014-2019. Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings during treatment were systematically recorded. RESULTS A total of 587 GnRHa pre-injection basal LH concentrations were analyzed in 74 girls. Basal LH was pubertal (≥0.3 IU/L) in 53.5% of blood samples and 87.8% of all girls had a pubertal basal LH concentration at least once. A GnRH test (n=29) was repeated in 23 girls due to suspicion of clinical progression, elevated basal LH or recordable estradiol concentrations. None had a stimulated LH >3.1 IU/L. The predictability of treatment suppression (specificity) of basal LH concentrations was 12.0% when compared to repeated GnRH stimulation tests. Despite shortening the GnRHa injection interval to three weeks, basal LH concentrations remained pubertal in 85.7% girls. A significant reduction in height standard deviation score (p<0.001) and bone age advance (p<0.001) was observed during treatment. CONCLUSION Pre-injection basal LH remains at pubertal concentrations during treatment with leuprorelin 3.75 mg in girls with CPP. Clinical monitoring of pubertal progression is preferable to routine basal LH concentrations. Repeat GnRH stimulation testing should be regarded as the gold standard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aase Handberg
- Aalborg University Hospital, Clinic of Clinical Biochemistry; Aalborg University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Hagstroem
- Aalborg University Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Tina Lund Leunbach
- Aalborg University Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics, Aalborg, Denmark,Aarhus University Hospital, Clinic of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark,* Address for Correspondence: Aalborg University Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics; Aarhus University Hospital, Clinic of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark Phone: +0045 7845 1474 E-mail:
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37
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Tung YC. Central precocious puberty in girls: Increasing with time. Pediatr Neonatol 2021; 62:127-128. [PMID: 33676635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Tung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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38
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Hernández-Rodríguez J, López AL, Montes S, Bonilla-Jaime H, Morales I, Limón-Morales O, Ríos C, Hernández-González M, Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Arteaga-Silva M. Delay in puberty indices of Wistar rats caused by Cadmium. Focus on the redox system in reproductive organs. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 99:71-79. [PMID: 33249230 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is a transitional period from juvenile stage to adulthood, followed by the functional maturation of gonads and reproductive organs. This period is sensitive to environmental pollutants like cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal that represents a serious health risk. Cd is an endocrine disruptor that interferes with reproduction by causing oxidative stress in the reproductive organs, affecting the sexual function and decreasing testosterone (T) levels. However, little research has been done on the effects of Cd on puberty markers and antioxidant systems. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Cd on puberty markers: preputial separation, testes descent and T levels, and the antioxidant activity (SOD, CAT, GSH/GSSG and TAC) in the seminal vesicles, testis and epididymis. Male Wistar pups were treated with 1 mg/kg Cd or saline solution by i.p. injection from day 1 to 35; the other treatment was administrated for 49 days. At the end of treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and the tissues of interest dissected, weighed and prepared for the respective assays. Cd treated rats from birth to puberty showed a delay onset in the puberty markers and a low weight in reproductive organs. Also, Cd induced differential effects on the redox system in reproductive organs and decreased T levels, these effects played a pivotal role in the delay of puberty markers onset (testes descent and preputial separation), affecting the development and sexual maturity of the male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Hernández-Rodríguez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sergio Montes
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ivis Morales
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ofelia Limón-Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marisela Hernández-González
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo 180, Col. Arcos Vallarta, C.P. 44130, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Vigueras-Villaseñor
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Calzada México Xochimilco No. 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, C.P. 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marcela Arteaga-Silva
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Kutlu E, Özgen İT, Bulut H, Koçyiğit A, Otçu H, Cesur Y. Serum Irisin Levels in Central Precocious Puberty and Its Variants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e247-e254. [PMID: 33034623 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The exact mechanisms that trigger the onset of puberty are not well known. Adipomyokines are postulated to stimulate the central neural network. In the present study, we investigated irisin levels in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP), slowly progressing precocious puberty (SPPP), or premature thelarche (PT); we also studied prepubertal girls and to determine if this adipomyokine could be used as a marker in this context. METHODS A total of 94 girls including 33 with CPP, 31 with precocious puberty (PP) variants (SPPP or PT), and 30 healthy controls were enrolled to the study. The mean irisin levels were compared between groups. The bivariate correlations of irisin levels with clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictive factors of irisin levels. RESULTS Irisin levels were higher in the CPP group compared with the other groups (CPP group: 723.25 ± 62.35 ng/mL; PP variants group: 529.60 ± 39.66 ng/mL; and control group: 325.03 ± 27.53 ng/mL) (P < 0.001). Irisin levels were positively correlated with body mass index standard deviation scores (BMI-SDS), height-SDS, weight-SDS, bone age, uterus long axis, ovary size, baseline FSH and LH, and peak LH levels. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that irisin levels had the strongest correlation with peak LH. The other independent predictive factor of irisin levels was BMI-SDS. CONCLUSIONS The mean irisin levels were higher in patients with CPP compared with other groups. The results of this study imply that increased irisin levels may be used as a marker of CPP provided that these findings are confirmed in larger prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Kutlu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İlker Tolga Özgen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huri Bulut
