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Gómez-Galán R, Denche-Zamorano Á, Mendoza-Muñoz M, Pereira-Payo D, Barrios-Fernández S, Muñoz-Bermejo L. Global trends in dementia care research in the context of COVID-19: bibliometric analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1388767. [PMID: 39055696 PMCID: PMC11269157 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1388767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, producing a deterioration in the activities of daily living which can lead to the need for care provision. COVID-19 impacted their quality of life and in this care delivery. This study aimed to analyse most productive and prominent authors, the journals and countries with the highest number of publications, the most cited documents and the most used keywords. Publications were retrieved from journals indexed in the Main Collection of the Web of Science (WoS) and analysed using the traditional laws of bibliometrics. A total of 376 documents were found. The WoS categories with the highest number of publications accumulated were "Geriatric Gerontology" and "Gerontology." Clarissa Giebel was the most productive (23 papers) and most cited (with 569 citations) co-author. The Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (21 papers) published the most number of documents. The manuscript "2021 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures" was the most cited. Four thematic clusters related to mental health, telemedicine, care and well-being were found among the authors' keywords. Research networks exist worldwide, with the United States of America and England leading the scientific output. These results may be of interest to researchers, publishers and professionals interested in this subject, as they provide current information on publications related to this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gómez-Galán
- Research Group on Physical and Health Literacy and Health-Related Quality of Life (PHYQOL), University Centre of Mérida, University of Extremadura, Mérida, Spain
| | - Ángel Denche-Zamorano
- Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Maria Mendoza-Muñoz
- Research Group on Physical and Health Literacy and Health-Related Quality of Life (PHYQOL), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Damián Pereira-Payo
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sabina Barrios-Fernández
- Spain Social Impact and Innovation in Health (InHEALTH), University Centre of Mérida, University of Extremadura, Mérida, Spain
| | - Laura Muñoz-Bermejo
- Spain Social Impact and Innovation in Health (InHEALTH), University Centre of Mérida, University of Extremadura, Mérida, Spain
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2
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Xie F, Wu X, Deng C, Li X, Yi Z. How social support and resilience impact mental health: The moderating role of time in isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31783. [PMID: 38828315 PMCID: PMC11140785 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, quarantines effectively prevented the spread of COVID-19 but also caused people to develop mental health problems. We thus aimed to verify the impact of social support and resilience on mental health and to uncover the moderating role played by time in isolation during the post-pandemic era. We administered a cross-sectional survey to 510 college students. The results found that social support directly and negatively predicted mental health problems, and this relationship was mediated by resilience. Through multigroup analysis, resilience partially mediated the relationship between social support and mental health during period of isolation 1 (PI1) and fully mediated this relationship during period of isolation 2 (PI2) and period of isolation 3 (PI3). Moreover, the path coefficient of resilience to mental health at T3 was significantly higher than that at T2. Thus, the effect of resilience on mental health increases with the duration of time in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- Chongqing Early Childhood Education Quality Monitoring and Evaluation Research Center, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaona Wu
- School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaoli Deng
- School of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyu Yi
- School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Lloyd SL, Caban-Holt A, Starks TD, Clark JC, Byrd GS. Assessing Gender Differences on the Impact of COVID-19 on the Medical and Social Needs of Dementia Caregivers. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2024; 67:207-222. [PMID: 37578097 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2023.2244556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Our analyses aimed to assess health status and critical needs of caregivers of persons with dementia (PWD) during the COVID-19 pandemic by gender. Between March 2021 and August 2021, respondents (n = 267) were recruited from an Alzheimer's disease (AD) listserv at an US academic center to complete a questionnaire to capture sociodemographic data, caregiving characteristics, health status, status of COVID-19 testing, and COVID-19 preventative practices during the pandemic. Women caregivers reported needing assistance with caregiving responsibilities, whereas men caregivers needed assistance with health and social resources. More men caregivers also reported psychological distress compared to women caregivers. Our findings indicated significant differences in the resources needed and psychological distress of women and men who cared for PWD during the COVID-19 pandemic. The development of recommendations and resources with both men and women caregivers in mind may be beneficial to support informal caregivers during emergency situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawnta L Lloyd
- Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allison Caban-Holt
- Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Takiyah D Starks
- Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jarrel C Clark
- Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Goldie S Byrd
- Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Liang J, Aranda MP. The Use of Telehealth Among People Living With Dementia-Caregiver Dyads During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e45045. [PMID: 37227755 PMCID: PMC10251224 DOI: 10.2196/45045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telehealth has gained substantial attention during the COVID-19 pandemic, and reimbursement policies in health care settings have increased access to remote modes of care delivery. Telehealth has the potential to mitigate care concerns for people living with dementia and their family caregivers. There is a paucity of knowledge on the performance of telehealth services and user experiences, especially among caregiving dyads during the pandemic. OBJECTIVE This study aims to describe the implementation, effectiveness, user experience, and barriers to accessing and using telehealth services for people living with dementia and their caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist, we searched 7 databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, AgeLine, CINAHL, Social Services Abstracts, Web of Science, and Scopus) and a web-based search engine (Google Scholar). The inclusion criteria for peer-reviewed English publications from March 2020 to August 2022 consisted of studies related to telehealth services for people living with dementia and their family caregivers and studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS A total of 24 articles (10 quantitative and 14 qualitative studies) from 10 different countries were included. The major findings of the reviewed articles were extracted and organized into the following 4 themes: study design characteristics-strategies were adopted to improve the accessibility and experience of people living with dementia-caregiver dyads; efficacy outcomes of telehealth services-robust evidence is lacking on the comparative effectiveness of in-person services; perceived experiences of people living with dementia and caregivers-most reviewed studies reported positive experiences of using telehealth services and perceived personal and social benefits from their participants; and barriers to accessing and using telehealth services-several barriers related to individuals, infrastructure, and telehealth environments were identified. CONCLUSIONS Although evidence of its effectiveness is still limited, telehealth is widely accepted as a viable alternative to in-person care for high-risk groups, such as people living with dementia and their caregivers. Future research should include expanding digital access for those with limited resources and low technology literacy, adopting randomized controlled trial designs to establish the comparative effectiveness of different modes of service delivery, and increasing the sample diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liang
- Edward R Roybal Institute on Aging, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maria P Aranda
- Edward R Roybal Institute on Aging, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Giebel C, Talbot CV, Wharton E, Lorenz-Dant K, Suárez-González A, Cannon J, Tetlow H, Lion KM, Thyrian JR. The early impacts of COVID-19 on unpaid carers of people living with dementia: part II of a mixed-methods systematic review. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:547-562. [PMID: 35818800 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2084510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With a lack of existing comprehensive reviews, the aim of this mixed-method systematic review was to synthesise the evidence on the early impacts of the pandemic on unpaid dementia carers across the globe. METHODS This review was registered on PROSPERO [CDR42021248050]. PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science were searched from 2020 to July 2021. Studies were included if they reported on the different impacts of the pandemic on unpaid dementia carers aged 18+, with papers published in English, German, Polish, or Spanish. A number of research team members were involved in the selection of studies following PRISMA guidance. RESULTS Thirty-six studies (43 papers) from 18 countries reported on the early impact of the pandemic on unpaid dementia carers. Impacts were noted on accessing care and support; carer burden; and well-being. Studies found that carers had limited access to care and support services, increased workload, enhanced feelings of social isolation, and reduced wellbeing. Specifically, reductions in access to care and support increased carer's unpaid caring tasks, removing any opportunities for temporary respite, and thus further increasing carer burden and reducing mental well-being in many. CONCLUSIONS The needs of unpaid dementia carers appear to have increased during the pandemic, without adequate support provided. Policy initiatives need to enable better mental health support and formal care provision for unpaid carers and their relatives with dementia, whilst future research needs to explore the long-term implications of carer needs in light of care home restrictions and care delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Giebel
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR ARC NWC, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Emily Wharton
- NIHR ARC NWC, Liverpool, UK
- School for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Klara Lorenz-Dant
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | | | | | - Hilary Tetlow
- NIHR ARC NWC, Liverpool, UK
- SURF Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katarzyna M Lion
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jochen René Thyrian
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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6
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Giebel C, Lion KM, Lorenz-Dant K, Suárez-González A, Talbot C, Wharton E, Cannon J, Tetlow H, Thyrian JR. The early impacts of COVID-19 on people living with dementia: part I of a mixed-methods systematic review. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:533-546. [PMID: 35763444 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2084509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this Part I systematic review was to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of people with dementia living in the community or in residential care. Part II focused on unpaid carers.Methods: This review was registered on PROSPERO [CRD42021248050]. Five data bases (PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science) were searched in July 2021. Studies were included if they reported on the impacts of the pandemic on people living with dementia, either in the community or residential settings, and published in English, German, Polish, or Spanish. Risk of bias was assessed using the Standard Quality Assessment QualSyst.Results: Forty papers from 33 studies reported on the effects of COVID-19 on people with dementia. Included studies were conducted across 15 countries, focusing on single-country evaluations except in one study. Three studies focused on care homes, whilst the remainder reported on the community. Studies were categorised into five impacts: Cognition; Independence and physical functioning; Behavioural symptoms; Well-being; and Access to care. All studies evidenced the negative pandemic impacts, including faster cognitive, physical, and behavioural deterioration, limited access to care, and poorer mental and social health.Conclusions: Future restrictions need to consider the need for people with dementia to stay cognitively, physically, and socially stimulated to live well, and this review provides a call for a future pandemic strategy for dementia. Longitudinal research is required on the long-term impacts of the pandemic on the lives of people with dementia, including time to care home entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Giebel
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR ARC NWC, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katarzyna M Lion
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Klara Lorenz-Dant
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | | | - Catherine Talbot
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Emily Wharton
- NIHR ARC NWC, Liverpool, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moore's University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jacqueline Cannon
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moore's University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hilary Tetlow
- NIHR ARC NWC, Liverpool, UK
- Lewy Body Society, Wigan, UK
| | - Jochen René Thyrian
- Lewy Body Society, Wigan, UK
- SURF Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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7
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Living with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights into identity from the IDEAL cohort. AGEING & SOCIETY 2023. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x22001350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The continuing COVID-19 pandemic and social restrictions have impacted on the cognitive decline and mental health of people with dementia. Social isolation and loss of activities due to social restrictions may also have implications as to sense of identity for people with dementia. As part of the INCLUDE (Identifying and Mitigating the Individual and Dyadic Impact of COVID-19 and Life Under Physical Distancing on People with Dementia and Carers) component of the IDEAL (Improving the Experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life) cohort study, the overall aim of this subtle realist qualitative study was to explore the perspectives of people with dementia on living through the COVID-19 pandemic within the context of the ‘post-vaccine’ period and the national lockdowns in England and Wales; and to determine perceived challenges to and facilitators of ‘living well’ during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond as restrictions were eased. In addition, the study findings are considered in relation to understandings of identity in dementia which the broader accounts of living through the pandemic have highlighted. Seven people with mild-to-moderate dementia were interviewed and themes were derived using framework analysis. Themes suggest interviewees' stoic acceptance of the pandemic and social restrictions but also fear of decline related to the temporality of their condition as well as loss of self-confidence to re-engage with the world. Interviewees managed threats to social identity by striving to maintain social and emotional connections, where the importance of a shared, social identity, particularly for people with young-onset dementia, was also apparent. Unlike in previous studies during the pandemic, the relevance of occupation for identity was observed, where maintaining previous or new activities or occupations was important to facilitate identity as well as to keep a sense of purpose. Therefore, as well as supporting people with dementia as the pandemic eases, future research into occupation and identity in dementia is of potential value.
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Wang L, Tang Y, Wang Y. Predictors and incidence of depression and anxiety in women undergoing infertility treatment: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284414. [PMID: 37053254 PMCID: PMC10101516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of infertility is increasing year by year, and the association between infertility and mental illness has been widely concerned. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of anxiety and depression in infertile women in China and explore the risk factors which might lead to anxiety and depression. From January 2020 to December 2020, female infertile patients who received assisted reproduction technology (ART) treatment at West China Second Hospital were recruited and a total of 1712 eligible female patients were finally enrolled in this study. Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to evaluate the patients' psychological status. The reliability of all scales was evaluated by Cronbach's α and Spearman-Brown half coefficient, and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was calculated by factor analysis to evaluate validity. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied for assessing independent risk factors of anxiety and depression, respectively. The incidence of anxiety and depression in infertile women were 25.2% and 31.3%, respectively. Cronbach's α coefficients and Spearman-Brown half-fold coefficients of GAD-7 and PHQ-9 were 0.870, 0.825, 0.852 and 0.793, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that education level (junior college degree or above, OR:1. 6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.1, P = 0.003), somatic symptoms (severe somatic symptoms, OR:15.2, 95%CI: 5.6-41.3, P<0.001), sleep quality (poor sleep quality, OR:9.3, 95% CI:4.7-18.4, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for anxiety. And age>35 years old, moderate and severe somatic symptoms and poor sleep quality were independent risk factors for depression. Somatic symptoms and poor sleep quality are both the risk factors of anxiety and depression symptoms of infertile woman. And high educated (junior college degree or above) patients are more likely to be complicated with anxiety symptoms, while elderly patients (age>35) are prone to be complicated with depression symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu P.R. China
| | - Youyin Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu P.R. China
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9
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Neuropsychiatric Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Alzheimer's Disease: A Comparative Study of Total and Partial Lockdown. SISLI ETFAL HASTANESI TIP BULTENI 2022; 56:453-460. [PMID: 36660381 PMCID: PMC9833339 DOI: 10.14744/semb.2022.40326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related lockdown may have a negative effect on the neuropsychiatric status of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. In this study, it was aimed to find future implications by evaluating the neuropsychiatric conditions of AD cases during total and partial lockdown periods. Methods It is a prospective, cross-sectional, and multicenter study that includes AD cases which have been followed for at least 1 year by outpatient clinics from different regions of Turkey. Sociodemographic data, comorbidities, mobility, existence of social interactions, clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale, and neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI) for total and partial lockdown were questioned by the caregivers with the help of case files of the patients. Results A total of 302 AD cases were enrolled to the study (mean age: 78±8 years, mean duration of education: 5.8±9 years). The total comorbidity ratio was found to be 84%, with the most frequent comorbidity being hypertension. The mean NPI score was 22.9±21 in total lockdown and 17.7±15 in partial lockdown, which is statistically significantly different. When lockdown periods were compared with the total scores of NPI scores according to gender, existence of social interactions, mobility, and comorbidities were found higher in the total lockdown than the partial lockdown. When switching from total lockdown to partial lockdown, the presence of comorbidities, mobility, and CDR were found to be factors that had a significant effect on NPI scores. In regression analysis, CDR score was found as the most effective parameter on the neuropsychiatric status of AD cases for both lockdown periods. Conclusion When lockdown-related restrictions were reduced, the neuropsychological conditions of AD cases were significantly improved. Lockdown rules should be considered with these data in mind.
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Pentecost C, Collins R, Stapley S, Victor C, Quinn C, Hillman A, Litherland R, Allan L, Clare L. Effects of social restrictions on people with dementia and carers during the pre-vaccine phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: Experiences of IDEAL cohort participants. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e4594-e4604. [PMID: 35695217 PMCID: PMC9349761 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study was designed to understand the impact of social distancing measures on people with dementia and carers living in the community in England and Wales during a period of social restrictions before the COVID-19 vaccination roll-out. We conducted 12 semi-structured interviews with people with dementia aged 50-88 years, living alone or with a partner, and 10 carers aged 61-78 years, all living with the person with dementia. Three of the interviews were with dyads. Participants were recruited during November and December 2020. We used framework analysis to identify themes and elicit suggestions for potential solutions. We identified three interrelated themes. People with dementia experienced a fear of decline in capabilities or mood and attempted to mitigate this. Carers noticed changes in the person with dementia and increased caring responsibilities, and for some, a change in the relationship. Subsequently, reduced confidence in capabilities to navigate a new and hostile environment created a cyclical dilemma of re-engaging where an inability to access usual activities made things worse. People with dementia and carers experienced neglect and being alone in their struggle, alongside feeling socially excluded during the pandemic, and there was little optimism associated with the upcoming vaccine programme. People found their own solutions to reduce the effects of isolation by keeping busy and being socially active, and practising skills deemed to help reduce the progression of dementia. This and some limited local public initiatives for the general public facilitated feelings of social inclusion. This study adds understanding to existing evidence about the longer-term experience of social isolation several months into the pandemic. It highlights the importance of health and community groups and suggests how services can find ways to support, include, and interact with people with dementia and carers during and after social restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Pentecost
- REACH: The Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, University of Exeter Medical SchoolUniversity of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Rachel Collins
- REACH: The Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, University of Exeter Medical SchoolUniversity of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Sally Stapley
- REACH: The Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, University of Exeter Medical SchoolUniversity of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Christina Victor
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Health SciencesBrunel University LondonLondonUK
| | - Catherine Quinn
- Centre for Applied Dementia StudiesUniversity of BradfordBradfordUK
- Wolfson Centre for Applied Health ResearchBradfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Louise Allan
- REACH: The Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, University of Exeter Medical SchoolUniversity of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Linda Clare
- REACH: The Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, University of Exeter Medical SchoolUniversity of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration South‐West PeninsulaExeterUK
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11
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Chyu J, Cantu P, Mehta N, Markides K. Caregiving for People With Dementia or Cognitive Impairment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2022; 8:23337214221132369. [PMID: 36299916 PMCID: PMC9585366 DOI: 10.1177/23337214221132369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a major source of stress for informal caregivers
for people with dementia. Studies show the unique challenges caregivers face,
such as social isolation, extended work hours, and adherence to public health
guidelines. We conducted a narrative review of factors impacting well-being of
informal caregivers of older adults with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Sixty-four papers were identified as published between June 2020 and December
2021. All studies were conducted in the U.S. or other Western countries and were
cross-sectional and conducted prior to COVID-19 vaccines. Articles highlighted
increasing burdens such as financial and physical stress, as well as worsened
psychological well-being from anxiety and depression. Protective factors such as
social support and telehealth interventions also emerged. Limitations include
lack of longitudinal information to identify broader themes on caregiving during
the pandemic. Studies not only identified new, pandemic-related risk factors,
but also a heightened effect of pre-existing risk factors (e.g., income, living
situation) on caregiver burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Chyu
- University of Texas Medical Branch,
Galveston, USA
| | - Philip Cantu
- University of Texas Medical Branch,
Galveston, USA
| | - Neil Mehta
- University of Texas Medical Branch,
Galveston, USA
| | - Kyriakos Markides
- University of Texas Medical Branch,
Galveston, USA,Kyriakos Markides, School for Public and
Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77551, USA.