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahim Koçyiğit
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hafize Otçu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Cesur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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40
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Abstract
The Tacr3 gene encodes tachykinin receptor 3 (NK3R), which belongs to the tachykinin receptor family. This family of proteins includes typical G protein-coupled receptors and belongs to the rhodopsin subfamily. NK3R functions by binding to its high-affinity ligand, neurokinin B(NKB). The role of Tacr3/NK3R in growth and reproduction has been extensively studied, but Tacr3/NK3R is also widely expressed in the nervous system from the spinal cord to the brain and is involved in both physiological and pathological processes in the nervous system, including mood disorders, chronic pain, learning and memory deficiencies, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, addiction-related processes, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, body fluid management, neural development, and schizophrenia. Here, we summarize the structure of NK3R/NKB and its cellular signaling as well as the expression of Tacr3/NK3R in the nervous system, and we provide a comprehensive summary of the role of Tacr3/NK3R in neurological diseases, including reproduction-related disorders and other neurological diseases. At the end of this review, we propose the hypothesis that Tacr3/NK3R mediates a variety of brain functions by affecting the excitability of different neurons with specific functions. On the basis of this "excited or not" hypothesis, more studies related to Tacr3 should be carried out in other nervous system diseases in order to better understand the biological roles of Tacr3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-wen Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xia Chu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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41
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Roberts SA, Kaiser UB. GENETICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Genetic etiologies of central precocious puberty and the role of imprinted genes. Eur J Endocrinol 2020; 183:R107-R117. [PMID: 32698138 PMCID: PMC7682746 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pubertal timing is regulated by the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, nutritional and epigenetic factors. Criteria for determining normal pubertal timing, and thus the definition of precocious puberty, have evolved based on published population studies. The significance of the genetic influence on pubertal timing is supported by familial pubertal timing and twin studies. In contrast to the many monogenic causes associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, only four monogenic causes of central precocious puberty (CPP) have been described. Loss-of-function mutations in Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3(MKRN3), a maternally imprinted gene on chromosome 15 within the Prader-Willi syndrome locus, are the most common identified genetic cause of CPP. More recently, several mutations in a second maternally imprinted gene, Delta-like noncanonical Notch ligand 1 (DLK1), have also been associated with CPP. Polymorphisms in both genes have also been associated with the age of menarche in genome-wide association studies. Mutations in the genes encoding kisspeptin (KISS1) and its receptor (KISS1R), potent activators of GnRH secretion, have also been described in association with CPP, but remain rare monogenic causes. CPP has both short- and long-term health implications for children, highlighting the importance of understanding the mechanisms contributing to early puberty. Additionally, given the role of mutations in the imprinted genes MKRN3 and DLK1 in pubertal timing, other imprinted candidate genes should be considered for a role in puberty initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Roberts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ursula B. Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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42
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Hu K, Sun W, Li Y, Zhang B, Zhang M, Guo C, Chang H, Wang X. Study on the Mechanism of Sarsasapogenin in Treating Precocious Puberty by Regulating the HPG Axis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:1978043. [PMID: 32831859 PMCID: PMC7426762 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1978043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of sarsasapogenin resistance to precocious puberty. Female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into a normal (N) group, model (M) group, leuprolide (L) group, and sarsasapogenin (Sar) group. Rats at 5 days of age were given a single subcutaneous injection of 300 micrograms of danazol to establish the precocious puberty model. After 10 days of modeling, drug intervention was started. The development of the uterus and ovary was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The levels of the serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol (E2) were determined by radioimmunoassay. Also, the expressions of the hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), Kiss-1, G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54), and pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) were detected by RT-PCR. The results showed that compared with the model group, sarsasapogenin could significantly delay the opening time of vaginal, decreased uterine and ovarian coefficients, and reduced uterine wall thickness. Moreover, it can significantly downregulate the levels of serum hormones and reduce the expression of GnRH, GnRH-R, and kiss-1. In summary, our results indicate that sarsasapogenin can regulate the HPG axis through the kiss-1/GPR54 system for therapeutic precocious puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Hu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Wenyan Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - HongSheng Chang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, Beijing 100045, China
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43
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Gracjasz-Palikij I, Paprocka J, Gawlik A. Central precocious puberty - etiology with particular consideration of neurological causes. Arch Med Sci 2020; 20:831-838. [PMID: 39050172 PMCID: PMC11264086 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.96394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a rare disease of poorly understood etiology. The cause is mostly idiopathic. However, congenital and acquired structural changes in the central nervous system are also involved. Prevalent organic changes in the central nervous system, especially among boys, prompt imaging assessment in each case of CPP. In addition, genetic and environmental factors have been reported. Safe and effective treatment is available. The time of treatment implementation is crucial to the successful outcome. Proper diagnosis and treatment make it possible to avoid a number of complications of untreated CPP. There are only a few studies analyzing the prevalence and risk factors for the disease. The aim of this paper is to discuss the current causes of CPP with particular consideration of neurological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Gracjasz-Palikij