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12
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Armstrong C, Archer A, Critten V, Critten S. Art box deliveries: The experiences of people with dementia and their carers during the Covid 19 lockdown. DEMENTIA 2022; 21:2499-2516. [PMID: 36053501 PMCID: PMC9583286 DOI: 10.1177/14713012221124863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Art workshops have been looked at before in terms of impact for people with dementia but never those conducted remotely during a pandemic lockdown. Two artists, working with local museums, provided Art workshops for people with dementia and their caregivers. Due to the first Covid 19 lockdown in the UK, the artists set up a weekly delivery service of Home Art Boxes to thirty-three people with dementia and their caregivers over a period spanning 11 months. The artists received funding from local organisations and the Community Lottery Fund. Thematic analysis of the feedback from the participants regarding the project and the artists themselves provided the data for this evaluation of the project. Seven main themes were identified: organisation of the project; community and connections; supporting the caregivers; enjoyment and enrichment; well-being and cognitive benefits of the projects; equipment and instructions; and drawbacks within the project. The participants' feedback enabled the artists to improve the contents and instructions given each week so that they were able to adjust the activities for those people with dementia whose condition was declining. Implications are that remote Art workshops are possible during lockdown restrictions, but that personal communication is equally important.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anji Archer
- 3769University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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13
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Fiorini L, Rovini E, Russo S, Toccafondi L, D’Onofrio G, Cornacchia Loizzo FG, Bonaccorsi M, Giuliani F, Vignani G, Sancarlo D, Greco A, Cavallo F. On the Use of Assistive Technology during the COVID-19 Outbreak: Results and Lessons Learned from Pilot Studies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22176631. [PMID: 36081090 PMCID: PMC9460223 DOI: 10.3390/s22176631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of the COVID-19 emergency, frail citizens felt isolated because of social isolation, suspended and/or strongly reduced home assistance, and limited access to hospitals. In this sense, assistive technology could play a pivotal role in empowering frail older adults reducing their isolation, as well as in reinforcing the work of formal caregivers and professionals. In this context, the goal of this paper is to present four pilot studies-conducted from March 2020 to April 2021-to promptly react to COVID-19 by providing assistive technology solutions, aiming to (1) guarantee high-quality service to older adults in-home or in residential facility contexts, (2) promote social inclusion, and (3) reduce the virus transmission. In particular, four services, namely, telepresence service, remote monitoring service, virtual visit, and environmental disinfection, were designed, implemented, and tested in real environments involving 85 end-users to assess the user experience and/or preliminary assess the technical feasibility. The results underlined that all the proposed services were generally accepted by older adults and professionals. Additionally, the results remarked that the use of telepresence robots in private homes and residential facilities increased enjoyment reducing anxiety, whereas the monitoring service supported the clinicians in monitoring the discharged COVID-19 patients. It is also worth mentioning that two new services/products were developed to disinfect the environment and to allow virtual visits within the framework of a hospital information system. The virtual visits service offered the opportunity to expand the portfolio of hospital services. The main barriers were found in education, technology interoperability, and ethical/legal/privacy compliance. It is also worth mentioning the key role played by an appropriate design and customer needs analysis since not all assistive devices were designed for older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fiorini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, FI, Italy
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56025 Pontedera, PI, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Erika Rovini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Sergio Russo
- ICT, Innovation and Research Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Lara Toccafondi
- Umana Persone Development & Research Social Enterprise, 58100 Grosseto, GR, Italy
| | - Grazia D’Onofrio
- Clinical Psychology Service, Health Department, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Giuliani
- ICT, Innovation and Research Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Gianna Vignani
- Umana Persone Development & Research Social Enterprise, 58100 Grosseto, GR, Italy
| | - Daniele Sancarlo
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Filippo Cavallo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, FI, Italy
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56025 Pontedera, PI, Italy
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14
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Chirico I, Ottoboni G, Giebel C, Pappadà A, Valente M, Degli Esposti V, Gabbay M, Chattat R. COVID-19 and community-based care services: Experiences of people living with dementia and their informal carers in Italy. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e3128-e3137. [PMID: 35188317 PMCID: PMC9111588 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly limited access to health and social care support systems for people with dementia and their carers, compounding the severe social restrictions. The aim of this study was to investigate the experiences of COVID-19 among community-dwelling people with dementia and their informal carers in Italy. Specifically, we focused on access to community-based services and adopted solutions to provide support and care during exceptional times. Informal carers, caring for someone with dementia and attending community-based services in Italy, participated in remote semi-structured interviews between October and November 2020. Participants were asked about the effects of social isolation and closure of in-person services on their daily lives as well as the challenges of dementia care. Transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. 22 informal carers were interviewed. Three themes emerged: (1) Disruptions to people with dementia's lives and health; (2) COVID-19 as an additional stressor for carers; and (3) New ways of caring for people with dementia during COVID-19. Face-to-face social care and social support services were suddenly interrupted and restrictions on social distancing were introduced, thus leading to people with dementia's impaired health and increased behavioural and psychological symptoms. Not only the amount but also the intensity of care increased, with no chance of respite for informal carers. Overall remote activities provided participants with emotional and social benefits, while allowing the continuity of relationships with services staff and users and of care. However, according to carers, a combination of virtual and face-to-face activities could better counterbalance the multiple adverse outcomes of COVID-19. Public health measures should be designed carefully to consider the safety needs and the physical, psychological and social needs of people with dementia. Within a holistic care approach, social care services need to be enabled better to guarantee high-quality care even during pandemic times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Chirico
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | | | - Clarissa Giebel
- Department of Primary Care & Mental HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- NIHR ARC NWCLiverpoolUK
| | | | - Marco Valente
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | | | - Mark Gabbay
- Department of Primary Care & Mental HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- NIHR ARC NWCLiverpoolUK
| | - Rabih Chattat
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
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15
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Sato K, Niimi Y, Iwatsubo T, Ishii S. Change in long‐term care service usage in Japan following the
COVID
‐19 pandemic: A survey using a nationwide statistical summary in 2018–2021. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22:803-809. [PMID: 36058628 PMCID: PMC9539262 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aim Social restrictions due to the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic forced many long‐term care (LTC) service‐users to refrain from using services. We aimed to evaluate the degree of change in the use of LTC services. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data from the publicly distributed nationwide statistics summarizing the monthly number of public LTC insurance users in Japan between April 2018 and March 2021. The degree of decline was quantified as a ratio, where the ratio of a certain month to the reference month was divided by the ratio in the previous year. Results The use of LTC services started to decline in March 2020 and reached its largest decline in May 2020. Thereafter, it recovered but insufficiently, even as of late 2020. The degree of decline was particularly large for services provided in facilities for community‐dwelling elderly individuals [Ratio to the previous year = 0.717 (95% CI: 0.645–0.796) in short‐stay services, and Ratio = 0.876 (95% CI: 0.802–0.957) in outpatient services], but was non‐significant in other types of services, including those provided for elderly individuals living in nursing homes. Conclusions Community‐dwelling elderly individuals who had used outpatient or short‐stay services were especially affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic in 2020. This underlines the need for further investigation of the medium‐ or long‐term influence of the decline in service usage on the mental and physical health of the LTC service‐users and their caregivers. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 803–809.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Sato
- Department of Medicine for Integrated Approach to Social Inclusion, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Unit for Early and Exploratory Development University of Tokyo Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshiki Niimi
- Unit for Early and Exploratory Development University of Tokyo Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Unit for Early and Exploratory Development University of Tokyo Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinya Ishii
- Department of Medicine for Integrated Approach to Social Inclusion, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
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16
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Lion KM, Moyle W, Cations M, Day S, Pu L, Murfield J, Gabbay M, Giebel C. How Did the COVID-19 Restrictions Impact People Living With Dementia and Their Informal Carers Within Community and Residential Aged Care Settings in Australia? A Qualitative Study. JOURNAL OF FAMILY NURSING 2022; 28:205-218. [PMID: 35674356 DOI: 10.1177/10748407221101638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore how formal social support changed after implementation of the COVID-19 public health measures and how these restrictions affected people living with dementia and their informal carers in Australia. Sixteen informal carers and two people living with dementia were interviewed between August and November 2020. Participants were asked about their experiences of the pandemic and the impact that the restrictions had on their lives and care. Thematic analysis identified four overarching themes describing (a) prepandemic limitations of the aged care system, (b) the aged care system's response to the COVID-19 restrictions, (c) changes affecting informal carers, and (d) the challenges faced by people living with dementia. The findings highlighted the challenges faced by the Australian aged care system before the pandemic and the additional burden placed on informal carers who supported people living with dementia across residential and home settings during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Moyle
- Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Monica Cations
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sally Day
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lihui Pu
- Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny Murfield
- Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Gabbay
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Applied Research Collaboration North West Coast, Liverpool, UK
| | - Clarissa Giebel
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Applied Research Collaboration North West Coast, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Fieselmann J, Wahidie D, Yilmaz-Aslan Y, Brzoska P. Additional burdens of family caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative analysis of social media in Germany. Nurs Health Sci 2022; 24:414-422. [PMID: 35289050 PMCID: PMC9115354 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Caregiving is associated with various burdens for family caregivers. The COVID‐19 pandemic and the protective measures implemented to restrict public life, such as social distancing and the closure of services and educational institutions, add further challenges. Little is known about how they are perceived by family caregivers. Based on an analysis of German social media posts, the aim of this study was to explore the additional strains family caregivers experience during the pandemic. The websites of three social media services were searched using the respective search engines provided by the websites. Data from a 10‐month period (March to December 2020) were identified and examined. A total of 237 publicly available posts were included in the analysis. Seven main categories were identified using a thematic approach: care and support, deterioration of the condition of the person being cared for, psychological challenges, financial challenges, infection control, access to protective equipment, and acknowledgement of family caregivers. Family caregivers are affected by additional burdens during the pandemic, which makes the development of support and relief services tailored to this population group necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Fieselmann
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Health Services Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Diana Wahidie
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Health Services Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Yüce Yilmaz-Aslan
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Health Services Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.,Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Department of Nursing and Health Services Research, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Patrick Brzoska
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Health Services Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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18
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Foderaro G, Isella V, Mazzone A, Biglia E, Di Gangi M, Pasotti F, Sansotera F, Grobberio M, Raimondi V, Mapelli C, Ferri F, Impagnatiello V, Ferrarese C, Appollonio IM. Brand new norms for a good old test: Northern Italy normative study of MiniMental State Examination. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:3053-3063. [PMID: 34989910 PMCID: PMC9018649 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is one of the most used tests for the screening of global cognition in patients with neurological and medical disorders. Norms for the Italian version of the test were published in the 90 s; more recent norms were published in 2020 for Southern Italy only. In the present study, we computed novel adjustment coefficients, equivalent scores and cut-off value for Northern Italy (Lombardia and Veneto) and Italian speaking Switzerland. METHODS We recruited 361 healthy young and old (range: 20-95 years) individuals of both sexes (men: 156, women: 205) and from different educational levels (range: 4-22 years). Neuropsychiatric disorders and severe medical conditions were excluded with a questionnaire and cognitive deficits and were ruled out with standardized neuropsychological tests assessing the main cognitive domains. We used a slightly modified version of MMSE: the word 'fiore' was replaced with 'pane' in verbal recalls to reduce the common interference error 'casa, cane, gatto'. The effect of socio-demographic features on performance at MMSE was assessed via multiple linear regression, with test raw score as dependent variable and sex, logarithm of 101-age and square root of schooling as predictors. RESULTS Mean raw MMSE score was 28.8 ± 1.7 (range: 23-30). Multiple linear regression showed a significant effect of all socio-demographic variables and reported a value of R2 = 0.26. The new cut off was ≥ 26 /30. CONCLUSION We provide here updated norms for a putatively more accurate version of Italian MMSE, produced in a Northern population but potentially valid all over Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Foderaro
- EOC Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano Regional Hospital, Lugano, Canton Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Isella
- Neurology Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, School of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
- Milan Center for Neurosciences (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Elena Biglia
- EOC Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano Regional Hospital, Lugano, Canton Ticino, Switzerland
- Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano Regional Hospital, Lugano, Canton Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Marco Di Gangi
- Psychology, Psychotherapy and Neuropsychology Center, Canton Ticino, Minusio, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Pasotti
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Flavia Sansotera
- EOC Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano Regional Hospital, Lugano, Canton Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Monica Grobberio
- Clinical Neuropsychology Lab, Neurology Department and Clinical Psychology Unit, ASST Lariana, Como, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Mapelli
- Neurology Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, School of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neurosciences (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferri
- Neurology Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, School of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neurosciences (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Impagnatiello
- Neurology Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, School of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neurosciences (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- Neurology Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, School of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neurosciences (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy
| | - Ildebrando Marco Appollonio
- Neurology Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, School of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neurosciences (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy
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19
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The Impact of COVID-19 on the Health and Experience of the Carers of Older Family Members Living with Dementia: An Italian-Hungarian Comparative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095329. [PMID: 35564723 PMCID: PMC9104228 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This quantitative study (n = 370) compares the pandemic-related experiences of the family carers of older people living with dementia during the first wave of the pandemic, in two countries with different care regimes: Italy (Mediterranean) and Hungary (Eastern European). It aims at answering the following research questions: (1) How did the pandemic affect the subjective health of carers, and what were their experiences with care-related worries and workload? (2) What factors significantly predicted negative changes in these experiences? (3) What were carers' main difficulties during the first pandemic wave? Results have shown that carers in both samples reported a worsening in mental health (Italy/Hungary: M = 2.25/2.55, SD = 0.93/0.99), and Italian carers also in general health (M = 2.54, SD = 0.98) (on a scale of 1 to 5, with values under "3" representing deterioration). Carers in both samples experienced high worry levels (Italy/Hungary: M = 4.2/3.7, SD = 0.93/0.89) and feeling overwhelmed with care tasks (M = 3.2/3.7, SD = 1.3/1.3) (on a scale of 1 to 5, higher values representing higher worry/work overload). In regression models, all of the above negative experiences were predicted by a combination of factors. Two of these factors stood out in importance due to being a predictor of more than one type of negative experience: a decline in the carer-care receiver relationship, predicting work overload, as well as general and mental health deterioration and being the child of the care receiver, predicting both high worry and subjective work overload. The top five encountered problems were the unavailability of medical and social care, difficulties with shopping (medicine included), restricted freedom, isolation, and anxiety.
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20
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Monteiro S, Fournier M, Favrod J, Drainville AL, Plessis L, Freudiger S, Skuza K, Tripalo C, Franck N, Lebas MC, Deloyer J, Wilquin H, Golay P, Rexhaj S. Ability to Care for an Ill Loved One During the First COVID-19 Lockdown: Mediators of Informal Caregivers' Stress in Europe. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:852712. [PMID: 35492725 PMCID: PMC9039127 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.852712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Informal caregivers are overlooked, healthcare actors. They are at particular risk of distress and suffer from poor mental health. This study aimed to investigate the perceived stress and modulating factors during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Europe, regardless of the illness that care recipients suffer from. Sociodemographic data, coping resources, and perceived stress level using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) questionnaire were assessed using a web-based survey in Switzerland, France, and Belgium with 232 informal caregivers. Mediation analyses were used to identify the factors that modulate stress. Higher perceived stress among informal caregivers was associated with a younger age for the care recipient, family relationship with the care recipient, cohabitation, and female sex of the informal caregiver. These associations were partially mediated by the fear of getting ill (age, cohabitation), the conviction that lockdowns had a negative impact on health (age, kinship), and the perceived deterioration of the care recipient's health (gender). The fear of losing the ability to cope with caregiving tasks due to an illness (COVID-19 and/or other) and the negative impact of the lockdown on care recipients' health, particularly on the mental health of young care recipients, increased the stress of informal caregivers. Our results emphasize the importance of informal caregiving support to prevent heightened stress in lockdown conditions, regardless of care recipient illness or kinship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadya Monteiro
- La Source, School of Nursing Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margot Fournier
- La Source, School of Nursing Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Favrod
- La Source, School of Nursing Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Laure Drainville
- La Source, School of Nursing Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Léa Plessis
- Aix Marseille Université, LPCPP, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Sylvie Freudiger
- AVASAD, Association Vaudoise d’Aide et de Soins à Domicile Route de Chavannes, Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Skuza
- HESAV, School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - Charlene Tripalo
- Service de Psychiatrie Générale, Psychiatry Department, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Franck
- Pôle Centre Rive Gauche et Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation Psychosociale et de Remédiation Cognitive, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, UMR 5229, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Clotilde Lebas
- Département des Sciences de la Santé Publique et de la Motricité, Haute Ecole de la Province de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Hélène Wilquin
- Aix Marseille Université, LPCPP, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Philippe Golay
- Community Psychiatry Service, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shyhrete Rexhaj
- La Source, School of Nursing Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Nikolaidou E, Tsatali M, Eleftheriou M, Wang H, Karagiozi K, Margaritidou P, Tsolaki M. Emotional Function, Negative Thoughts about the Pandemic, and Adaptability Skills among Dementia Caregivers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040459. [PMID: 35447990 PMCID: PMC9031862 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It can be easily inferred that dementia caregivers were severely affected by the general home confinement, or ‘lockdown’, due to their caregiving roles. Aim: The aim of the current study is to investigate how the quarantine measures applied during the COVID-19 pandemic affected the emotional function (specifically the emotional management, emotional experience, and stress symptoms) and the negative thoughts, as well as the adaptability skills, of Greek dementia caregivers. Materials andMethods: In total, 303 participants (138 in the non-caregiving adults-control group; 165 in the dementia caregivers-experimental group) were recruited from the day centers of the Greek Association of Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD) from June 2020 to January 2021 in Thessaloniki, Greece. The caregiving population was split into group 1 (those who participated in support groups) and group 2 (those who did not participate in support groups). A self-reported questionnaire was created for research purposes and was digitally administered to participants via Google forms. Results: During the quarantine period, dementia caregivers had more difficulties in emotional management, especially in regards to stress symptoms, which was measured via the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), in comparison to the control group. In regards to the caregiving populations, caregivers from group 1 were more able to manage their emotions according to their self-reports, but had increased agony and loneliness. Moreover, statistical significance was found between emotional management, negative feelings, and stress symptoms in those from group 2 who self-reported that the PwD deteriorated. This evidence was not found in group 1. Finally, there were no differences in the means of negative thoughts about the pandemic, as well as in the adaptation skills, both in dementia caregivers and in the control group, according to their self-reports. Discussion: It seems that different emotional aspects were affected in the dementia caregivers’ population, and, therefore, future psychotherapeutic interventions should focus on those most severely affected by the restrictive measures imposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evdokia Nikolaidou
- Greek Association of Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), K. Karamanli 164, 54248 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.N.); (M.E.); (K.K.); (P.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Marianna Tsatali
- Greek Association of Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), K. Karamanli 164, 54248 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.N.); (M.E.); (K.K.); (P.M.); (M.T.)