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Justyna Paprocka
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aneta Gawlik
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Roberts SA, Abreu AP, Navarro VM, Liang JN, Maguire CA, Kim HK, Carroll RS, Kaiser UB. The Peripubertal Decline in Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 Expression is Independent of Leptin Action. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa059. [PMID: 32587933 PMCID: PMC7304661 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical body weight is necessary for pubertal development, an effect mediated in part by leptin. The potential regulation by leptin of Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 (MKRN3), in which loss-of-function mutations are the most common genetic cause of central precocious puberty, has not been previously explored. In mice, expression of Mkrn3 in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus is high early in life and declines before the onset of puberty. Therefore, we aimed to explore if leptin contributes to the decrease in hypothalamic Mkrn3 mRNA levels observed in mice during pubertal development. We first used a leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mouse model. Mkrn3 mRNA levels in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), which includes the arcuate nucleus, and in the preoptic area (POA), both showed a significant decrease with age from postnatal day (PND) 12 to PND30 in ob/ob mice in both males and females, similar to that observed in wild-type mice. To further explore the effects of leptin on Mkrn3 expression, we exposed prepubertal wild-type mice to high levels of leptin from age PND9-12, which did not result in any significant difference in Mkrn3 expression levels in either the MBH or POA. In summary, regulation of Mkrn3 expression by leptin was not observed in either the MBH or the POA, 2 hypothalamic sites important for pubertal maturation. These data suggest that the decline in Mkrn3 at the onset of puberty may occur independently of leptin and support our hypothesis that MKRN3 is a bona fide controller of puberty initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Roberts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor M Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joy N Liang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline A Maguire
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Han Kyeol Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rona S Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Mason KA, Schoelwer MJ, Rogol AD. Androgens During Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence: Physiology and Use in Clinical Practice. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5770947. [PMID: 32115641 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We provide an in-depth review of the role of androgens in male maturation and development, from the fetal stage through adolescence into emerging adulthood, and discuss the treatment of disorders of androgen production throughout these time periods. Testosterone, the primary androgen produced by males, has both anabolic and androgenic effects. Androgen exposure induces virilization and anabolic body composition changes during fetal development, influences growth and virilization during infancy, and stimulates development of secondary sexual characteristics, growth acceleration, bone mass accrual, and alterations of body composition during puberty. Disorders of androgen production may be subdivided into hypo- or hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism may be either congenital or acquired (resulting from cranial radiation, trauma, or less common causes). Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism occurs in males with Klinefelter syndrome and may occur in response to pelvic radiation, certain chemotherapeutic agents, and less common causes. These disorders all require testosterone replacement therapy during pubertal maturation and many require lifelong replacement. Androgen (or gonadotropin) therapy is clearly beneficial in those with persistent hypogonadism and self-limited delayed puberty and is now widely used in transgender male adolescents. With more widespread use and newer formulations approved for adults, data from long-term randomized placebo-controlled trials are needed to enable pediatricians to identify the optimal age of initiation, route of administration, and dosing frequency to address the unique needs of their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Mason
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Alan D Rogol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Acupuncture Improving Early Sexual Development of Girls with Peripheral Precocious Puberty: A Prospective Cohort Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8091846. [PMID: 32351604 PMCID: PMC7171614 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8091846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study primarily on the effect of acupuncture on breast Tanner stage, serum sex hormone level, and TCM symptom scores in girls with peripheral precocious puberty (PPP). METHODS 19 eligible patients diagnosed with PPP received acupuncture intervention for 12 weeks, twice a week for 12 weeks, 24 sessions of acupuncture treatment in all, and then follow-up for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) level, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level, and breast Tanner stage at 12-week treatment and 12-week follow-up. Serum estradiol (E2) level and TCM symptom scores were also assessed. RESULTS Nineteen patients with peripheral precocious puberty were treated with acupuncture. After the 12-week acupuncture intervention, the serum LH level, breast Tanner stage, and TCM symptom scores decreased significantly compared with baseline (P < 0.05); the serum FSH and E2 level did not change significantly after the 12-week treatment (P > 0.05). After the 12-week follow-up, breast Tanner stage and TCM symptom scores decreased significantly compared with baseline (P < 0.05), and there was no statistical difference between serum sex hormone (LH, FSH, and E2) level and baseline level (P > 0.05). During the period of acupuncture treatment, no side effects or serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS Acupuncture is effective in regulating the hormone level and controlling early development process. It may be a viable alternative to the treatment of peripheral precocious puberty in girls. However, further randomized controlled trials are needed.
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Pagani S, Calcaterra V, Acquafredda G, Montalbano C, Bozzola E, Ferrara P, Gasparri M, Villani A, Bozzola M. MKRN3 and KISS1R mutations in precocious and early puberty. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:39. [PMID: 32228714 PMCID: PMC7104496 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-0808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pubertal timing is known to be influenced by interactions among various genetic, nutritional, environmental and socio-economic factors, although the ultimate mechanisms underlying the increase in pulsatile GnRH secretion at puberty have yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of our research was to verify the role of KISSR1 (previously named GPR54) and MKRN3 genes on pubertal timing. METHODS We analyzed the DNA sequence of these genes in 13 girls affected by central precocious puberty (CPP) who showed onset of puberty before 8 years of age, and in 6 girls affected by early puberty (EP) between 8 and 10 years of age. RESULTS Direct sequencing of the KISS1R (GPR54) gene revealed two SNPs. One SNP is a missense variant (rs 350,132) that has been previously reported in connection to CPP in Korean girls. The other variant that we found in the GPR54 gene (rs764046557) was a missense SNP located in exon 5 at position 209 of the aminoacid. We identified this variant in only one CPP patient. Automatic sequencing of MKRN3 in all patients revealed three variants in eight subjects. In 6 out of 19 (31.5%) patients (3/13 CPP patients and 3/6 EP patients) we found the synonymous variant c.663C > T (rs2239669). Another synonymous variant (rs140467331) was found in one of our CPP patients, as well as one missense variant (rs760981395) in another CPP patient. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we identified sequence variations of the KISS1R and MKRN3 genes, two of the most frequent genetic causes of ICPP. Our results suggest that these variants might be inducible factors in the pathogenesis of CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pagani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Pediatrics and Adolescent Care Unit, University of Pavia, Via Aselli 43, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Pediatrics and Adolescent Care Unit, University of Pavia, Via Aselli 43, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gloria Acquafredda
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Montalbano
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Pediatrics and Adolescent Care Unit, University of Pavia, Via Aselli 43, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzola
- Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Ferrara
- Institute of Pediatrics, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Villani
- Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Bozzola
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Pediatrics and Adolescent Care Unit, University of Pavia, Via Aselli 43, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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Chen T, Yu W, Xie X, Ge H, Fu Y, Yang D, Zhou L, Liu X, Yan Z. Influence of Gonadotropin Hormone Releasing Hormone Agonists on Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity in Girls With Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty. Front Neurol 2020; 11:17. [PMID: 32082242 PMCID: PMC7006458 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The pubertal growth suppressive effects of gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) are well-known, although it remains unclear if long-term GnRHa treatment influences the brain function of treated children. The present study investigated the differences in the homotopic resting-state functional connectivity patterns in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) with and without GnRHa treatment using voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC). Methods: Eighteen girls with ICPP who underwent 12 months of GnRHa treatment, 40 treatment-naïve girls with ICPP, and 19 age-matched girls with premature thelarche underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging using a 3T MRI. VMHC method was performed to explore the differences in the resting-state interhemispheric functional connectivity. The levels of serum pubertal hormones, including luteinizing hormone (LH), follicular-stimulating hormone, and estradiol, were assessed. Correlation analyses among the results of clinical laboratory examinations, neuropsychological scales, and VMHC values of different brain regions were performed with the data of the GnRHa treated group. Results: Significant decreases in VMHC of the lingual, calcarine, superior temporal, and middle frontal gyri were identified in the untreated group, compared with the control group. Medicated patients showed decreased VMHC in the superior temporal gyrus, when compared with the controls. Compared to the unmedicated group, the medicated group showed a significant increase in VMHC in the calcarine and middle occipital gyrus. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between basal LH levels and VMHC of the middle occipital gyrus in medicated patients. Conclusions: These findings indicate that long-term treatment with GnRHa was associated with increased interhemispheric functional connectivity within several areas responsible for memory and visual process in patients with ICPP. Higher interhemispheric functional connectivity in the middle occipital gyrus was related to higher basal LH production in the girls who underwent treatment. The present study adds to the growing body of research associated with the effects of GnRHa on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenquan Yu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Xie