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CIRI-AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-351456
| | - Marina Eleftheriou
- Greek Association of Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), K. Karamanli 164, 54248 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.N.); (M.E.); (K.K.); (P.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Helen Wang
- Psychology Department, University of Princeton, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA;
| | - Konstantina Karagiozi
- Greek Association of Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), K. Karamanli 164, 54248 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.N.); (M.E.); (K.K.); (P.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Petrina Margaritidou
- Greek Association of Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), K. Karamanli 164, 54248 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.N.); (M.E.); (K.K.); (P.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Magdalini Tsolaki
- Greek Association of Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), K. Karamanli 164, 54248 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.N.); (M.E.); (K.K.); (P.M.); (M.T.)
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CIRI-AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- 1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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22
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Geschke K, Palm S, Fellgiebel A, Wuttke-Linnemann A. Resilience in Informal Caregivers of People Living with Dementia in the Face of COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Changes to Daily Life. GEROPSYCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Informal caregivers of people living with dementia (PwD) are at increased risk for the development of stress-related physical and mental illness. Nevertheless, because of differing resilience, they show interindividual differences in their ability to cope. Particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the associated pandemic control measures and pandemic-related changes to daily life, resilience might be further challenged, and stress might consequently increase. Therefore, we review the evidence on informal caregivers’ experience during the COVID-19 pandemic regarding effects of the pandemic control measures on (a) the caregiver’s health, (b) the care recipient’s health, (c) the stability of the care situation, and (d) coping in daily life. We conclude with implications on how to strengthen resilience and reduce stress in terms of environmental, social, and individual resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Geschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Mental Health in Old Age, Landeskrankenhaus (AöR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Svenja Palm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Fellgiebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Mental Health in Old Age, Landeskrankenhaus (AöR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wuttke-Linnemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Mental Health in Old Age, Landeskrankenhaus (AöR), Mainz, Germany
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23
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Effects of Phone-Based Psychological Intervention on Caregivers of Patients with Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease: A Six-Months Study during the COVID-19 Emergency in Italy. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030310. [PMID: 35326267 PMCID: PMC8945970 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caregivers of patients with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) experience higher level of burden, stress, and depression, due to premature role changes and social isolation. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic compelled restrictions regarding social interactions and mobility in Italy from March 2020, prompting telemedicine approaches for supporting patients and their families confined at home. We reported our experience regarding the effects of psychological phone-intervention (phone-I) on EOAD caregivers during pandemic. Twenty caregivers of EOAD patients were randomly assigned to treatment (TG) or control (CG) group. TG weekly underwent a phone-I for one month. All participants were assessed for caregiver burden and needs, anxiety and depression levels, and subjective impact of traumatic events at baseline (T0), at the fifth week (T1) and after 6 months (T2) from phone-I. We observed higher vulnerability to post-traumatic stress in TG compared to CG in all timepoints (p ≤ 0.05). Decreased stress effects and caregiver burden were revealed in TG at T1 compared to T0 (p ≤ 0.05), although showing an increase of these measures at T2 in the treated caregivers. Our findings suggest that although TG showed a peculiar vulnerability to post-traumatic stress, they showed increased wellbeing immediately after phone-I. However, this benefit disappeared six months later, along with the second infection wave, probably due to “exhaustion stage” achievement in “General Adaptation Syndrome”. This trend may suggest a beneficial but not solving role of a prompt phone-I on burden of caregivers of EOAD patients during the SARS-CoV-2 emergency.
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24
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The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and carer mental health: an international multicentre study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2418. [PMID: 35165292 PMCID: PMC8844310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05687-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As a global health emergency, the rapid spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) led to the implementation of widespread restrictions (e.g., quarantine, physical/social distancing measures). However, while these restrictions reduce the viral spread of COVID-19, they may exacerbate behavioural and cognitive symptoms in dementia patients and increase pressure on caregiving. Here, we aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 and related restrictions on both carers and people living with dementia across the world. We conducted an international survey (Australia, Germany, Spain, and the Netherlands) to assess the impact of COVID-19 on carers and people living with dementia. People with dementia experienced worsened neuropsychiatric symptoms since the outbreak of COVID-19, most commonly, depression, apathy, delusions, anxiety, irritability, and agitation. Regression analyses revealed that limited understanding of the COVID-19 situation and not living with the carer was associated with worsened neuropsychiatric symptoms. Carers also reported a decline in their own mental health, increased stress and reduced social networks as a result of COVID-19 and related restrictions. Regression analyses revealed uncertainty about the future and loneliness were associated with worsened carer mental health. Findings from this study will inform strategies for the development of support services and compassionate protocols that meet the evolving needs of those living with dementia and their carers.
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25
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Del Río-Lozano M, García-Calvente M, Elizalde-Sagardia B, Maroto-Navarro G. Caregiving and Caregiver Health 1 Year into the COVID-19 Pandemic (CUIDAR-SE Study): A Gender Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031653. [PMID: 35162675 PMCID: PMC8835117 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of informal care and shown that women continue to shoulder the brunt of responsibilities in this area. In this study, we analyzed differences in caregiving and self-perceived health in a group of informal male and female caregivers 1 year into the COVID-19 pandemic. We performed a cross-sectional survey of 261 informal caregivers (165 women and 96 men) in two regions of Spain using computer-assisted telephone interviewing between February and April 2021. We performed descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses to calculate the odds of poor self-perceived health according to different caregiver, care recipient, and caregiving characteristics. We also analyzed the perceived effects of the pandemic on caregiving, caregiver health, and other aspects of life. Compared with male caregivers, female caregivers were more likely to experience increases in caregiving intensity and burden and a decline in self-perceived health as a result of the pandemic. Men providing high-intensity care, however, also reported deteriorated health. Men experienced fewer reductions in informal support, a factor that exerted a protective health effect. Women, by contrast, experienced a reduction in all support systems and in this case, a third-level education exerted a protective effect. Our results provide key insights that should be taken into account to design gender-based interventions aimed at supporting already stretched and burdened caregivers. A greater sharing of responsibilities and more resources are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Río-Lozano
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), 18080 Granada, Spain; (M.D.R.-L.); (G.M.-N.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Mar García-Calvente
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), 18080 Granada, Spain; (M.D.R.-L.); (G.M.-N.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Belén Elizalde-Sagardia
- Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Delegación de Salud de Gipuzkoa, 20010 San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Gracia Maroto-Navarro
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), 18080 Granada, Spain; (M.D.R.-L.); (G.M.-N.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
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26
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Messina A, Lattanzi M, Albanese E, Fiordelli M. Caregivers of people with dementia and mental health during COVID-19: findings from a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:56. [PMID: 35034607 PMCID: PMC8761089 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-02752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is sparse evidence on the impact on vulnerable populations of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of our study was to explore burden and mental wellbeing (including depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms) in caregivers of people with dementia during the first wave of the pandemic in Italy and southern Switzerland, two bordering regions severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We conducted an online cross-sectional survey with family carers of people with dementia between May and June 2020. We registered socio-demographic characteristics, and information about the relationship with the care recipient, dementia subtype, care inputs from others, and the need of care of the person with dementia. We measured caregiver burden with the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), psychological distress with the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and perceived isolation with the 3-item UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLALS3). RESULTS Caregivers (N =571) reported moderate to severe care-related burden (mean=54.30; SD=18.33), moderate anxiety symptoms (mean=10.04; SD=6.93), mild depressive symptoms (mean=11.79; SD=6.12) and mild stress (mean=12.95; SD=5.53), and 72.3% of participants reported to feel lonely. All scores were significantly more severe in Swiss compared to Italian caregivers (all p values<0.001). CONCLUSIONS We found that caregivers' burden, anxiety symptoms, depression and perceived loneliness were marked during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, in two severely hit bordering countries. Regional differences in the impact of the epidemic on caregivers could be due to contextual, societal, and cultural circumstances. As the pandemic endures, support to caregivers of people with dementia should be proportionate and tailored to needs and adapted to contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Messina
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Martina Lattanzi
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Albanese
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Maddalena Fiordelli
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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27
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Carbone EA, de Filippis R, Roberti R, Rania M, Destefano L, Russo E, De Sarro G, Segura-Garcia C, De Fazio P. The Mental Health of Caregivers and Their Patients With Dementia During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2022; 12:782833. [PMID: 35002872 PMCID: PMC8740146 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.782833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide public health concern. It continues to spread rapidly throughout the world causing multiple physical and psychological consequences in the population. Especially, people affected by severe psychiatric or neurological diseases are highly susceptible to serious health complications not only due to the direct effect of the infection but also to the indirect effect of COVID-19 following social distancing during lockdowns and its general social consequences. Indeed, lockdown and difficulties in using the care services produced psychological consequences in caregivers such as depression, anxiety, and worsening of the quality of life which in turn affected the ability to manage patients. Our aim was to systematically review the psychological consequences of the COVID-19 lockdown in caregivers of patients with cognitive impairment and dementia and the impact on the health of their patients. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted by searching in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science by two independent researchers following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines. Data extraction and quality assessment were also performed. Papers were screened for eligibility by abstract and then those which met inclusion criteria were included in this review. Results: The initial search returned 410 records. After the abstract screening and the inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied, 315 were excluded because they were irrelevant, 30 because they were reviews, meta-analyses, letters to editors, editorials, guidelines, or case reports, and 10 because they were duplicates. Then, 38 out of 55 abstracts/full-text articles were excluded because they did not simultaneously assess mental health of patients and caregivers. In the end, 17 papers were deemed eligible and included in the present review. Conclusion: Based on current literature, the COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing lockdown caused severe psychological consequences for caregivers of patients with dementia, worsening their mental health, and increasing the psychological and physical burden, independently from the severity of the disease of their relatives, which resulted also independently globally worsened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Anna Carbone
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Renato de Filippis
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Roberti
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marianna Rania
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Laura Destefano
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Segura-Garcia
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Fazio
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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28
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Sabatini S, Bennett HQ, Martyr A, Collins R, Gamble LD, Matthews FE, Pentecost C, Dawson E, Hunt A, Parker S, Allan L, Burns A, Litherland R, Quinn C, Clare L. Minimal Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health and Wellbeing of People Living With Dementia: Analysis of Matched Longitudinal Data From the IDEAL Study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:849808. [PMID: 35370851 PMCID: PMC8965515 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.849808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research suggests a decline in the mental health and wellbeing of people with dementia (PwD) during the COVID-19 pandemic; however few studies have compared data collected pre-pandemic and during the pandemic. Moreover, none have compared this change with what would be expected due to dementia progression. We explored whether PwD experienced changes in mental health and wellbeing by comparing pre-pandemic and pandemic data, and drew comparisons with another group of PwD questioned on two occasions prior to the pandemic. METHODS Community-dwelling PwD enrolled in the IDEAL programme were split into two groups matched for age group, sex, dementia diagnosis, and time since diagnosis. Although each group was assessed twice, one was assessed prior to and during the pandemic (pandemic group; n = 115) whereas the other was assessed prior to the pandemic (pre-pandemic group; n = 230). PwD completed measures of mood, sense of self, wellbeing, optimism, quality of life, and life satisfaction. RESULTS Compared to the pre-pandemic group, the pandemic group were less likely to report mood problems, or be pessimistic, but more likely to become dissatisfied with their lives. There were no changes in continuity in sense of self, wellbeing, and quality of life. DISCUSSION Results suggest the pandemic had little effect on the mental health and wellbeing of PwD, with any changes observed likely to be consistent with expected rates of decline due to dementia. Although personal accounts attest to the challenges experienced, PwD appear to have been resilient to the impact of lockdown and social restrictions during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Sabatini
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Q Bennett
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Martyr
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Collins
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Laura D Gamble
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona E Matthews
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Pentecost
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Dawson
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Hunt
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Parker
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Allan
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Burns
- School of Social Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Litherland
- Innovations in Dementia Community Interest Company (CIC), Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Quinn
- Centre for Applied Dementia Studies, Bradford University, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Clare
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration South-West Peninsula, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Losada A, Vara-García C, Romero-Moreno R, Barrera-Caballero S, Pedroso-Chaparro MDS, Jiménez-Gonzalo L, Fernandes-Pires J, Cabrera I, Gallego-Alberto L, Huertas-Domingo C, Mérida-Herrera L, Olazarán-Rodríguez J, Márquez-González M. Caring for Relatives with Dementia in Times of COVID-19: Impact on Caregivers and Care-recipients. Clin Gerontol 2022; 45:71-85. [PMID: 34096470 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2021.1928356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze caregivers' perceived impact of the pandemic in their mental health and the well-being of the care-recipients. METHODS Caregivers (N = 88) were asked if they had COVID-19 and about their perceptions of change of care-recipients' health conditions as well as whether their own mental health, conflicts with care-recipients and other relatives, thoughts of giving up caregiving, and feelings of coping well with the situation. RESULTS A large percentage of caregivers perceived a worsening of care-recipients' symptoms and of their own negative emotions, an increase in the number of conflicts and thoughts of needing to give up caregiving. Having had COVID-19 and reporting higher levels of distress as well as giving up caregiving were related to perceived worsening in care-recipients well-being. Perceived increases were mainly reported by younger caregivers, those who perceived to have not coped well, and those reporting an increase in conflicts. Some caregivers perceived an increase in positive emotions. CONCLUSIONS The pandemic has a negative impact on caregivers' perceptions about the course of their own emotions and care-recipients' well-being. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Interventions are needed to train caregivers in strategies to cope with the sources of stress caused by the pandemic and to promote social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Losada
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vara-García
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Romero-Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabel Cabrera
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Maggio MG, La Rosa G, Calatozzo P, Andaloro A, Foti Cuzzola M, Cannavò A, Militi D, Manuli A, Oddo V, Pioggia G, Calabrò RS. How COVID-19 Has Affected Caregivers' Burden of Patients with Dementia: An Exploratory Study Focusing on Coping Strategies and Quality of Life during the Lockdown. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245953. [PMID: 34945251 PMCID: PMC8704515 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused a public and international health emergency, leading to isolation and social distancing. These restrictions have had a significant impact on the caregivers of people with dementia, increasing the burden of patient management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the stress perceived by caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) during the pandemic. We used a cross-sectional survey design to evaluate the caregivers’ psychological responses and coping strategies. Eighty-four caregivers of patients with a diagnosis of AD were involved in this study by completing an online questionnaire. They presented a high perception of stress (the Perceived Stress Scale mean ± DS: 33.5 ± 4.5), and their high burden in caring was mainly related to physical difficulties (Caregiver Burden Inventory–Physical Burden mean ± DS: 15.0 ± 2.1) and perception of loss of time (Caregiver Burden Inventory–Time-dependence Burden mean ± DS: 16.5 ± 1.4). Moreover, caregivers perceived their quality of life as very low (Short Form-12 Health Survey Physical mean ± DS: 13.5 ± 2.7; Short Form-12 Health Survey Mental Health mean ± DS: 16.4 ± 4.2). Finally, we found that participants mostly used dysfunctional coping strategies, such as avoidance strategies (Coping Orientation to Problem Experiences–Avoidance Strategies mean ± DS: 39.5 ± 7.1), but these strategies did not affect the stress level of caregivers. Given that caregivers present a high burden and stress, innovative tools could be a valuable solution to investigate and support their emotional and behavioral status during difficult periods, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Maggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, The University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Gianluca La Rosa
- AOU Policlinico Gaetano Martino, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.L.R.); (A.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Patrizia Calatozzo
- Studio di Psicoterapia Relazionale e Riabilitazione Cognitiva, 98124 Messina, Italy; (P.C.); (A.A.); (M.F.C.)
| | - Adriana Andaloro
- Studio di Psicoterapia Relazionale e Riabilitazione Cognitiva, 98124 Messina, Italy; (P.C.); (A.A.); (M.F.C.)
| | - Marilena Foti Cuzzola
- Studio di Psicoterapia Relazionale e Riabilitazione Cognitiva, 98124 Messina, Italy; (P.C.); (A.A.); (M.F.C.)
| | - Antonino Cannavò
- AOU Policlinico Gaetano Martino, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.L.R.); (A.C.); (A.M.)
| | - David Militi
- Odontostomatology and Dental Surgery Study, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alfredo Manuli
- AOU Policlinico Gaetano Martino, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.L.R.); (A.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Valentina Oddo
- Università degli Studi di Messina-Piazza Pugliatti, 1, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98121 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09-0601-2380
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31
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Rotondo E, Galimberti D, Mercurio M, Giardinieri G, Forti S, Vimercati R, Borracci V, Fumagalli GG, Pietroboni AM, Carandini T, Nobili A, Scarpini E, Arighi A. Caregiver Tele-Assistance for Reduction of Emotional Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychological Support to Caregivers of People with Dementia: The Italian Experience. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1045-1052. [PMID: 34806608 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 pandemic worsened vulnerability of patients with dementia (PWD). This new reality associated with government restriction and isolation worsened stress burden and psychological frailties in PWD caregivers. OBJECTIVE To give tele-psychological support to caregivers and evaluate the effect of this intervention by quantifying stress burden and quality of life during the first COVID-19 lockdown. METHODS 50 caregivers were divided into two groups: "Caregiver-focused group" (Cg) and "Patient-focused group" (Pg). Both groups received telephone contact every 2 weeks over a 28-week period, but the content of the call was different: in Cg, caregivers answered questions about the state of the PWD but also explored their own emotional state, stress burden, and quality of life. In Pg instead, telephone contacts were focused only on the PWD, and no evaluation regarding the caregiver mood or state of stress was made. Psychometric scales were administered to evaluate COVID-19 impact, stress burden, and quality of life. RESULTS Considering the time of intervention, from baseline (W0) to W28, Zarit Burden Interview and Quality of Life-caregiver questionnaires remained unchanged in Cg as compared with baseline (p > 0.05), whereas they worsened significantly in Pg (p < 0.01), showing increased stress over time and decreased quality of life in this group. Moreover, Impact on Event Scale values improved over the weeks in Cg (p = 0.015), while they remained unchanged in Pg (p = 0.483). CONCLUSION Caregivers who received telephone support about their mood and stress burden did not worsen their psychological state during the time of intervention, as did instead those who did not get such support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Mercurio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sara Forti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elio Scarpini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Arighi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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32