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huaizhi Ge
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuchuan Fu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhihan Yan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Wankanit S, Mahachoklertwattana P, Pattanaprateep O, Poomthavorn P. Basal serum luteinising hormone cut-off, and its utility and cost-effectiveness for aiding the diagnosis of the onset of puberty in girls with early stages of breast development. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:46-54. [PMID: 31705682 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine basal and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa)-stimulated peak luteinising hormone (LH) cut-offs to diagnose onset of early or normal puberty in girls with each Tanner stage of breast (II and III). DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS A retrospective study of 601 girls with breast onset before 8 years of age who underwent GnRHa test was conducted. Patients were categorized as CPP and premature thelarche. Each group was divided into two subgroups; Tanner II and III. Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed. RESULTS In comparison with basal LH cut-off of 0.3 IU/L, basal LH cut-off of 0.2 IU/L had comparable specificity (Tanner II: 98.0% vs 94.8%, Tanner III: 98.8% vs 93.8%), but greater sensitivity (Tanner II: 28.3% vs 41.7%, Tanner III: 45.2% vs 59.3%). Specificity of basal LH cut-off of 0.2 IU/L was not inferior to that of the traditionally used peak LH of 5 IU/L. Using basal LH cut-off of 0.2 IU/L followed by GnRHa test in girls with negative basal LH was more cost-saving when compared with using the cut-off of 0.3 IU/L. Moreover, using basal LH cut-off of 0.2 IU/L followed by GnRHa test provided a cost reduction when compared with performing GnRHa test in all patients. CONCLUSIONS Basal serum LH cut-off of 0.2 IU/L could be a simple and cost-saving tool for initial diagnosis of onset of early or normal puberty in girls with Tanner II and III before proceeding to GnRH testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somboon Wankanit
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pat Mahachoklertwattana
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oraluck Pattanaprateep
- Section for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preamrudee Poomthavorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Shao P, Wang Y, Zhang M, Wen X, Zhang J, Xu Z, Hu M, Jiang J, Liu T. The interference of DEHP in precocious puberty of females mediated by the hypothalamic IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:362-369. [PMID: 31212184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
DEHP is reported to cause precocious puberty of females in both humans and rodents, but the underlying mechanisms were largely unknown. This study was designed to clarify the effects and the mechanisms of DEHP on the pathogenesis of sexual precocity. Prepubertal female rats were treated with DEHP for 4 weeks. Key organs were analyzed in control conditions and after exposure to 0.2, 1, and 5 mg/kg/day DEHP in pubertal female rats. To determine the role of the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in DEHP-induced female precocious puberty, 36 rats were treated with 5 mg/kg/day DEHP to establish a model of female precocious puberty. And we investigated the expression of genes and proteins related to IGF-1 pathway in rat hypothalamus after treatment with inhibitors. In the present study, we observed that DEHP treatment resulted in earlier vaginal opening time, higher number of Nissl bodies in the hypothalamus neurons, lower apoptosis of hypothalamic cells, higher IGF-1 and GnRH levels in the serum and hypothalamus. DEHP could also upregulated the expression of IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and GnRH in the hypothalamus of adolescent female rats, and inhibition of IGF-1R and mTOR in hypothalamus could block the activation of Kiss-1, GPR54, and GnRH by DEHP. In summary, our study suggested that DEHP might activate the hypothalamic GnRH neurons prematurely through the IGF-1 signaling pathway and promote GnRH release, leading to the initiation of female sexual development. Our results provide a new molecular mechanism underlying reproductive and developmental toxicity in pubertal female rats induced by DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Shao
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinggui Wen
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhonghang Xu
- Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Te Liu
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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