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Bannon S, Wang K, Grunberg VA, Dickerson BC, Vranceanu AM. Couples' experiences managing young-onset dementia early in the COVID-19 pandemic. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2021; 62:1173-1184. [PMID: 34739072 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic created unexpected stressors for society, and could disproportionately impact more vulnerable groups. One such group is couples facing young-onset dementia (YOD), who experience pandemic-induced stressors alongside ongoing YOD-related stressors (e.g., progressive symptoms, increased caregiving needs). Using a qualitative design, our objective was to characterize the experiences of couples living with YOD early in the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact on couples' relationship and wellbeing. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Couples (N = 23) of persons with YOD and their spousal caregivers participated in a one-hour live video, joint interview during the early COVID-19 pandemic. We used a hybrid inductive-deductive coding approach to thematic analysis to extract findings within two a-priori domains: (1) psychosocial stressors experienced during the early pandemic and (2) the impact of early pandemic stressors on couples' relationships and wellbeing. RESULTS Thematic analyses revealed 6 main themes: (1) increased caregiving responsibilities, (2) increased uncertainty, (3) increased social isolation and disruptions in social support and medical care, (4) loss of meaningful activities and routines, (5) changes to the couple's relationship, and (6) heightened emotional distress. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated relationship strain and distress among couples managing This population may face negative outcomes due to the dual-impact of YOD- and pandemic-related stressors. It is imperative to provide timely resources and psychosocial support to couples facing YOD to mitigate the negative impact of such stressors on individual health and wellbeing and the couples' relationship together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bannon
- Integrated Brain Health Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine Wang
- Integrated Brain Health Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victoria A Grunberg
- Integrated Brain Health Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts Genral Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Maria Vranceanu
- Integrated Brain Health Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Masterson-Algar P, Allen MC, Hyde M, Keating N, Windle G. Exploring the impact of Covid-19 on the care and quality of life of people with dementia and their carers: A scoping review. DEMENTIA 2021. [PMCID: PMC8811334 DOI: 10.1177/14713012211053971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This article reports on findings of a scoping review aimed to map the published literature concerning the impact of Covid-19 on the care and quality of life of people living with dementia and their carers. Twenty-nine articles were included in the review. Three overarching themes were identified: (1) Impact on people with dementia – unmet and increased care needs; (2) Impact on carers – increased stress and burden and (3) Impact according to demographics. Overall, findings show that Covid-19 has led to a reduction in support from health and social services and to a move towards technology-based support. Furthermore, Covid-19 has had a negative impact on the care and quality of life of people living with dementia and their carers, and that this impact was influenced by the severity of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Hyde
- Centre for Innovative Ageing, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Norah Keating
- Centre for Innovative Ageing, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; North-West University, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Gill Windle
- School of Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
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Liu KY, Howard R, Banerjee S, Comas‐Herrera A, Goddard J, Knapp M, Livingston G, Manthorpe J, O'Brien JT, Paterson RW, Robinson L, Rossor M, Rowe JB, Sharp DJ, Sommerlad A, Suárez‐González A, Burns A. Dementia wellbeing and COVID-19: Review and expert consensus on current research and knowledge gaps. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:1597-1639. [PMID: 34043836 PMCID: PMC8237017 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In response to a commissioned research update on dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic, a UK-based working group, comprising dementia researchers from a range of fields and disciplines, aimed to describe the impact of the pandemic on dementia wellbeing and identify priorities for future research. METHODS We supplemented a rapid literature search (including unpublished, non-peer reviewed and ongoing studies/reports) on dementia wellbeing in the context of COVID-19 with expert group members' consensus about future research needs. From this we generated potential research questions the group judged to be relevant that were not covered by the existing literature. RESULTS Themes emerged from 141 studies within the six domains of the NHS England COVID-19 Dementia Wellbeing Pathway: Preventing Well, Diagnosing Well, Treating Well, Supporting Well, Living Well and Dying Well. We describe current research findings and knowledge gaps relating to the impact on people affected by dementia (individuals with a diagnosis, their carers and social contacts, health and social care practitioners and volunteers), services, research activities and organisations. Broad themes included the potential benefits and risks of new models of working including remote healthcare, the need for population-representative longitudinal studies to monitor longer-term impacts, and the importance of reporting dementia-related findings within broader health and care studies. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic has had a disproportionately negative impact on people affected by dementia. Researchers and funding organisations have responded rapidly to try to understand the impacts. Future research should highlight and resolve outstanding questions to develop evidence-based measures to improve the quality of life of people affected by dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Y. Liu
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Robert Howard
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Adelina Comas‐Herrera
- Department of Health PolicyLondon School of Economics and Political ScienceCare Policy and Evaluation CentreLondonUK
| | - Joanne Goddard
- Economic and Social Research CouncilUK Research and InnovationSwindonUK
| | - Martin Knapp
- Department of Health PolicyLondon School of Economics and Political ScienceCare Policy and Evaluation CentreLondonUK
| | | | - Jill Manthorpe
- NIHR Policy Research Unit in Health and Social Care WorkforceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - John T. O'Brien
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
| | - Ross W. Paterson
- Dementia Research CentreQueen Square UCL Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Louise Robinson
- Population Health Sciences InstituteFaculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUK
| | - Martin Rossor
- Dementia Research CentreQueen Square UCL Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - James B. Rowe
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David J. Sharp
- Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteCare Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Aida Suárez‐González
- Dementia Research CentreQueen Square UCL Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alistair Burns
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental PsychologyThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Family caregiving and changes in mental health status in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 98:104531. [PMID: 34563936 PMCID: PMC8497176 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a widespread significant impact on mental health. However, the effect of providing care to family members (informal caregiving) on changes in mental health status during the pandemic remains unclear. Methods Using cross-sectional data from a large internet survey conducted between August and September 2020, we investigated the association of informal caregiving status with the incidence of mental health deterioration (increased loneliness, self-reported deterioration in mental health, and new suicidal ideation) in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Among 25,482 participants (mean age 48.8 [standard deviation 17.3]; 50.3% women), 2,500 (9.8%) were providing informal care during the pandemic. After adjusting for potential confounders, informal caregivers were more likely than non-caregivers to experience increased loneliness (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.70–2.76), self-reported deterioration in mental health (aOR 1.54; 95% CI 1.14–2.08), and new incidence of suicidal ideation (aOR 3.65; 95% CI 1.92–6.92). The degree of mental health deterioration depended on the intensity of care. For example, the incidence rates of new suicidal ideation were 15.0%, 5.2%, and 3.6% for individuals who provided high-intensity caregiving, those who provided low-intensity caregiving, and non-caregivers, respectively (p-for-trend<0.001). The stratified analysis by gender showed that informal caregiving was associated with self-reported deterioration in mental health status among women (aOR 2.19; 95% CI 1.49–3.21) but not men (aOR 1.08; 95% CI 0.75–1.56). Conclusion Informal caregivers were more likely to experience mental health deterioration than non-caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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36
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Vislapuu M, Angeles RC, Berge LI, Kjerstad E, Gedde MH, Husebo BS. The consequences of COVID-19 lockdown for formal and informal resource utilization among home-dwelling people with dementia: results from the prospective PAN.DEM study. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1003. [PMID: 34551783 PMCID: PMC8457031 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 isolated home-dwelling people with dementia (PwD) from home care services, respite care, and daytime activities. We aimed to investigate the consequences of these restrictions on informal (family, friends) and formal (homecare staff) resource utilization among co-residing (e.g., spouses) and visiting caregivers (e.g., children). Methods 105 PwD (≥65 years old) and their caregivers were included in the prospective PANdemic in DEMentia (PAN.DEM) study, which was initiated when the ongoing stepped-wedge, cluster randomized LIVE@Home.Path trial (N = 438) was temporarily halted due to the pandemic. Primary outcome was change in resource utilization assessed by the Resource Utilization in Dementia Care (RUD) instrument in pre- (12 Dec. 2019 to 11 Mar. 2020) and during the lockdown periods (20 April 2020 to 15 May 2020). Degree of cognitive impairment was assessed by Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), and physical functioning and independent living skills by Physical Self-Maintenance Scale and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale. Associations between informal and formal care utilization, socio-demographics, and clinical variables were assessed by descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Squares models (OLS). Results Mean age for PwD was 81.8 years; 61% were female; 45.6% lived alone, and the mean MMSE score was 20.8 (SD ± 3.7). PwD with co-residents (44%) were younger (78.4 years) than those who were living alone (84.5 years; P < 0.001). During the first 2 months of lockdown, PwD missed on average 20.5 h of formal care in a month (P < 0.001) leading to an approximately 100% increase in informal care, which was particularly pronounced in personal hygiene (6.9 vs. 11.4 days in a month, P < 0.001) and supervision (9.2 vs. 17.6 days in a month; P < 0.001). Visiting caregivers increased by 1.9 days (SD ± 11.5), but co-residing caregivers increased their number of days providing ADL by approximately 7 days per month (β = 6.9; CI, 0.39–13.1, P < 0.05) after adjusting for PwD and caregiver demographics and clinical variables. Decrease in home nursing care was particularly visible for PwD living alone (− 6.1 vs. -1.3 h per month, P = 0.005). Higher cognitive function (β = − 0.64, CI, − 1.26 – 0.02, P = 0.044) was associated with reduction in home nursing service during the lockdown. Conclusion The care situation for PwD changed dramatically in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for those living alone who received less support from homecare services and visiting caregivers. For future crises and the forthcoming post-pandemic period, health authorities must plan better and identify and prioritize those in greatest need. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT04043364.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarja Vislapuu
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Line I Berge
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009, Bergen, Norway.,NKS Olaviken Gerontopsychiatric Hospital, Erdal, Norway
| | | | - Marie H Gedde
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009, Bergen, Norway.,Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bettina S Husebo
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Nursing Home Medicine, Municipality of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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37
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Borg C, Rouch I, Pongan E, Getenet JC, Bachelet R, Herrmann M, Bohec AL, Laurent B, Rey R, Dorey JM. Mental Health of People with Dementia During COVID-19 Pandemic: What Have We Learned from the First Wave? J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1531-1541. [PMID: 34092637 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with dementia (PWD) and their caregivers are populations highly vulnerable to COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences. A better knowledge of the living conditions during the first lockdown is necessary to prevent the risk of poor mental health (PMH) in this population. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to compare the mental health of caregivers of PWD living at home or in nursing-homes and to identify specific factors influencing their mental health. METHODS We conducted an anonymous cross-sectional online survey in France from March 17 to May 11, 2020. Three hundred and eighty-nine caregivers accompanying a PWD living at home (HC) and 159 accompanying a PWD living in a nursing home (NHC) participated in the study. Caregivers' mental health including anxiety, depression, stress, and burden was assessed with self-reported standardized scales. RESULTS Half of the caregivers exhibited PMH, including depression, anxiety, or self-reported stress. Similar PMH rates were provided whatever the PWD place of residence. Regarding HC, our results also highlighted a number of risk factors for PMH, including the fact that caregiver live with PWD, to give increased support to PWD, and to feel more isolated for managing PWD since lockdown. CONCLUSION PMH was observed for caregivers of PWD during lockdown, whatever PWD living place, suggesting that concern for PWD may explain more of caregiver distress than increased material tasks. In the future, it will be necessary to pay attention to caregivers after the crisis by estimating the longer-term impact on their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Borg
- Clinical and Research Memory Center of Saint-Etienne, Saint Etienne University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France.,Psychology Faculty, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (CNRS UMR 5105), University of Savoie Mont Blanc and University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Rouch
- Clinical and Research Memory Center of Saint-Etienne, Saint Etienne University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France.,INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Clinical and Research Memory Center of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital des Charpennes, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elodie Pongan
- Clinical and Research Memory Center of Saint-Etienne, Saint Etienne University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France.,Clinical and Research Memory Center of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital des Charpennes, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean Claude Getenet
- Clinical and Research Memory Center of Saint-Etienne, Saint Etienne University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Romain Bachelet
- Clinical and Research Memory Center of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital des Charpennes, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Anne-Lise Bohec
- Psychiatry Unit, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Bernard Laurent
- Clinical and Research Memory Center of Saint-Etienne, Saint Etienne University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France
| | | | - Romain Rey
- Psychiatry Unit, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, France
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38
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Zucca M, Isella V, Lorenzo RD, Marra C, Cagnin A, Cupidi C, Bonanni L, Laganà V, Rubino E, Vanacore N, Agosta F, Caffarra P, Sambati R, Quaranta D, Guglielmi V, Appollonio IM, Logroscino G, Filippi M, Tedeschi G, Ferrarese C, Rainero I, Bruni AC. Being the Family Caregiver of a Patient With Dementia During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Lockdown. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:653533. [PMID: 33967740 PMCID: PMC8098661 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.653533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Family caregivers of patients with dementia are at high risk of stress and burden, and quarantine due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have increased the risk of psychological disturbances in this population. The current study was carried out during the national lockdown declared in March 2020 by the Italian government as a containment measure of the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic and is the first nationwide survey on the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the mental health of dementia informal caregivers. Methods: Eighty-seven dementia centers evenly distributed on the Italian territory enrolled 4,710 caregiver-patient pairs. Caregivers underwent a telephone interview assessing classical symptoms of caregiver stress and concern for the consequences of COVID-19 infection on patient's health. We calculated prevalence of symptoms and regressed them on various potential stress risk factors: caregivers' sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle, patients' clinical features, and lockdown-related elements, like discontinuity in medical care. Results: Approximately 90% of caregivers reported at least one symptom of stress, and nearly 30% reported four or more symptoms. The most prevalent symptoms were concern for consequences of COVID-19 on patient's health (75%) and anxiety (46%). The main risk factors for stress were identified as a conflicting relationship with the patient and discontinuity in assistance, but caregiver's female sex, younger age, lower education, and cohabitation with the patient also had an impact. Availability of help from institutions or private individuals showed a protective effect against sense of abandonment but a detrimental effect on concern about the risk for the patient to contract COVID-19. The only protective factor was mild dementia severity, which was associated with a lower risk of feeling isolated and abandoned; type of dementia, on the other hand, did not affect stress risk. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the large prevalence of stress in family caregivers of patients with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic and have identified both caregivers and situations at a higher risk of stress, which should be taken into account in the planning of interventions in support of quarantined families and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Zucca
- Department of Neuroscience, Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Isella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Camillo Marra
- Memory Clinic, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Cupidi
- CDCD Ospedale del Delta, AUSL Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Laganà
- Department of Primary Care, Regional Neurogenetic Centre, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elisa Rubino
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Federica Agosta
- Neurology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Renato Sambati
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Basic Medicine Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Quaranta
- Memory Clinic, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Guglielmi
- Memory Clinic, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ildebrando M Appollonio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Basic Medicine Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neurology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Department of Neuroscience, Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Amalia C Bruni
- Department of Primary Care, Regional Neurogenetic Centre, Catanzaro, Italy
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Tondo G, Sarasso B, Serra P, Tesser F, Comi C. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Cognition of People with Dementia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4285. [PMID: 33919491 PMCID: PMC8073614 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: To limit the COVID-19 outbreak, the Italian government implemented social restrictions that may have had psychological and cognitive repercussions on people with dementia. We aimed to analyze cognitive decline during the pandemic year in people evaluated in a memory clinic in northern Italy, the epicenter of COVID-19 spread. (2) Methods: A single-center retrospective study was carried out, including individuals with annual follow-up evaluated in three different years (2020-GROUP, 2019-GROUP, 2018-GROUP). We performed an intergroup comparison of cognitive decline over a one-year follow-up, and an intragroup comparison in the 2020-GROUP to analyze the five-year cognitive decline trajectory, as measured by the MMSE. (3) Results: The 2020-GROUP showed a significant loss of MMSE points per year in the considered follow-up period compared with the 2019-GROUP and 2018-GROUP (p = 0.021). Demographics, clinical features, and the other analyzed variables, including rate of diagnosis, therapy, and comorbidities, did not significantly differ between groups. The five-year cognitive decline trajectory confirmed a significant worsening of cognitive decline between 2019 and 2020 (p < 0.001), while the decrease in MMSE scores was not statistically significant between previous time points. (4) Conclusions: COVID-19 pandemic measures have induced a significant worsening of cognitive decline in people with dementia, needing more careful assistance to minimize the adverse effects of social isolation in case of future lockdowns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tondo
- Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (G.T.); (B.S.); (P.S.); (F.T.)
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Sarasso
- Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (G.T.); (B.S.); (P.S.); (F.T.)
| | - Paola Serra
- Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (G.T.); (B.S.); (P.S.); (F.T.)
| | - Fabiana Tesser
- Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (G.T.); (B.S.); (P.S.); (F.T.)
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (G.T.); (B.S.); (P.S.); (F.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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40
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Hughes MC, Liu Y, Baumbach A. Impact of COVID-19 on the Health and Well-being of Informal Caregivers of People with Dementia: A Rapid Systematic Review. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2021; 7:23337214211020164. [PMID: 34104687 PMCID: PMC8170284 DOI: 10.1177/23337214211020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or COVID-19, raised worldwide concern. Since then, the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively influenced health and wellness across the globe and caused nearly three million deaths. This study focuses on informal caregivers of people with dementia, a disease that affects about 50 million older adults worldwide and requires much caregiving support. Objective: Examine the current literature on the impact of COVID-19 on the health and well-being of informal caregivers for people with dementia. Method: This rapid review was conducted across five electronic databases for quantitative and qualitative articles published through March 15, 2021. Results: The 10 studies included in this review reported quantitative descriptive data from across the globe; however, no studies existed from the U.S. or East Asia countries. All of the studies examined the psychological rather than physical impact of COVID-19 and highlighted risk and protective factors in the areas of psychosocial (resilience, neuropsychiatric, and social isolation), sociodemographic (gender and education), and environmental (home confinement, living arrangement, and dementia stage). Conclusion: COVID-19 has had a considerable negative impact on the psychological well-being of informal caregivers of people with dementia, namely causing more depression and anxiety than pre-pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yujun Liu
- Northern Illinois University,
DeKalb, IL, USA
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41
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Hwang Y, Connell LM, Rajpara AR, Hodgson NA. Impact of COVID-19 on Dementia Caregivers and Factors Associated With their Anxiety Symptoms. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2021; 36:15333175211008768. [PMID: 33853394 PMCID: PMC8573819 DOI: 10.1177/15333175211008768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the family experience of caregiving for persons living with dementia (PLWD) at home during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of COVID-19 on concerns of current family caregivers of PLWD. Study participants were recruited from the parent study, Healthy Patterns Clinical Trial (NCT03682185). Data was collected from 34 caregivers via semi-structured telephone interviews. Over 70% of the study participants reported worrying about spreading COVID-19 to the PLWD, 41% reported they had taken on additional caregiving duties for others in their family since COVID-19, and 62% reported one or more anxiety symptoms. Dementia caregivers who reported anxiety symptoms reported lower scores on functional independence of their care recipients compared to dementia caregivers who did not report anxiety symptoms (p=0.036). Health care professionals should be alert to the concerns expressed by dementia caregivers for their well-being during this unprecedented pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Hwang
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy A. Hodgson
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Morley JE. Editorial: 2020: The Year of The COVID-19 Pandemic. J Nutr Health Aging 2021; 25:1-4. [PMID: 33367455 PMCID: PMC7753104 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Morley
- John E. Morley, MB, BCh, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University, SLUCare Academic Pavilion, Section 2500, 1008 S. Spring Ave., 2nd Floor, St. Louis, MO 63110, , Twitter: @drjohnmorley
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